1.
Thomas John Barnardo
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Thomas John Barnardo was an Irish philanthropist and founder and director of homes for poor children. From the foundation of the first Barnardos home in 1867 to the date of Barnardos death, Barnardo was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1845. He was the fourth of five children of John Michaelis Barnardo, a furrier, and his wife, Abigail. In the early 1840s, John emigrated from Hamburg to Dublin, as a young child, Barnard thought that everything that wasnt his should belong to him. However, as he grew older, he abandoned this mindset in favour of helping the poor, in June 1873, Barnardo married Sara Louise Elmslie, known as Syrie, the daughter of an underwriter for Lloyds of London. Syrie shared her husbands interests in evangelism and social work, the couple settled at Mossford Lodge, Essex, where they had seven children, three of whom died in early childhood. Another child, Marjorie, appears to have had some form of intellectual disability, Barnardo died of angina pectoris in London on 19 September 1905, and was buried in front of Cairns House, Barkingside, Essex. The house is now the office of the childrens charity he founded. After Barnardos death, a memorial was instituted to form a fund of £250,000 to relieve the various institutions of all financial liability. From the foundation of the homes in 1867 to the date of Barnardos death, at the time of his death, his charity was caring for over 8,500 children in 96 homes. At the time of the Whitechapel murders, due to the medical expertise of the Ripper. Barnardo was named a possible suspect long after his death, ripperologist Gary Rowlands theorized that due to Barnardos lonely childhood he had anger which led him to murder prostitutes. However, there is no evidence he committed the murders. Critics have also pointed out that his age and appearance did not match any of the descriptions of the Ripper, british Home Child Group International - research site IllustratedPast. com – photographs of a Barnardo orphanage in 1893
2.
Barkingside
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Barkingside is a district of Ilford in the London Borough of Redbridge, north east London. Barkingside was historically part of Essex until the creation of the London Borough of Redbridge in 1965, Barkingside is chiefly known for the childrens charity Barnardos, which was founded there in 1866, and still has its headquarters there. Some of the oldest buildings in Barkingside include the Barnardos chapel, the station, which was originally an Edwardian railway station, and Holy Trinity Church. Barkingside is an ethnically and religiously diverse district notable for a high concentration of Londons Jewish population. Fullwell Cross takes its name from a mediaeval preaching cross that stood there. Long before there was a church, monks from Barking Abbey would go there to conduct services for the farmers of Barkingside. Barkingside has four schools, Ilford County High School, Caterham High School, King Solomon High School. Primary schools in the area include Clore Tikva Primary School, Fullwood Primary School, many of the buildings along the A123 High Street Barkingside are owned by entrepreneur Alan Sugar. Ken Aston Square, located between the centre and library, was officially opened on 27 September 2014. Ken Aston had been a local headteacher and the referee thought to have introduced red. His name was chosen from a shortlist by residents, the square is bordered on one side by a long arched colonnade designed in the style of the library building and providing a covered, lit space. A small turfed space at the High Street end of Virginia Gardens known as the park was also completed in 2014. Its informal landscaping references Frederick Gibberds garden and consists of trees, mixed shrubs, both square and park are outcomes of the Better Barkingside regeneration project. The New Fairlop Oak pub is located on the Fullwell Cross roundabout, at the other end of the High Street is the Chequers pub. Redbridge FC non-league football play at the Oakside Stadium, adjacent to Barkingside tube station, successful British Racing driver Scott Malvern grew up in Barkingside and attended Fairlop Primary School and then Caterham High School. Caterham High School is an academy and attended by youth team players of West Ham United football club who have their training ground nearby. The nearest London Underground station is Barkingside tube station on the Central line, there are also several bus routes, Trevor Brooking, footballer, attended Ilford County High School. Scott Malvern Motor Racing Driver, grew up in Barkingside and attended Fairlop Primary School and Caterham High School Kathy Kirby, singer, clayhall Fairlop Gants Hill Redbridge Newbury Park Woodford Chigwell Barkingside tube station
3.
Jedburgh
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Jedburgh (/ˈdʒɛdbərə/, Scots, Jeddart/Jethart, is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and former county town of Roxburghshire. Jedburgh lies on the Jed Water, a tributary of the River Teviot and it is 10 miles from the border with England, and is dominated by the substantial ruins of Jedburgh Abbey. Other notable buildings in the town include Mary, Queen of Scots House, Jedburgh Castle Jail, now a museum, and the Carnegie library. Bishop Ecgred of Lindisfarne founded a church at Jedburgh in the 9th century, the abbey was founded in 1147, but border wars with England in the 16th century left it a ruin. The deeply religious Scottish king Malcolm IV died at Jedburgh in 1165 and his death is thought to have been caused by excessive fasting. David I built a castle at Jedburgh, and in 1174 and it was an occasional royal residence for the Scots, but captured by the English so often that it was eventually demolished in 1409, by which time it was the last English stronghold in Scotland. Alexander III was married in the abbey in 1285 and its proximity to England made it subject to raids and skirmishes by both Scottish and English forces but its strategic position also brought the town valuable trade. At various times and at various locations the town supported a market, a cattle market, a corn market. Farm workers and servants also attended hiring fairs seeking employment, Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed at a certain house in the town in 1566 and that house is now a museum. Lord of Jedburgh Forest was a Lordship of Parliament that was granted to George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus on his marriage to the Princess Mary and it is a subsidiary title of the present Earl of Angus, the Duke of Hamilton. The Duke of Douglas was raised to the position of Viscount Jedburgh Forest, in 1745, the Jacobite army led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart passed through the town on its way to England, and the Prince also stayed there. The Castle Prison opened in 1823, in 1787, the geologist James Hutton noted what is now known as the Hutton Unconformity at Inchbonny, near Jedburgh. Layers of sedimentary rock which are tilted almost vertically are covered by newer horizontal layers of red sandstone and this was one of the findings that led him to develop his concept of an immensely long geologic time scale with no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end. The expression Jeddart justice or Jethart Justice, in which a man was hanged first, several notable people were born in the town, including Mary Somerville, the eminent scientist and writer, after whom Somerville College, Oxford is named. Others include Conservative MP Michael Ancram in 1945, James Thomson who wrote Rule Britannia, was born in Ednam, a village only twelve miles away, but he was educated in Jedburgh. David Brewster, physicist, mathematician, scientist, writer and inventor of the kaleidoscope, was born in Jedburgh in 1781, general Sir Bindon Blood was born nearby in 1842. Alexander Jeffrey was a solicitor in the town and was also the county historian and he died in Jedburgh in 1874. The author and broadcaster Lavinia Derwent was born in a farmhouse a few miles outside Jedburgh in 1909, the towns most famous rugby sons are the scrum-halves, Roy Laidlaw and Gary Armstrong
4.
London Borough of Redbridge
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The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in North-East London, England. It is known for its award winning parks and open spaces, excellent transport links, thriving shopping areas, the borough is known as the leafy suburb with one quarter of the borough covered by forest and green space, and three quarters of homes are owner-occupied. Its administrative headquarters is at Redbridge Town Hall in Ilford, the local authority is Redbridge London Borough Council. The name comes from a bridge over the River Roding which was demolished in 1921, the bridge was made of red brick, unlike other bridges in the area made of white stone. The name had first been applied to the Redbridge area and Redbridge tube station was opened in 1947 and it was earlier known as Hocklees Bridge. Redbridge is one of Londons greenest Boroughs, with more than 35 parks, playgrounds and these include Hainault Forest Country Park, with 300 acres of countryside including adventure play areas, cafe and petting zoo. Roding Valley Park, a sanctuary with a wide range of flora and fauna. Fairlop Waters Country Park, which offers a range of activities both on and off the water. The award winning Valentines Park, situated next to the beautiful Valentines Mansion, ornamental gardens, bowling green, claybury Woods and Park, a conservation area that features and ancient area of oak and hornbeam woodland, meadows and wildlife ponds. Six parks have attained the prestigious Green Flag Award, for more information, see Redbridge parks and open spaces Valentines Mansion is a Georgian country house and gardens in the grounds of Valentines Park, Ilford. The 300-year-old restored building attracts thousands of visitors every year, there is also a Gardeners Cottage Café and regular art installations and exhibitions. It has a studio and edit suite where film and videos are made. Redbridge Museum is situated in Redbridge Central Library, Clements Road, Ilford, Redbridge Museum explores the many places, people, the museum also features interactive displays, a multi-media Childrens Trail and touch displays to help bring the past to life. There are also changing exhibitions for visitors to enjoy. Redbridge has 13 libraries across the Borough and this includes the Redbridge Central Library, in Clements Road, Ilford, which had a major refurbishment in 2012. The libraries offer a number of services including reading clubs, story time sessions, study areas, fullwell Cross Leisure Centre, in Barkingside features a swimming pool, dance studio and spa. C. and Ilford FC. In addition there is fellow Non-League football club Barkingside F. C. who play at The Oakside stadium, the borough was one of the locations of the 2010 Mayor of Londons Sky Ride. Along with Ealing, it was the first time the event took place in Outer London boroughs as well as in central London
5.
East End of London
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The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
6.
Orphan
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An orphan is a child whose parents are dead or have permanently abandoned the child. In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents due to death is called an orphan, when referring to animals, only the mothers condition is usually relevant. If she has gone, the offspring is an orphan, regardless of the fathers condition, various groups use different definitions to identify orphans. One legal definition used in the United States is a minor bereft through death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, in the common use, an orphan does not have any surviving parent to care for him or her. However, the United Nations Childrens Fund, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, in this approach, a maternal orphan is a child whose mother has died, a paternal orphan is a child whose father has died, and a double orphan has lost both parents. This contrasts with the use of half-orphan to describe children that had lost only one parent. Orphans are relatively rare in developed countries, because most children can expect both of their parents to survive their childhood, much higher numbers of orphans exist in war-torn nations such as Afghanistan. 2001 figures from 2002 UNICEF/UNAIDS report China, A survey conducted by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2005 showed that China has about 573,000 orphans below 18 years old. Russia, According to Russian reports from 2002 cited in the New York Times,650,000 children are housed in orphanages and they are released at age 16, and 40% become homeless, while 30% become criminals or commit suicide. Latin America, Street children have a presence in Latin America. Although not all children are orphans, all street children work. Famous orphans include world leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Andrew Jackson, the Hebrew prophet Moses and the Muslim prophet Muhammad, writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, the American orphan Henry Darger portrayed the horrible conditions of his orphanage in his art work. Wars and great epidemics, such as AIDS, have created many orphans. The Second World War, with its numbers of deaths and population movements. Orphaned characters are common as literary protagonists, especially in childrens. The lack of leaves the characters to pursue more interesting and adventurous lives, by freeing them from familial obligations and controls. It creates characters that are self-contained and introspective and who strive for affection, Orphans can metaphorically search for self-understanding through attempting to know their roots. Parents can also be allies and sources of aid for children, all these characteristics make orphans attractive characters for authors
7.
Orphanage
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An orphanage is a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans—children whose biological parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them. It is frequently used to describe institutions abroad, where it is an accurate term. Most children who live in orphanages are not orphans, four out of five children in orphanages having at least one living parent, most orphanages have been closed in Europe and North America. Few large international charities continue to fund orphanages, however, they are still commonly founded by smaller charities, especially in developing countries, orphanages may prey on vulnerable families at risk of breakdown and actively recruit children to ensure continued funding. Orphanages in developing countries are run by the state. Other residential institutions for children can be called group homes, childrens homes, refuges, rehabilitation centers, night shelters, the Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. Jewish law prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, plato says, Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents, a man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the property as of his own or even more careful still. The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, as soon as they were old enough, children were often given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation. In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the Church, the Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted at the time of the Reformation, and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor. The growth of sentimental philanthropy in the 18th century, led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions catering for the orphan, the first children were admitted into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, on reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were apprenticed as servants for four years, at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into variety of occupations. There was a benevolent fund for adults. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital, the age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and a flood of children poured in from country workhouses. Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued, the hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received
8.
Foster care
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Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home, or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a foster parent. The placement of the child is normally arranged through the government or a service agency. The institution, group home or foster parent is compensated for expenses, the vast majority of children who would otherwise need foster care are in kinship care, that is, in the care of grandparents or other relatives. Most kinship care is done informally, without the involvement of a court or public organization, however, in the U. S. formal kinship care is increasingly common. In 2012, a quarter of all children in foster care were placed with relatives. In Australia foster care was known as boarding-out, Foster care had its early stages in South Australia in 1866 and stretched to the second half of the 19th century. It is said that the system was run by women until the early 20th century. Then the control was centered in many state childrens departments, although boarding-out was also implemented by nongovernment child rescue organizations, many large institutions remained. These institutions assumed an importance from the late 1920s when the system went into decline. The system was re-energized in the era, and in the 1970s. The system is still the structure for out-of-home care. The system took care of local and foreign children. New baby adoption dropped dramatically from the mid-1970s, with the tolerance of. Foster care in Cambodia is relatively new as a practice within the government. However, despite a later start, the practice is currently making strides within the country. Most notably, the found that the percentage of children within orphanages that had parents approached 80%. At the same time, local NGOs like Children In Families began offering limited foster care services within the country and these actions lead to an increase in the number of NGOs providing foster care placements, and helped to set the course for care reform around the country. Foster children in Canada are known as permanent wards, a ward is someone, in this case a child, placed under protection of a legal guardian and are the legal responsibility of the government
9.
Adoption
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Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations. Adoption for the well-born While the modern form of adoption emerged in the United States, the Code of Hammurabi, for example, details the rights of adopters and the responsibilities of adopted individuals at length. The practice of adoption in ancient Rome is well documented in the Codex Justinianus, the use of adoption by the aristocracy is well documented, many of Romes emperors were adopted sons. Infant adoption during Antiquity appears rare, abandoned children were often picked up for slavery and composed a significant percentage of the Empires slave supply. Roman legal records indicate that foundlings were occasionally taken in by families, although not normally adopted under Roman Law, the children, called alumni, were reared in an arrangement similar to guardianship, being considered the property of the father who abandoned them. Other ancient civilizations, notably India and China, used some form of adoption as well, evidence suggests the goal of this practice was to ensure the continuity of cultural and religious practices, in contrast to the Western idea of extending family lines. China had a idea of adoption with males adopted solely to perform the duties of ancestor worship. The practice of adopting the children of members and close friends was common among the cultures of Polynesia including Hawaii where the custom was referred to as hānai. Adoption and commoners The nobility of the Germanic, Celtic, in medieval society, bloodlines were paramount, a ruling dynasty lacking a natural-born heir apparent was replaced, a stark contrast to Roman traditions. The evolution of European law reflects this aversion to adoption, english Common Law, for instance, did not permit adoption since it contradicted the customary rules of inheritance. Some adoptions continued to occur, however, but became informal, for example, in the year 737, in a charter from the town of Lucca, three adoptees were made heirs to an estate. Europes cultural makeover marked a period of significant innovation for adoption, without support from the nobility, the practice gradually shifted toward abandoned children. Abandonment levels rose with the fall of the empire and many of the foundlings were left on the doorstep of the Church, initially, the clergy reacted by drafting rules to govern the exposing, selling, and rearing of abandoned children. The Churchs innovation, however, was the practice of oblation, whereby children were dedicated to lay life within monastic institutions and this created the first system in European history in which abandoned children did not have legal, social, or moral disadvantages. As a result, many of Europes abandoned and orphaned children became alumni of the Church, oblation marks the beginning of a shift toward institutionalization, eventually bringing about the establishment of the foundling hospital and orphanage. This system of apprenticeship and informal adoption extended into the 19th century, despite its intent, though, in practice, the system operated much the same as earlier incarnations. The experience of the Boston Female Asylum is a good example, adopting to create a family The next stage of adoptions evolution fell to the emerging nation of the United States. Rapid immigration and the American Civil War resulted in unprecedented overcrowding of orphanages, Charles Loring Brace, a Protestant minister became appalled by the legions of homeless waifs roaming the streets of New York City
10.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
11.
Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)
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The Advertising Standards Authority is the self-regulatory organisation of the advertising industry in the United Kingdom. The ASA is an organisation and so cannot interpret or enforce legislation. However, its code of advertising practice broadly reflects legislation in many instances, the ASA is not funded by the British government, but by a levy on the advertising industry. Guy Parker has been chief executive of the ASA since June 2009, in 1961 the Advertising Association established the Committee of Advertising Practice to draft the British Code of Advertising Practice. In 1962 the industry set up the Advertising Standards Authority to adjudicate on complaints that advertisements had breached the new Code, the ASA operated under an independent chairman who was to have no vested interest within the industry. Not long after the inception of the ASA the Molony Committee considered but rejected proposals to introduce a system to regulate the industry by statute. The Committee reported that it was satisfied that the industry could be regulated effectively from within by the ASA, a guarded comment within the report, however, warned that the self-regulatory system depended upon the satisfactory working of the ASA and the maintaining of acceptable standards. Typically, advertisements that fall in paid-for spaces in newspapers and magazines published in the UK fall within the ASAs remit and this category covers reciprocal arrangements not involving actual payments of money. Advertorials are also within the bodies remit as long as an arrangement of some kind is in place. If the editor of the publication maintains control over the advertorial, however, in November 2004, control of the regulation of broadcast advertising, formerly undertaken by state bodies, was handed over to the ASA on a provisional two-year contract. Sponsorship credits are considered to be part of programming content and therefore fall outside the ASAs remit, direct mailings, circulars, leaflets, unsolicited emails, brochures and catalogues are all typically within the ASAs remit. Items such as timetables and price lists are, however, usually outside its remit, the non-geographical nature of the Internet can make it hard to determine whether the ASAs remit applies. Online sales promotions are within the ASAs remit as long as they appear in British web space. The Institute of Sales Promotion, working to the same Code as the ASA does, not all offers that give the consumer something free with a particular purchase may be considered sales promotion. For example, a mobile phone deal that offers a free Bluetooth headset may be considered as part of a deal rather than a sales promotion. The ASA needs the full name and address of the complainant in order to ensure that the complaint is legitimate and these details are never disclosed without the complainants permission, in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. Even in these cases the ASA can reveal details only with the permission of the complainant. If the complaint comes from a competitor or someone with a trade or vested interest with the advertiser about which they are complaining and this, according to the ASA, limits the number of petty or retaliatory complaints
12.
Cedars (immigration detention)
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Cedars was an immigration detention facility in Crawley, West Sussex, United Kingdom adjacent to Gatwick Airport. It was operated by UK Visas and Immigration with security and facilities maintenance contracted out to G4S and Barnardos providing social workers, opened in 2011, Cedars was the first immigration detention center in the UK specifically designated for families with children. Unlike other facilities for adults, which are essentially medium security prisons holding immigration violators pending deportation. As a result, the UK Border Agency has referred to the facility as pre-departure accommodation rather than immigration detention, the closing of the costly, under-used facility was announced in August 2016. It was closed permanently in December 2016, Cedars was built around 9 individual apartments that can accommodate families of up to 6 persons. Each apartment had between 1 and 3 bedrooms, a room, full kitchen and en-suite bathroom. Families wee free to move about the interior of the facility at all times and they could also leave the facility with a staff escort for supervised activities. Immigration detention UK Border Agency, Pre-Departure Accommodation
13.
UK immigration enforcement
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The wider history of UK immigration control is dealt with under UK immigration control - history. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 placed new restrictions on British Commonwealth citizens entering the UK and was seen as severe at the time, while it allowed conditions to be imposed on those previously allowed free entry it provided no powers concerning those who evaded the border controls altogether. A person shall not be required to submit to examination, after the expiration of the period of twenty-four hours from the time when he lands in the United Kingdom. This was partially addressed by the 1968 Act after which Commonwealth citizens were required by law to submit to immigration control on arrival, however, for those that evaded the border controls, the law stipulated that there were only 28 days in which to apprehend them. In the event of their being captured the person was awarded a right of appeal that would mean they could not immediately be removed. The 1971 Act removed the 28-day limit and created a right of appeal that could only be exercised from abroad, the powers in the 1971 Act focussed on the offences of overstaying and assumed that those who did so would be prosecuted and deported. Although it defined what an illegal entrant was, it did not provide sufficient clarity as to how the law should be applied. The concept of illegal entry as laid out in the 1971 Act did not extend to those who simply presented false documents or deceived the immigration officer on arrival about what they were going to do. It was only by establishing legal precedent through judgments’ that a consistent set of powers emerged, control of immigration in the UK was, until the 1980s almost exclusively focussed on border control. The law regarding the treatment of immigration offenders within the UK was unclear, efforts made to extend controls at the border contrasted sharply with the lack of powers to deal with those who evaded them. The Labour government of 1974-79 maintained a policy of opposing internal immigration controls in favour of putting more resource into the border control and visa offices abroad. The police who dealt with foreign nationals acted according to whether the person had been posted wanted or not and were reliant on Home Office records of who had overstayed, the police set up their own Immigration Intelligence Unit in October 1972. The Immigration Act prosecutions recorded at the time are then police prosecutions rather than Immigration Service ones, after the new Act came into force in 1973 more effort was directed to the detection and removal of illegal entrants. The Act was based on a concept of illegal entry which assumed illegal entry via clandestine landings, the lack of a cohesive enforcement structure must have played a part in this confusion but, overall, the numbers of enforced removals were very small. Enforcement work was carried out by Immigration Officers who were otherwise normally engaged on passport controls at ports, in London, the main enforcement offices were based at Harmondsworth near Heathrow and at Adelaide House, London Bridge. Later in the 1970s Immigration Officers were diverted to people in relation to their applications made under the amnesties of the time. By 1980 major operations were possible and were being mounted with particular emphasis on the hotel, Enforcement work became increasingly diverse and relatively more sophisticated during the 1980s. The London offices developed specialist teams targeting foreign vice trade workers, marriage fraud, the central London office worked closely with police to play a key role in the detention and removal of a number of high profile Yardies and other criminals associated with Jamaican drug crime
14.
Immigration detention
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Mandatory detention is the practice of compulsorily detaining or imprisoning people seeking political asylum, or who are considered to be illegal immigrants or unauthorised arrivals into a country. Some countries have set a maximum period of detention, while others permit indefinite detention. In the United States, a similar practice began in the early 1980s with Haitians and Cubans detained at Guantanamo Bay, don Hutto Residential Center opened in 2006 specifically to house non-criminal families. On 6 August 2008, 34-year-old New Yorker Hiu Lui Ng died in the detention of United States Immigration, the editors of The New York Times condemned the death and urged that the system must be fixed. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement has stated that the number of deaths per capita in detention is dramatically lower for ICE detainees than for U. S. In 2009, the Obama Administration pledged to overhaul the current immigration system and transform it into one that is less punitive. Several Asian nations are known to immigrants on visa violations or for alleged trafficking, including the victims of trafficking and smuggling. These include Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, in Australia, mandatory immigration detention was adopted in 1992 for all non-citizens who arrive in Australia without a visa. That only border applicants are subject to detention has sparked criticism, other unlawful non-citizens, such as those that overstay their visas, are generally granted bridging visas while their applications are processed, and are therefore free to move around the community. The long-term detention of immigrant children has also sparked criticism of the practice by groups such as ChilOut. Nonetheless, the High Court of Australia has confirmed, by majority and this and related decisions have been the subject of considerable academic critique. Australia has also sub-contracted with other nations to detain would-be immigrants offshore, including Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia also maintains an offshore detention facility on Christmas Island. In July 2008, the Australian government announced it was ending its policy of automatic detention for asylum seekers who arrive in the country without visas, however, by September 2012, offshore detention was reinstated. Following the Australian federal election,2013 policies have been toughened, illegal entry and stay on the Italian territory became a criminal offence in 2009, after the Bossi-Fini law. It has been reported by many NGOs that the condition inside the centres are inhuman, in 2002 and the following years, Malta began to receive a large influx of migrants. The detention policy was criticised, in the years, by NGOs and international bodies, including Human Rights Watch. In 2012, the Council of Europe reiterated that such a policy is contrary to the prohibition of arbitrary detention in the European Convention on Human Rights. In the Netherlands, foreigners who fail to obtain a residence status can be detained prior to deportation, Detention centers are located in Zaandam, Zeist, and Alphen aan den Rijn
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UK Visas and Immigration
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UK Visas and Immigration is a division of the Home Office responsible for the UK visa system. It was formed from the section of the UK Border Agency that had administered the visa system, the former Home Secretary Theresa May announced the abolition of the UK Border Agency on 26 March 2013, with the intention that its work would be returned to the Home Office. The agencys executive agency status was removed, and internally it was split, with one division responsible for the visa system, sarah Rapson, the Registrar General for England and Wales, was appointed as interim Director General of UK Visas and Immigration. Her position was made permanent on 5 March 2014 and it also considers applications from foreign nationals seeking British citizenship
16.
G4S
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G4S plc is a British multinational security services company headquartered in Crawley, England. The company was set up in 2004 when London-based company Securicor amalgamated with Danish business Group 4 Falck, the company offers a range of services, including the supply of security personnel, monitoring equipment, response units and secure prisoner transportation. G4S also works with governments overseas to deliver security and it is the worlds largest security company measured by revenues and has operations in around 125 countries. With 618,000 employees, it is worlds third-largest private employer, the largest European and African private employer, G4S was founded in 2004 by the merger of the UK-based Securicor plc with the Denmark-based Group 4 Falck. G4S has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index. G4S has its origins in a business founded in Copenhagen in 1901 by Marius Hogrefe, originally known as København Frederiksberg Nattevagt. In 2000, Group 4, a security firm formed in the 1960s, merged with Falck to form Group 4 Falck, in 2002 Group 4 Falck went on to buy The Wackenhut Corporation in the United States. G4S was formed in July 2004, when Group 4 Falcks security business merged with Securicor to create Group 4 Securicor and began trading on both the London and Copenhagen Stock Exchanges. In 2005, Lars Nørby Johansen was succeeded as chief executive by Nick Buckles and, in 2006, in the same year, Alf Duch-Pedersen succeeded Jorgen Philip-Sorensen to become the non-executive chairman of the business. In 2006,2007 and 2008, G4S was the subject of a campaign by union workers alleging that its subsidiaries undermine labour. Some of these groups were organised under the banner of the SEIU-funded Focus on Group 4 Securicor and this group supported protests at Group 4 Securicors annual general meeting in London in 2005. The 2006, US State Department Report on Human Rights in Indonesia, released in March 2006, in July 2006, the Indonesian Securicor workers had a substantial win – but the campaigners continue to support other Group 4 Securicor workers. The company disputed these claims and pointed to its relationships with unions around the world. In March 2008, it was announced that G4S were taking over Scottish Rock Steady Group – who steward at major sporting, Rock Steady events have included Live8 concerts in London, Scottish FA Cup Final & the Download Festival. In April 2008, G4S acquired RONCO Consulting Corporation, one of the worlds premier humanitarian and commercial mine action, ordnance disposal, in May 2008, G4S acquired ArmorGroup International. GSL, a provider of outsourced services, was also acquired by G4S in May 2008. Also, in the month, G4S acquired Serbian company Progard Securitas. In 2008, G4S also acquired Touchcom, Inc. for US$23 million, Touchcom, Inc. is located in the Burlington/Bedford, Massachusetts, area
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Institute of Race Relations
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The Institute of Race Relations is a think tank based in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1958 in order to research on race relations worldwide. Proposed by Sunday Times editor Harry Hodson, the institute began as the Race Relations Unit of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 1952. Former Governor of the United Provinces Lord Hailey served as first chairman, while Philip Mason, formerly of the Indian Civil Service, the unit later became the Institute of Race Relations under the chairmanship of Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders. During its early life, the IRR was influenced in its work, conferences were jointly organised with the Institute for Strategic Studies, and the Ford Foundation funded comparative policy-oriented research on the Caribbean, Latin America and Asia. Members of the Africa Private Enterprise Group helped to fund IRR research into tropical Africa, in 1958, in response to race riots in Nottingham and Notting Hill, IRR produced the first study of domestic race relations, Colour in Britain by James Wickendon. In 1963, the Nuffield Foundation funded a survey of British race relations, which commissioned 41 pieces of research. Philip Mason, who had served as IRR director from 1952 and this brought the staff and ultimately the membership into confrontation with the IRR’s Council. Robin Jenkins, an IRR researcher, criticised the methodology behind Colour and Citizenship, but at an extraordinary general meeting of members in April 1972 the Council was outvoted and resigned en masse. After the change of direction of IRR, neither the corporate sector nor the large foundations were willing to support IRRs work, and the organisation faced a funding crisis. It moved from the West End to a warehouse on Pentonville Road, London, N1. As a result of a drive, the IRR was able in 1984 to purchase an office building in Leeke Street, London Borough of Camden. Race & Class – a journal on racism, empire and globalisation - continues to be published quarterly by the IRR through Sage Publications. The IRR since its transformation carries out small-scale ad hoc pieces of research on pressing aspects of racism and this was updated as Policing Against Black People in 1987. Themes of institutional racism were dealt with in the pamphlets Race, Class, other reports have looked at racism and the press, black deaths in custody, school exclusions, the deaths of migrants, and asylum seekers. How not to prevent violent extremism examined the government’s counter-terrorism programme, the IRR since the 1980s has been particularly concerned with promoting the study of black and anti-racist history – especially to inform the education of young people. A Black History Collection of pamphlets, journals and ephemera relating to black settlement, since the 1990s a major part of the IRRs work has been the analysis of racism in Europe. The European Race Bulletin was produced as a print magazine until the end of 2009 and these have highlighted human rights abuses at the borders of Europe, the emergence of xeno-racism, the increase in deportations, the rise of Islamophobia and the challenge to multiculturalism
18.
No Border network
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The No Border Network refers to loose associations of autonomous organisations, groups, and individuals in Western Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe and beyond. They support freedom of movement and resist human migration control by coordinating international border camps, demonstrations, direct actions, common slogans used by the Network include, No Border, No Nation, Stop Deportations. and No one is illegal. No Border Network has existed since 1999, and its website since 2000, the No Borders Network in the United Kingdom claims to have local groups in 11 cities. Groups from the No Border network have been involved in organising a number of protest camps and this form of action has been repeated across the UK by the network several times since. On 24 October 2008, Phil Woolas, UK Minister of State for Borders, in February 2010 No Borders groups from the UK and France opened a large centre for refugees sleeping rough in Calais, France, under the name Kronstadt Hangar. Freedom to Move, Freedom to Stay, a No Borders Reader, the Orwellian World of Immigration Controls. Cohen, Steve, No One is Illegal, Asylum and Immigration Control, Past, hamm, Marion, A r/c tivism in Physical and Virtual Spaces. Schneider, Florian, Knocking Holes In Fortress Europe, sengupta, Shuddhabrata, No Border Camp Strasbourg, A Report. Hauptfleisch, Wolfgang, Come Together – Das erste europäische Grenzcamp in Straßbourg vom 19. -28, No Border Network No Borders Network UK
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Royal Albert Hall
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The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall on the northern edge of South Kensington, London, which holds the Proms concerts annually each summer since 1941. It has a capacity of up to 5,272 seats, the Hall is a registered charity held in trust for the nation and receives no public or government funding. A further 400 events are each year in the non-auditorium spaces. In 1851, the Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park, the Exhibitions Royal Commission bought Gore House and its grounds on the advice of the Prince. Progress on the scheme was slow and in 1861 Prince Albert died, however, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite. The proposal was approved and the site was purchased with some of the profits from the Exhibition, the Hall was designed by civil engineers Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers. The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the South Kensington Museum. The recently opened Cirque dHiver in Paris was seen in the press as the design to outdo. The Hall was constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick, with terra cotta block decoration made by Gibbs, the dome on top was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was an assembly made of the iron framework of the dome in Manchester, then it was taken apart again and transported to London via horse. When the time came for the structure to be removed from the dome after reassembly in situ. It did drop – but only by five-sixteenths of an inch, the Hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870 and the Queen visited a few weeks beforehand to inspect. The official opening ceremony of the Hall was on 29 March 1871, a welcoming speech was given by Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria was too overcome to speak. At some point, the Queen remarked that the Hall reminded her of the British constitution, a concert followed, when the Halls acoustic problems became immediately apparent. Engineers first attempted to solve the strong echo by suspending a canvas awning below the dome, in July 1871, French organist Camille Saint-Saëns performed Church Scene from the Faust by Charles Gounod, The Orchestra described his performance as an exceptional and distinguished performer. Initially lit by gas, the Hall contained a system where its thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the Hall, full electric lighting was not installed until 1888, during an early trial when a partial installation was made, one disgruntled patron wrote to The Times declaring it to be a very ghastly and unpleasant innovation. In May 1877, Richard Wagner himself conducted the first half of each of the eight concerts which made up the Grand Wagner Festival
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