The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII Philopator. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC in the Ionian Sea, near the former Roman colony of Actium, Greece, and was the climax of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and Antony.
Detail of the naval battle from an early 1st-century relief commemorating Actium (extensively restored)
A reconstructed statue of Augustus as a younger Octavian, dated c. 30 BC
A Roman bust of the consul and triumvir Mark Antony, Vatican Museums
Plan of the battle by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, Paris, 1734
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.
Scene from an Egyptian temple wall shows Ramesses' combined land and sea victory in the Battle of the Delta.
An ancient Greek trireme vessel
The naval battle of Sluys, 1340, from Jean Froissart's Chronicles
A Javanese junk and a Nanking junk.