1.
Golden Gate Bridge
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The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, the one-mile-wide, one-point-seven-mile-long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and it has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommers travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed and it opened in 1937 and was, until 1964, the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco. Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacifics automobile ferries became very profitable, the trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County, San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. San Franciscos City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 and he asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less. One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis. At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project. Strausss initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts. A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy, Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California. The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources, the Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs, in May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Another ally was the automobile industry, which supported the development of roads. The bridges name was first used when the project was discussed in 1917 by M. M
2.
Auckland Harbour Bridge
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The Auckland Harbour Bridge is an eight-lane box truss motorway bridge over the Waitemata Harbour, joining St Marys Bay in Auckland with Northcote in the former North Shore City, New Zealand. It is part of State Highway 1 and the Auckland Northern Motorway, the bridge is operated by the NZ Transport Agency. It is the second-longest road bridge in New Zealand, and the longest in the North Island, while often considered an Auckland icon, criticism has included the nickname of coathanger due to its shape, and complaints that it mimics the Sydney Harbour Bridge in copyist fashion. Many see the construction of the bridge without walking, cycling, however, in 2016, SkyPath an add-on structure providing a walk-and-cycleway received Council funding approval and planning consent. The bridge sees a number of suicide attempts, with between one and two people each year dying from jumping into the Waitemata Harbour. Bungy operator AJ Hackett operates a 40-m bungy jump from the bridge and offers a climb with views of the city. In 2010, almost 40% of commuters crossing during the 7-9 a. m. morning peak were using buses, prior to construction, the quickest way from Auckland to the North Shore was via passenger or vehicular ferry. By road, the shortest route was via the Northwestern Motorway, Massey, Riverhead, and Albany, a distance of approximately 50 km. As early as 1860, engineer Fred Bell, commissioned by North Shore farmers wanting to herd animals to market in Auckland, had proposed a harbour crossing in the vicinity of the bridge. It would have used floating pontoons, but the plan failed due to the £16,000 cost estimate. In the 1950s, when the bridge was built, North Shore was a rural area of barely 50,000 people, with few jobs. Opening up the area via a new road was to unlock the potential for expansion of Auckland. The decision to reduce the bridge in this way has been called a testament to the peril of short-term thinking and penny-pinching. The bridge took four years to build, with Dorman Long, hundreds of labourers were employed on the construction including 180 men sent out from the UK. Progress was slowed with the going on strike in 1956 and 1957. The large steel girder sections were partially pre-assembled, then floated into place on construction barges, one of the main spans was almost lost during stormy weather when the barge began to drift, but the tugboat William C Daldy won a 36-hour tug-of-war against the high winds. Completed in April 1959, three ahead of schedule, the bridge was officially opened on 30 May 1959 by the Governor-General Lord Cobham. An open day had been held, when 106,000 people had walked across, either three or four men had been killed by accidents during construction, and the names of three of them are recorded on a memorial plaque underneath the bridge at the Northcote end
3.
Jersey barrier
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A Jersey barrier or Jersey wall is a modular concrete or plastic barrier employed to separate lanes of traffic. It is designed to minimize damage in cases of incidental contact while still preventing the crossover case of a head-on collision. Plastic water-filled barriers of the general shape are also now commonly called Jersey barriers. A typical Jersey barrier stands 32 inches tall and is made of steel-reinforced poured concrete or plastic, the design of the Jersey barrier was specifically intended to minimize damage in incidental accidents and reduce the likelihood of a car crossing into oncoming lanes in the event of a collision. In common shallow-angle hits, sheet-metal damage is minimized by allowing the tires to ride up on the lower sloped face. Head-on collisions are minimized by gradually lifting the vehicle and pivoting it away from oncoming vehicles, modern variations include the constant-slope barrier and the F-shape barrier. The F-shape is generally similar to the Jersey barrier in appearance, the UK equivalent is the concrete step barrier. First tested in 1968 by the then Department of Highways in Ontario, Canada, standing at 42 inches, it is 10 inches taller than the standard Jersey barrier. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation is replacing guiderails with these barriers on 400-series highways, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority developed and tested a similar, but heavily reinforced, design. This barrier design has been credited with effectively containing and redirecting larger vehicles, the states of New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey have adopted the taller barrier for their roads, as compared to the standard 32 inches suggested by the Federal Highway Administration. Designs with two rectangular notches at the bottom allow for forklift-style lifting by front-end loaders, barriers meant for short-term placement, especially in military and security barrier uses, might include steel rebar loops embedded in the top surface for rapid hook-and-cable system lifting. The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit used a modified modular Jersey barriers with wired fencing bolted onto the concrete, the fence used the barrier as sturdy base to prevent protesters from toppling the fence around the security zone at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. The U. S. military nicknamed the devices as Qaddafi Blocks after truck bomb attacks in Beirut in 1983 resulted in widespread use in military installations. Sometimes they are deployed to form a chicane to slow vehicular traffic arriving at military installations or other secure areas, hollow polyethylene barriers have been developed for short-term applications where portability is important. These plastic barriers are normally filled with water after placement on-site to provide a level of crash protection. They are not designed to deflect vehicles, so vehicles may penetrate the barriers and these barriers can also be filled with soil, spill, or concrete to produce a heavier barrier with greater crash protection, at the cost of reduced portability
4.
Traffic cone
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Traffic cones were invented by Charles D. Scanlon, an American who got the idea while working as a painter for the Street Painting Department of the City of Los Angeles. The patent for his invention was granted in 1943, the first traffic cones used in the United Kingdom occurred In 1958, when the M6 motorway opened. These traffic cones were a substitute for red lantern paraffin burners being used during construction on the Preston Bypass, in 1961, David Morgan of Burford, Oxfordshire, UK believes that he constructed the first experimental plastic traffic cones, which replaced pyramid-shaped wooden ones previously used. This policy was implemented as the result of a suggestion by their employee, Russell Storch and he was awarded $45 for his suggestion. This policy is still in use today, although originally made of concrete, todays versions are more commonly brightly colored thermoplastic or rubber cones. Recycled PVCs from bottles can be used to modern traffic cones. Not all traffic cones are conical, pillar-shaped movable bollards fulfill a similar function. Traffic cones are used outdoors during road work or other situations requiring traffic redirection or advance warning of hazards or dangers. Traffic cones are used to mark where children are playing or to block off an area. For night time use or low-light situations traffic cones are usually fitted with a sleeve to increase visibility. On occasion, traffic cones may also be fitted with flashing lights for the same reason, in the US, cones are required by the US Federal Highway Administrations Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices to be fitted with reflective white bands to increase night-time visibility. Reflective collars, white strips made from white plastic, slip over cones snugly. Traffic cones are designed to be visible and easily movable. Various sizes are used, commonly ranging from around 30 cm to a little over 1 m, Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow, pink, and red being the most common colors due to their brightness. Others come in green and blue, and may also have a strip to increase their visibility. Typical traffic cones are fluorescent safety orange, as well as lime green, Traffic cones also commonly come with reflective striping around them, to increase visibility. Local street,28 in,10 lb – for free-way/high-way applications 36 in,10 lb – for free-way/high-way applications Cones are easy to move or remove, where sturdier markers are needed, construction sites use traffic barrels. When a lane closure must also be a barrier against cars accidentally crossing it
5.
Honolulu
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Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
6.
Auckland City
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Auckland City was a local authority district governed by Auckland City Council. It was the part of Auckland urban area covering the isthmus, the core of Auckland City was the Auckland CBD, a major financial and commercial centre, surrounded by many suburbs. It lay within the wider Auckland Region, which was governed by Auckland Regional Council, Auckland City was the most populous district in the country, with a population of 450,000 at 30 June 2010. In 2009, Auckland was rated the fourth-best place to live in the world, the mainland part of Auckland City occupied the Auckland isthmus, also known as the Tāmaki isthmus. The Waitemata Harbour, which opens to the Hauraki Gulf, separated North Shore City from the isthmus, the Manukau Harbour, which opens to the Tasman Sea, separated Manukau City from the isthmus. The distance between the two harbours is particularly narrow at each end of the isthmus, a few kilometres to the southeast at Otahuhu, the Tamaki River, an arm of the Hauraki Gulf on the east coast, comes just 1200 metres from the Manukaus waters. Being part of the Auckland volcanic field, much of the isthmus is mantled with volcanic rocks and soils, many Hauraki Gulf islands were part of Auckland City. In November 1989, central government restructured local authorities throughout New Zealand, after substantial protests and legal challenges, Auckland City was merged with eight smaller local authorities to form a new Auckland City Council. The new Auckland City had double the population of the old, however, amalgamation, forced onto local authorities often against their will, was criticised to have led to less democracy and higher rates for the same services. A further restructuring and amalgamation brought all seven councils in the area, Auckland City was the most populous city of New Zealand. In 2010 it was made up of 188 ethnic groups, making it New Zealands most diverse city, and slightly more diverse than in 2007, when 185 ethnic groups had been counted. In 2010, the life expectancy was 83 years for women, over 2009 to the month of March, Auckland Citys unemployment rate increased to 5. 6%, compared to the overall New Zealand unemployment rate of 4. 5%. In addition the citys economic output declined by 2. 4%, however, over the last five years of its existence, Aucklands economic growth averaged 1. 4% each year, higher than the average of the region and the nation. In 2003 three of the ten largest companies in New Zealand were headquartered in Auckland City, many large corporations were housed within Auckland CBD, the central part of Auckland City. Air New Zealand has its headquarters, called The Hub, off Beaumont and Fanshawe Streets in the Western Reclamation. In September 2003 Air New Zealand was the one of the very largest corporations in New Zealand to have its headquarters within the Auckland CBD. These lists of suburbs are arranged electorally, by the wards, hobson Auckland CBD, Epsom, Greenlane, Newmarket, One Tree Hill, Parnell, Remuera, Mechanics Bay, Grafton, Newton. All of these cities except Hamburg are located around the Pacific Rim, Auckland waterfront A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A. C. Fox-Davies 1909
7.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
8.
Delaware River Port Authority
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The authority principally is charged to maintain and develop transportation links between the two states with four bridges, a ferry, and a mass transit rail line across the Delaware River. Though the DRPA has port in the name, the nearby Port of Philadelphia, in 1919, Pennsylvania and New Jersey legislatures approved the creation of the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission. The first meeting was held on December 12,1919, with commissioners from both Pennsylvania and New Jersey, on July 1,1926, the first bridge opened before a crowd of over 25,000 people. It was named the Delaware River Bridge, and following the ceremony, United States President Calvin Coolidge came the next day to dedicate the bridge. However, there was thought there should be a regional governing body for a port authority, and also the construction of another bridge. And so, on July 17,1951 United States President Harry S. Truman signed a bill, in 1953, construction started on a new bridge to connect South Philadelphia and Gloucester City. In 1955, the bridge was renamed Benjamin Franklin Bridge while the name Walt Whitman Bridge was approved for the new bridge which would open in 1957. By 1966, two bridges were approved, the Commodore Barry Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge. In 1974 and 1990, the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Walt Whitman Bridge carried their one-billionth vehicle, in 2011, DRPA ceased operating the Philadelphia Cruise Terminal. In 2015, DRPA sold the RiverLink Ferry to the Delaware River Waterfront Corporation, the Delaware River Port Authority is governed by 16 commissioners, eight commissioners each represent New Jersey and Pennsylvania. All eight New Jersey commissioners are appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, the Pennsylvania Treasurer and the Pennsylvania Auditor General serve as ex officio commissioners. These two officers are elected officials, the 16 commissioners also serve as the board of directors for the Port Authority Transit Corporation or PATCO, a DRPA subsidiary. Commodore Barry Bridge Completed in 1974, it connects Chester, Pennsylvania with Bridgeport and it carries US Route 322 and New Jersey County Route 536. It is the last crossing of the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the crossing, to the south, is the Delaware Memorial Bridge between New Jersey and Delaware. Walt Whitman Bridge The most heavily traveled of the four bridges and it carries Interstate 76, also known as the Schuylkill Expressway. For passengers going to Pennsylvania from New Jersey, it sees its heaviest volume traffic during sports contests, Benjamin Franklin Bridge The first completed bridge out of the four, carries U. S. Route 30 and Interstate 676, as well as the PATCO Speedline. The bridge connects Camden, New Jersey with Center City, Philadelphia and it held the position of the Worlds longest suspension bridge from 1926 to 1929, until being surpassed by the Ambassador Bridge. Betsy Ross Bridge The youngest of the four bridges, it connects the Bridesburg section of Philadelphia to Pennsauken and it carries New Jersey Route 90
9.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area
