1.
Bascinet
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The bascinet – also bassinet, basinet, or bazineto – was a Medieval European open-faced military helmet. It evolved from a type of iron or steel skullcap, but had a pointed apex to the skull. A mail curtain was usually attached to the edge of the helmet to protect the throat, neck. A visor was often employed from ca.1330 to protect the exposed face, early in the fifteenth century, the camail began to be replaced by a plate metal gorget, giving rise to the so-called great bascinet. The first recorded reference to a bascinet, or bazineto, was in the Italian city of Padua in 1281, when it is described as being worn by infantry. It is believed that the bascinet evolved from a simple iron skullcap, known as the cervelliere, the bascinet is differentiated from the cervelliere by having a higher, pointed skull. By about 1330 the bascinet had been extended lower down the sides, within the next 20 years it had extended to the base of the neck and covered the cheeks. The bascinet appeared quite suddenly in the later 13th century and some see it as being influenced by Byzantine or Middle-Eastern Muslim helmets. The bascinet, without a visor, continued to be worn underneath larger great helms, the earliest camails were riveted directly to the edge of the helmet, however, beginning in the 1320s a detachable version replaced this type. The detachable aventail was attached to a band, which was in turn attached to the lower border of the bascinet by a series of staples called vervelles. Holes in the band were passed over the vervelles. The illustration to the shows a bascinet with a type of detachable nasal called the bretache or bretèche made of sheet metal. The bretache was attached to the aventail at the chin, according to Boeheim, this type of defence was prevalent in Germany, appearing around 1330 and fading from use around 1370. The bretache was also used in Italy, one of the first representations of it is on the statue of Cangrande I della Scala. It is also shown on the tomb of Bernardino dei Barbanzoni in the Museo Lapidario Estense in Modena, an advantage of the bretache was that it could be worn under a great helm, but afforded some facial protection when the great helm was taken off. Use of the bretache preceded and overlapped with that of a new type of visor used with the bascinet, the open-faced bascinet, even with the mail aventail, still left the exposed face vulnerable. However, from about 1330, the bascinet was often worn with a guard or movable visor. The klappvisor or klappvisier was a type of visor employed on bascinets from around 1330-1340, this type of visor was hinged at a single point in the centre of the brow of the helmet skull
2.
Baby rattle
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A toy rattle or babys rattle is a rattle produced specifically for the amusement of an infant. Rattles have been used for this purpose since antiquity, and are claimed to help the child improve hand eye coordination by stimulating their senses, rattles can be made of wood, plastic or cloth. Many of the rattles are brightly colored, have animal or flower shapes and these sounds can range from the dull sounds typical of wooden rattles to the jingling or bell type sounds that metal rattles make. Rattles provide a source of stimulation, babies like the sounds they produce and follow the path of the rattle with their eyes, as well as giving them a sense of discovery as they try to grab and hold the rattle. Many rattles have a function, doubling as teethers as babies grow. They have textured surfaces which are easy on the gums and provide the stimulation that babies need
3.
Babies
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An infant is the more formal or specialised synonym for baby, the very young offspring of a human or other animal. A newborn is, in use, an infant who is only hours, days. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth, the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants, before birth, the term fetus is used. The term infant is typically applied to children under one year of age, however, definitions may vary. When a human child learns to walk, the toddler may be used instead. In British English, infant is a term that can be applied to children aged between four and seven. As a legal term, infancy continues from birth until age 18, a newborns shoulders and hips are wide, the abdomen protrudes slightly, and the arms and legs are relatively long with respect to the rest of their body. In first world nations, the total body length of newborns are 35. 6–50.8 cm. The Apgar score is a measure of a transition from the uterus during the first minutes after birth. In developed countries, the birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately 3.4 kg. After the first week, healthy term neonates should gain 10–20 grams/day, a newborns head is very large in proportion to the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is one seventh of the total body length. Normal head circumference for an infant is 33–36 cm at birth. At birth, many regions of the skull have not yet been converted to bone. The two largest are the anterior fontanel, located at the top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel. Later in the life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infants skull fusion, during labour and birth, the infants skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal, sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks, special exercises sometimes advised by physicians may assist the process
4.
Infant bed
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An infant bed is a small bed especially for infants and very young children. Infant beds are a recent development intended to contain a child capable of standing. The cage-like design of infant beds restricts the child to the bed, around two or three years of age, children are able to climb out and are moved to a toddler bed to prevent an injurious fall while escaping the bed. Infant beds are seen in countries affected by Westernization, employed by the majority of parents as an alternative to sharing a bed or due to cultural norms. The name crib was used to describe a slatted, high-sided childs bed and it derives from the Old English word cribb which means manger or stall. It wasnt until the 19th century that infant beds developed from bassinettes, the development of a distinction between infant beds and bassinettes was natural because it was considered vital that the childs bed be raised off the ground. This was due to a perception of noxious fumes below knee level, once childrens beds were raised off the ground the role of the sides changed from a convenience to a safety feature. It was recognised that once children learn to stand they may be able to get out of a bed with low sides, according to an expert of the time, infant beds were used once the child was 12 months old. Often one side was hinged to open the enclosure, a function fulfilled in modern infant beds with a dropside, with the hinge side lowered, the bed could be moved on casters, and they could be moved right up to the carers bed when needed. Iron beds were developed in 17th century Italy to address concerns about bed bug infestation and this new application was quickly extended to childrens beds - a rockable iron bassinette has been dated to 1620-1640. Proponents promoted the health benefits of iron beds. Infant beds constructed from metal became popular during the half of the 19th century. Infant beds constructed from iron with mesh or chain sides were common, childcare experts gave iron beds their approval because it was hygienic material and could not habour vermin, of which bed bug infestation, lice and moths were cited concerns. Since 1938, babies in Finland have slept in cardboard boxes with a mattress in the bottom, as an example of improving safety of infant bed designs, the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has set standards for infant beds sold since 1973, since this time U. S. annual deaths attributed to infant beds reducing from approximately 200 to approximately 50, and injury rates now at approximately 8,000 per year. Many of these injuries are attributed to the 25 million infant beds manufactured prior to the progressively refined safety standards, Infant beds are designed to restrict the baby to the bed. The sides are too high for a baby to climb and provide no footholds, technical standards for infant beds include considerations such as the materials used and preventing hand and head entrapment. Standards for infant beds have been specified in Australia and New Zealand, Europe, design standards all identify and address four broad hazards, Falls To prevent injuries such as concussion and bone fractures from falls when trying to climb out, footholds are not permitted
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Neonatal intensive care unit
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A neonatal intensive care unit, also known as an intensive care nursery, is an intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants. The first American newborn intensive care unit, designed by Louis Gluck, was opened in October 1960 at Yale–New Haven Hospital, in the city of New Haven, Connecticut. A NICU is typically directed by one or more neonatologists and staffed by nurses, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physician assistants, resident physicians, respiratory therapists, many other ancillary disciplines and specialists are available at larger units. The term neonatal comes from neo, new, and natal, Neonatal nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses that care for premature babies and sick newborns in intensive care units, emergency rooms, delivery rooms, and special clinics. Prematurity is a factor that follows early labour, a planned caesarean section. Healthcare institutions have varying requirements for neonatal nurses. Neonatal nurses are registered nurses, and therefore must have an Associate of Science in Nursing or Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, some countries or institutions may also require a midwifery qualification. Some institutions may accept newly graduated RNs having passed the NCLEX exam, some countries offer postgraduate degrees in neonatal nursing, such as the Master of Science in Nursing and various doctorates. A nurse practitioner may be required to hold a postgraduate degree, the National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommends two years experience working in a NICU before taking graduate classes. As with any registered nurse, local licensing or certifying bodies as well as employers may set requirements for continuing education, there are no mandated requirements to becoming an RN in an NICU, although neonatal nurses must have certification as a neonatal resuscitation provider. Intensive-care nurses undergo intensive didactic and clinical orientation in addition to their general nursing knowledge in order to provide highly specialized care for critical patients, NICU RNs undergo annual skills tests and are subject to additional training to maintain contemporary practice. The problem of premature and congenitally ill infants is not a new one, as early as the 17th and 18th centuries, there were scholarly papers published that attempted to share knowledge of interventions. It was not until 1922, however, that hospitals started grouping the newborn infants into one area, before the industrial revolution, premature and ill infants were born and cared for at home and either lived or died without medical intervention. In the mid-nineteenth century, the infant incubator was first developed, based on the used for chicken eggs. Dr. Stephane Tarnier is generally considered to be the father of the incubator, other methods had been used before, but this was the first closed model, in addition, he helped convince other physicians that the treatment helped premature infants. France became a forerunner in assisting premature infants, in due to its concerns about a falling birth rate. After Tarnier retired, Dr. Pierre Budin, followed in his footsteps, noting the limitations of infants in incubators and the importance of breastmilk and the mother’s attachment to the child. Budin is known as the father of modern perinatology, and his seminal work The Nursling became the first major publication to deal with the care of the neonate
7.
Mattress
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A mattress is a large pad for supporting the reclining body, used as a bed or as part of a bed. Mattresses may consist of a quilted or similarly fastened case, usually of heavy cloth, mattresses may also be filled with air or water. Mattresses are usually placed on top of a bed base which may be solid, as in the case of a bed, or elastic, e. g. with an upholstered wood. Popular in Europe, a divan incorporates both mattress and foundation in a single upholstered, footed unit, divans have at least one innerspring layer as well as cushioning materials. They may be supplied with a secondary mattress and/or a removable topper, mattresses may also be filled with air or water, or a variety of natural fibers, such as in futons. Kapok is a common material in Southeast Asia, and coir in South Asia. The word mattress derives from the Arabic matrah, which means something thrown down or place where something is thrown down and hence mat, cushion. During the Crusades Europeans adopted the Arabic method of sleeping on cushions on the floor, the oldest known mattress dates to around 77,000 years ago. Early mattresses contained a variety of materials including straw, feathers or horse hair. In the first half of the 20th century, a typical mattress sold in North America had an innerspring core, modern mattresses usually contain either an inner spring core or materials such as latex, viscoelastic or other flexible polyurethane foams. In 1899 James Marshall introduced the first individually wrapped pocketed spring coil now commonly known as Marshall coils. In Europe, polyurethane foam cores and latex cores have long been popular, a conventional mattress consists of two primary sections – a core or support layer and the upholstery or comfort layer – wrapped in a thick fabric called the ticking. Upholstery layers cover the mattress and provide cushioning and comfort, the upholstery layer consists of three parts, the insulator, the middle upholstery, and the quilt. Mattresses are typically made to conform to bed sizing standards that vary by market, innerspring mattresses commonly consist of just the spring core, and the top and bottom upholstery layers. The core of the mattress supports the sleeper’s body, modern spring mattress cores, often called innersprings, are made up of steel coil springs, or coils. The gauge of the coils is another factor which determines firmness, coils are measured in quarter increments. The lower the number, the thicker the spring, in general, higher-quality mattress coils have a 14-gauge diameter. Coils of 14 to 15. 5-gauge give more easily under pressure, while a 12. 5-gauge coil, connections between the coils help the mattress retain its shape
