1.
West Point, Mississippi
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West Point is a city in Clay County, Mississippi, in the Golden Triangle region of the state. The population was 11,307 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Clay County and the principal city of the West Point Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Columbus-West Point Combined Statistical Area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 21.1 square miles. West Point, MS is located in the North East section of Mississippi just across the Alabama state line, West Point has a rich heritage with generations of family lineage calling it home. Historically the area has a blend of African American, White, the city has many social activities sponsored by church and civic organizations. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,307 people 4,444 households, the population density was 535.13 people per square mile. There were 4,856 housing units at a density of 235.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 40. 6% White,56. 9% African American,0. 01% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race was 0. 9% of the population. 28. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.48, and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 22. 6% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 20 to 24,23. 7% from 25 to 44,25. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36.4 years, the population was 53. 7% female and 46. 3% male. The median income for a household in the city was $30,440, the per capita income for the city was $17,675. About 23. 4% of families and 24. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37. 8% of those under age 18 and 13. 6% of those people age 65 or over. Old Waverly Golf Club, located outside of West Point and recognized as one of Mississippis top golf courses, hosted the 1999 U. S. Womens Open, which was won by Juli Inkster. West Point Country Club is three minutes from downtown West Point and offers 18 rounds of golf, swimming, tennis, payne Field was an advanced Aviation School operated from May 1918 to March 1920. About 1,500 pilots were trained there and it is recognized as the first airfield in the state of Mississippi. It is called The Flexible Flyer, Waverly Plantation Mansion, just eight miles east of West Point is a National Historic Landmark. Its four story cantilevered stair hall and cupola is considered unique in the United States, the mansion is open daily for tours from 9am and closes promptly at 5pm
2.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
3.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
4.
Motown
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint
5.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
6.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
7.
The Temptations
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The Temptations are an American vocal group known for their success with Motown Records during the 1960s and 1970s. Known for their choreography, distinct harmonies, and flashy wardrobe, having sold tens of millions of albums, the Temptations are one of the most successful groups in music history. As of 2015, the Temptations continue to perform with one member, Otis Williams. Featuring five male vocalists and dancers, the formed in 1960 in Detroit. In 1964, Bryant was replaced by David Ruffin, who was the lead vocalist on a number of the groups biggest hits, including My Girl, Aint Too Proud to Beg, and I Wish It Would Rain. Ruffin was replaced in 1968 by Dennis Edwards, with whom the group continued to record hit records such as Cloud Nine, the groups lineup has changed frequently since the departures of Kendricks and Paul Williams from the act in 1971. Over the course of their career, the Temptations have released four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and fourteen R&B number-one singles, and their material has earned them three Grammy Awards. The Temptations were the first Motown recording act to win a Grammy Award - for Cloud Nine in 1969 -, six of the Temptations were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. Three classic Temptations songs, My Girl, Just My Imagination, the Temptations were also ranked at number 68 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Artists of all time. Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams started singing together in church as children, by their teenage years, they formed a doo-wop quartet in 1955 with Kell Osborne and Wiley Waller, naming themselves the Cavaliers. After Waller left the group in 1957, the trio left Birmingham to break into the music business. The group settled in Detroit where they changed their name to the Primes under the direction of Milton Jenkins, the Primes soon became well known around the Detroit area for their meticulous performances. Jenkins later created a group, The Primettes, later known as the Supremes. Kendricks was already seen as an idol in the Detroit area while Williams was well received for his baritone vocals. Texas teenager Otis Williams moved to Detroit as a youngster to be with his mother, by 1958, Williams was the leader of a vocal group named Otis Williams and the Siberians. The group included Elbridge Al Bryant, James Pee-Wee Crawford, Vernard Plain, the group recorded a song, Pecos Kid for a label run by radio deejay Senator Bristol Bryant. Shortly after its release, the changed its name to The El Domingoes. Following this, Montgomery native Melvin Franklin replaced Arthur Walton as bass vocalist and Franklins cousin, Detroit-born Richard Street, signing with Johnnie Mae Matthews Northern Records, the group had their name changed again to The Distants
8.
Gladys Knight & the Pips
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Gladys Knight & the Pips were an R&B/soul family musical act from Atlanta, Georgia that remained active on the music charts and performing circuit for three decades. After a couple years performing in talent shows, the signed with Brunswick Records in 1957. Brenda Knight and Eleanor Guest were eventually replaced by cousin, Edward Patten. This lineup produced the groups first hit single, Every Beat of My Heart, after the single was released on three different labels, they changed their name to Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1961. Langston George left the year and Gladys Knight left in 1962 to start a family with musician Jimmy Newman. Knight rejoined in 1964 and this continued until the groups disbandment in 1989. The group reached commercial success after signing with Motown Records in 1966, contractual difficulties with their labels forced the group to record side projects until 1980 when they signed with Columbia Records. Later hits included Save the Overtime and the Grammy-winning single Love Overboard, in 1989, the group disbanded with the Pips retiring and Knight embarking on a successful solo career. Gladys Knight & the Pips are multiple Grammy and American Music Award winners and are inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Gladys Knight performed on Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour in 1952 at the age of seven, winning first prize. On September 4,1952, Gladys, Bubba, sister Brenda and their cousins William, shortly afterwards, the quintet agreed to form a group under the insistence of Gladys mother Elizabeth Knight. They settled on the name The Pips, inspired by the nickname of their cousin James Pip Woods, by 1955, the group began performing at the talent show circuit at their hometown of Atlanta, winning each talent show they performed on. This success allowed them a contract with Brunswick Records in 1957. The group released two recordings that failed to chart, despite this, the group was now opening for top recording acts such as Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke. By 1959, Brunswick dropped the group and both Brenda Knight and Eleanor Guest left the group to begin families and they were replaced by another cousin, Edward Patten, and a friend, Langston George. Patten and George were involved in another group before joining the Pips, in 1961, they recorded their version of Johnny Otis Every Beat of My Heart. Because the group was without a label, a local Atlanta label, Huntom Records, pushed the single. During this time, the moved to New York where they auditioned for Bobby Robinsons Fury Records. Upon learning that Every Beat of My Heart was already becoming a hit and cutting the group off of profits, Robinson had the group re-record the song, both versions made the Billboard charts, with the Huntom/Vee-Jay version reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100
9.
Edwin Starr
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Edwin Starr was an American soul singer. Starr was famous for his Norman Whitfield-produced Motown singles of the 1970s, Starr was born in Tennessee and raised in Ohio, and later lived in Detroit while singing for Ric Tic and Motown Records. He was backed by the band that would become known as Black Merda. Hawkins and Veasey of the played on most of his early hits on the Ric Tic Label. Besides War, Starrs songs 25 Miles and Stop the War Now were also successes in the 1960s. Starrs career shifted to the United Kingdom in the 1970s, where he continued to produce music, charles Edwin Hatcher was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1942. He and his cousins, soul singers Roger and Willie Hatcher, moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1957, Starr formed a doo-wop group, the Future Tones, and began his singing career. The song which launched his career was Agent Double-O-Soul, a reference to the James Bond films popular at the time, other early hits included Headline News, Back Street and S. O. S. While at Ric-Tic, he wrote the song, Oh, How Happy, at Motown he recorded a string of singles before enjoying an international success with 25 Miles, which he co-wrote with producers Johnny Bristol and Harvey Fuqua. It peaked at #6 in both the Hot 100 and R&B Charts in 1969 and it was when Motowns Berry Gordy became frustrated with smaller labels like Ric-Tic stealing some of the success of his company that he bought out the label. Many of Starrs Ric-Tic songs like Back Street and Headline News became favored Northern Soul classics. His early Ric-Tic hit Stop Her On Sight was reissued in Britain in 1968 and his 1970 song Time also helped to establish him as a prominent artist on the Northern Soul scene. The biggest hit of Starrs career, which cemented his reputation, was the Vietnam War protest song War and it sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. War appeared on both of Starrs War & Peace album and its follow-up, Involved, produced by Norman Whitfield, Involved also featured another song of similar construction titled Stop the War Now, which was a minor hit in its own right. In 1979, Starr reappeared on the charts with a pair of hits, Contact. Contact was the successful of the two, peaking at #65 on the US pop charts, #13 on the R&B chart, #1 on the dance chart. Radio was also a Top Ten hit in the UK, reaching #9 on the chart in mid-1979, by now, he had joined the well-established disco boom and had further singles on 20th Century Records. Over the years, he released tracks on a variety of labels, including Avatar, Calibre,10 Records, Motown, Streetwave and his Starr café empire still enjoys success in and around Essex
10.
Berry Gordy
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Berry Gordy Jr. is an American record producer and songwriter. He is best known as the founder of the Motown record label and its subsidiaries, Berry Gordy Jr. was born to the middle-class family of Berry Gordy II, who had relocated to Detroit from Oconee in Washington County, Georgia, in 1922. The first Berry Gordy was the son of a plantation owner in Georgia. Berry Gordy, Sr. was lured to Detroit by the job opportunities for black people offered by the automotive businesses. He developed his interest in music by writing songs and opening the 3-D Record Mart, in 1957 Wilson recorded Reet Petite, a song Gordy had co-written with his sister Gwen and writer-producer Billy Davis. It became a modest hit, but had success internationally, especially in the UK. Wilson recorded six more songs co-written by Gordy over the two years, including Lonely Teardrops, which topped the R&B charts and got to number 7 in the pop chart. Berry and Gwen Gordy also wrote All I Could Do Was Cry for Etta James at Chess Records, Gordy reinvested the profits from his songwriting success into producing. In 1957, he discovered the Miracles and began building a portfolio of successful artists, in 1959, with the encouragement of Miracles leader Smokey Robinson, Gordy borrowed $800 from his family to create an R&B record company. Originally, Gordy wanted to name the new label Tammy Records, however, that name was taken, and he chose the name Tamla Records. The company began operating on January 21,1959, Come to Me by Marv Johnson was issued as Tamla 101. United Artists Records picked up Come to Me for national distribution, as well as Johnsons more successful follow-up records such as You Got What It Takes, co-produced and co-written by Gordy. His next release was the only 45 ever issued on his Rayber label, the record did not sell well and is now one of the rarest issues from the Motown stable. Berrys third release was Bad Girl by the Miracles, the first release on the Motown record label, Bad Girl was a solid hit in 1959 after Chess Records picked it up. Barrett Strongs Money initially appeared on Tamla and then charted on Gordys sisters label, Anna Records, the Tamla and Motown labels were then merged into a new company, Motown Record Corporation, incorporated on April 14,1960. In 1960, Gordy signed a singer, Mary Wells, who became the fledgling labels first star, with Smokey Robinson penning her hits You Beat Me to the Punch, Two Lovers. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes Please Mr. Postman made it to the top of both charts, Gordys gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Initially the studio, over Gordys objections, rejected Williams after several screen tests, however, Gordy, known for his tenacity, eventually prevailed, and the film established Williams as a major movie star
11.
Money (That's What I Want)
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Money is a song written by Tamla founder Berry Gordy and Janie Bradford that became the first hit record for Gordys Motown enterprise. The song was recorded in 1959 by Barrett Strong for the Tamla label and it went on to be covered by many artists, including the Beatles in 1963 and the Flying Lizards in 1979. The song was recorded by Barrett Strong and released on Tamla in August 1959. Anna Records was operated by Gwen Gordy, Anna Gordy and Roquel Billy Davis, the song has Strong curtly insisting that money is what he needs, more than anything else. In the US, the single became Motowns first hit in June 1960, making it to number 2 on the Hot R&B Sides chart, the song was listed as number 288 on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Greil Marcus has pointed out that Money was the song that brought Strongs name near the top of the national music charts. Piano and lead vocals were supplied by Barrett, guitar on the track was played by Eugene Grew. Virtually all of the records issued were 45s, the 10-inch 78 format, singer Barrett Strong claims that he co-wrote the song with Berry Gordy and Janie Bradford. His name was removed from the copyright registration three years after the song was written, restored in 1987 when the copyright was renewed, Gordy has stated that Strongs name was only included because of a clerical error. Barrett Strong – piano and lead vocals Eugene Grew – guitar The Beatles recorded Money in seven takes on July 18,1963, a series of piano overdubs was later added by producer George Martin. The song was released in November 1963 as the track on their second UK album. According to George Harrison, the group discovered Strongs version in Brian Epsteins NEMS record store and they had previously performed it during their audition at Decca Records on January 1,1962, with Pete Best still on drums at the time. They also recorded it six times for BBC radio, a live version, taped at a concert date in Stockholm, Sweden in October 1963, was included on Anthology 1. An unexpected hit, this peaked at number 5 in the UK chart. It also peaked at number 22 on the US dance charts, the song has been covered by many artists, with several of the versions appearing in a variety of charts. For example, the Kingsmen reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 6 in the US R&B charts in 1964, Jennell Hawkins hit number 17 in the R&B charts with her recording in 1962. Jr. Walker & the All Stars reached number 52 on the Hot 100 and number 35 on the R&B charts in 1966 and Bern Elliott and the Fenmen reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1963. It was included as the track on Jerry Lee Lewis 1964 UK-only release Live at the Star Club, Hamburg
12.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
13.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
14.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
15.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
16.
The Kingsmen
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The Kingsmen are a 1960s beat/garage rock band from Portland, Oregon, United States. They are best known for their 1963 recording of Richard Berrys Louie Louie, the single has become an enduring classic. In 1959, Lynn Easton invited Jack Ely to play him at a Portland Hotel gig, with Ely singing and playing guitar. The two teenagers grew up together, as their parents were close friends, Easton and Ely performed at yacht club parties, and soon added Mike Mitchell on guitar and Bob Nordby on bass to round out the band. They called themselves the Kingsmen, taking the name from a disbanded group. The Kingsmen began their career playing at fashion shows, Red Cross events. The entire club would get up and dance, Ely convinced the Kingsmen to learn the song, which they played at dances to a great crowd response. Unknown to him, he changed the beat because he misheard it on a jukebox, Ken Chase, host of radio station KISN, formed his own club to capitalize on these dance crazes. Dubbed the Chase, the Kingsmen became the house band. On April 5,1963, Chase booked the band an hour-long session at the local Northwestern Inc. studio for the following day, the band had just played a 90-minute Louie Louie marathon. Despite the bands annoyance at having so little time to prepare, in order to sound like a live performance, Ely was forced to lean back and sing to a microphone suspended from the ceiling. It was more yelling than singing, Ely said, cause I was trying to be heard all the instruments. In addition, he was wearing braces at the time of the performance, Ely sang the beginning of the third verse several bars too early, but realized his mistake and waited for the rest of the band to catch up. In what was thought to be a warm-up, the song was recorded in its first, the Kingsmen were not proud of the version, but their manager liked the rawness of their cover. The B-side was Haunted Castle, composed by Ely and Don Gallucci, however, Lynn Easton was credited on both the Jerden and Wand releases. The entire session cost $50, and the split the cost. Louie Louie was kept from the top spot on the charts in late 1963 and early 1964 by the Singing Nun and Bobby Vinton, the Kingsmen single reached No.1 on the Cashbox chart and No.2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Additionally in the UK it reached No.26 on the Record Retailer chart and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc
17.
Richard "Popcorn" Wylie
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Wylie was born in Detroit, Michigan, into a musical family, and learned piano. He gained the nickname Popcorn through his habit of popping out of the football teams huddle at Northwestern High School. While at school, he formed a group, Popcorn and the Mohawks, the band performed at local venues, where Wylie would front the band wearing a homemade Mohawk headdress. In 1960 he released a single, Pretty Girl, on the local Northern label. He also performed at a Detroit club, Twenty Grand, where he met fellow musician Robert Bateman who was working as an engineer at Berry Gordys fledgling Motown label and he also recorded with Janie Bradford as a duo, Janard, and began working as a backing musician. He was Motowns first head of A&R, and served as the leader for the first Motortown Revue tour in 1962. In 1962 he left Motown after a disagreement with Gordy, who failed to mention him in his later autobiography, Wylie signed with Epic Records, releasing four singles between 1962 and 1964 on which he was reputedly backed by Sun Ra and members of his Arkestra. He later freelanced as a songwriter, producer, and session player for local labels, including SonBert, Ric-Tic, Correc-tone, Continental. He also formed his own labels, Pameline and SoulHawk, in 1966, during this period he worked extensively with singers Edwin Starr and J. J. Barnes, and co-wrote Jamo Thomas minor hit I Spy and he also co-wrote The Platters 1967 hit, With This Ring. He began recording again, under the name Popcorn Wylie, in 1968, releasing Rosemary, - another Northern soul favourite - on the Karen label, and Move Over Babe on Carla. In 1971, he returned to Motown, and released his most successful solo single, Funky Rubber Band. An instrumental, it reached #40 on the Billboard R&B chart and he recorded an album, Extrasensory Perception, for ABC Records in 1974, working with arrangers McKinley Jackson and Gene Page. Two singles were released from the album in 1975, Lost Time, in the mid-1980s, he finally travelled to the UK to promote his work, helping to put together compilation albums and working with producer Ian Levine. He recorded Love is My Middle Name and See This Man in Love for Levines Motorcity label, and co-wrote songs for fellow Motown veterans The Contours and The Elgins, among others. A selection of his recordings on the Pameline label was issued on a compilation, Popcorns Detroit Soul Party, in 2002 and he died at home in Detroit in 2008, aged 69, after suffering from congestive heart problems for some time. Interview with Bill Dahl on early Motown
18.
Jerry Lee Lewis
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Jerry Lee Lewis is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and pianist, often known by his nickname, The Killer. He has been described as rock & rolls first great wild man, a pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music, Lewis made his first recordings in 1956 at Sun Records in Memphis. Crazy Arms sold 300,000 copies in the South, and he followed this with Great Balls of Fire, Breathless and High School Confidential. However, Lewiss rock and roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to his 13-year-old first cousin once removed when he was 23 years old and he had minimal success in the charts following the scandal, and his popularity quickly eroded. His live performance fees plummeted from $10,000 per night to $250, in the meantime he was determined to gain back some of his popularity. In the early 1960s, he did not have much success, with few exceptions. His live performances at this time were increasingly wild and energetic and his 1964 live album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg is regarded by music journalists and fans as one of the wildest and greatest live rock albums ever. In 1968 Lewis made a transition into country music and had hits with such as Another Place. His No.1 country hits included To Make Love Sweeter for You, There Must Be More to Love Than This, Would You Take Another Chance on Me and Me and Bobby McGee. Lewiss successes continued throughout the decade and he embraced his rock and roll past with songs such as a cover of the Big Boppers Chantilly Lace, in the 21st century Lewis continues to tour around the world and still releases new albums. His album Last Man Standing is his best selling to date and this was followed by Mean Old Man, which has received some of the best sales of Lewiss career. Lewis has a dozen gold records in rock and country. He won several Grammy awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award, Lewis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, in 1989, his life was chronicled in the movie Great Balls of Fire, starring Dennis Quaid. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed his box set All Killer, No Filler, in 2004, they ranked him number 24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Lewis is the last surviving member of Sun Records Million Dollar Quartet and the Class of 55 album and his parents mortgaged their farm to buy him a piano. Lewis was influenced by an older cousin, Carl McVoy, the radio, and the sounds from Haneys Big House. On the live album By Request, More of the Greatest Live Show on Earth and he was also influenced by the Great American Songbook and popular country singers like Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams
19.
The Searchers (band)
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Founded as a skiffle group in Liverpool in 1959 by John McNally and Mike Pender, the band took their name from the classic 1956 John Ford western The Searchers. Pender claims that the name was his idea, but McNally ascribes it to Big Ron Woodbridge, the band grew out of an earlier skiffle group formed by McNally in 1957, with his friends Brian Dolan and Tony West. When the other two members lost interest McNally was joined by his guitarist neighbour Mike Prendergast and they soon recruited Tony Jackson with his home-made bass guitar and amplifier, who was recruited as a lead singer, but took a back seat at first in order to learn the bass. The band styled themselves as Tony and the Searchers with Joe Kennedy on drums, Kennedy soon left to be replaced by Norman McGarry, and it is this line-up — McNally, Pender, Jackson and McGarry — that is usually cited as the original foursome. McGarry did not stay long, however, and in 1960 his place was taken by Chris Crummey, later that year Big Ron had a successful audition with Mecca and became a ballroom singer. He was replaced by Billy Beck, who changed his name to Johnny Sandon, the band had regular bookings at Liverpools Iron Door Club as Johnny Sandon and the Searchers. Sandon left the band in late 1961 to join The Remo Four in February 1962, the group settled into a quartet named The Searchers, with Jackson becoming the main vocalist. They continued to play at the Iron Door, The Cavern, like many similar acts they would do as many as three shows at different venues in one night. They negotiated a contract with the Star-Club in the St. Pauli district Hamburg for 128 days, the band returned to a residency at the Iron Door Club and it was there that they tape-recorded the sessions that led to a Pye Records recording contract with Tony Hatch as producer. Their first album, sung mostly by Jackson and Pender Meet the Searchers was released in August 1963, a slightly changed version of it, including the song Needles and Pins hit #22 in the US album charts in June 1964. 1964 also saw the Top 20 hit What Have They Done To The Rain, Hatch played piano on some recordings and wrote Sugar and Spice—the bands UK number 2 hit record—under the pseudonym Fred Nightingale, a secret he kept from the band at the time. The next Searchers single to chart in the UK during this period was, an EP release, Aint Gonna Kiss Ya – featuring The Searchers first LP track – Aint Gonna Kiss Ya also charted in 1963. Further Pye albums, Its the Searchers and Sounds Like, in 1967, Curtis formed a new band called Roundabout with keyboard player Jon Lord and guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. Although Curtiss involvement in the project was short-lived, Roundabout would eventually evolve into Deep Purple the following year, as a result, the UK hits ran out. While they continued to record for Liberty Records and RCA Records, they ended up on the British Chicken in a Basket circuit, compilation of the original hits that came out at the same time. Two albums were released, The Searchers and Play for Today, a Sire single, Hearts in Her Eyes picked up some radio airplay and with more promotion might have charted, but ultimately missed out. According to John McNally, the band were ready to head into the studio to record an album for Sire when they were informed that due to label reorganization. It was, in fact, because so few people bought the second album, in 1981, the band signed to PRT Records and began recording an album
20.
The Sonics
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The Sonics are an American garage rock band from Tacoma, Washington that formed in 1960. They played a mixture of rock standards, early rock and roll and original compositions such as Strychnine, Psycho. The Sonics were formed in 1960 in Tacoma, Washington, by teen-aged guitarist Larry Parypa, the earliest lineup included Parypa, drummer Mitch Jaber, and guitarist Stuart Turner, Parypas brother Jerry briefly played saxophone, and their mother occasionally filled in on bass at rehearsals. In 1961, Parypas older brother Andy became the bass player, when Turner left for the army, Rich Koch joined as lead guitarist, and Marilyn Lodge became their first singer, the band having been an instrumental combo up to that point. A new drummer, Bill Dean, replaced Jaber, Koch and Lodge left the band in 1963. Local star Ray Michelsen became the singer after having sung with several other popular bands on the local scene. Ray Michelsen was looking to leave the band, so the Parypas hired Bennett, Roslie, and Lind, the well-known lineup was in place, but the Sonics career did not begin in earnest until 1964, when Gerry Roslie started singing lead vocals. They were soon scouted by Buck Ormsby, bassist for popular Northwest band the Wailers and their first single was The Witch, in November 1964. It was recorded on a tape recorder, with only one microphone to pick up the entire drum kit. It was here that they began to some of their infamously reckless recording techniques. A second album, Boom, followed in February 1966, during the recording, the Sonics ripped the soundproofing off the walls at the country and western-oriented Wiley/Griffith studio in Tacoma to get a live-er sound. The covers of both feature the moody photography of Jini Dellaccio. The band, however, was not satisfied with the material on Introducing the Sonics, the original band fell apart between 1966 and 1968, with members leaving to attend university or join other bands, saxophonist Rob Lind became a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War. The original Sonics reunited briefly in 1972 for a show at Seattles Paramount Theater. In 1980, a new Sonics fronted by Gerry Roslie recorded the album Sinderella, the emergence of punk rock in the late 70s and grunge in the 90s led to new interest in the Sonics, and much of their material was re-released by labels in the US and Europe. Larry and Andy Parypa continued performing with bands in the Northwest, while Roslie, Lind. A further surge of interest in the Sonics was sparked by the use of their version of Richard Berrys Have Love. In 2007, the Sonics reunited again, this time for the Cavestomp garage rock festival in Brooklyn
21.
Buddy Guy
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George Buddy Guy is an American blues guitarist and singer. He is an exponent of Chicago blues and has influenced guitarists including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Keith Richards, Jeff Beck, John Mayer and Stevie Ray Vaughan. In the 1960s, Guy played with Muddy Waters as a house guitarist at Chess Records, Guy was ranked 30th in Rolling Stone magazines 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. His song Stone Crazy was ranked 78th in Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time, Clapton once described him as the best guitar player alive. In 1999 Guy wrote the book, Damn Right Ive Got the Blues, Guys autobiography, When I Left Home, My Story, was published in 2012. Guy was born and raised in Lettsworth, Louisiana and he began learning to play the guitar using a two-string diddley bow he made. Later he was given a Harmony acoustic guitar, which, decades later in Guys lengthy career, was donated to the Rock, in the early 1950s Guy began performing with bands in Baton Rouge. While living there, he worked as a custodian at Louisiana State University, soon after moving to Chicago on September 25,1957, Guy fell under the influence of Muddy Waters. In 1958, a competition with West Side guitarists Magic Sam, soon afterwards he recorded for Cobra Records. He recorded sessions with Junior Wells for Delmark Records under the pseudonym Friendly Chap in 1965 and 1966, leonard Chess, Chess Records founder, denounced Guy’s playing as noise. In the early 1960s, Chess tried recording Guy as a solo artist with R&B ballads, jazz instrumentals, soul and novelty dance tunes, Guy’s only Chess album, I Left My Blues in San Francisco, was released in 1967. Most of the songs belong stylistically to the eras soul boom, with orchestrations by Gene Barge, Chess used Guy mainly as a session guitarist to back Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolf, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor and others. In 1965, Guy participated in the European tour American Folk Blues Festival, in 1972, he established The Checkerboard Lounge, with partner L. C. Guys career took off during the revival of the late 1980s. It was sparked by Claptons request that Guy be part of the 24 Nights all-star blues guitar lineup at Londons Royal Albert Hall, Guy subsequently signed with Silvertone Records. Guy performs a month of shows each January at his Chicago blues club, in 2015, British blues fan Alan Harper published a book entitled Waiting for Buddy Guy, Chicago Blues at the Crossroads. While Guys music is often labelled Chicago blues, his style is unique and his music can vary from the most traditional, deepest blues to a creative, unpredictable and radical gumbo of the blues, avant rock, soul and free jazz that changes with each performance. As the New York Times music critic Jon Pareles noted in 2004, Mr. Guy,68, mingles anarchy, virtuosity, deep blues and hammy shtick in ways that keep all eyes on him
22.
United States Copyright Office
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It is used by copyright title searchers who are attempting to clear a chain of title for copyrighted works. The head of the Copyright Office is called the Register of Copyrights, the Acting Register is Karyn Temple Claggett, who replaced Maria Pallante upon her departure in October 2016. The Copyright Office is housed on the floor of the James Madison Memorial Building of the Library of Congress, at 101 Independence Avenue, SE, in Washington. Originally, claims were recorded by Clerks of U. S. district courts, in 1870, copyright functions were centralized in the Library of Congress under the direction of the then Librarian of Congress Ainsworth Rand Spofford. The Copyright Office became a department of the Library of Congress in 1897. The mission of the Copyright Office is to promote creativity by administering and sustaining an effective national copyright system, the Office also records documents related to copyright ownership. The Copyright Office records the bibliographic descriptions and the facts of all works registered. The archives maintained by the Copyright Office are an important record of America’s cultural and historical heritage, records after 1977 are maintained through an online database of more than 16 million entries. As a service unit of the Library of Congress, the Copyright Office is part of the branch of government. The Office provides copyright policy advice to Congress, Copyright Office Practices manual documents the Copyright Offices practices in its administration of copyright law. A new fee schedule for certain Office services is effective as of May 1,2014, the Copyright office’s fees were last updated in 2009. Fees increased for certain registration and recordation and associated services, as well as certain search, the Copyright Office provides public information and reference services concerning copyrights and recorded documents. The public can keep up on developments in the Copyright Office by subscribing to U. S, subscribe on the Copyright Office website. In 1870, Congress passed a law that centralized the system in the Library of Congress. This law required all authors to deposit in the Library two copies of book, pamphlet, map, print, and piece of music registered in the United States. Supplying the information needs of the Congress, the Library of Congress has become the world’s largest library, the Copyright Office consults with interested copyright owners, industry and library representatives, bar associations, and other interested parties on issues related to the copyright law. The Copyright Office promotes improved copyright protection for U. S. creative works abroad through its International Copyright Institute
23.
I Heard It Through the Grapevine
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I Heard It Through the Grapevine is a song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for Motown Records in 1966. The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Whitfield for Gladys Knight & the Pips and released as a single in September 1967, the Miracles recorded the song first and included their version on their 1968 album, Special Occasion. The Gaye recording has become an acclaimed soul classic, and in 2004. On the commemorative fiftieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 and it was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for historical, artistic and significant value. The lyrics tell the story in the first person of the feelings of betrayal. The phrase is associated with black slaves during the Civil War, who had their form of telegraph, producer Norman Whitfield worked with Strong on the song, adding lyrics to Strongs basic Ray Charles influenced gospel tune and the single chorus line of I heard it through the grapevine. This was to be the first of a number of collaborations between Strong and Whitfield. Producer Norman Whitfield recorded I Heard It Through the Grapevine with various Motown artists, the Miracles version was not released as a single due to Berry Gordys veto during Motowns weekly quality control meetings, Gordy advised Whitfield and Strong to create a stronger single. Marvin Gayes version was recorded in spring 1967, and is the second recording, though was also rejected by Gordy as a single. The third recording was in 1967 with Gladys Knight and the Pips in a new, Gordy accepted the new arrangement and the Gladys Knight version was released as a single in September 1967, reaching number 2 in the charts. In 1968, Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers recorded a version for their debut album based on Gladys recent hit, however, after hearing the Marvin Gaye version, they felt theyd made the wrong choice. In 1969, Whitfield produced a version for the Temptations psychedelic soul album, Cloud Nine, in which he brought compelling percussion to the fore, and relegated the piano well into the wings. In 1971, the Undisputed Truth recorded the song in a Marvin-styled version as did Bettye Lavette on her 1982 Motown album, Whitfield recorded the song with Marvin Gaye over five sessions, the first on February 3,1967, and the final one on April 10,1967. The session featuring Gaye led to an argument between the producer and singer, Whitfield wanted Gaye to perform the song in a higher key than his normal range, a move that had worked on David Ruffin during the recording of the Temptations hit, Aint Too Proud to Beg. Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded Grapevine on June 17,1967 in Motowns Studio A, after hearing Aretha Franklins version of Respect, Whitfield rearranged Grapevine to include some of the funk elements of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. According to David Ritz, Whitfield set to record a song that would out-funk Aretha, after Whitfield presented the demo tapes, Gladys Knight, Bubba Knight, William Guest, and Edward Patten worked for several weeks on their vocal arrangement. To make the song suitable for Gladys, the first line of the verse was altered to. After much talk, Gordy reluctantly allowed the Pips version to be a single on September 28,1967 on Motowns Soul label
24.
War (The Temptations song)
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War is a counterculture-era soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song – a blatant anti-Vietnam War protest – with The Temptations as the original vocalists and it was one of 161 songs on the Clear Channel no-play list after September 11,2001. The songs power was reasserted when Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band took their rendition into the U. S and it was also covered by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984, and more recently by the Rock band Black Stone Cherry on its 2016 album Kentucky. The Temptations version of War, featuring Paul Williams and Dennis Edwards on lead vocals, was less intense than the Edwin Starr version. The song was included as a track on the March 1970 Psychedelic Shack album, the tracks direct message, summarized by its chorus, struck a chord with the American public and resonated with growing public opposition to the war in Vietnam. Fans from across the nation, many of them students and other young people. The label did not want to risk the image of its most popular group. Edwin Starr, who had become a Motown artist in 1968 after his label, Ric-Tic, was purchased by Motown founder Berry Gordy. Considered among Motowns second-string acts, Starr had only one hit, 1968s number-six hit Twenty-Five Miles. He heard about the surrounding the debate of whether or not to release War. Upon its release in June 1970, Starrs War became a runaway hit and it replaced Make It With You by Bread, and was replaced by another Motown single, Aint No Mountain High Enough by Diana Ross. Billboard ranked it as the No.5 song of 1970, notable as the most successful protest song to become a pop hit, earning compliments from contemporary protester John Lennon, War became Edwin Starrs signature song. It and another 1971 single, Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On, after 1971, Starrs career began to falter, and, citing Motowns reliance on formulas, he departed the label in the mid-1970s. Later in his career, after moving to the United Kingdom, Starrs new version of War in 2003 was his final piece. He died on April 2 of the year of a heart attack. Starr earned a Grammy nomination in 1971 for War for best R&B Male Vocal, in 1999, Starrs recording of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song is featured in The Simpsons episode Treehouse of Horror VIII, Starrs version of War is featured in a 2015 TV commercial for the Nissan Rogue. A truncated version of Starrs original recording was used as the theme to the TV drama Family Law
25.
Paul Young
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Paul Antony Young is an English singer, songwriter and musician. Formerly the frontman of the short-lived bands Kat Kool & the Kool Cats, Streetband and Q-Tips, released in 1983, his debut album No Parlez, the first of three UK number one albums, turned him into a household name. His smooth yet soulful voice belonged to a known as blue-eyed soul. At the 1985 Brit Awards, Young received the award for Best British Male, in July 1985, Young appeared at Live Aid held at Wembley Stadium, London, performing the Band Aid hit Do They Know Its Christmas. And his own hits Come Back and Stay and Everytime You Go Away, Everytime You Go Away reached number one in the US in 1985, and won Best British Video at the 1986 Brit Awards. Since the mid-1990s, he has performed with his band Los Pacaminos, since the late 1990s, Young has released very little new material, but has continued to tour in different parts of the world. Paul Young was born in Luton, Bedfordshire, England and he has an older brother, Mark, and a younger sister, Joanne. As a youth, after school, he played football for the Vauxhall Motors factory, the first group for which he became lead singer was Kat Kool & The Kool Kats. In the late 1970s he joined Streetband, who had one Top 20 hit in the UK, with the humorous, the ex-Streetbanders added new recruits Dave Lathwell on guitar and Baz Watts on drums. Q-Tips name derived from a brand of cotton buds. Q-Tipss first rehearsals took place in November 1979 and their first gig was on 18 November 1979 at the Queens Arms Hotel in Harrow. This was followed by another at the Horn of Plenty in St Albans - a regular gig for Streetband during 1978 -, some personnel changes occurred during the first six months, with Blanchards departure leaving a three-piece brass section, and Lathwell also leaving the band. By 1 April 1980, the band had recorded two tracks, SYSLJFM, and Having A Party, both recorded at the Livingstone Studios in Barnet. Constant touring and concert appearances had built up a fan base by mid-1981. In August 1980, the British music magazine, NME reported that Q-Tips had just released their debut, in time, Garth Watt Roy replaced John Gifford on guitar, and Blandamer was replaced by Nick Payne. This line-up remained for the rest of the bands career and they appeared on BBC Televisions In Concert, Rock Goes to College and The Old Grey Whistle Test in the latter part of 1981. Other television appearances included childrens Saturday morning TV, Q-Tips opened for The J. Geils Band, The Knack, Thin Lizzy, Bob Marley and the Average White Band. The band toured with After The Fire, and supported The Who on their twelve date UK tour in 1980, in 1981, Q-Tips played the Montreux Jazz Festival
26.
Psychedelic soul
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It came to prominence in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, playing a major role in the development of funk and disco. Pioneering acts included Sly and the Family Stone, Jimi Hendrix, mainstream acts that developed a psychedelic sound included the Supremes and Stevie Wonder. Acts that achieved notability with the sound included the Chambers Brothers, the 5th Dimension, Edwin Starr, and George Clintons Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles. Following the lead of Jimi Hendrix in psychedelic rock, in the late 1960s psychedelia began to have a impact on African American musicians. Influenced by the civil movement, it had a darker. Other Motown acts soon followed into psychedelic territory, including established performers like the Supremes with Reflections, Love Child, psychedelic influences could also be heard in the work of Stevie Wonder and in Marvin Gayes socially conscious work from Whats Going On. George Clintons interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin-offs, took the genre to its most extreme lengths, making funk almost a religion in the 1970s. And Your Ass Will Follow, and Maggot Brain, and Parliament album Osmium, producing over forty singles, including three in the US top ten, and three platinum albums. Acts like Earth, Wind & Fire, Kool & the Gang, and Ohio Players, who began as psychedelic soul artists, incorporated its sounds into funk music and eventually the disco which partly replaced it
27.
Cloud Nine (The Temptations album)
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Cloud Nine is the ninth studio album by American musical group The Temptations for the Gordy label released in 1969. The album is a watershed for several reasons and it is the first regular Temptations studio LP to feature Dennis Edwards as the replacement for David Ruffin, who was fired in June 1968. In addition, it marks the beginning of the Temptations four-year delve into psychedelia recording, at the behest of producer Norman Whitfield, the album went to number four on the Billboard Pop Albums Chart and the group received their first Grammy Award in 1969. Norman Whitfield took the Temptations into psychedelic territory after a suggestion from the de facto leader. Williams had been discussing Sly & the Family Stones music, Gamble agreed with Williams that Sly Stones funkier production style and multi-lead vocals was here to stay and that it was time to learn to adapt to it. Man, I dont want to be bothered with that shit, remarked Whitfield, although Otis Williams denies the connection, Cloud Nines lyrics have frequently been cited as empathizing with drug use. The song seems to suggest that the best way for someone to deal with the problems that come with being poor, halfway through its running time, Run Away Child segues into an instrumental jam session. Run Away Child was a hit on the US R&B singles chart, and, like Cloud Nine. The rest of the Cloud Nine album is made up of more standard Temptations fare, why Did She Have to Leave Me features Dennis Edwards delivering a Ruffinesque lead on a slow ballad, and the Eddie Kendricks-led I Need Your Lovin also finds the group in familiar surroundings. Edwards, Kendricks, and Melvin Franklin share the lead on Love is a Hurtin Thing, paul Williams is given two solo numbers, Hey Girl and Dont Let Him Take Your Love From Me, re-recorded as an upbeat single for The Four Tops the same year. The ballad Gonna Keep on Tryin Till I Win Your Love, led by Edwards, would later be re-recorded by the group in 1971 for the Skys the Limit LP, with Kendricks on lead. Stripped to its track, the Temptations version of Grapevine retains the tempo of Knights hit version. All selections produced by Norman Whitfield, dinah b - produced by Smokey Robinson - subsequently released on Lost and Found, Youve Got to Earn It
28.
I Can't Get Next to You
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I Cant Get Next to You is a 1969 number-one single recorded by The Temptations and written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Gordy label. The single was the second of the Temptations four number-one hits on the United States pop charts, Billboard ranked it as the No.3 song for 1969. ABC, a released in the following year by fellow Motown act The Jackson Five, uses the same bridge section. I Cant Get Next to You was the single from the 1969 Temptations LP Puzzle People, with Running Away. The single was a hit on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard Top R&B Singles charts. Greens cover, the track of his 1971 LP Al Green Gets Next to You, reached number sixty on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. In 1970, The Osmonds covered the song on their eponymous MGM debut album as the finale of a medley of Motown hits and they later released a full version of the song on their 1974 album, Love Me for a Reason. In 1976, The Jess Roden Band included a version on their album Play It Dirty, in 1993, the Brazilian blues band Big Allanbik, covered this song on their first release Blues Special Reserve, with a tinged Savoy Brown influence. In 1995, Annie Lennox covered the song on her Medusa album, in 2000, Westlife used the song for the medley part of their Where the Dreams Come True Tour. In 2002, Toto covered the song on their album Through the Looking Glass, in 2006, San Francisco band Thee More Shallows covered the song on their EP Monkey vs. Shark. In 2014, David Cassidy posted a link to the song on David Cassidys official web site. David originally recorded the track in 2011 with Craig J Snider, Hot 100 No.1 Hits of 1969 R&B number-one hits of 1969 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
29.
Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)
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Ball of Confusion is a 1970 hit single for The Temptations. It was released on the Gordy label, and written by Norman Whitfield, the song was used to anchor the 1970 Greatest Hits II LP. The song reached #3 on the US pop charts and #2 on the US R&B charts, billboard ranked the record as the No.24 song of 1970. Her recording of the track was included on 1982 album Music of Quality And Distinction Volume One, turner recorded several other cover versions with the Heaven 17/B. E. F. Team, including David Bowies 1984, Sam Cookes A Change Is Gonna Come, Cookes Having A Party, when the album Music of Quality And Distinction Volume One was re-released on CD in the early 1990s it included an updated remix of Turners Ball of Confusion. This version was included on the rarities disc of her 1994-CD box set The Collected Recordings - Sixties to Nineties. Album Version/7 Mix -3,207 Instrumental -3,201991 B. E. F
30.
Papa Was a Rollin' Stone
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Papa Was a Rollin Stone is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of Papa was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truths 1973 album Law of the Land. While the original Undisputed Truth version of the song has largely forgotten, The Temptations version of the song has been an enduring. It was ranked number 168 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, in retrospect, The Temptations Otis Williams considers Papa to be the last real classic the group recorded. A very unusual thing about this song is that it only one chord throughout — B-flat minor. Friction arose during the recording of Papa Was a Rollin Stone for a number of reasons, Norman Whitfield forced Dennis Edwards to re-record his parts dozens of times until he finally got the angered, bitter grumble he desired out of the usually fiery-toned Edwards. Whitfields treatment of the group led to his dismissal as their producer. It actually was on the third of October, however, a seven-minute edited version of Papa Was a Rollin Stone was released as a single in September 1972. For this mix, congas were added to bolster the songs sparse percussion, the Temptations box set Emperors of Soul has the edited version in stereo, but without the congas. The B-side was the backing by The Funk Brothers without the Temptations vocals. Papa rose to one on the U. S. pop charts and number five on the U. S. R&B charts. A number of covers of Papa Was a Rollin Stone have been recorded. Issac Hayes and Charlotte Kelly recorded a version of this song, in January 1995, they also performed the song live on Taratata. The record producer and remixer Dr. Heinz Funkenpumpe released a remix of The Pioneers version in 2009, bill Wolf Wolfer created an electronic cover of the number for his 1982 debut album, Wolf. The single peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1983, luis Miguel recorded a Spanish-language version during the recording sessions of Soy como quiero ser in 1987. The group Was covered the song on their 1990 album Are You Okay. george Michael performed the song during the Cover to Cover tour in 1991, where it was blended with the Adamski hit Killer. It was released on the EP Five Live and this arrangement was also performed by Seal. In the Battle of the Groups segment of the TV special Motown Returns to the Apollo in 1985 the Four Tops sang the coda, much to the outrage of the Temptations
31.
Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)
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Just My Imagination is a song by American soul group The Temptations. Released on the Gordy label, and produced by Norman Whitfield, it features on the groups 1971 album, when released as a single, Just My Imagination became the third Temptations song to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The single held the one position on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart for two weeks in 1971, from March 27 to April 10. Just My Imagination also held the spot on the Billboard R&B Singles chart for three weeks, from February 27 to March 20 of that year. Today, Just My Imagination is considered one of the Temptations signature songs and it is also the final Temptations single to feature founding members Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams. During the process of recording and releasing the single, Kendricks left the group to begin a solo career, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed Just My Imagination as number 389 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. A full orchestral arrangement with strings and French horns adorning a bluesy rhythm track, the lyrics capture his resignation to his fantasies. The song as a whole captures their full effect on him. In the bridge, the narrator prays that he will never lose her love to another, for Erlewine, the Temptations performance has a dream-like quality, quietly drifting through the singers hopes and desires. We must add that just as the track the movement from dream to reality. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, producer/composer Norman Whitfield, by 1970, the Temptations had released psychedically-influenced hits such as Runaway Child, Running Wild, Psychedelic Shack, Ball of Confusion, and the Grammy Award-winning Cloud Nine. Just My Imagination was the result of one of the few times that Whitfield relented and produced a ballad as a single for the group and he approached Barrett Strong, and asked him to pull out that song we were messing around with a year ago. Because Im going to record it today, Norman Whitfield began the recording of Just My Imagination by preparing the songs instrumental track. The Temptations had heard the Funk Brothers tracks and loved them, but were knocked out, according to Otis Williams. The Temptations added their vocals at Motowns Hitsville USA headquarters, the song was recorded in the midst of a bitter feud between Kendricks and the Temptations de facto leader, Otis Williams. Dissatisfied and frustrated with Williams leadership, Kendricks began to withdraw from the group, when Kendricks told his friend ex-Temptation David Ruffin about his problems in the group, Ruffin convinced Kendricks that he should begin a solo career. After a final altercation during a November 1970 Copacabana engagement, both Kendricks and Williams agreed that it would be best for Kendricks to leave the group, by the time Just My Imagination was recorded, Williams and Kendricks were no longer on friendly speaking terms. Nevertheless, Williams was impressed by Kendricks performance on the recording, as for Kendricks, he was eventually replaced by Damon Harris, who would be featured in the groups 1973 hit Papa Was a Rollin Stone
32.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
33.
The Dells
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The Dells were an American R&B vocal group. After disbanding due to a car crash in 1958, the band reformed in 1960 with Funches being replaced by Johnny Carter. This lineup remained together until Carters 2009 death, the Dells were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004. The vocal group performed until illness forced longtime lead singer Marvin Junior and bass vocalist Chuck Barksdale into retirement, the Dells grew up in Harvey, Illinois and began singing together while attending Thornton Township High School. Forming in 1952 under the name the El-Rays, the group consisted of Marvin Junior, Mickey McGill, Lucius McGill, Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale. Lucius soon left the group and the quintet signed with Checker Records, releasing their first single, Darling I Know. In 1955, the group renamed themselves the Dells and signed with Vee-Jay Records, in 1956, they recorded their first hit, Oh What a Night, which hit the Top 5 of the R&B singles chart. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc, the song is ranked #260 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In November 1958, the Dells suffered a car accident that left McGill in a hospital in Ohio for six months, the group temporarily disbanded and Barksdale sung as a member of Harvey Fuquas spinoff Moonglows act, Harvey and the Moonglows, which included a young Marvin Gaye. In 1961, the Dells reunited and auditioned for Dinah Washington, after Washington agreed to hire them, Johnny Funches left the group to take care of his family. Funches was replaced by Flamingos founding member Johnny Carter and sung background for Washington for two years, in 1966, Ray Charles hired them to be opening acts, only to fire them after their performance gave them several standing ovations. In 1966, the Dells returned to Chess under the labels Cadet subsidiary working with Bobby Miller and future Earth, the song was also their first top 20 pop hit. The Dells soulful version of their hit, Oh What a Night gave the group their second chart-topping R&B single. For a second time, the song sold over a million copies, subsequent hits included Open Up My Heart, Oh What A Day, and On the Dock of the Bay. In 1971, the Dells The Love We Had Stays on My Mind became another Top Ten hit on the R&B charts, by this time Charles Stepney had taken over production duties from Bobby Miller. 1973s Give Your Baby a Standing Ovation was their third certified gold record, the song was written by L. V. Johnson and produced by Don Davis, the group recorded a composition titled A Heart Is a House for Love. The song reached number thirteen on the Billboard R&B chart, making only one of two groups to have hit singles in five decades
34.
Songwriters Hall of Fame
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It not only celebrates these established songwriters, but is also involved on the development of new songwriting talent through workshops, showcases and scholarships. There are many programs designed to teach and discover new songwriters, the Hall of Fame only existed as an online virtual collection until 2010, when it was first put on display as a physical gallery inside The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. With an under-construction basement installation at the Brill Building in New York, the Hall doesnt have a permanent place, through 2010,383 individuals had been inducted into the SHOF. The British rock band Queen was the first band to be inducted in 2003, the American singer Lady Gaga was the first artist ever to win the award. 2015 – Lady Gaga The Hal David Starlight Award honors young artists who have made an impression on the music industry. It goes to writers already inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for having established a history of outstanding creative works and he was later director of ASCAP, and a founder of the Songwriters Hall of Fame which, in 1983, named the Abe Olman Publisher Award. In his honor, the Abe Olman Scholarship is given out each year by his family in the interest of encouraging and supporting the careers of young songwriters, the Holly Prize is administered and juried by the SongHall
35.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
