1.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
2.
Baltimore, Maryland
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
Baltimore, Maryland
–
Sixth Regiment fighting railroad strikers, July 20, 1877
Baltimore, Maryland
–
Downtown Baltimore,
Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower,
Pennsylvania Station,
M&T Bank Stadium, (
Baltimore Ravens Stadium),
Inner Harbor and the
National Aquarium in Baltimore,
Baltimore City Hall,
Washington Monument
Baltimore, Maryland
–
The
Battle Monument commemorates the
Battle of Baltimore.
Baltimore, Maryland
–
The
Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking west from
Pratt and
Gay streets
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Calvert Street (Baltimore)
–
St. Paul Street and Calvert Street are a one-way pair of streets in Downtown Baltimore and areas north. The streets, which are part of Maryland Route 2, are two of Baltimores best-known streets in the downtown area, St. Paul Street begins off Charles Street just south of Coldspring Lane near Loyola College. From this point on, the street runs parallel to Charles Street. It carries Maryland Route 139 in the direction until intersecting North Avenue. St. Paul Street is two ways until the intersection with 31st Street, northbound traffic is relegated to a single northbound lane, separated by median, and with metered parallel parking. St. Paul Street is exit 4 off the Jones Falls Expressway, in the downtown area between East Centre and Lexington Streets, St. Paul Street is split into two parallel, nearby streets, also being identified as St. Paul Place in this area. The wider eastern thoroughfare was the former Courtland Street, while the more westward of the two intersects with all streets within these blocks, the eastward passes under the Orleans Street Viaduct. The area between the two St. Paul Street and were razed in 1919 and was landscaped by Thomas Hastings. Penn Station Mercy Hospital As St. Paul Street is mostly one-way southbound, Calvert Street, North Calvert Street is a name of a portion of the street. South Calvert Street is a name for the downtown portion, Calvert Street begins at Pratt Street near the Inner Harbor and continues through the downtown area and various north Baltimore neighborhoods before terminating in Guilford. At its railroad crossing near I-83, Calvert Street once had an arch-style bridge, the present crossing on Calvert Street is ordinary-looking. Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. Courthouse Battle Monument Baltimore Sun Building Union Memorial Hospital After passing Baltimore Street, Light Street becomes a large, two-way street after passing Pratt Street, the point where Calvert Street begins for northbound traffic. Light Street continues through Key Highway, passing through Federal Hill, though quite short in length, Light Street is well known in the area, forming the western boundary of the Inner Harbor tourist area. The Maryland Science Center is located on Light Street, and the McCormick Spice Company between 1889 and 1989 was located on Light Street opposite the Inner Harbor, Light Street is named for Darby Lux I, an early Baltimore merchant who had a house on the street. Metal Arch Bridges in Maryland, Describes the history of the Calvert Street Bridge Historic American Landscapes Survey No, mD-3, Preston Gardens, St. Paul Place, Baltimore, Independent City, MD,2 photos,1 photo caption page
Calvert Street (Baltimore)
–
The Battle Monument of Calvert Street
5.
Battle of Baltimore
–
The Battle of Baltimore was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the port city of Baltimore, Maryland. The British and Americans first met at North Point, until April 1814, Great Britain was at war with Napoleonic France, which limited British war aims in America. During this time the British primarily used a strategy and repelled American invasions of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. However, the Americans gained naval control over Lake Erie in 1813, in the Southwest, General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. Following the defeat of Napoleon in the spring of 1814, the British adopted an aggressive strategy. Thousands of seasoned British soldiers were deployed to British North America, the combined forces were to be used for diversionary raids along the Atlantic coast, intended to force the Americans to withdraw forces from Canada. They were under orders not to carry out any extended operations, the letter was considered by Ross and Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane in planning how to use their forces. Cochranes junior, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, had been commanding ships of the squadron in the operations on the Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On 25 June he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On 17 July, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the ease of attacking the national capital. On 18 July, Cochrane ordered Cockburn that to deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages and you are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable. Cochrane instructed, You will spare merely the lives of the inhabitants of the United States. In August, the vessels in Bermuda sailed from the Royal Naval Dockyard, after defeating a US Navy gunboat flotilla, a military force totaling 4,370 under Ross was landed in Virginia. After beating off an American force of 1,200 on the 23rd, despite the considerable disadvantage in numbers and sustaining heavy casualties, the British force routed the American defenders and cleared the path into the capital. The Burning of Washington took place that night before the returned to the ships. The British also sent a fleet up the Potomac to cut off Washingtons water access and threaten the prosperous ports of Alexandria, just downstream of Washington, the mere appearance of the fleet cowed American defenders into fleeing from Fort Warburton without firing a shot, and undefended Alexandria surrendered. Baltimore was a port and was thought by the British to harbor many of the privateers who were raiding British shipping
Battle of Baltimore
–
Bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British. Engraved by John Bower
Battle of Baltimore
–
John Bull and the Baltimoreans (1814) by
William Charles, a
cartoon praising the stiff resistance in Baltimore
Battle of Baltimore
–
Battle Monument, Baltimore
6.
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. It did not include Ireland, which remained a separate realm, the unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746. On 1 January 1801, the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom, the name Britain descends from the Latin name for the island of Great Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons via the Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Edward IV of Englands daughter Cecily and James III of Scotlands son James. The Treaty of Union and the subsequent Acts of Union state that England and Scotland were to be United into one Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain. However, both the Acts and the Treaty also refer numerous times to the United Kingdom and the longer form, other publications refer to the country as the United Kingdom after 1707 as well. The websites of the UK parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the BBC, additionally, the term United Kingdom was found in informal use during the 18th century to describe the state. The new state created in 1707 included the island of Great Britain, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, both in existence from the 9th century, were separate states until 1707. However, they had come into a union in 1603. Each of the three kingdoms maintained its own parliament and laws and this disposition changed dramatically when the Acts of Union 1707 came into force, with a single unified Crown of Great Britain and a single unified parliament. Ireland remained formally separate, with its own parliament, until the Acts of Union 1800, legislative power was vested in the Parliament of Great Britain, which replaced both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. In practice it was a continuation of the English parliament, sitting at the location in Westminster. Newly created peers in the Peerage of Great Britain were given the right to sit in the Lords. Despite the end of a parliament for Scotland, it retained its own laws. As a result of Poynings Law of 1495, the Parliament of Ireland was subordinate to the Parliament of England, the Act was repealed by the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act 1782. The same year, the Irish constitution of 1782 produced a period of legislative freedom, the 18th century saw England, and after 1707 Great Britain, rise to become the worlds dominant colonial power, with France its main rival on the imperial stage
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
Lord Clive meeting
Mir Jafar after the
Battle of Plassey, by
Francis Hayman (c. 1762)
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
Flag
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
Pitt addressing the
Commons in 1793
7.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
Royal Navy
–
Royal Navy
Royal Navy
–
The
Battle of Sluys as depicted in
Froissart's Chronicles; late 14th century
Royal Navy
–
A late 16th century painting of the
Spanish Armada in battle with English warships
Royal Navy
–
The Dutch
Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War
8.
Fort McHenry
–
It was first built in 1798 and was used continuously by U. S. armed forces through World War I and by the Coast Guard in World War II. It was replaced early on the morning of September 14,1814 with a garrison flag. The larger flag signaled American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore, Fort McHenry was built on the site of the former Fort Whetstone, which had defended Baltimore from 1776 to 1797. The Frenchman Jean Foncin designed the fort in 1798, and it was built between 1798 and 1800, the new forts purpose was to improve the defenses of the increasingly important Port of Baltimore from future enemy attacks. The new fort was constructed in the form of a star surrounded by a dry moat — a deep. The moat would serve as a shelter from which infantry might defend the fort from a land attack, in case of such an attack on this first line of defense, each point, or bastion could provide a crossfire of cannon and small arms fire. Fort McHenry was named after early American statesman James McHenry, a Scots-Irish immigrant and he was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland and a signer of the United States Constitution. Afterwards, he was appointed United States Secretary of War, serving under presidents Presidents George Washington, beginning at 6,00 a. m. on 13 September 1814, British warships under the command of Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane continuously bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 hours. The American defenders had 18-, 24- and 32-pounder cannons, the British guns had a range of 2 miles, and the British rockets had a 1. 75-mile range, but neither guns nor rockets were accurate. The British ships were unable to pass Fort McHenry and penetrate Baltimore Harbor because of its defenses, including a chain of 22 sunken ships, the British vessels were only able to fire their rockets and mortars at the fort at the weapons maximum range. The poor accuracy on both sides resulted in little damage to either side before the British, having depleted their ammunition. Thus the naval part of the British invasion of Baltimore had been repulsed, only one British warship, a bomb vessel, received a direct hit from the forts return fire, which wounded one crewman. At one point during the bombardment, a bomb crashed through the powder magazine. Fortunately for the defenders, either the rain extinguished the fuse or the bomb was a dud. Francis Scott Key, a Washington lawyer who had come to Baltimore to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, an oversized American flag had been sewn by Mary Pickersgill for $405.90 in anticipation of the British attack on the fort. Francis Scott Keys grandson, Francis Key Howard, was one of political detainees. Taney occurred at the gates between Court and Federal Marshals and the commander of Union troops occupying the Fort under orders from President Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Fort McHenry also served to train artillery at this time, this service is the origin of the Rodman guns presently located and displayed at the fort
Fort McHenry
–
Fort McHenry National Monument
Fort McHenry
Fort McHenry
–
Bombardment of Fort McHenry
Fort McHenry
–
Flag that flew over Fort McHenry during its bombardment in 1814, which was witnessed by
Francis Scott Key. The family of
Major Armistead, the commander of the fort, kept the flag until they donated it to the
Smithsonian in 1912.
9.
Battle of North Point
–
The events and result of the engagement, a part of the larger Battle of Baltimore, saw the U. S. forces retreating after having inflicted heavy casualties on the British. One of the casualties was Ross, killed during the course of the battle by American sharpshooters and his death significantly demoralized the troops under his command and left some units confused and lost among the woods and marshes of Patapsco Neck. S. Major General Samuel Smith of the Maryland militia anticipated the British move, Stricker deployed his brigade half way between Hampstead Hill, just outside Baltimore, where there were earthworks and artillery emplacements, and North Point. At that point, several tidal creeks narrowed the peninsula to only a mile wide, Stricker received intelligence that the British were camped at a farm just 3 miles from his headquarters. He deployed his men between Bear Creek and Bread and Cheese Creek, which offered cover from nearby woods, and had a wooden fence near the main road. Stricker placed the 5th Maryland Regiment and the 27th Maryland Regiment and his six guns in the front defensive line, the riflemen initially occupied a position some miles ahead of Strickers main position, to delay the British advance. However, their commander, Captain William Dyer, hastily withdrew on hearing a rumour that British troops were landing from the Back River behind him, Stricker posted them instead on his right flank. At about midday on the 12th, Stricker heard the British had halted while the soldiers had a meal and he decided it would be better to provoke a fight rather than wait for a possible British night attack. At 1,00 pm, he sent Major Richard Heath with 250 men, Heath advanced down the road and soon began to engage the British pickets. When Ross heard the fighting, he left his meal. His men attempted to out the concealed American riflemen. However, Ross never got the chance, as an American rifleman shot him in the chest, mortally wounded, Ross turned command over to Colonel Arthur Brooke and died soon after. Brooke reorganized the British troops and prepared to assault the American positions at 3,00 pm. He decided to use his three cannon to cover an attempt by his 4th Regiment to get around the American flank, nevertheless, the British 4th Regiment managed to outflank the American positions and sent many of the American regiments fleeing. Stricker was able to conduct an organized retreat, with his men firing volleys as they continued to fall back and this proved effective, killing one of the British commanders and leaving some units lost among woods and swampy creeks, with others in confusion. Not all the militia regiments performed with equal distinction, the 51st Regiment and some men of the 39th broke and ran under fire. as little glorious to our arms as that at Bladensburg]]. Our militia were completely defeated routed, goldsboroughs account of the battle is distinctly more critical and pessimistic than those of Smith and Stricker, and arguably has a greater basis in reality. However, the 5th and 27th held their ground and retreated in good order, only one American gun was lost
Battle of North Point
–
Battle of North Point by
Don Troiani
Battle of North Point
–
Battle of North Point
Battle of North Point
–
The Battle of North Point, Lithograph of an original painting by militiaman and amateur painter
Thomas Ruckle. Ruckle served with the
Washington Blues, a unit of the
Maryland Militia, at the Battle of North Point
Battle of North Point
–
Political cartoon JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS (1814) by
William Charles, praising the stiff resistance in Baltimore, and satirizing the British retreat
10.
Baltimore County
–
Baltimore County is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland. Since 1854, the county seat has been in Towson, Baltimore County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. The county is part of the Northeast Megalopolis stretching from Boston to Washington. As of 2009, the countys workforce totalled 410,100, with 25% employed in the fields of education, health, and human services, 10% in retailing, and less than 1% in agriculture. The county is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Towson University, Goucher College, in 1674, a proclamation of the Proprietor, established the then extensive boundary lines for old Baltimore County. In 1674, a portion of northeastern Baltimore County, as well as a portion of northwestern Kent County, was split off to create Cecil County. In 1748, a portion of western Baltimore County, as well as a portion of Prince Georges County to the south, were split off to create Frederick County, in 1773, Harford County to the east was split off from Baltimore County. In 1837, another part of western Baltimore County was combined with a part of eastern Frederick County to create Carroll County, the Baltimore County court sessions had been held in private residences before 1674, with a small amount of documentary evidence. Since 1712, the seat had been located in old Joppa, later by 1724, the Assembly authorized Thomas Tolley, Capt. John Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd and John Stokes to purchase 20 acres from a tract named Taylors Choice after John Taylor who also held other parcels in the area. The Ordinance directed that the land be divided into 40 lots with streets and alleys to accompany the courthouse and jail which had already been previously erected. By 1750 there were some 50 houses, a church, courthouse,3 stone warehouses, inns, taverns, stores and these events have been commemorated ever since by Defenders Day on September 12th. A second city-county courthouse constructed in 1805–1809 was moved to the side of the Square at North Calvert. The first county seat of Baltimore County was known today as Old Baltimore and it was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County. In 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house, the site of the court house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House. The court house on the Bush River referenced in the 1683 Act was in all likelihood the one created by the 1674 Act, Old Baltimore was in existence as early as 1674, but we dont know what if anything happened on the site prior to that year. The exact location of Old Baltimore was lost for years and it was certain that the location was somewhere on the site of the present-day Aberdeen Proving Grounds, a U. S. Army weapons testing facility
Baltimore County
–
The Baltimore County Courthouse
11.
Patterson Park
–
Patterson Park is an urban park in Southeast Baltimore, Maryland, United States, adjacent to the neighborhoods of Canton, Highlandtown, Patterson Park, and Butchers Hill. It is bordered by East Baltimore Street, Eastern Avenue, South Patterson Park Avenue, the Patterson Park extension lies to the east of the main park, and is bordered by East Pratt Street, South Ellwood Avenue, and Eastern Avenue. Patterson Park was established in 1827 and named for William Patterson, the park consists of open fields of grass, large trees, paved walkways, historic battle sites, a lake, playgrounds, athletic fields, a swimming pool, and other signature attractions and buildings. At 137 acres, Patterson Park is not the citys largest park, Patterson Park has four main entrances at each corner. Its notable attractions include the lake, the marble fountain, the Pulaski Monument. Originally the Patterson Park Observatory, the Pagoda was built in 1891 as a tower for viewing the city and is still open to visitors today. The park is home to the Virginia S. Baker Recreation Center. The park has smooth pathways suitable for biking and jogging, the sports fields are open for use to anyone who wants to play a game, and there are public tennis courts as well. There are two playgrounds for children as well as a dog park. There is a swimming pool open during the summer and an ice skating rink that operates during winter, from spring to early autumn, several festivals are held in the park. The neighborhood surrounding the park is part of an urban renewal campaign by the city. There are no heavily forested areas of Patterson Park, however, the boat lake, recently reconstructed, is inhabited mostly by mallard ducks, but its avian visitors include American coots and wood ducks. Great blue herons and great egrets are seen on the lake. There are also fish, frogs, and turtles in the lake, when the British began probing actions, the American line was defended by 100 cannon and more than 10,000 troops. William Patterson, a Baltimore merchant, donated 5 acres to the city for a walk in 1827. Additions and improvements to the park made after 1859 were funded through the citys park tax on its streetcars, during the Civil War, the site was used as a Union troop encampment. Additional purchases in later years increased the size to its present 137 acres. The 60-foot Pagoda, designed by Charles H. Latrobe, was built on Hampstead Hill in 1891 and has been refurbished along with other park structures
Patterson Park
–
The "Observatory" a pagoda-style building on Hampstead Hill, overlooking the rest of the park.
Patterson Park
–
A view of downtown Baltimore across Patterson Park
Patterson Park
–
General Casimir Pulaski Monument
12.
War of 1812
–
Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
War of 1812
–
Clockwise from top: damage to the
US Capitol after the
Burning of Washington; the mortally wounded
Isaac Brock spurs on the
York Volunteers at the
battle of Queenston Heights;
USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere;
The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ends the Indian armed struggle in the American Midwest;
Andrew Jackson defeats the
British assault on New Orleans.
War of 1812
–
Press gang: oil painting by
Luke Clennell
War of 1812
–
James Madison, U.S. President, (1809–1817).
War of 1812
–
Lord Liverpool, British Prime Minister, (1812–1827).
13.
Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses
–
The Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses are state judicial facilities located in downtown Baltimore, Maryland. The first courthouse was built for new federal courts in the city and it was undercut in 1784 by Leonard Harbaugh with a pair of arched stone/brick arched piers to permit extension of Calvert Street to the north by passing underneath. A second federal courthouse of Georgian and Federal style architecture in red brick and it was sited on the northwest corner of North Calvert and facing East Lexington Street, completed in 1805. This second Courthouse was partially burned on 13 February 1835 during a spate of fires in the city during the bank riots that year. An adjacent masonry building to the west was constructed for a Records Office, a third courthouse, a federal district courthouse, was built 1896-1900, on the entire city block west of the Battle Monument. It is bounded by North Calvert Street on the east, East Lexington Street on the north, East Fayette Street on the south, the federal district courthouse was transferred to the state for its use after a new US Courthouse was constructed. Today the two main structures of the Maryland state judicial system in the City of Baltimore are the Clarence M. Mitchell. Together they house the 30 judges of the 8th Judicial Circuit for the State of Maryland, what was the first federal courthouse in the city was constructed at what later became known as Battle Monument Square. Federal judges served on a circuit court basis, also holding court in other cities, the Battle Monument was designed by Maximilian Godefroy, and built starting in 1815, on the first-year anniversary of the British attack on the city during the War of 1812. In 1894,79 local and national architectural firms responded to a design competition under the Tarsney Act for the new federal district courthouse to be located at Baltimore City. This act required competition in the design of Federal buildings and was administered by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the U. S. Department of the Treasury. Of the entries, a Beaux Arts–styled architecture of Roman and Greek Revival Courthouse was chosen that was proposed by the Baltimore firm of Wyatt and it is the site of annual Maryland Day ceremonies which continue inside in the ceremonial chambers. Because of changing needs, a joint evaluation study of the structure was completed in 1946 by architect O. E. Adams and Henry Adams, Inc. under the administration of Mayor Thomas L. J. DAlesandro, Jr. Mitchell, an assessment and renovation study of the Baltimore Courthouse was presented in 1989. It took until 2000 for funding and plans to accomplish substantial exterior improvements, despite criticism of the first renovation, the architects recognized that the 1950 reconfiguration of the courthouse probably prevented it from being demolished altogether. The courthouse occupies a city block. Eight Ionic columns, each weighing 35 tons and measuring 31 feet in height and these columns are seven feet taller than those surrounding the United States Capitol. Granite, quarried from Woodstock, Maryland, wraps the basement level, Post Office and Courthouse or Courthouse East, is a historic combined post office and Federal courthouse located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses
–
Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr., Courthouse
Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses
–
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses
–
Topics
14.
Edward Johnson (mayor)
–
Edward Johnson was an American politician and businessman. He was a native of Baltimore, Maryland and served as that citys mayor for six terms between 1808 and 1824, a staunch member of Jeffersons Democratic-Republican Party, he led Baltimore during the War of 1812 and was instrumental in organizing the civilian defense of the city. For several years he was the owner of one of Baltimores largest breweries, Johnson was born in Baltimore in 1767, the son of a prominent physician in that city. Little is known about his life, and many 19th and early 20th century biographies have mistakenly referred to him as a doctor. In 1797, he was elected to the City Council, a requirement for which was ownership of property assessed at a minimum of $2000 and his occupation in 1798 was listed as brewer. Johnsons sister Rebecca had married brewery owner Thomas Peters in 1783, johnsons father later became a partner in his son-in-laws business. When Dr. Johnson died in 1797, Edward Johnson took over his fathers share in the company, fiercely anti-British and a member of Thomas Jeffersons Democratic-Republican party, Johnson was elected Baltimores third mayor in 1808. A triumphal victory parade took place to celebrate his election with Johnson on board a boat on wheels. A bonfire was lit on Gallows Hill, and to give its flame a brighter glow and he was subsequently re-elected in 1810,1812, and 1814. He remained in the business during his first two terms as mayor. However, the burnt down in 1812 and after he had it rebuilt in 1813 he sold it to George Brown. A month later, Mary Pickersgill assembled the famous Star Spangled Banner Flag on the brewerys floor, johnsons third term as mayor coincided with the War of 1812. During the Battle of Baltimore Johnson headed the Committee of Vigilance and Safety and and he was later appointed mayor in 1819 to finish out the term of George Stiles who had resigned from office and died shortly thereafter. When the City Council refused to pay for the publication of the report, Johnson was elected mayor again in 1822 and served until 1824 after which he retired from political life. During the course of his career, Johnson also served as a judge of the County Court, a trustee of St. Peters School, and he had married Elizabeth Mackubin in 1798. Their only child, a son, died at the age of 15, Edward Johnson died on 18 April 1829 at the age of 62 and was buried in Westminster Burying Ground. His obituary in Niles Weekly Register described him as, one of the most benevolent men that ever lived—remarkable for his fidelity to his friends, ordinances of the Corporation of the City of Baltimore
Edward Johnson (mayor)
–
Portrait by
Rembrandt Peale
Edward Johnson (mayor)
–
Topics
15.
John Stricker
–
Stricker was born on February 15,1759, at Frederick, Maryland in Frederick County. He was the son of Colonel George Stricker, who served during the Revolutionary War, the younger Stricker served as a cadet under his fathers command, in the 1st Maryland Regiment, commanded by Gen. William Smallwood. He was present at the Battles of Princeton in New Jersey, Brandywine, in Pennsylvania and he later became a banker and financier in the quickly growing third largest city then in America, beside joining and becoming a state militia officer. Stricker, as Brigadier General and commander of the Third Brigade of the Maryland state militia, was ordered by Maj. Gen, command was assumed by Col. Stricker married Martha Bedford, daughter of Gunning Bedford, of Philadelphia, in 1783. They had six daughters and a son, Mary Catherine Ann Eliza Julianna Charlotte Laura John
John Stricker
–
Brigadier General John Stricker, painted in 1816 by
Rembrandt Peale, (1778-1860), at request of
Mayor and
City Council of Baltimore as a set of important military/civil leaders during recent
Battle of Baltimore to be honored by being displayed in municipal offices. Peale also painted
George Washington and
Thomas Jefferson among others of
American Revolutionary War -era and owned/operated a historic and natural history museum in Baltimore.
John Stricker
–
Painting of the militia soldiers firing at the
Battle of North Point by
Don Troiani, at which the
Maryland State Militia were able to hold off a
British land attack in southeastern
Baltimore County on the "Patapsco Neck" long enough to further organize the successful land and naval defense of the city of
Baltimore.
John Stricker
–
Grave at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground
16.
Samuel Smith (Maryland)
–
Samuel Smith was a United States Senator and Representative from Maryland, a mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, and a general in the Maryland militia. He was the brother of cabinet secretary Robert Smith, born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Smith moved with his family to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1759. He attended an academy, and engaged in mercantile pursuits until the American Revolutionary War, at which time he served as captain, major. Prior to the war, as a captain, he was sent to Annapolis to arrest Governor Eden. Smiths force numbered 200 soldiers plus Major Robert Ballard of Virginia, Major Simeon Thayer of Rhode Island, however, another account stated that Thayer did not reach Fort Mifflin until October 19. With the British army closing in on Philadelphia, the force had to reach Fort Mifflin by a circuitous route. The fort was overwhelmed by weeks of British bombardment and was abandoned. After the war, Smith engaged in the shipping business, from 1790 to 1792, Smith was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates. At the time of the war with France in 1794, he was appointed brigadier general of the Maryland militia. Smith served as a general of Maryland militia during the War of 1812. The American victory there can largely be attributed to Smiths preparation for the British invasion, Smith entered into national politics when he was elected to the Third United States Congress, serving from March 4,1793, until March 4,1803. As a Congressman, Smith served as chairman of the U. S. House Committee on Commerce, Smith entered into the Senate election in 1802, and was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. He was re-elected in 1808 and served from March 4,1803 until March 4,1815, while senator, Smith served as President pro tempore of the Senate during the Ninth and Tenth Congresses. In the House, Smith served as chairman of the U. S. House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury, and as a member of the Committee on Ways and Means. On December 17,1822, Smith resigned as congressman, having been elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Pinkney. In March–April 1824, Samuel Smith was honored with a vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the partys candidate for U. S. Vice President at the later that year. Smith served as President pro tempore of the Senate again during the Twentieth and Twenty-first Congresses and he was re-elected in 1826 and served until March 4,1833
Samuel Smith (Maryland)
–
Samuel Smith
Samuel Smith (Maryland)
–
Signature
Samuel Smith (Maryland)
–
General Samuel Smith
Samuel Smith (Maryland)
–
Senator Samuel Smith
17.
George Armistead
–
George Armistead was an American military officer who served as the commander of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Armistead was born in Newmarket, Caroline County, Virginia and his military career began during the Quasi War with France when he was commissioned as an ensign in the 7th U. S. Infantry Regiment on January 14,1799 and he was promoted to 2nd lieutenant on March 3 of the same year and to 1st lieutenant on May 14,1800. With the reduction in the Army after the Quasi War, he was discharged from the Army on June 15,1800 and he re-entered the Army on February 16,1801 when he was commissioned as a lieutenant on the 2nd Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers. He was promoted to captain on November 1,1806 and he was one of five brothers who served in the War of 1812, either in the regular army or militia. He was promoted to major of the 3rd Artillery Regiment on March 3,1813 and he distinguished himself at the capture of Fort George from the British, near the mouth of Niagara River in Canada on May 27,1813 while serving as an artillery officer at Fort Niagara. He would later carry the captured British flags to President James Madison, upon his arrival in Washington, Armistead was ordered to take command of Fort McHenry. When he arrived at Fort McHenry, located in the harbor of Baltimore, Maryland. During the nearly 25-hour bombardment of Fort McHenry, commencing before dawn on September 13 until the morning of September 14,1814, Armistead alone knew the fort’s magazine was not bombproof. When a shell crashed through the roof of the magazine but failed to explode, Armistead ordered the powder barrels cleared out and placed under the rear walls of the fort. Brooke, who had taken over from Major-General Robert Ross, who was wounded just before the Battle of North Point on September 12. Following the battle, Armistead was soon breveted to lieutenant colonel, much weakened by the arduous preparations for the battle, he died at age 38, only three years later. Armistead was a casualty of the British attack, historian Benson Lossing wrote, the tax upon his nervous system during that bombardment left him with a disease of the heart. on the 25 of April,1818 he expired, at the age of thirty eight years. His funeral procession was described as immense and his name was immortalized by the construction of a monument which overlooks the city. Armisteads brother, Brevet Brigadier General Walker Keith Armistead, graduated from West Point in 1803 and he was chief engineer of the Army from 1818 to 1821 and then served as colonel of the 3d Artillery Regiment until his death in 1845. He had a total of 42 years of service as a commissioned officer, a nephew of Armisteads, Lewis Addison Armistead, the son of Walker Armistead, was a well known Confederate General in the American Civil War who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. Infantry - January 14,1799 2nd lieutenant - March 3,1799 1st lieutenant - May 14,1800 Discharged - June 15,1800, terror on the Chesapeake, The War of 1812 on the Bay, Shippensburg, Pa. White Mane,2001, ISBN 1-57249-276-7 Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, Annapolis, the Battle for Baltimore 1814, Baltimore, Nautical & Aviation Publishing,1997, ISBN 1-877853-23-2 Lord, Walter, The Dawns Early Light, New York, N. Y
George Armistead
–
Statue of Armistead at
Fort McHenry
18.
Ft. McHenry
–
It was first built in 1798 and was used continuously by U. S. armed forces through World War I and by the Coast Guard in World War II. It was replaced early on the morning of September 14,1814 with a garrison flag. The larger flag signaled American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore, Fort McHenry was built on the site of the former Fort Whetstone, which had defended Baltimore from 1776 to 1797. The Frenchman Jean Foncin designed the fort in 1798, and it was built between 1798 and 1800, the new forts purpose was to improve the defenses of the increasingly important Port of Baltimore from future enemy attacks. The new fort was constructed in the form of a star surrounded by a dry moat — a deep. The moat would serve as a shelter from which infantry might defend the fort from a land attack, in case of such an attack on this first line of defense, each point, or bastion could provide a crossfire of cannon and small arms fire. Fort McHenry was named after early American statesman James McHenry, a Scots-Irish immigrant and he was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland and a signer of the United States Constitution. Afterwards, he was appointed United States Secretary of War, serving under presidents Presidents George Washington, beginning at 6,00 a. m. on 13 September 1814, British warships under the command of Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane continuously bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 hours. The American defenders had 18-, 24- and 32-pounder cannons, the British guns had a range of 2 miles, and the British rockets had a 1. 75-mile range, but neither guns nor rockets were accurate. The British ships were unable to pass Fort McHenry and penetrate Baltimore Harbor because of its defenses, including a chain of 22 sunken ships, the British vessels were only able to fire their rockets and mortars at the fort at the weapons maximum range. The poor accuracy on both sides resulted in little damage to either side before the British, having depleted their ammunition. Thus the naval part of the British invasion of Baltimore had been repulsed, only one British warship, a bomb vessel, received a direct hit from the forts return fire, which wounded one crewman. At one point during the bombardment, a bomb crashed through the powder magazine. Fortunately for the defenders, either the rain extinguished the fuse or the bomb was a dud. Francis Scott Key, a Washington lawyer who had come to Baltimore to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, an oversized American flag had been sewn by Mary Pickersgill for $405.90 in anticipation of the British attack on the fort. Francis Scott Keys grandson, Francis Key Howard, was one of political detainees. Taney occurred at the gates between Court and Federal Marshals and the commander of Union troops occupying the Fort under orders from President Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Fort McHenry also served to train artillery at this time, this service is the origin of the Rodman guns presently located and displayed at the fort
Ft. McHenry
–
Fort McHenry National Monument
Ft. McHenry
Ft. McHenry
–
Bombardment of Fort McHenry
Ft. McHenry
–
Flag that flew over Fort McHenry during its bombardment in 1814, which was witnessed by
Francis Scott Key. The family of
Major Armistead, the commander of the fort, kept the flag until they donated it to the
Smithsonian in 1912.
19.
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
–
The Washington Monument is the centerpiece of Mount Vernon Place, an urban square in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first major monument begun to honor George Washington, the Monument, a colossal column, was designed by American architect Robert Mills, who also designed the Washington Monument in Washington, D. C. Construction began in 1815 on land donated by John Eager Howard, the 178 foot 8 inch doric column holds a ground-floor gallery offering digital exhibits about the construction of the Monument and the history of Mount Vernon Place. Climbing the 227 steps to the top provides an excellent view of the city from the neighborhood where it is located. Its neighbors include the Peabody Institute and The Walters Art Museum, the glorification of Washington began long before his death in December 1799. Congress had first announced a desire for a sculpture in his honor in 1783 and, after his death, however, these expressions of honor in the national capital floundered and would not be realized for decades. In 1810, the first lottery authorized by the Maryland General Assembly, was held, in 1813 an architectural competition was announced with a $500 prize to design and build the Monument at a cost of $100,000. Millss design was chosen in 1814, the architect having taken pains to demonstrate to the Board of Managers that he was the first native born American with architectural training, the cornerstone was laid on July 4,1815. An interior spiral staircase led to the top, where surmounting the column Washington was depicted in a quadriga, concerns over the expense of this design, as well as its projected height caused changes in not only its design, but location. By the time the Monuments cornerstone was laid in Howards Woods in 1815, the design of the completed column is very similar to the Colonne Vendôme, which ultimately derived from Trajans Column and was adopted in this time of Neoclassicism in American architecture. The dignified cornerstone ceremony was overseen by the Monument’s Board of Managers. ”Following speeches, the entire proceedings were printed in the local newspaper, picked up by newspapers in other major cities, and published in a souvenir booklet with illustrations. Almost from the moment the cornerstone was laid, and particularly as the structure began to rise out of the ground, the Monument was a destination, in June 1817, during President James Monroe’s visit to the city, his itinerary included a visit to the Monument. Construction sites in the nineteenth century were not what they are today. As early as 1819 guests were leaving evidence of their visit in the Monument’s subterranean vaults, by shortly after 1820 with the column proper largely complete with its integral interior staircase, visitors were climbing to the top. New York newspaper editor Nathaniel H. Carter visited in February 1823 and climbed to the top, escorted by a boy with a candle, to take in the views of the city. The marble was sourced from three quarries, the base from General Charles Ridgelys quarry, the column and other details from Scotts quarry, and the statue from the quarry of Mrs. Frances D. T. Taylor. Washington is depicted on the top of the Monument resigning his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, the statue was carved by Italian-born sculptor Enrico Causici, who previous to his work on the Monument had been employed carving reliefs for the United States Capitol. William Rusk, in his book Art in Baltimore, Monuments, tradition recalls a prodigy occurring when the statue was raised to the summit of the monument - a shooting star dashed across the sky and an eagle lit on the head of the settling general
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
–
Baltimore's Washington Monument, 1890 (looking north)
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
–
The Washington Monument in Baltimore
Washington Monument (Baltimore)
–
1850 Tallis Map of the United States (Texas at fullest extent) - Geographicus - United States-tallis-1850
20.
Robert Mills (architect)
–
Mills studied in Charleston, South Carolina, as a student of Irish architect James Hoban—who later designed the White House, which became the official home of US presidents. Both Hoban and Mills were Freemasons, born in Charleston, South Carolina, Mills moved to Philadelphia in 1802 where he became an associate and student of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. At the age of 19, Mills, a graduate of College of Charleston, left Charleston for Washington, DC, to work with his friend, during this time, Robert met Thomas Jefferson, who became the first full term resident of the new Presidential home. Some Philadelphia buildings that Mills designed are Washington Hall, Samson Street Baptist Church, and he also designed the Upper Ferry Bridge covering. Mills designed the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta, Georgia in 1807, in 1808 Mills created blueprints for a prison used mostly for reform. In 1811 the prison was constructed in Mt. Holly, New Jersey, with the possible exception of neighbor, Eastern States Penitentiary, it is the most significant prison building in the United States says the Historic Burlington County Prison Museum Association. In 1812, Mills designed the Monumental Church in Richmond, Virginia which was built to commemorate the death of 72 people in the Richmond Theatre. Moving to Baltimore, Mills designed St. John Eager Howard, baltimores signature landmark began construction in 1815 and was completed in 1829. In 1820, Robert Mills was appointed as acting commissioner of the Board of Public Works in South Carolina, in 1823, he was the superintendent of public buildings. In the next few years, he designed buildings in South Carolina including court houses, the campus of the University of South Carolina, jails. In 1825, he authored an Atlas of the State of South Carolina, one year later, he published Statistics of South Carolina. He reputedly designed the Old Horry County Courthouse, Union County Jail, in 1836 Robert Mills won the competition for the design of the Washington Monument on the future Mall of the National Capital, Washington D. C. which is his best known work. Construction began in 1848, but was interrupted in 1854, construction of the monument resumed in 1879 and was dedicated in 1885, thirty years after the architects death. He also designed the Department of Treasury building, east of the Executive Mansion and several federal buildings in Washington. Patent Office Building, patterned after the Parthenon and the old General Post Office, in South Carolina, Mills designed county courthouses in at least 18 counties, some of the public buildings in Columbia, and a few private homes. He also designed portions of the Landsford Canal, Chester County, Robert Mills was an early advocate of fireproof construction. A fire in Kingstree, South Carolina Building which had designed by Mills. A fire also destroyed much of the Lancaster County, South Carolina Courthouse in August 2008, Mills died in Washington, D. C. in 1855 and was buried at the Congressional Cemetery there in the District of Columbia
Robert Mills (architect)
–
Robert Mills' proposed design for the
Washington Monument in
Washington, D.C.
21.
Independence Day (United States)
–
It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
Independence Day (United States)
–
Displays of fireworks, such as these over the
Washington Monument in 1986, take place across the United States on Independence Day.
Independence Day (United States)
–
American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon
Independence Day (United States)
–
An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration
Independence Day (United States)
–
Independence Day Parade in Washington, D.C.
22.
John Eager Howard
–
John Eager Howard was an American soldier and politician from Maryland. He was elected as governor of the state in 1788, and he also was elected to the Continental Congress, the Congress of the United States and the U. S. Senate. In the 1816 presidential election, Howard received 22 electoral votes for president on the Federalist Party ticket with Rufus King. The ticket lost in a landslide, Howard County, Maryland, is named for him, along with Eager Street and Howard Street in Baltimore. He was the son of Cornelius Howard and Ruth Howard, of the Maryland planter elite and was born at their plantation The Forest, Howard grew up in an Anglican slaveholding family. Anglicanism was the church of the Chesapeake Bay colonies. Howard joined the Baltimore lodge of Freemasonry and eventually became a Brother and he was awarded a silver medal by Congress for his leadership at the 1781 Battle of Cowpens, during which he commanded the 2nd Maryland Regiment, Continental Army. In September 1781, he was wounded in a charge at the Battle of Eutaw Springs. Nathanael Greene wrote that Howard was as good an officer as the world affords and he has great ability and the best disposition to promote the service. He deserves a statue of gold. He declined the offer from President George Washington in 1795 to be Secretary of War. He joined the Federalist Party and was elected to the 4th Congress from November 21,1796, through 1797 as a United States Senator for the remainder of the term of Richard Potts, who had resigned. Although Howard was offered an appointment as the Secretary of War in the administration of President George Washington, similarly, he declined a 1798 commission as Brigadier General during the preparations for the coming Quasi-War with France. After 1803, Howard returned to Baltimore, where he avoided elected office but continued in public service and he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815. In the 1816 presidential election, he received 22 electoral votes for Vice President as the mate of Federalist Rufus King, losing to James Monroe. John Eager Howard married Margaret Chew, daughter of the Pennsylvania justice Benjamin Chew, John Eager Howard, Jr. m.1820 Cornelia Read Maryland State Senator. Died in Mercersburg, PA Oct.1822, George was born while Col. Howard was Governor in Jennings House and became Governor in 1831. His home Waverly at Marriottsville, Maryland still exists, Benjamin Chew Howard m.1818 Jane Gilmor. He was elected for four terms in the U. S. Congress and was the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States 1843–1861, dr. William Howard m.1828 Rebecca Key
John Eager Howard
–
John Eager Howard by Charles Willson Peale, 1823 Collection of the Maryland Commission on Artistic Property
John Eager Howard
–
John Eager Howard in Uniform, painted in 1782 by
Charles Willson Peale
23.
Egyptian Revival
–
Egyptian revival is an architectural style that uses the motifs and imagery of ancient Egypt. It is attributed generally to the awareness of ancient Egyptian monuments generated by Napoleons conquest of Egypt. Napoleon took an expedition with him to Egypt. Publication of the work, the Description de lÉgypte, began in 1809 and was published as a series through 1826. However, works of art and architecture in the Egyptian style had made or built occasionally on the European continent. The most important example is probably Gian Lorenzo Berninis obelisk in the Piazza Navona in Rome, others may be found at Belan, County Kildare, and Dangan, County Meath. The Casteltown Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known, Egyptian buildings had also been built as garden follies. The most elaborate was probably the one built by Frederick I and it included an Egyptian bridge across which guests walked to reach an island with an elaborate Egyptian-influenced bath house. Designed by the court architect, Jean Baptiste Kleber, the building had a billiards room. New after the Napoleonic invasion was a increase of the number of works of art. In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in Egypt, according to David Brownlee, the 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue, an early building by the influential Friedrich Weinbrenner was the first large Egyptian building to be erected since antiquity. According to Diana Muir Appelbaum, it was the first public building in the Egyptian revival style, a street or passage named the Place du Caire or Foire du Caire was built in Paris in 1798 on the former site of the convent of the Filles de la Charité. In 1828 a building with Egyptianizing detail including large Hathor heads, among the earliest monuments of the Egyptian revival in Paris is the Fontaine du Fellah in Paris, built in 1806. It was designed by François-Jean Bralle, a well-documented example, destroyed after Napoleon was deposed, was the monument to General Louis Desaix in the Place des Victoires was built in 1810. It featured a statue of the general and an obelisk. Another example of a still standing site of Egyptian Revival is the Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoe Selo, one of the first British buildings to show an Egyptian revival interior was the newspaper office of the Courier on the Strand in London. It was built in 1804 and featured a cavetto cornice and Egyptian-influenced columns with palmiform capitals, Egyptian revival architecture enjoyed considerable popularity in other countries as well. The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument, begun in 1848, the South African College in the then-British Cape Colony features an Egyptian building constructed in 1841, the Egyptian revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing
Egyptian Revival
–
Egyptian Hall (1812) in London
Egyptian Revival
–
Foire du Caire building (1828) in Paris
Egyptian Revival
–
The Egyptian Gates (1827–30) in Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg
Egyptian Revival
–
4th Precinct Police Station (1836) in New Orleans
24.
Cenotaph
–
A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. The word derives from the Greek, κενοτάφιον kenotaphion Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world with many built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe. The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs including one for Dante Alighieri, a cenotaph is the focal point of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, South Africa. It is situated below the main point of interest, a marble Historical Frieze in the Hall of Heroes. The Hall of Heroes itself has a dome from the summit of one can view the interior of the monument. At noon on 16 December each year the sun shines through another opening in the dome onto the middle of the cenotaph, the ray of sunshine symbolises Gods blessing on the lives and endeavours of the Voortrekkers. 16 December is the date in 1838 that the Battle of Blood River was fought, durban, South Africa, has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. Port Elizabeth, South Africa, has a cenotaph, on either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life, surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929, a surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II. In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18 and it was unveiled by HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923. There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, the cenotaph was commemorated in 1977. A monument which has come to be known to as the Cenotaph was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame. Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands, exists in Campo de Mayo, a limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda in 1920. In the United States, a cenotaph in Yale Universitys Hewitt Quad honours men of Yale who died in battle, the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as a cenotaph. It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead and it was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827
Cenotaph
–
Cenotaph of
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah,
Agra
Cenotaph
–
The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London
Cenotaph
–
Remembrance Day parade, at the Cenotaph, in the
City of Hamilton,
Bermuda.
Cenotaph
–
The Cenotaph, Auckland, New Zealand
25.
Marble
–
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
Marble
–
Marble in Carrrara marble quarry, Italy
Marble
Marble
–
The
Taj Mahal is entirely clad in marble.
Marble
–
Carlo Franzoni's sculptural marble
chariot clock depicting
Clio, the Greek
muse of history.
26.
Griffin
–
The griffin, griffon, or gryphon is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion, the head and wings of an eagle, and an eagles talons as its front feet. Because the lion was considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds. The griffin was thought of as king of all creatures. Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions, in Greek and Roman texts, griffins and Arimaspeans were associated with gold. Indeed, in later accounts, griffins were said to lay eggs in burrows on the grounds, in antiquity it was a symbol of divine power and a guardian of the divine. The derivation of this remains uncertain. It could be related to the Greek word γρυπός, meaning curved, also, this could have been an Anatolian loan word, compare Akkadian karūbu, and similar to Cherub. A related Hebrew word is כרוב, Most statuary representations of griffins depict them with bird-like talons, although in some older illustrations griffins have a lions forelimbs, they generally have a lions hindquarters. Its eagles head is given prominent ears, these are sometimes described as the lions ears, but are often elongated. Infrequently, a griffin is portrayed without wings, or a wingless eagle-headed lion is identified as a griffin, in 15th-century and later heraldry, such a beast may be called an alce or a keythong. In heraldry, a griffin always has forelegs like an eagles hind-legs, there is evidence of representations of griffins in Ancient Iranian and Ancient Egyptian art dating back to before 3000 BC. In Egypt, a griffin can be seen in a cosmetic palette from Hierakonpolis, known as the Two Dog Palette, which is dated to ca. In Iran, griffins appeared on seals from Susa as early as 3000 BC. Griffin depictions appear in the Levant, Syria. Early depictions of griffins in Ancient Greek art are found in the 15th century BC frescoes in the Throne Room of the Bronze Age Palace of Knossos and it continued being a favored decorative theme in Archaic and Classical Greek art. In Central Asia, the griffin appears about a years after Bronze Age Crete, in the 5th–4th centuries BC. The Achaemenids considered the griffin a protector from evil, witchcraft, the modern generalist calls it the lion-griffin, as for example, Robin Lane Fox, in Alexander the Great,1973,31 and notes p. The Pisa Griffin is a bronze sculpture that has been in Pisa in Italy since the Middle Ages. It is the largest bronze medieval Islamic sculpture known, at three feet tall, and was probably created in the 11th century in Al-Andaluz
Griffin
–
Griffin fresco in the "Throne Room", Palace of
Knossos,
Crete,
Bronze Age
Griffin
–
Achaemenid griffin at
Persepolis.
Griffin
–
The Islamic
Pisa Griffin, in the
Pisa Cathedral Museum
Griffin
–
Bronze griffin head from
Olympia, Greece. 7th century BC.
Olympia museum
27.
Fasces
–
Fasces (/ˈfæsiːz/, is a bound bundle of wooden rods, sometimes including an axe with its blade emerging. The fasces had its origin in the Etruscan civilization, and was passed on to ancient Rome, the image has survived in the modern world as a representation of magisterial or collective power. It should not be confused with the related term fess, which in French heraldry is called a fasce, little is known about the Etruscans, but a few artifacts have been found showing a thin bundle of rods surrounding a two-headed axe. Fasces symbolism might be derived via the Etruscans from the eastern Mediterranean, with the labrys, the Anatolian, and Minoan double-headed axe, later incorporated into the praetorial fasces. By the time of the Roman Republic, the fasces had developed into a bundle of birch rods, sometimes surrounding a single-headed axe. On certain special occasions, the fasces might be decorated with a laurel wreath, the symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is very difficult to break. This symbolism occurs in Aesops fable The Old Man and his Sons, a similar story is told about the Bulgar Khan Kubrat, giving rise to the Bulgarian National motto Union gives strength. The axe represented the power over life or death through the death penalty, bundled birch twigs symbolise corporal punishment. The fasces lictoriae symbolised power and authority in ancient Rome, beginning with the early Roman Kingdom and continuing through the Republican, by Republican times, use of the fasces was surrounded with tradition and protocol. A corps of apparitores called lictors each carried fasces before a magistrate, the highest magistrate, the dictator, was entitled to twenty-four lictors and fasces, the consul to twelve, the proconsul eleven, the praetor six, the propraetor five, and the curule aediles two. Another part of the symbolism developed in Republican Rome was the inclusion of an axe in the fasces. The axe indicated that the judicial powers included capital punishment. Lictors attending the dictator kept the axes in their fasces even inside the Pomerium—a sign that the dictator had the power in his own hands. An occasional variation on the fasces was the addition of a laurel wreath and this occurred during the celebration of a Triumph - essentially a victory parade through Rome by a returning victorious general. Previously, all Republican Roman commanding generals had held office with imperium. The term is related to the modern Italian word fascio, used in the century to designate peasant cooperatives. Numerous governments and other authorities have used the image of the fasces for a symbol of power since the end of the Roman Empire. It also has used to hearken back to the Roman republic
Fasces
–
Most visibly, fasces bestride the U.S. flag in the
house chamber of the
US Capitol.
Fasces
–
National Guard Bureau insignia
Fasces
–
Mercury dime reverse.
Fasces
–
1989 U.S. Congress Bicentennial commemorative coin reverse, depicting
mace of the United States House of Representatives
28.
Carrara marble
–
Carrara marble is a type of white or blue-grey marble of high quality, popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It is quarried in the city of Carrara located in the province of Massa and Carrara in the Lunigiana, Carrara marble has been used since the time of Ancient Rome. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the quarries were monitored by the Cybo and Malaspina families who ruled over Massa. The family created the Office of Marble in 1564 to regulate the mining industry. The city of Massa, in particular, saw much of its plan redesigned in order to make it worthy of an Italian countrys capital, following the extinction of the Cybo-Malaspina family, the state was ruled by the House of Austria and management of the mines rested with them. The Basilica of Massa is built entirely of Carrara marble and the old Ducal Palace of Massa was used to showcase the precious stone, by the end of the 19th century, Carrara had become a cradle of anarchism in Italy, in particular among the quarry workers. According to a New York Times article of 1894, workers in the quarries were among the most neglected labourers in Italy. Many of them were ex-convicts or fugitives from justice, the work at the quarries was so tough and arduous that almost any aspirant worker with sufficient muscle and endurance was employed, regardless of their background. The quarry workers and stone carvers had radical beliefs that set apart from others. Anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers, many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded the first anarchist group in Italy. In Carrara, the anarchist Galileo Palla remarked, “even the stones are anarchists. ”The quarry workers were the protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. It was unveiled by future UK Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery on 6 April 1882. Marble Arch, London Some sections of the Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas, Valencia, Spain Prem Mandir, Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, India Duomo di Siena, Siena, the Carrara quarries have produced more marble than any other place on earth. Working the quarries has been dangerous and continues so to this day, in September 1911, a collapsing cliff face at the Bettogli Quarry crushed 10 workers who were on lunch break under a precipice. A2014 video made at a Carrara quarry shows workers with missing fingers, the prized yield from Carrara quarries through millennia has been Statuario, a pure white marble. However, by the end of the 20th century, the deposits of Statuario near Carrara are played out. The quarries continue to remove and ship up to a million tons/year of less-esteemed marble, calcite, obtained from an 80 kg sample of Carrara marble, is used as the IAEA-603 isotopic standard in mass spectrometry for the calibration of δ18O and δ13C. List of types of marble Lizza di Piastreta Marmifera di Carrara railway Lardo, the Economy of Renaissance Florence, JHU Press, ISBN0801889820 Newman, Cathy
Carrara marble
–
A Carraran marble quarry
Carrara marble
–
Birmingham's
King Edward VII Memorial was carved from a large piece of Carrara marble.
Carrara marble
–
The
Pietà is considered a
masterpiece of
Renaissance sculpture by
Michelangelo, and housed in
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City. It is the only piece Michelangelo ever signed.
Carrara marble
–
Jadwiga of Poland 's sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski in
Wawel Cathedral,
Cracow
29.
Laurel wreath
–
A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel, an aromatic broadleaf evergreen, or later from spineless butchers broom or cherry laurel. In Greek mythology, Apollo is represented wearing a wreath on his head. Whereas ancient laurel wreaths are most often depicted as a horseshoe shape, in common modern idiomatic usage it refers to a victory. In some countries the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the masters degree, the wreath is given to young masters at the university graduation ceremony. The word laureate in poet laureate refers to the laurel wreath, the medieval Florentine poet and philosopher Dante Alighieri, a graduate of the Sicilian School, is often represented in paintings and sculpture wearing a laurel wreath. In Italy, the term laureato is used in to refer to any student who has graduated, right after the graduation ceremony, or laurea in Italian, the student receives a laurel wreath to wear for the rest of the day. This tradition originated at the University of Padua and has spread in the last two centuries to all Italian universities, at Connecticut College in the United States, members of the junior class carry a laurel chain, which the seniors pass through during commencement. It represents nature and the continuation of life from year to year, at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, USA, laurel has been a fixture of commencement traditions since 1900, when graduating students carried or wore laurel wreaths. In 1902, the chain of laurel was introduced, since then, tradition has been for seniors to parade around the campus, carrying. The mountain laurel represents the bay used by the Romans in wreaths. At Reed College in Portland, Oregon, United States, members of the senior class receive laurel wreaths upon submitting their senior thesis in May, the tradition stems from the use of laurel wreaths in athletic competitions, the seniors have crossed the finish line, so to speak. In Sweden, those receiving a doctorate or a doctorate at the Faculty of Philosophy. In Finland, in University of Helsinki a laurel wreath is given during the ceremony of conferral for masterss degree, doctors wear special kind of Doctoral hat. The laurel wreath is a motif in architecture, furniture. The laurel wreath is seen carved in the stone and decorative works of Robert Adam, and in Federal, Regency, Directoire. In decorative arts, especially during the Empire period, the wreath is seen woven in textiles, inlaid in marquetry. Alfa Romeo added a wreath to their logo after they won the inaugural Automobile World Championship in 1925 with the P2 racing car. Laurel wreaths are used in heraldry
Laurel wreath
–
A golden laurel wreath, origin: probably
Cyprus, 4th—3rd century BC.
Laurel wreath
–
A laurel wreath decorating a memorial at the
Folketing, the national parliament of Denmark.
Laurel wreath
–
Ovid with laurel wreath, common in poets.
Laurel wreath
–
Alexander Garden Grille
30.
Rudder
–
A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, aircraft, or other conveyance that moves through a fluid medium. On an aircraft the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw, a rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the crafts stern, tail. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag, on simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels, in typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics. Generally, a rudder is part of the apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull, that is denoting all different types of oars, paddles. More specifically, the gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders. A third term, steering oar, can denote both types, in a Mediterranean context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly the place where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position. S, a steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, a frequent movement of the oar was required to steer a straight course. The steering oar or steering board is an oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft prior to the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely, if ever. Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of Menes, in the Old Kingdom as much as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats. The tiller, at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar, both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post abaft reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side. In Iran, oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork, wooden models, the strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness, adaptability and simpleness. Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period, by the first half of the 1st century AD, steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in Roman river and harbour craft as proved from reliefs and archaeological finds. A tomb plaque of Hadrianic age shows a harbour tug boat in Ostia with a long stern-mounted oar for better leverage, interestingly, the boat already featured a spritsail, adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel. Further attested Roman uses of stern-mounted steering oars includes barges under tow, transport ships for wine casks, also, the well-known Zwammerdam find, a large river barge at the mouth of the Rhine, featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern
Rudder
–
Modern ship rudder (the long red rectangle behind the
propeller)
Rudder
–
RMS Titanic 's rudder turned
Rudder
–
Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. 1422-1411 BC)
Rudder
–
Steering oar of a Roman boat, 1st century AD (RG-Museum, Cologne).
31.
Egyptian revival
–
Egyptian revival is an architectural style that uses the motifs and imagery of ancient Egypt. It is attributed generally to the awareness of ancient Egyptian monuments generated by Napoleons conquest of Egypt. Napoleon took an expedition with him to Egypt. Publication of the work, the Description de lÉgypte, began in 1809 and was published as a series through 1826. However, works of art and architecture in the Egyptian style had made or built occasionally on the European continent. The most important example is probably Gian Lorenzo Berninis obelisk in the Piazza Navona in Rome, others may be found at Belan, County Kildare, and Dangan, County Meath. The Casteltown Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known, Egyptian buildings had also been built as garden follies. The most elaborate was probably the one built by Frederick I and it included an Egyptian bridge across which guests walked to reach an island with an elaborate Egyptian-influenced bath house. Designed by the court architect, Jean Baptiste Kleber, the building had a billiards room. New after the Napoleonic invasion was a increase of the number of works of art. In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in Egypt, according to David Brownlee, the 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue, an early building by the influential Friedrich Weinbrenner was the first large Egyptian building to be erected since antiquity. According to Diana Muir Appelbaum, it was the first public building in the Egyptian revival style, a street or passage named the Place du Caire or Foire du Caire was built in Paris in 1798 on the former site of the convent of the Filles de la Charité. In 1828 a building with Egyptianizing detail including large Hathor heads, among the earliest monuments of the Egyptian revival in Paris is the Fontaine du Fellah in Paris, built in 1806. It was designed by François-Jean Bralle, a well-documented example, destroyed after Napoleon was deposed, was the monument to General Louis Desaix in the Place des Victoires was built in 1810. It featured a statue of the general and an obelisk. Another example of a still standing site of Egyptian Revival is the Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoe Selo, one of the first British buildings to show an Egyptian revival interior was the newspaper office of the Courier on the Strand in London. It was built in 1804 and featured a cavetto cornice and Egyptian-influenced columns with palmiform capitals, Egyptian revival architecture enjoyed considerable popularity in other countries as well. The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument, begun in 1848, the South African College in the then-British Cape Colony features an Egyptian building constructed in 1841, the Egyptian revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing
Egyptian revival
–
Egyptian Hall (1812) in London
Egyptian revival
–
Foire du Caire building (1828) in Paris
Egyptian revival
–
The Egyptian Gates (1827–30) in Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg
Egyptian revival
–
4th Precinct Police Station (1836) in New Orleans
