1.
Territorial evolution of the British Empire
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The territorial evolution of the British Empire is considered to have begun with the foundation of the English colonial empire in the late 16th century. Since then, many territories around the world have been under the control of the British Empire or its predecessor states. When the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the union of the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England, the latter countrys colonial possessions passed to the new state. Similarly, when Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 to form the United Kingdom, collectively, these territories are referred to as the British Empire. Upon much of Ireland gaining independence in 1922 as the Irish Free State, from 1714 to 1837 the British throne was held by a series of kings who were also the rulers of the German state of Hanover. However, this was purely a personal union, with Hanover maintaining its political independence otherwise, the nature of the territories ruled as part of the British Empire varied enormously. No uniform system of government was ever applied to any of these, a number of countries within the British Empire gained independence in stages during the earlier part of the 20th century. Many of the territories of the British Empire are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Fifteen of these retain the British monarch as Head of State, the British monarch is also Head of the Commonwealth, but this is a purely symbolic and personal title, members of the Commonwealth are fully sovereign states. The British Empire refers to the possessions and territories under the control of the Crown. Although the Crown claimed absolute sovereignty over them, they were never part of the United Kingdom. The natures of the administration of the Empire changed both by time and place, and there was no system of government in the Empire. Colonies were territories that were intended to be places of permanent settlement, the Crown claimed absolute sovereignty over them, although they were not formally part of the United Kingdom itself. Generally their law was the law of England together with whatever British Acts of Parliament were also applied to them. Over time, a number of colonies were granted responsible government, a Crown colony, was a type of colonial administration of the English and later the British Empire, which were directly controlled by the Crown. Crown colonies were ruled by an appointed by the monarch. By the middle of the 19th century, the sovereign appointed royal governors on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and this became the main method of creating and governing colonies. There also existed lower houses which were usually named Legislative Assembly or House of Assembly, the lower house was usually elected, but suffrage was restricted to free white men only, usually with property ownership restrictions
2.
God Save the Queen
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God Save the Queen is the national and/or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown Dependencies. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant and it is also the royal anthem of all the aforementioned countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Barbados and Tuvalu. In countries not previously part of the British Empire, the tune of God Save the Queen has provided the basis for various patriotic songs, in the United States, the melody is used for the patriotic song My Country, Tis of Thee. The melody is used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein. Beyond its first verse, which is consistent, God Save the Queen/King has many historic, since its first publication, different verses have been added and taken away and, even today, different publications include various selections of verses in various orders. In general, only one verse is sung, sometimes two verses are sung, and on rare occasions, three. The sovereign and her or his consort are saluted with the entire anthem, the first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salute in some Commonwealth realms outside the UK, as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories. He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell, one of which includes the notes of the modern tune. Nineteenth-century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol, the first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus. The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year and this manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points, one as early as the first bar, but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem. It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745, with, for example, Scholes analysis includes mention of untenable and doubtful claims, as well as an American misattribution. The surgical knife that was purpose-built for the occasion is on display in the Musée dhistoire de la médecine, lully set words by Marie de Brinon to music, and Créquy claims the tune was later plagiarised by Handel. Translated in Latin under the name Domine, Salvum Fac Regem, after the Battle of Culloden, the Hanover dynasty supposedly then adopted this melody as the British anthem. James Oswald, He is an author of the Thesaurus Musicus, so may have played a part in the history of the song. Dr Henry Carey, Scholes refutes this attribution, first on the grounds that Carey himself never made such a claim, second, when the claim was made by Careys son, it was accompanied by a request for a pension from the British Government on that score. Third, the younger Carey claimed that his father had written parts of it in 1745, Scholes recommends the attribution traditional or traditional, earliest known version by John Bull. The English Hymnal gives no attribution, stating merely 17th or 18th cent, God Save the Queen is the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Like many aspects of British constitutional life, its official status derives from custom and use, in general only one or two verses are sung, but on rare occasions three
3.
Maseru
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Maseru is the capital and largest city of Lesotho. It is also the capital of the Maseru District, located on the Caledon River, Maseru lies directly on the Lesotho-South Africa border. Maseru is Lesothos capital city with a population of approximately 253,000, the city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country became a British protectorate in 1869. When the country achieved independence in 1966, Maseru retained its status as capital, the name of the city is a Sesotho word meaning red sandstones. Maseru was founded by the British as a police camp in 1869. Maseru is located at the edge of the conquered territories relinquished to the Orange Free State as part of the peace terms and it was located 24 kilometres west of Basotho King Moshoeshoe Is stronghold of Thaba Bosiu, the previous de facto capital. A bustling market town grew around the area. Maseru initially functioned as the administrative capital between 1869 and 1871, before administration of Basutoland was transferred to the Cape Colony. During their rule between 1871 and 1884, Basutoland was treated similarly to territories that had been forcefully annexed and this led to the Gun War in 1881 and the burning of many buildings in Maseru. In 1884, Basutoland was restored its status as a Crown colony, when Basutoland gained its independence and became the Kingdom of Lesotho in 1966, Maseru remained the countrys capital. The annual population growth rates remained around 7% for several decades, after the 1998 parliamentary elections in Lesotho led to suspicions of vote fraud and a military intervention by South Africa, much of the city was damaged by riots and pillaging. The cost of repairing the damage done to the city was estimated at two billion rand, and after nearly a decade, the effects of the riots could still be seen within the city. Maseru is located in northwest Lesotho by the South African border, the two countries are connected by a border post at the Maseru Bridge, which crosses the river. On the South African side, Ladybrand is the town closest to Maseru, the city lies in a shallow valley at the foot of the Hlabeng-Sa-Likhama, foothills of the Maloti Mountains. The elevation of the city is listed as 1,600 metres above sea level, the city has an area of around 138 square kilometres. Maseru has a highland climate, categorised by warm, rainy summers and cool to chilly. The average mean temperature during summer — from December to March in the Southern Hemisphere — is 22 °C. During winter, between June and September, the temperature is 9 °C
4.
Sotho language
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Like all Bantu languages, Sesotho is an agglutinative language, which uses numerous affixes and derivational and inflexional rules to build complete words. Within the Sotho-Tswana group, Sesotho proper is most closely related to Lozi, the Northern Sotho group is geographical, and includes a number of dialects also closely related to Sesotho-Lozi. Tswana is also known as Western Sesotho, Sotho is a tribal suffix, i. e. the name of the Sotho people or Basotho, while Sesotho is the term for the language of the Basotho. Use of Sesotho rather than Sotho language in English has seen increasing use since the 1980s, especially in South African English, the Nguni language Phuthi has been heavily influenced by Sesotho, its speakers have mixed Nguni and Sotho–Tswana ancestry. It seems that it is sometimes treated erroneously as a dialect of Sesotho called Sephuthi, however, Phuthi is mutually unintelligible with standard Sesotho and thus cannot in any sense be termed a dialect of it. These were the first peoples to be called Basotho, before many of their descendants, the situation is even further complicated by various historical factors, such as members of parent clans joining their descendants or various clans calling themselves by the same names. According to the South African National Census of 2011, there were almost four million first language Sesotho speakers recorded in South Africa – approximately eight per cent of the population. Sesotho is also the language spoken by the people of Lesotho. The census fails, to record other South Africans for whom Sesotho is a second or third language, such speakers are found in all major residential areas of Metropolitan Municipalities - such as Johannesburg, and Tshwane - where multilingualism and polylectalism are very high. Sesotho is one of the official languages of South Africa. Sesotho is one of the languages from which the pseudo-language Tsotsitaal is derived. Tsotsitaal is not a language, as it is primarily a unique vocabulary. It is a part of the culture in most Southern Gauteng townships and is the primary language used in Kwaito music. The sound system of Sesotho is unusual in many respects and it has ejective consonants, click consonants, a uvular trill, a relatively large number of affricate consonants, no prenasalised consonants, and a rare form of vowel-height harmony. In total, the language contains some 39 consonantal and 9 vowel phonemes and it also has a large number of complex sound transformations which often change the phones of words due to the influence of other sounds. The most striking properties of Sesotho grammar, and the most important properties which reveal it as a Bantu language, are its noun gender, the grammatical gender system does not encode sex gender, and indeed, Bantu languages in general are not grammatically marked for gender. Another well-known property of the Bantu languages is their agglutinative morphology, additionally, they tend to lack any grammatical case systems, indicating noun roles almost exclusively through word order. Sotho calendar Sotho people South African Translators Association Sesotho Online A gentle introduction to the Sesotho language, weblog on Sesotho Translate. org. za Project translating Free and Open Source Software into South African languages, including Sesotho
5.
Traditional African religions
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The traditional beliefs and practices of African people include various traditional religions. Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural, include belief in a creator, belief in spirits, veneration of the dead, use of magic. The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with the supernatural, afro-American religions are practiced in the Americas such as Candomblé, Santería, and Haitian Vodou. One religious ceremony practiced in Gabon and Cameroon is the Okuyi, when this trance-like state is witnessed and understood, practitioners are privy to a way of contemplating the pure or symbolic embodiment of a particular mindset or frame of reference. This builds skills at separating the feelings elicited by this mindset from their situational manifestations in daily life, such separation and subsequent contemplation of the nature and sources of pure energy or feelings serves to help participants manage and accept them when they arise in mundane contexts. This facilitates better control and transformation of these energies into positive, culturally appropriate behavior, thought, followers of traditional African religions pray to various spirits as well as to their ancestors. These secondary spirits serve as intermediaries between humans and the primary God, most African societies believe in a single Supreme Creator God. Some recognize a dual God and Goddess such as Mawu-Lisa, there are more similarities than differences in all traditional African religions. Often, the supreme God is worshiped through consultation or communion with lesser deities, the deities and spirits are honored through libation, sacrifice. The will of God is sought by the believer also through consultation of oracular deities, in many traditional African religions, there is a belief in a cyclical nature of reality. The living stand between their ancestors and the unborn, Traditional African religions embrace natural phenomena – ebb and tide, waxing and waning moon, rain and drought – and the rhythmic pattern of agriculture. According to Gottlieb and Mbiti, The environment and nature are infused in every aspect of traditional African religions and this is largely because cosmology and beliefs are intricately intertwined with the natural phenomena and environment. All aspects of weather, thunder, lightning, rain, day, moon, sun, stars, natural phenomena are responsible for providing people with their daily needs. For example, in the Serer religion, one of the most sacred stars in the cosmos is called Yoonir the, since Africa is a large continent with many ethnic groups and cultures, there is not one single technique of casting divination. The practice of casting may be done with small objects, such as bones, cowrie shells, stones, strips of leather, some castings are done using sacred divination plates made of wood or performed on the ground. In traditional African societies, many people seek out diviners on a regular basis, there are generally no prohibitions against the practice. Those who divine for a living are also sought for their wisdom as counselors in life, virtue in traditional African religion is often connected with carrying out obligations of the communal aspect of life. Examples include social behaviors such as the respect for parents and elders, raising children appropriately, providing hospitality, and being honest, trustworthy, in some traditional African religions, morality is associated with obedience or disobedience to God regarding the way a person or a community lives
6.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
7.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
8.
Marshal Clarke
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Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Marshal James Clarke KCMG was a British colonial administrator and an officer of the Royal Artillery. For his work in Basutoland, Clarke drew praise from the economist John A and he recommended to the Imperial Government the return from exile of Dinuzulu, the paramount chief. While in Southern Rhodesia, he was appointed to protect the interests of people against the overarching ambitions of the British South Africa Company. He married Annie Stacy Lloyd, daughter of Major General Banastyre Pryce Lloyd in 1880 and had three children and he died suddenly of pneumonia in his home country of Ireland. Reverend Mark Clarke, the Rector and Vicar of Shronell, County Tipperary, Marshal James Clarke was their eldest son, born on 24 October 1841. He was born in Tipperary, educated at a school in Dublin and studied at Trinity College. He went on to study at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and was made a Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in February 1863 and he served in India, where he lost an arm to a tiger. Moving to Africa, he was Resident Magistrate of Pietermaritzburg in 1874 and he was made up to Captain in December 1875. He was Aide-de-Camp to Sir Theophilus Shepstone, the Special Commissioner of South Africa in 1876 on his mission to the Transvaal and he was appointed Special Commissioner to South Africa in 1876. He was Political Officer and Special Commissioner of Lydenburg in 1877, during the First Boer War, Clarke was twice mentioned in despatches. He was brevetted Major in April 1880 in recognition of his services during operations in South Africa and he was Resident Magistrate of Basutoland in 1881. He was promoted to Major in November 1882 and he was Commissioner of Cape Police in 1882. He was seconded to the Sultan of Turkeys army in command of a regiment of the Egyptian Gendarmerie in 1882 and he retired from the military in March 1883 with the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Clarke was appointed the first Resident Commissioner in Basutoland and took office on 16 March 1884, in the preceding years, Basutoland had become unruly. In 1879, an uprising by Chief Morosi was quelled but led to strife over the partition of his land. The Cape government sought to control in 1880 by extending the Cape Peace Preservation Act of 1878 to Basutoland. Attempts to enforce the law resulted in the Basuto Gun War of 1880 to 1881, unrest continued until it was agreed in 1884 to place the territory under direct British control. James Bryce noted in his Impressions, after his tour of Southern Africa in 1897, Clarkes policy was to reinstate the tribal institutions and to govern through the recognised chiefs, amongst whom Letsie, son of Moshesh, was paramount
9.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
10.
British Cape Colony
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The Cape of Good Hope, also known as the Cape Colony, was a British colony in present-day South Africa and Namibia, named after the Cape of Good Hope. The British colony was preceded by an earlier Dutch colony of the same name, the Dutch lost the colony to Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg, but had it returned following the 1802 Peace of Amiens. It was re-occupied by the British following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, the Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire, becoming self-governing in 1872, and uniting with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. It then was renamed the Cape of Good Hope Province, South Africa became fully independent in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster. In the north, the Orange River, also known as the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, from 1878, the colony also included the enclave of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, both in what is now Namibia. An expedition of the Dutch East India Company led by Jan van Riebeeck established a trading post, van Riebeecks objective was to secure a harbour of refuge for Dutch ships during the long voyages between Europe and Asia. Reflecting the multi-national nature of the trading companies, the Dutch also granted vrijburger status to a number of former Scandinavian and German employees as well. In 1688 they also sponsored the immigration of two hundred French Huguenot refugees who had fled to the Netherlands upon the Edict of Fontainebleau. There was a degree of assimilation due to intermarriage. Many of the colonists who settled directly on the frontier became increasingly independent, known as Boers, they migrated westwards beyond the Cape Colonys initial borders and had soon penetrated almost a thousand kilometres inland. Some Boers even adopted a nomadic lifestyle permanently and were denoted as trekboers, Dutch traders imported thousands of slaves to the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch East Indies and other parts of Africa. By the end of the century the Capes population swelled to about 26,000 people of European descent and 30,000 slaves. In 1795, France occupied the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands and this prompted Great Britain to occupy the territory in 1795 as a way to better control the seas in order stop any potential French attempt to reach India. The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at Simons Town and, following the defeat of the Dutch militia at the Battle of Muizenberg, the Dutch East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic in 1798, and ceased to exist in 1799. In 1806, the Cape, now controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British after their victory in the Battle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic. The British, who set up a colony on 8 January 1806, hoped to keep Napoleon out of the Cape, in 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over the Cape to the British, under the terms of the Convention of London. The British started to settle the border of the colony
11.
Lesotho
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Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 in size and has a slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru, previously known as Basutoland, Lesotho declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966. It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the name Lesotho translates roughly into the land of the people who speak Sesotho. About 40% of the population lives below the poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The original inhabitants of the now known as Lesotho were the San people. Examples of their art can be found in the mountains throughout the area. The present Lesotho, then called Basutoland, emerged as a single polity under King Moshoeshoe I in 1822, Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own clan and became a chief around 1804. Casalis, acting as translator and providing advice on foreign affairs, helped to set up diplomatic channels and acquire guns for use against the encroaching Europeans and the Griqua people. Trekboers from the Cape Colony showed up on the borders of Basutoland and claimed land rights, beginning with Jan de Winnaar. As more Boers were moving into the area tried to colonise the land between the two rivers, even north of the Caledon, claiming that it had been abandoned by the Sotho people. Moshoeshoe subsequently signed a treaty with the British Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir George Thomas Napier and these outraged Boers were suppressed in a brief skirmish in 1848. In 1851 a British force was defeated by the Basotho army at Kolonyama, after repelling another British attack in 1852, Moshoeshoe sent an appeal to the British commander that settled the dispute diplomatically, then defeated the Batlokoa in 1853. In 1854 the British pulled out of the region, and in 1858 Moshoeshoe fought a series of wars with the Boers in the Free State–Basotho War, the last war in 1867 ended when Moshoeshoe appealed to Queen Victoria, who agreed to make Basutoland a British protectorate in 1868. Moshoeshoe died on 11 March 1870, marking the end of the traditional era and he was buried at Thaba Bosiu. In the early years of British rule between 1871 and 1884, Basutoland was treated similarly to territories that had been forcefully annexed. This led to the Gun War in 1881, Basutoland gained its independence from Britain and became the Kingdom of Lesotho in 1966. In January 1970, the ruling Basotho National Party lost the first post-independence general elections, Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan refused to cede power to the Basotho Congress Party, declared himself Tona Kholo, and imprisoned the BCP leadership
12.
Cape Colony
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The Cape of Good Hope, also known as the Cape Colony, was a British colony in present-day South Africa and Namibia, named after the Cape of Good Hope. The British colony was preceded by an earlier Dutch colony of the same name, the Dutch lost the colony to Britain following the 1795 Battle of Muizenberg, but had it returned following the 1802 Peace of Amiens. It was re-occupied by the British following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, the Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire, becoming self-governing in 1872, and uniting with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. It then was renamed the Cape of Good Hope Province, South Africa became fully independent in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster. In the north, the Orange River, also known as the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, from 1878, the colony also included the enclave of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, both in what is now Namibia. An expedition of the Dutch East India Company led by Jan van Riebeeck established a trading post, van Riebeecks objective was to secure a harbour of refuge for Dutch ships during the long voyages between Europe and Asia. Reflecting the multi-national nature of the trading companies, the Dutch also granted vrijburger status to a number of former Scandinavian and German employees as well. In 1688 they also sponsored the immigration of two hundred French Huguenot refugees who had fled to the Netherlands upon the Edict of Fontainebleau. There was a degree of assimilation due to intermarriage. Many of the colonists who settled directly on the frontier became increasingly independent, known as Boers, they migrated westwards beyond the Cape Colonys initial borders and had soon penetrated almost a thousand kilometres inland. Some Boers even adopted a nomadic lifestyle permanently and were denoted as trekboers, Dutch traders imported thousands of slaves to the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch East Indies and other parts of Africa. By the end of the century the Capes population swelled to about 26,000 people of European descent and 30,000 slaves. In 1795, France occupied the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands and this prompted Great Britain to occupy the territory in 1795 as a way to better control the seas in order stop any potential French attempt to reach India. The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at Simons Town and, following the defeat of the Dutch militia at the Battle of Muizenberg, the Dutch East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic in 1798, and ceased to exist in 1799. In 1806, the Cape, now controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British after their victory in the Battle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic. The British, who set up a colony on 8 January 1806, hoped to keep Napoleon out of the Cape, in 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over the Cape to the British, under the terms of the Convention of London. The British started to settle the border of the colony
13.
Berea District
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For the city mentioned in the Bible, see Berea. Berea is a district of Lesotho, in the west, Berea borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on the districts, Leribe District in the north, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast. Teyateyaneng is the capital of the district and it is also home to the Kome Cave Dwellings. It is also the district in Lesotho which is not named after its capital. As of 2006, the district had a population of 250,006 which was 13.32 per cent of the population of the country. The total area of the district was 2,222 which was 7.32 per cent of the area of the country. As of 2008, there were 48 per cent economically active people in the district, there were totally 53,126 employed people out of a total of 100,776 people in the district above 15 years of age. The total area planted in 2009 was 25,303 which formed 6.27 per cent of the area planted in the country. As of 2006, the district had a population of 250,006,13.32 per cent of the population of the country, the area of the district was 2,222,7.32 per cent of the country. The population density was 113.00 persons per square kilometre, there were ten constituencies and nine community councils in the district. As of 2006,625 people tested HIV positive,24.00 per cent of the countrys HIV positive population,269 of these were men,356 were women. In the west, Berea borders on the Free State Province of South Africa, domestically, it borders on the following districts, Leribe District in the north, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Maseru District in the south. The Western districts of Lesotho has predominantly low land zone with an elevation of 1,500 m 1,800 m above the sea level and these lands are the major agricultural zones in the country. The average annual rainfall in the country is 100 cm, most of which is received during the season of October to April. Though it rains during all the months of the year, groundwater is limited on account of run-offs, the region has a temperate climate on account of the elevation and is humid during most parts of the year. The temperature in low lands vary from 32 °C to −7 °C in the winter, as of 2008, there were 53,126 economically active people in the district. There were totally 53,126 employed people out of a total of 100,776 people in the district above 15 years of age
14.
Leribe District
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Leribè is a district of Lesotho. It has an area of 2,828 km² and a population in 2006 of approximately 298,352, Hlotse is the capital or camptown of the district. The district has one town, namely Maputsoe. In the west, Leribe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa, domestically, it borders Butha-Buthe District in the north, Mokhotlong District in the east, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Berea District in southwest. As of 2006, the district had a population of 293,369 which was 15.63 per cent of the population of the country. The total area of the district was 2,828 which was 9.32 per cent of the area of the country. As of 2008, there were 48 per cent economically active people in the district, there were totally 191,052 employed people out of a total of 401,258 people in the district above 15 years of age. As of 2006, the district had a population of 293,369,15.63 per cent of the population of the country, the area of the district was 2,828,9.32 per cent of the country. The population density in the district was 104.00 persons per square kilometre, there were thirteen constituencies and eighteen community councils in the district. As of 2006,704 people tested HIV positive,29.70 per cent of the HIV-positive persons in the country,270 of these were men,433 were women. In the west, Leribe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa, domestically, it borders on the following districts, Butha-Buthe District in the north, Mokhotlong District in the east, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Berea District in southwest. The Western districts of Lesotho has predominantly low land zone with an elevation of 1,500 m 1,800 m above the sea level and these lands are the major agricultural zones in the country. The average annual rainfall in the country is 100 cm, most of which is received during the season of October to April. Though it rains during all the months of the year, groundwater is limited on account of run-offs, the region has a temperate climate on account of the elevation and is humid during most parts of the year. The temperature in low lands vary from 32 °C to −7 °C in the winter, as of 2008, there were 48 per cent economically active people in the district. There were totally 191,052 employed people out of a total of 401,258 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6-14 years was 4,658 out of a total of 114,078 people in the district in the age group, the labour force participation stood at 189.30. The number of involved in subsistence agriculture is 3,676
15.
Mohale's Hoek District
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Mohales Hoek is a district of Lesotho. Mohales Hoek is the city or camptown, and only town in the district. As of 2006, the district had a population of 176,928 which was 9.43 per cent of the population of the country. The total area of the district was 3,530 which was 11.63 per cent of the area of the country. The density of population in the district was 50.00 per sq. km, as of 2008, there were 42 per cent economically active people in the district. There were totally 111,150 employed people out of a total of 223,867 people in the district above 15 years of age, the total area planted in 2009 was 27,320 which formed 6.77 per cent of the total area planted in the country. As of 2006, the district had a population of 176,928,9.43 per cent of the population of the country, the total area of the district was 3,530,11.63 per cent of the country. The population density was 50.00 persons per square kilometre, there were eight constituencies and thirteen community councils in the district. As of 2006,502 people tested HIV positive,20.70 per cent of the HIV-positive persons in the country,204 of these were men,298 were women. As of 2008, there were 42 per cent economically active people in the district, there were totally 111,150 employed people out of a total of 223,867 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6-14 years was 2,222 out of a total of 59,466 people in the district in the age group, the labour force participation stood at 192.00. The number of involved in subsistence agriculture is 1,064. The number of unemployed people in the district was 31,464, the total area planted in 2009 was 27,320 which formed 6.77 per cent of the total area planted in the country. The total production was 7,807 tonnes, which was 5.18 per cent of the totals in the country, the major crop was maize, while wheat, sorghum, beans and peas were the other crops planted. The total production of maize was 4,960 tonnes, beans was 400 tonnes, sorghum was 113 tonnes, peas was 1,335 tonnes and wheat was 999 tonnes as of 2008. As of 2007, there were a total of 146 km of paved roads in the district, in the southwest, Mohales Hoek borders on South Africa, mostly the Free State Province, but the southeastern border is with the Eastern Cape Province. The Western districts of Lesotho has predominantly low land zone with an elevation of 1,500 m 1,800 m above the sea level and these lands are the major agricultural zones in the country. The average annual rainfall in the country is 100 cm, most of which is received during the season of October to April
16.
Mafeteng
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Mafeteng is a city in Lesotho, and the Camptown of the district of Mafeteng. It is located about 76 kilometres south of the countrys capital, the South African border town to Mafeteng is Wepener. The town is said to be named after a visitor, Emile Roland. Mafeteng translates to English as The place of the passers-by, during the Gun War of 1880/81 a great deal of fighting took place near Mafeteng. The cemetery, located near Mafetengs Bantu Stadium, contains an obelisk in memory of members of the Cape forces who fell in action in the area, the whole mill is run off a single engine by an intricate pulley system. Basotho people use the mill to process maize, wheat, millet, Mafeteng has several industrial developments including a Gap/Old Navy clothing factory and the Lesotho Pharmaceutical Company, which also exports to several countries in the region. Mafeteng has two hotels, the Golden Hotel located on the road to Maseru and the Mafeteng Hotel located on Hospital Road, the hotels are the center of the towns limited nightlife, each has a public and a private bar. The Famo musician Mosotho Chakela was born in Mafeteng in 1963, Mafeteng is home to Bantu Stadium. In the past it has hosted track and field, volleyball, netball. The winners proceed to national tournaments in Maseru to represent the district, in 2004, the St. Thomas High School soccer squad advanced out of the tournament in Bantu Stadium and captured the national title. Following the 2004 events, however, Bantu Stadium had to be closed due to renovation of the fences which surround the field, the Rough Guide to South Africa Mafeteng travel guide from Wikivoyage
17.
Qacha's Nek
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Qachas Nek is, since 1888, the camptown of Qachas Nek District in Lesotho, only two kilometers from the South African border at 1,980 meters above sea level. It has a population of approximately 8000 and it is home to Machabeng Government Hospital, one of the two hospitals in the district. The town is home to Lesothos first and only Snake Park and this is where the cave of Qacha, the son of the Baphuthi chief Moorosi, after whom the town is named, is situated. The locality may be the place in Africa where California Redwood trees grow. As one enters the town from Maseru, one can see the famous lefika-motho, there are several spots where San paintings can still be found. The Sehlabathebe National Park, home of the Sehlabathebe water lily, is about 2.5 hours away by gravel road, the people of Qachas Nek are called Melele, and the colours of the place / district are maroon and white. Other than Sesotho and English, people speak Xhosa and Sephuthi, the town has 900 mm precipitation per year, the highest annual rainfall of any Lesotho district capitals. From the nearby Indian Ocean clouds move up almost daily, so that in Qachas Nek fog often prevails, in the summer, the average temperature is 17 °C. Because of its climate, Qachas Nek is green longer than most other places in Lesotho every year, there is an increasing population of fauna like snails, and the place has always had several species of rare flora
18.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
19.
Orange Free State
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It is the historical precursor to the present-day Free State province. In the northern part of the territory a Voortrekker Republic was established at Winburg in 1837 and this state was in federation with the Republic of Potchefstroom which later formed part of the South African Republic. The new republic incorporated the Orange River Sovereignty and included the traditions of the Winburg-Potchefstroom Republic and it ceased to exist as an independent Boer republic on 31 May 1902 with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging at the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Boer War. Following a period of rule by the British, it joined the Union of South Africa in 1910 as the Orange Free State Province, along with the Cape Province, Natal. In 1961, the Union of South Africa became the Republic of South Africa. The republics name derives partly from the Orange River, which in turn was named in honour of the Dutch ruling royal family, the official language in the Orange Free State was Dutch. Europeans first visited the north of the Orange River towards the close of the 18th century. At that time, the population was sparse, early in the 19th century Griquas established themselves north of the Orange. Between 1817 and 1831, the country was devastated by the chief Mzilikazi and his Matabele in the known as the Mfecane. Up to this time the few Europeans who had crossed the Orange had come mainly as hunters or as missionaries and they were followed in 1836 by the first parties of the Great Trek. These emigrants left the Cape Colony for various reasons, but all shared the desire to escape from British authority. When Boer families first reached the area discovered that it had been devastated by a section of the Zulu tribe under Mzilikazi and his people. The Matebele had swept the country, destroying the fields, carrying off the cattle, the Boers soon came into collision with Mzilikazis raiding parties, which attacked Boer hunters who crossed the Vaal River. Reprisals followed, and in November 1837 the Boers decisively defeated Mzilikazi, in the meantime another party of Cape Dutch emigrants had settled at Thaba Nchu, where the Wesleyans had a mission station for the Barolong. The emigrants were treated with kindness by Moroka II, the chief of that tribe. In December 1836 the emigrants beyond the Orange drew up in general assembly an elementary form of government. After the defeat of Mzilikazi the town of Winburg was founded, a Volksraad elected, the emigrants already numbered some 500 men, besides women and children and many servants. Dissensions speedily arose among the emigrants, whose numbers were added to
20.
Moshoeshoe I
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Moshoeshoe was born at Menkhoaneng in the northern part of present-day Lesotho. He was the first son of Mokhachane, a chief of the Bamokoteli lineage- a branch of the Koena clan. In his early childhood, he helped his father gain power over other smaller clans. At the age of 34 Moshoeshoe formed his own clan and became a chief and he and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain. Moshoeshoe was the first son of Mokhachane, a chief of the Bamokoteli sub-clan of the Sotho people. He was born at Menkhoaneng in Botha-bothe, Lesotho as Lepoqo, Moshoeshoe and his agemates went to initiation school and he got the name Letlama meaning strong bond. During his youth just after initiation, he was brave and once organised a cattle raid against Ramonaheng. In Sesotho language, a razor is said to make a shoe. shoe, sound, and after that he was affectionately called Moshoeshoe, the shaver. During the early 19th century Shaka raided many smaller chiefdoms along the eastern coast of Southern Africa, various small clans were forced to flee the Zulu chief. An era of wars of calamity followed, known as the time of troubles/Mfecane. It was marked by aggression against the Sotho people by the invading Nguni clans, the attacks also forced Moshoeshoe to move his settlement to the Qiloane plateau. The name was changed to Thaba Bosiu or mountain of the night because it was believed to grow during the night. It proved to be a stronghold against enemies. The most significant role Moshoeshoe played as a diplomat was his acts of friendship towards his beaten enemies and he provided land and protection to various people and this strengthened the growing Basotho nation. His influence and followers grew with the integration of a number of refugees, by the latter part of the 19th century, Moshoeshoe established the nation of the Basotho, in Basutoland. He was popularly known as Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho, guns were introduced with the arrival of the Dutch from the Cape Colony and Moshoeshoe determined that he needed these and a white advisor. From other tribes, he heard of the missionaries brought. By chance, three representatives of the Society arrived in the heart of southern Africa, Eugène Casalis, Constant Gosselin, Moshoeshoe brought them to his kingdom
21.
Philip Edmond Wodehouse
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Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse GCSI KCB was a British colonial administrator. Wodehouse was the eldest child of Edmond Wodehouse and his wife, Wodehouse entered the Ceylon Civil Service at an early age and later served as superintendent of British Honduras from 1851 to 1854. He then served as Governor of British Guiana from 1854 to 1861, in 1861 he was appointed Governor of the Cape Colony and British High Commissioner for Southern Africa, taking over from Sir George Grey who had been recalled for disobeying Imperial orders. His High Commission was also overshadowed, throughout its duration, by a movement in the Cape for a degree of independence under a system of Responsible Government. The local Cape Parliament was elected by a system of multi-racial franchise, the movement for responsible government had immense local popularity, fueled by what was perceived to be the ineptitude of British imperial rule. Increasingly despotic, he in turn faced increasingly fierce opposition, led by local leader John Molteno, until he was recalled in 1870 and he was then Governor of Bombay from 1872 to 1877, when he retired from public life. He was made a CB in 1860, a KCB in 1862, Wodehouse married Katherine Mary, daughter of F. J. Templer, in 1833. They had one child, Edmond Wodehouse, who became Member of Parliament for Bath, Wodehouse died in October 1887, aged 76. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery and this suggestion, however, dates from 1845 when Sir Peregrine Maitland governed the cape, well before the 1861 governorship of Wodehouse. Wodehouse presided over the Convention of Aliwal-North which formally established the boundaries of Basotholand, dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 516–517, leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, Darryl
22.
Secretary of State for the Colonies
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The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdoms various colonial dependencies. The position was first created in 1768 to deal with the increasingly troublesome North American colonies, joint responsibility continued under the Secretary of State for the Colonies, but led to a diminution of the boards status and it became an adjunct to the new Secretarys Department. Following this, colonial duties given to the Home Secretary, then Lord Sydney, following the Treaty of Paris 1783, a new board, named the Committee of Council on Trade and Plantations was established under William Pitt the Younger, by an Order in Council in 1784. In the latter part of the century the United Kingdom also gained control over a number of territories with the status of protectorate. The ministerial responsibility for these territories was initially held by the Foreign Secretary, however, by the early years of the twentieth century the responsibility for each of these territories had been transferred to the Colonial Secretary as well. The League of Nations mandated territories acquired as a result of the Treaty of Versailles became a responsibility of the Colonial Office in the aftermath of the First World War. In 1925 part of the Colonial Office was separated out as the Dominions Office, the new office was responsible for dealing with the Dominions together with a small number of other territories. In the twenty years following the end of the Second World War, in 1968 the Commonwealth Office was subsumed into the Foreign Office, which was renamed the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Colonial Secretary never had responsibility for the provinces and princely states of India, from 1768 until 1966 the Secretary of State was supported by an Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and latterly by a Minister of State
23.
Colony of Natal
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The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, and eventually the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure. A British governor was appointed to the region and many emigrated from Europe. The British established a sugar industry in the 1860s. Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations, as a result of the importation of Indian labourers, Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside of India. In 1823 Francis Farewell, formerly a lieutenant in the British navy, with merchants of Cape Town. In the brig Salisbury, commanded by James S. King, the voyage was not successful as a trading venture, but Farewell was so impressed with the possibilities of Natal both for trade and colonization that he resolved to establish himself at the port. He went on with ten companions, among them Henry Francis Fynn, all the rest save Farewell and Fynn speedily returned to the Cape, but the two who remained were joined by three sailors, John Cane, Henry Ogle and Thomas Holstead. On the 27th of the same month Farewell declared the territory he had acquired a British possession, Farewell, King and Fynn made independent settlements at various parts of the bay. Both Dr Smith and Uys travelled overland through Kaffraria, and were received by the English living at the bay. The next step was taken by the settlers at the port, who in 1835 resolved to lay out a town, to all these requests no official answer was returned. The settlers had joined in the year named by Allen Francis Gardiner. With the support of the traders he founded a station on the hill overlooking the bay. In 1837 Gardiner was given authority by the British government to exercise jurisdiction over the traders and they, however, refused to acknowledge Gardiners authority, and from the Cape government he received no support. The next wave of immigration consisted of Voortrekkers fleeing British rule in Cape Colony, in May 1838 the Boers took control of the port and soon afterwards established the Natalia Republic. The Republic suffered from disorganized government and poor relations with the Zulus, on 2 December 1841, Sir George Thomas Napier, governor of Cape Colony, issued a proclamation declaring his intent to resume British military occupation of Port Natal. Most of the Voortrekkers left by 1843, Natal was proclaimed a British Colony in 1843, and administered from the Cape Colony in 1844. However, it was not until the end of 1845 that an administration was installed with Martin West as lieutenant-governor that the power of the Boer Volksraad finally came to an end
24.
Sotho people
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The Basotho are a Bantu ethnic group whose ancestors have lived in southern Africa since around the fifth century. Most Basotho today live in South Africa, as the area of the Orange Free State was originally part of Moshoeshoes nation, pastoralist Bantu-speaking peoples settled in the territory of modern South Africa by about 500 CE, displacing the aboriginal inhabitants of Southern Africa. The separation from the Tswana is assumed to have taken place by the 14th century, the first historical references to the Basotho date to the 19th century. By that time, a series of Basotho kingdoms covered the portion of the plateau. In 1823, those pressures caused one group of Basotho, the Kololo, to north, past the Okavango Swamp and across the Zambezi into Barotseland. In 1845, the Kololo conquered Barotseland, at about the same time, the Boers began to encroach upon Basotho territory. At the time of these developments, Moshoeshoe I gained control of the Basotho kingdoms of the southern Highveld, universally praised as a skilled diplomat and strategist, he was able to wield the disparate refugee groups escaping the Difaqane into a cohesive nation. His capital was moved to Thaba Bosiu To deal with the encroaching voortrekker groups. Missionaries sent by the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society provided the King with foreign affairs counsel, aside from acting as state ministers, missionaries played a vital role in delineating Sesotho orthography and printing Sesotho language materials between 1837 and 1855. The first Sesotho translation of the Bible appeared in 1878, local chieftains retained power over internal affairs while Britain was responsible for foreign affairs and the defence of the protectorate. In 1869, the British sponsored a process by which the borders of Basutoland were finally demarcated, britains protection ensured that repeated attempts by the Orange Free State, and later, the Republic of South Africa, to absorb part or all of Basutoland, were unsuccessful. In 1966, Basutoland gained its independence from Britain, becoming the Kingdom of Lesotho, internal migration explains why Sesotho is widely spoken throughout the sub-continent. To enter the economy, Basotho men often migrated to large cities in South Africa to find employment in the mining industry. Migrant workers from the Free State and Lesotho thus helped to spread Sesotho to the areas of South Africa. While men tended to find employment within the sector, women gravitated towards employment as agricultural or domestic workers. In terms of religion, the role that Christian missionaries played in helping Moshoeshoe I secure his kingdom helped to ensure widespread conversion among Basotho people to Christianity. Today, the bulk of Sesotho speakers practice a form of Christianity that blends elements of traditional Christian dogma with local, officially, the majority of Lesothos population is Catholic. Basothos heartland is the Free State province in South Africa and neighboring Lesotho, both of these largely rural areas are characterized by widespread poverty and underdevelopment
25.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
26.
Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope
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It consisted of the House of Assembly and the legislative council. Prior to Responsible Government, the British government granted the Cape Colony a rudimentary and this political elite successfully began the controversial drive for Cape independence which, unusually, was attained in the end through gradual evolution, rather than sudden revolution. The Queen granted the Cape its first Parliament in 1853, however, the parliament was weak and executive power remained firmly in the hands of the Governor who was appointed from London. The British Governor opened this first parliament at his residence, the Tuynhuys, the old Legislative Council was housed at the nearby Old Supreme Court building. A faction of the Capes powerful local leaders, under the leadership of John Molteno and this was attained in 1872, bringing all branches of the Capes government under local control and making the Executive directly responsible to Parliament and the electorate for the first time. There followed a boom period in the history of the Cape, with the economy surging. The new constitution held the non-racial nature of its system as one of its core values. Opportunistic politicians soon followed, to campaign for Black African voters, the new government based itself in the halls of the Masonic Lodge where the previous parliaments had sat. This relatively humble building was seen as central and close to the Legislative Council building. The large gardens of the Lodge soon became a venue for the public, with concerts, theatre. The Parliamentary hall itself was open to members of the public, also explicitly irrespective of class or colour, the operating language of the parliament in the early years of Responsible Government was English, though Afrikaans was often spoken informally. Dutch was added by parliamentary act in 1882, by MP Onze Jan Hofmeyr with the support of Saul Solomon. From the beginning of Responsible Government, there were increasingly vocal complaints from members of parliament about the appearance of their venue. MPs increasingly complained that the Parliament would not attract sufficient respect from the public and strangers and he was over-ruled by the legislature however, and the Commissioner of Public Works, Charles Abercrombie Smith, ordered a select committee to receive designs. The committee selected the proposal of the renowned architect Charles Freeman. Sites that were mooted for the new building included Greenmarket Square, Caledon Square and the top of Government Avenue, Freeman was made resident architect and construction began on 12 May 1875, with Governor Henry Barkly laying the cornerstone. Almost immediately it was discovered that Freemans plans were faulty, Freeman was fired for incompetence and the Public Works Commission was re-structured. There was initially some discussion in parliament about abandoning the half-finished building, however, the government ordered the project completed, even though the budget was now calculated to be many times the original sum
27.
Royal assent
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Royal assent is the method by which a countrys constitutional monarch formally approves an act of that nations parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies, however, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the Governor-General merely signs the bill, in Canada, the Governor-General may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill. Before the Royal Assent by Commission Act of 1541 became law, the last time royal assent was given by the sovereign in person was during the rule of Queen Victoria at a prorogation on the 12th of August 1854. The Act was repealed and replaced by the Royal Assent Act of 1967, Royal assent is the final step required for a parliamentary bill to become law. -the sovereign may delay the bills assent through the use of his or her powers in near-revolutionary situations. -the sovereign may refuse royal assent on the advice of his or her ministers, under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. Hence, in practice, royal assent is always granted. The Monarch does not have the power to withhold a Bill from assenting, the last bill that was refused assent by the sovereign was the Scottish Militia Bill during Queen Annes reign in 1708. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, in 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorization. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches, bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire, the King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process, the power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of, during the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliaments approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1707, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a passed by the British parliament. During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament, the first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers, thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms
28.
High commissioner
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High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment. The English term is used to render various equivalent titles in other languages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, a commissioner is the senior diplomat in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. In this usage, a Commonwealth nations high commission is its embassy to another Commonwealth nation, an example was the island of Cyprus. Until 12 July 1878 Cyprus was under Ottoman rule based in Istanbul, from that date it was under British administration, but Istanbul retained nominal sovereignty until Cyprus was fully annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914. As diplomatic residents were appointed to native rulers, high commissioners could likewise be appointed as British agents of indirect rule upon native states. The best known of these commissioners, Alfred Milner who was appointed to both positions in the 1890s, is considered responsible by some for igniting the Second Boer War. He was represented in each of the other units by a Resident Commissioner. In the colonial sense, some other powers have or previously had high commissioners, in the Kingdom of Denmark, High Commissioners represent the Government of Denmark in Greenland and the Faroe Islands and take part in negotiations on policies and decisions affecting their region. Greenland and the Faroe Islands have one Commissioner each, originally the French word Haut Commissaire, or in full Haut Commissaire de la république, was rarely used for governatorial functions, rather gouverneur and various lower titles. In Atlantic waters, from 14 September 1939 till September 1943, yet a colony could achieve independence without a High Commissioner, e. g. Guinée. The current High Commissioner of Vanuatu to the US is David J. Wilson. e. In early May 1919, the Kingdom of Greece was given a mandate by the Supreme Allied War Council for the city of Smyrna and its hinterland, which it proceeded to occupy on 12 May. A civilian administration was set up in the Smyrna Zone, headed, from 21 May 1919 until 9 September 1922, in the Monarchy, before 1910, they were known as Comissários Régios. In 1934–1956 the Governors of the Western Sahara were subordinated to him, the office itself was however filled by the governors of Spanish West Africa from 1939 to 1956. Haiti, the half of the island of Hispaniola, had a similar experience. It was a US protectorate from 1915 to 1936, after five US military commanders, there was one High Commissioner, John H. Russell, following World War I, Rear Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol served as United States High Commissioner for Turkey from 1919 to 1927. The Philippines became a United States unincorporated territory on 13 August 1898, after gaining autonomy on 15 November 1935, it had the following High Commissioners, 1935–1937 William Francis Frank Murphy, who was also the last Governor-General over the Islands
29.
Maseru District
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Maseru is a district of Lesotho. Maseru is also the name of the capital, and is the only city in the district. It is the largest urban area in the country, and therefore the only city, the city of Maseru is located on Lesothos western border with the Free State Province of South Africa, the frontier being the Caledon River. Maseru borders on Berea District in north, Thaba-Tseka District in the east, Mohales Hoek District in south, as of 2006, the district had a population of 431,998 which was 23.02 per cent of the total population of the country. The total area of the district was 4,279 which was 14.10 per cent of the area of the country. The density of population in the district was 101.00 per sq. km, as of 2008, there were 52 economically active people in the district. There were totally 294,062 employed people out of a total of 585,770 people in the district above 15 years of age, as of 2006, the district had a population of 431,998,23.02 per cent of the population of the country. The area of the district was 4,279,14.10 per cent of the country, the population density was 101.00 persons per square kilometre, compared to the 62 for the country. There were eighteen constituencies and twenty-three community counciles in the district, as of 2006,1318 people tested HIV positive,25.50 per cent of the HIV-positive persons in the country. 522 of these were men,796 were women, as of 2008, there were 52 economically active people in the district. There were totally 294,062 employed people out of a total of 585,770 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6-14 years was 2,454 out of a total of 157,714 people in the district in the age group, the labour force participation stood at 197.80. The number of involved in subsistence agriculture is 1,380. The number of unemployed people in the district was 90,050, the total are planted in 2009 was 20,998 which formed 5.20 per cent of the total area planted in the country. The total production was 10,773 tonnes, which was 7.15 per cent of the totals in the country, the major crop was maize, while wheat, sorghum, beans and peas were the other crops planted. The total production of maize was 8,891 tonnes, beans was 120 tonnes, sorghum was 066 tonnes, peas was 1,066 tonnes and wheat was 630 tonnes as of 2008. As of 2007, there were a total of 391 km of paved roads in the district, the city of Maseru is located on Lesothos western border with the Free State Province of South Africa, the frontier being the Caledon River. Maseru borders on the districts, namely, Berea District in north, Thaba-Tseka District in the east, Mohales Hoek District in south
30.
Mafeteng District
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Mafeteng is a district of Lesotho. It has an area of 2,119 km² and a population in 2006 of approximately 193,682, Mafeteng is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the west, Mafeteng borders on the Free State Province of South Africa, domestically, it borders on the following districts Maseru District in the northeast and Mohales Hoek District in the southeast. As of 2006, the district had a population of 192,621 which was 10.26 per cent of the population of the country. The total area of the district was 2,119 which was 6.98 per cent of the area of the country. The density of population in the district was 91.00 per sq. km, as of 2008, there were 49 per cent economically active people in the district. There were totally 127,664 employed people out of a total of 262,454 people in the district above 15 years of age, as of 2006, the district had a population of 192,621,10.26 per cent of the population of the country. The area of the district was 2,119,6.98 per cent of the country, the population density in the district was 91.00 persons per square kilometre, compared to 62 for the country. There were nine constituencies and twelve community councils in the district, as of 2006,546 people tested HIV positive,21.60 per cent of the HIV-positive persons in the country. 222 of these were men,324 were women, in the west, Mafeteng borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on the following districts Maseru District in the northeast, the Western districts of Lesotho has predominantly low land zone with an elevation of 1,500 m 1,800 m above the sea level. These lands are the agricultural zones in the country. The average annual rainfall in the country is 100 cm, most of which is received during the season of October to April. Though it rains during all the months of the year, groundwater is limited on account of run-offs, the region has a temperate climate on account of the elevation and is humid during most parts of the year. The temperature in low lands vary from 32 °C to −7 °C in the winter, as of 2008, there were 49 per cent economically active people in the district. There were totally 127,664 employed people out of a total of 262,454 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6-14 years was 2,372 out of a total of 75,748 people in the district in the age group, the labour force participation stood at 193.50. The number of involved in subsistence agriculture is 1,866
31.
Qacha's Nek District
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Qachas Nek is a district of Lesotho. Qachas Nek is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district, in the south, Qachas Nek borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and it has a short border with KwaZulu-Natal Province in the far east. Domestically, it borders on Quthing District in southwest, Mohales Hoek District in west, as of 2006, the district had a population of 69,749 which was 3.72 per cent of the total population of the country. The total area of the district was 2,349 which was 7.74 per cent of the area of the country. The density of population in the district was 30.00 per sq. km, as of 2008, there were economically active people in the district. There were totally 53,126 employed people out of a total of 100,776 people in the district above 15 years of age, the total are planted in 2009 was 10,168 which formed 2.52 per cent of the total area planted in the country. The total production was 3,278 tonnes, which was 2.18 per cent of the totals in the country, as of 2006, the district had a population of 69,749,3.72 per cent of the population of the country. The area of the district was 2,349,7.74 per cent of the country, the population density in the district was 30.00 persons per square kilometre, compared to 62 for the country. There were three constituencies and size community councils in the district, as of 2006,168 people tested HIV positive,20.60 per cent of the HIV-positive persons in the country. 69 of these were men,99 were women, as of 2008, there were economically active people in the district. There were totally 53,126 employed people out of a total of 100,776 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6-14 years was 968 out of a total of 27,368 people in the district in the age group, the labour force participation stood at 192.90. The number of involved in subsistence agriculture is 830 and the number of people in other sectors was 138. The number of unemployed people in the district was 11,280, the total are planted in 2009 was 10,168 which formed 2.52 per cent of the total area planted in the country. The total production was 3,278 tonnes, which was 2.18 per cent of the totals in the country, the major crop was maize, while wheat, sorghum, beans and peas were the other crops planted. The total production of maize was 2,567 tonnes, beans was 200 tonnes, sorghum was 001 tonnes, peas was 102 tonnes and wheat was 408 tonnes as of 2008. As of 2007, there were a total of 137 km of paved roads in the district, in the south, Qachas Nek borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and it has a short border with KwaZulu-Natal Province in the far east. Domestically, it borders on the districts, namely, Quthing District in southwest, Mohales Hoek District in west
32.
Quthing District
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Quthing is a district of Lesotho. Moyeni, is the town or capital of the district. There are two of the most important sets of footprints in the region. There is a panel of Bushman paintings at Qomoqomong. Quthing district is home to the Masitise Cave House, a location of the Morija Museum & Archives. In the southwest, south and east, Quthing borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, domestically, it borders Mohales Hoek District in the north and Qachas Nek District in the northeast. As of 2006, the district had a population of 124,048 which was 6.61 per cent of the population of the country. The total area of the district was 2,916 which was 9.61 per cent of the area of the country. As of 2008, there were 42 economically active people in the district, there were totally 62,602 employed people out of a total of 140,057 people in the district above 15 years of age. As of 2006, the district had a population of 124,048,6.61 per cent of the population of the country, the total area of the district was 2,916,9.61 per cent of the country. The population density in the district was 43.00 persons per square kilometre, there were five constituencies and ten community councils in the district. As of 2006,312 people tested HIV positive,23.20 per cent of the HIV-positive persons in the country,115 of these were men,198 were women. As of 2008, there were 42 economically active people in the district, there were totally 62,602 employed people out of a total of 140,057 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6-14 years was 1,828 out of a total of 41,972 people in the district in the age group, the labour force participation stood at 185.10. The number of involved in subsistence agriculture is 1,388. The number of unemployed people in the district was 23,308, the total are planted in 2009 was 7,543 which formed 1.87 per cent of the total area planted in the country. The total production was 3,533 tonnes, which was 2.35 per cent of the totals in the country, the major crop was maize, while wheat, sorghum, beans and peas were the other crops planted. The total production of maize was 2,298 tonnes, beans was 280 tonnes, sorghum was 012 tonnes, peas was 775 tonnes and wheat was 168 tonnes as of 2008
33.
Zulu Kingdom
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The area was subsequently absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa. Shaka Zulu was the son of Senzangakona, King of the Zulus. He and his mother, Nandi, were exiled by Senzangakona, Shaka fought as a warrior under Jobe, and then under Jobes successor, Dingiswayo, leader of the Mthethwa Paramountcy. When Senzangakona died, Dingiswayo helped Shaka claim his place as chief of the Zulu Kingdom, after Dingiswayos death at the hands of Zwide, king of the Ndwandwe, around 1818, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mthethwa alliance. Shaka initiated many military, social, cultural and political reforms, the alliance under his leadership survived Zwides first assault at the Battle of Gqokli Hill. The death toll has never been determined, but the whole region became nearly depopulated. Normal estimates for the death toll during this period range from 1 million to 2 million people, by 1825, Shaka had conquered a huge empire covering an area of around 11,500 square miles. Shaka was succeeded by Dingane, his brother, who conspired with Mhlangana, another half-brother, and Mbopa. Following this assassination, Dingane murdered Mhlangana, and took over the throne, one of his first royal acts was to execute all of his royal kin. In the years followed, he also executed many past supporters of Shaka in order to secure his position. One exception to these purges was Mpande, another half-brother, who was considered too weak to be a threat at the time, before encountering the British, the Zulus were first confronted with the Boers. In an attempt to form their own state as a protection against the British, while travelling they first collided with the Ndebele kingdom, and then with Dinganes Zulu kingdom. In October 1837, the Voortrekker leader Piet Retief visited Dingane at his kraal to negotiate a land deal for the voortrekkers. In November, about 1,000 Voortrekker wagons began descending the Drakensberg mountains from the Orange Free State into what is now KwaZulu-Natal. Dingane asked that Retief and his party retrieve some cattle stolen from him by a chief as part of the treaty for land for the Boers. This Retief and his men did, returning on 3 February 1838, the next day, a treaty was signed, wherein Dingane ceded all the land south of the Tugela River to the Mzimvubu River to the Voortrekkers. On 6 February, at the end of the celebrations, Retiefs party were invited to a dance, at the peak of the dance, Dingane leapt to his feet and yelled Bambani abathakathi. Retief and his men were overpowered, taken to the nearby hill kwaMatiwane, some believe that they were killed for withholding some of the cattle they recovered, but it is likely that the deal was a plot to overpower the Voortrekkers
34.
Robert Thorne Coryndon
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Sir Robert Thorne Coryndon KCMG was a British colonial administrator, a former secretary of Cecil Rhodes who became Governor of the colonies of Uganda and Kenya. He was one of the most powerful of colonial administrators of his day, Robert Thorne Coryndon was born in Cape Colony, South Africa on 2 April 1870. He was educated at St. Andrews College, Grahamstown, in 1889 he returned to South Africa to serve his articles as a lawyer with his uncless firm, Caldecott and Bell of Kimberley. Unhappy with office work, after a few months he joined the Bechuanaland Border Police run by the British South Africa Company which Cecil Rhodes had formed in 1889, in 1890 he was a member of the Pioneer Force occupying Mashonaland. In 1893 and 1896 he served in campaigns in Matabeleland, in 1896 Coryndon was appointed private secretary to Cecil Rhodes, and served in that role during the 1896 Parliamentary Inquiry into the Jameson Raid. In summer of 1897 he was sent by Rhodes to be the BSAC representative in Barotseland, in October 1897 he reached King Lewanikas capital, Lealui, where he was given a cool reception. Lewanika could not accept that Coryndon could represent both a company and the government, in November 1899 Queen Victoria signed an order in council that established company rule in Barotziland – North West Rhodesia, and in September 1900 Coryndon was appointed commissioner. He held this post until 1907 and he then became Resident Commissioner in Swaziland, and was chairman of the Southern Rhodesian Native Reserves Commission of 1914–1915. In 1916 he was appointed Resident Commissioner in Basutoland, in 1917 Coryndon was given the position of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Uganda, taking office in 1918. As Governor, he was involved in a crisis over the East African rupee, the settlers were in favour of devaluing the currency and then pegging it to the British pound, while investors strongly objected to the loss that they would incur as a result. One effect of the change would be to devalue the coinage, some officials calculated that the loss incurred by the average family would be small, but others including Coryndon were concerned about the destruction of trust in the government that would result. Coryndon wrote I do not think you can estimate the effect of a measure of this sort by a calculation of average loss per head. Winston Churchill was secretary of state for the colonies in the early 1920s, in 1922 he appointed Coryndon Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Kenya and High Commissioner of Zanzibar. However, Northeys policies had brought the colony near to bankruptcy, between 1913 and 1920 native production had actually fallen. Coryndon was expected to introduce a new policy that supported expansion of African production, I shall push native development and native crops. I am confident as to the future on the whole, Coryndon defined a dual policy to correct the problems that stemmed from excessive bias toward settler demands, while avoiding the idea that native interests were paramount. The administration should pay attention to the moral welfare, sense of responsibility to the state, health. The natives should be given education suitable to their needs, the dual policy later became the official basis for administering the colony
35.
Charles Arden-Clarke
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Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke GCMG was a British colonial administrator. Arden-Clarke was educated at Rossall School and he was the Resident Commissioner of the Bechuanaland Protectorate between 1937 and 1942, a time at which the ruling regent Tshekedi Khama was in violent conflict with the British authorities. After Sarawak, he was the last governor of the Gold Coast from August 1949 until 1957, on 12 February 1951 he authorized Kwame Nkrumahs release from imprisonment in James Fort. After independence, he was named the first Governor-General of Ghana in 1957, arden-Clarkes acceptance of the Africans and his attitude towards Kwame Nkrumah allegedly led to the relative success of Ghanas independence
36.
Bechuanaland Protectorate
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The Bechuanaland Protectorate /bɛˈtʃwɑːnəˌlænd/ was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in southern Africa. It became the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966 and he campaigned for the establishment of what became the Bechuanaland Protectorate, to be ruled directly from Britain. Austral Africa, Losing It or Ruling It is Mackenzie’s account of events leading to the establishment of the protectorate, influenced by Mackenzie, in January 1885 the British cabinet decided to send a military expedition to South Africa to assert British sovereignty over the contested territory. Sir Charles Warren led a force of 4,000 imperial troops north from Cape Town, after making treaties with several African chiefs, Warren announced the establishment of the protectorate in March 1885. Mackenzie accompanied Warren, and Austral Africa contains an account of the expedition. Bechuanaland meant the country of the Tswana and for administrative purposes was divided into two political entities, the northern part was administered as the Bechuanaland Protectorate and the southern part was administered as the crown colony of British Bechuanaland. British Bechuanaland was incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1895 and now part of South Africa. The northern part, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, had an area of 225,000 square miles, the Bechuanaland Protectorate was technically a protectorate rather than a colony. Originally the local Tswana rulers were left in power, and British administration was limited to a force to protect Bechuanalands borders against other European colonial ventures. The protectorate was administered from Mafeking, creating an unusual situation, the area of Mafeking, was called The Imperial Reserve. In 1885, when the protectorate was declared, Bechuanaland was bounded to the north by the latitude of 22° south. The northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include Ngamiland, to the east by the line that commences at the aforementioned point and follows the 20th degree of east longitude to its intersection point with the 22° south latitude. Here it descends the thalweg of the channel until it meets the Zambezi. Great Britains sphere of influence is bounded to the west and northwest by the described line. British officials did not arrive in the Ngamiland region until 1894 and this territory forms the modern North-East District of Botswana. The most powerful ruler was King Khama III, who had support from the British government. He collaborated closely with the British military, and kept his vast, Khamas eldest son, Sekgoma II, became chief of the Bamangwato upon Khamas death in 1923. Sekgoma IIs eldest son was named Seretse, throughout his life Khama was widowed and remarried several times
Lesotho
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Basutoland". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
