1.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
2.
Prince William County, Virginia
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Prince William County is a county on the Potomac River in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 402,002, on 1 July 2015 and its county seat is the independent city of Manassas. A part of Northern Virginia, Prince William County is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, in 2012 it had the seventh highest income of any county in the United States. It was Virginias first majority-minority county, with Caucasian, Asian, Hispanic and, when John Smith and other English explorers ventured to the upper Potomac River beginning in 1608, they recorded the name of a village the Doeg inhabited as Pemacocack. It was located on the west bank of the Potomac River about 30 miles south of present-day Alexandria, unable to deal with European diseases and firepower, the Doeg had abandoned their villages in the area by 1700. The county was named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, in 1790 the population of the county was 58% white, most of the remainder was black and enslaved. The county had been an area of plantations, where crops were being changed to mixed crops due to soil exhaustion. In the first two decades after the Revolution, the number and percentage of blacks increased in Virginia as some whites freed their slaves. Most free people of color in the state were descended from unions between white women and African-American men, slave, indentured servant or free. Under colonial law since 1662, children took the status of their mother, so children born to women were free. The county was rural and agricultural for decades, the population into the early 20th century was centered in two areas, one at Manassas, the other near Occoquan and Woodbridge along the Potomac River. Beginning in the late 1930s, a suburban population was attracted to new housing that was developed near the existing population centers. By 2000, this was the third-most populous local jurisdiction in Virginia, from 2000 to 2010, the population increased by 43. 2%. This was the first county in Virginia to be minority-majority, the new majority is composed of Hispanic, African American, in 2012 it was the seventh-wealthiest county in the country. The estimated population of 2014 is more than 437,000, the Marine Corps Heritage Museum and the Hylton Performing Arts Center opened in the 21st century. The American Wartime Museum is also to be located in this county, during the commemoration of the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War, re-enactment of the famous First and Second Battles of Manassas was planned. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 348 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Loudoun and Fairfax Counties, on the west by Fauquier County, on the south by Stafford County, the magisterial districts each elect one supervisor to the Board of Supervisors which governs Prince William County
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
7.
Gouverneur K. Warren
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Gouverneur Kemble Warren was a civil engineer and Union Army general during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for arranging the last-minute defense of Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg and is referred to as the Hero of Little Round Top. Warren was born in Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York, and named for Gouverneur Kemble, a prominent local Congressman, diplomat, industrialist and his sister, Emily Warren Roebling, would later play a significant role in the building of the Brooklyn Bridge. He entered the United States Military Academy at age 16 and graduated second in his class of 44 cadets in 1850 and he was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. In the antebellum years he worked on the Mississippi River, on transcontinental railroad surveys and he served as the engineer on William S. Harneys Battle of Ash Hollow in the Nebraska Territory in 1855, where he saw his first combat. He took part in studies of possible railroad routes, creating the first comprehensive map of the United States west of the Mississippi in 1857. This required extensive explorations of the vast Nebraska Territory, including Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, part of Montana, one region he surveyed was the Minnesota River Valley, a valley much larger than what would be expected from the low-flow Minnesota River. In some places the valley is 5 miles wide and 250 feet deep, Warren first explained the hydrology of the region in 1868, attributing the gorge to a massive river, which drained Lake Agassiz between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago. The great river was named glacial River Warren in his honor after his death, at the start of the war, Warren was a first lieutenant and mathematics instructor at the United States Military Academy at West Point, across the Hudson River from his hometown. He helped raise a regiment for service in the Union Army and was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 5th New York Infantry on May 14,1861. Warren and his regiment saw their first combat at the Battle of Big Bethel in Virginia on June 10 and he was promoted to colonel and regimental commander on September 10. He commanded a brigade during the Seven Days Battles and was wounded in the knee at the Battle of Gaines Mill, at the Battle of Malvern Hill, his brigade stopped the attack of a Confederate division. Warren was promoted to general on September 26,1862. When Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker reorganized the Army of the Potomac in February 1863, he named Warren his chief topographical engineer, as chief engineer, Warren was commended for his service in the Battle of Chancellorsville. At the start of the Gettysburg Campaign, as Confederate General Robert E. Lee began his invasion of Pennsylvania, Warren suffered a minor neck wound during the Confederate assault. On March 13,1865, he was brevetted to major general in the army for his actions at Bristoe Station. During the Mine Run Campaign, Warrens corps was ordered to attack Lees army, although initially angry at Warren, Meade acknowledged that he had been right. During these Virginia campaigns, Warren established a reputation of bringing his engineering traits of deliberation and caution to the role of infantry corps commander
8.
A. P. Hill
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Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr. was a Confederate army general who was killed in the American Civil War. A native Virginian, Hill was a career United States Army officer who had fought in the Mexican–American War, Hill is usually referred to as A. P. Hill, to differentiate him from another, unrelated Confederate general, D. H. Hill. Hill, known to his family as Powell, was born in Culpeper, Virginia, Hill was nominated to enter the United States Military Academy in 1842, in a class that started with 85 cadets. He made friends easily, including such prominent future generals as Darius N. Couch, George E. Pickett, Jesse L. Reno, George Stoneman, Truman Seymour, Cadmus M. Wilcox, and George B. McClellan. His future commander, Thomas J. Jackson, was in the same class, Hill had a higher social status in Virginia and valued having a good time in his off-hours, whereas Jackson scorned levity and practiced his religion more fervently than Hill could tolerate. In 1844, Hill returned from a furlough with a case of gonorrhea, reassigned to the class of 1847, he made new friendships in particular with Henry Heth and Ambrose E. Burnside. He graduated in 1847, ranking 15th of 38 and he was appointed to the 1st U. S. Artillery as a second lieutenant. He served in a company during the final months of the Mexican-American War. After some garrison assignments along the Atlantic seaboard, he served in the Seminole Wars, again arriving near the end of the war and he was promoted to first lieutenant in September 1851. From 1855 to 1860, Hill was employed on the United States coastal survey and he was once engaged to Ellen B. Marcy, the wife of Hills West Point roommate George B. McClellan, before her parents pressured her to break off the engagement, on July 18,1859, he married Kitty Morgan McClung, a young widow, thus becoming the brother-in-law of future Confederate cavalry generals John Hunt Morgan and Basil W. Duke. On March 1,1861, just before the outbreak of the Civil War, after Virginia seceded, he was appointed colonel of the 13th Virginia Infantry Regiment. The 13th Virginia was one of the regiments in Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Hill was promoted to general on February 26,1862. Hills division initially formed part of James Longstreets command and his division did not participate in the Battle of Seven Pines, the battle in which Joseph E. Johnston was wounded and replaced in command of the Army of Northern Virginia by Robert E. Lee. June 1 was the first day that Hill began using a nickname for his division and this contradictory name for the largest division in all of the Confederate armies may have been selected because Hill wished his men to have a reputation for speed and agility. Hill launched multiple attacks throughout the Seven Days Battles, including at Mechanicsville, Gainess Mill, and Glendale, his division was held in reserve at Malvern Hill
9.
II Corps (Union Army)
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There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps during the American Civil War. Of these five, the one most widely known was the Army of the Potomac formation, the II Corps was prominent by reason of its longer and continuous service, larger organization, hardest fighting, and greatest number of casualties. Of the one hundred regiments in the Union Army that lost the most men in battle, the II Corps also fought in nearly every battle in the main eastern theater, from the 1862 Peninsula Campaign to the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House. The corps was organized under General Orders No,101, March 21,1862, which assigned Brigadier General Edwin Vose Sumner to its command, and Brigadier Generals Israel B. Richardson, John Sedgwick, and Louis Blenker to the command of its divisions, within three weeks of its organization the corps moved with George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula Campaign, except for Blenkers division, which was withdrawn on March 31 from McClellans command, Blenkers division never rejoined the corps. The remaining two divisions numbered 21,500 men, of whom 18,000 were present for duty, the casualties of the two divisions in that battle amounted to 196 killed,899 wounded, and 90 missing. In the Seven Days Battles the corps lost 201 killed,1,195 wounded, the corps then marched on the Maryland Campaign, during which Brigadier General William H. Frenchs 3rd Division was added on 10 September 1862. At the Battle of Antietam the corps was engaged, its casualties amounting to more than double that of any other corps on the field. Out of 15,000 effectives, it lost 883 killed,3,859 wounded, and 396 missing, total,5,138. The Irish Brigade, of Richardsons 1st Division, also sustained a loss in its fight at the Bloody Lane. Barlow to lead the 61st and 64th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments to break through the Confederate line, richardson was killed in this battle, and Sedgwick received three wounds. The next engagement was at the Battle of Fredericksburg, in the meantime Sumner had been promoted to the command of a Grand Division—II and IX Corps—and General Darius N. Couch, a division commander of the IV Corps, was appointed to his place. Brigadier General Winfield S. Hancock succeeded to the command of Richardsons 1st Division, and Brigadier General Oliver O. Howard took Sedgwicks place, the percentage of loss in Hancocks Division was large, Caldwells Brigade losing 46 percent killed and wounded. After Fredericksburg, the Grand Divisions were discontinued and, Sumner retiring on account of age and physical disabilities, Couch led the corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville, with Hancock, John Gibbon, and French as his division commanders. Sedgwick had been promoted to the command of the VI Corps, and Howard, during the fighting at Chancellorsville, Gibbons 2nd Division remained at Fredericksburg, where it supported Sedgwicks operations, but with slight loss. Not long after Chancellorsville, Couch was relieved at his own request, Hancock succeeding to the command of the corps, Caldwell to that of Hancocks Division. At the start of the Gettysburg Campaign, Brigadier General Alexander Hays brigade joined, the fighting was deadly in the extreme, the percentage of loss in the 1st Minnesota of Gibbons Division, being almost without an equal in the records of modern warfare
10.
Army of the Potomac
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The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April. The Army of the Potomac was created in 1861, but was only the size of a corps. Its nucleus was called the Army of Northeastern Virginia, under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, and it was the army fought the wars first major battle. The arrival in Washington, D. C. of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan dramatically changed the makeup of that army, on July 26,1861, the Department of the Shenandoah, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. The men under Bankss command became a division in the Army of the Potomac. The army started with four corps, but these were divided during the Peninsula Campaign to produce two more, after the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Army of the Potomac absorbed the units that had served under Maj. Gen. John Pope. It is a popular, but mistaken, belief that John Pope commanded the Army of the Potomac in the summer of 1862 after McClellans unsuccessful Peninsula Campaign, on the contrary, Popes army consisted of different units, and was named the Army of Virginia. The Army of the Potomac underwent many changes during its existence. The army was divided by Ambrose Burnside into three divisions of two corps each with a Reserve composed of two more. Thereafter the individual corps, seven of which remained in Virginia, Hooker also created a Cavalry Corps by combining units that previously had served as smaller formations. In late 1863, two corps were sent West, and—in 1864—the remaining five corps were recombined into three, burnsides IX Corps, which accompanied the army at the start of Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign, rejoined the army later. For more detail, see the section Corps below, the Army of the Potomac fought in most of the Eastern Theater campaigns, primarily in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. After the end of the war, it was disbanded on June 28,1865, the Army of the Potomac was also the name given to General P. G. T. Beauregards Confederate army during the early stages of the war. However, the name was changed to the Army of Northern Virginia. In 1869 the Society of the Army of the Potomac was formed as a veterans association and it had its last reunion in 1929. Because of its proximity to the cities of the North, such as Washington. Philadelphia, and New York City, the Army of the Potomac received more media coverage than the other Union field armies
11.
Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
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The Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia was a unit of the Provisional Army of the Confederate States. For the Corps third division, Lee created a new division from two brigades sent from the defenses around Richmond and two brigades from Penders division, assigning it to the command of Henry Heth, the corps artillery reserve was commanded by Colonel R. Lindsay Walker. On the morning of July 1st, Heth encountered the elements of the Army of the Potomac. During the morning, Heths division attacked part of the I Corps and was defeated, ambrose R. Wright was able to briefly pierce the Union center on Cemetery Ridge but was forced to retreat. Before he was able to launch an attack with his division, during the day, Hill was ill and did not supervise the attack by his corps. Cadmus Wilcoxs and David Langs brigades of Andersons division formed on Picketts right, while the rest of the division formed behind Pettigrew, for the bombardment before the infantry attack, Walker formed fifty-three cannons along Seminary Ridge. During the attack, one Union regiment attacked Pettigrews right flank brigade, commanded by John M. Brockenbrough, and routed it, then commenced firing on the next brigade in line. Pettigrew was wounded during the attack but remained in command of his division, Trimble was wounded and captured near the wall, while two brigade commanders were also wounded and one was killed. Wilcox and Lang started their advance well after the force had done so. Artillery fire and a counterattack by the Vermont Brigade forced them to retreat, with several dozen Confederates falling prisoner, after the battle, Hills corps was the first to start the Confederate retreat back to Virginia. Heths division served as the guard as the army marched over the Potomac on July 14th, during the Battle of Falling Waters. During the fall, Cadmus Wilcox was promoted to major general, in the Battle of Bristoe Station, Hill attacked the isolated Union II Corps with only two brigades from his three available divisions, but was in turn hit in the flank by the awaiting V Corps. Hill lost heavily,2,000 men in total along with five cannons, the corps also participated in the Mine Run Campaign, Hill was to assault the Union left flank at dawn on December 1, but the Union army retreated during the night. For the rest of the winter, the corps remained in winter camps south of the Rappahannock River, at the start of the Overland Campaign, the corps started with a strength of over 22,000 men. The Third corps fought on the Confederate right wing during the first day of the Battle of the Wilderness, on the second day, the Union army attacked at dawn and quickly drove Hills troops back in confusion. Longstreets corps arrived near mid-morning and halted the Union attack, following Longstreets wounding, Anderson was transferred to command the First Corps, with William Mahone taking command of Andersons division. During the march to Spotsylvania Court House on May 8th, Hill fell ill and was replaced by Jubal Early from the Second Corps, Early arrived at Spotsylvania near dawn on May 9th and covered the Confederate right wing. The corps held against the attacks of the IX Corps during May 12th but was able to send two brigades to help with the Confederate counterattacks in the Mule Shoe salient
12.
Bristoe Campaign
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The Bristoe Campaign was a series of minor battles fought in Virginia during October and November 1863, in the American Civil War. Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army of the Potomac, Lee countered with a turning movement, which caused Meade to withdraw his army back toward Centreville. Lee struck at Bristoe Station on October 14, but suffered losses in two brigades and withdrew, as Meade followed south once again, the Union army smashed a Confederate defensive bridgehead at Rappahannock Station on November 7 and drove Lee back across the Rapidan River. Along with the battles, the cavalry forces of the armies fought at Auburn on October 13, again at Auburn on October 14. After the Battle of Gettysburg in July, Robert E. Lee retreated back across the Potomac River to Virginia and concentrated behind the Rapidan River in Orange County, Meade was widely criticized for failing to pursue aggressively and defeat Lees army. He planned new offensives in Virginia for the fall, early in September, Lee dispatched two divisions of Lt. Gen. James Longstreets Corps to reinforce the Confederate Army of Tennessee for the Battle of Chickamauga. Meade knew that Lee had been weakened by the departure of Longstreet, Meade planned to use his numerical superiority in a broad turning movement, similar to the one planned by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker in the Battle of Chancellorsville that spring. However, on September 24 the Union had to deplete its forces as well, sending the XI, Lee learned of the departing Union corps, and early in October he began an offensive sweep around Cedar Mountain with his remaining two corps, attempting to turn Meades right flank. On October 13, Maj. Gen. J. E. B, Stuart was on one of his typical cavalry raids to capture supply wagons and blundered into the rear guard of the Union III Corps near Warrenton. Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewells corps was sent to him, but Stuart hid his troopers in a wooded ravine until the unsuspecting III Corps moved on. Brigades from Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warrens II Corps fought an action against Stuarts cavalry. Stuarts cavalry boldly bluffed Warrens infantry and escaped disaster, the II Corps pushed on to Catlett Station on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. Lt. Gen. A. P. Hills corps stumbled upon two corps of the retreating Union army at Bristoe Station and attacked without proper reconnaissance. On October 14, Union soldiers of the II Corps, posted behind the Orange & Alexandria Railroad embankment, Hill reinforced his line but could make little headway against the determined defenders. After this victory, Meade continued his withdrawal to Centreville unmolested, Lees Bristoe offensive sputtered to a premature halt. Meade was well entrenched, and Lee had outrun his supplies, after minor skirmishing near Manassas and Centreville, the Confederates retired slowly to the Rappahannock River, destroying the Orange & Alexandria Railroad as they went. Meade was under pressure from general-in-chief Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck to pursue Lee, after defeat at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuarts cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lees army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick pursued Stuarts cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike but were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill, the Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles in an affair that came to be known as the Buckland Races
13.
Bristow, Virginia
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Bristow is an unincorporated community of Prince William County in Northern Virginia about 30 miles from Washington, DC. In 2014, Bristows population was 29,346, a 287% increase since 2000, Bristow is home to Jiffy Lube Live outdoor concert stage which was formerly known as the Nissan Pavilion. Bristow is included as part of Linton Hall, Virginia census-designated place, Bristow was voted Best Place for Homeownership in Virginia by The Nerd Wallet. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,910 people,2,964 housing units, and 9,188 families residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 62% White,6. 73% Black,2. 57% Asian,0. 18% Native American,0. 12% Pacific Islander,1. 04% from other races. Hispanic of any race were 3. 86% of the population, the majority of the Bristow Area was previously part of the Lintons Ford plantation, owned by the Linton family from the 18th century. In 1894, Sarah Linton converted to Catholicism and became a Benedictine nun, Linton Hall Military School was founded in 1922, for which the main road was named, Linton Hall Road. In 1989, the school ended its military and boarding programs and became coeducational, in the late 20th century, much of the original property was sold to developers. Population increased in the Bristow area The Linton Family are buried in the Linton Family Cemetery in the Braemar Community, the cemetery is legally unowned due to records loss when the Brentsville Courthouse burned in the Civil War. However maintenance is provided by the Braemar Community Association with coordination with the Benedictine Sisters at Linton Hall, according to the Geographic Names Information System, Bristow has also been known as Briscoe, Bristoe, Bristoe Station, and Bristow Station. The Board on Geographic Names officially decided upon Bristow as the name in 1906. The Brentsville Historic District and Davis-Beard House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the former village proper was located on SR619, Bristow Road, about 1 mile southwest of the intersection with SR28, Nokesville Road, at the Norfolk Southern Railway crossing. There are a few businesses left at this location, and a change point for the railroad is just up the tracks from the railroad crossing. The new town center has, in general, relocated farther west around the Braemar Parkway area, there has been major development since 2000 in both residential and commercial business that are continuing to expand. Bristow Manor Golf Club has a course, driving range. It was voted by Golf Digest as a Top 100 Places to Play from 1998-2000, for keeping up with local news The Bristow Beat keeps residents informed of all the news affecting local area. Major highways that connect Bristow include Virginia Route 28 and Virginia Route 215, Bristow is served by the Broad Run/Airport Virginia Railway Express station, which is in the southern-tier of the community. The station offers service to inner suburbs in Fairfax County, Virginia and Washington
14.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
15.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
16.
Major general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general, a major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers. Major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps, some of these slots are reserved or finitely set by statute. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for review before it can be sent to the President, through the Secretary of Defense for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once confirmed, the nominee is promoted to rank on assuming a position of office that requires an officer to hold the rank. For positions of office that are reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, since the grade of major general is permanent, the rank does not expire when the officer vacates a two-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, and/or when the officer receives a new assignment or a promotion, in the case of the Air National Guard, they may also serve as The Adjutant General for their state, commonwealth or territory. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement of general officers, all major generals must retire after five years in grade or 35 years of service, whichever is later, unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense may defer a general officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, because there are a finite number of General Officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, general officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. The rank of general was abolished in the U. S. Army by the Act of March 16,1802. Major general has been a rank in the U. S. Army ever since, to address this anomaly, Washington was posthumously promoted by Congress to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The position of Major General Commanding the Army was entitled to three stars according to General Order No.6 of March 13,1861
17.
Confederate States Army
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The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
18.
General officers in the Confederate States Army
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The general officers of the Confederate States Army were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army prior to the Civil War, most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U. S. armed forces. Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure, the Confederate Army was composed of three parts, the Army of the Confederate States of America, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, and the various Southern state militias. Graduates from West Point and Mexican War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, like their Federal counterparts, the Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U. S. Army in design and seniority. On February 27,1861, a staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions, an adjutant general, a quartermaster general, a commissary general. Initially the last of these was to be a staff officer only, the post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper and he held it throughout the Civil War, as well as the armys inspector general. As officers were appointed to the grades of general by Jefferson Davis. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the grade on the same day, were determined by Davis usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U. S. Army. These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By wars end the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in the PACS, the organization of regiments into brigades was authorized by the Congress on March 6,1861. Brigadier generals would command them, and these generals were to be nominated by Davis and these generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate Army colonels, who commonly led infantry regiments and this rank is equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U. S. army. These generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher ranking generals and they also led the districts that made up military departments, and had command over the troops in their districts. By wars end, the Confederacy had at least 88 different men who had held this rank, divisions were authorized by the Congress on March 6,1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Senate, Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. This rank was not synonymous with the Unions use of it, as Northern major generals led divisions, corps and this rank is equivalent in most respects to major general in the modern U. S. Army. All of the Confederacys lieutenant generals were in the PACS, the Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18,1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them
19.
George Meade
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George Gordon Meade was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved in the coastal construction of several lighthouses. He fought with distinction in the Second Seminole War and the Mexican–American War, during the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to command of the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, Meades Civil War combat experience started as a brigade commander in the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles, including the Battle of Glendale, where he was wounded severely. As a division commander, he had success at the Battle of South Mountain. His division was arguably the most successful during the assaults at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who accompanied him throughout these campaigns. He also suffered from a reputation as a man of short, violent temper who was hostile toward the press, after the war, he commanded several important departments during Reconstruction. George Gordon Meade was born in 1815 in Cádiz, Spain and his father, a wealthy Philadelphian merchant, was serving in Spain as a naval agent for the U. S. government. He was ruined financially because of his support of Spain in the Napoleonic Wars and his family returned to the United States in 1817, in precarious financial straits. Young George attended the Mount Hope Institution in Baltimore and entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1831 and he graduated 19th in his class of 56 cadets in 1835. His brother, Richard Worsam Meade II, became a naval officer, for a year, he served with the 3rd U. S. Artillery in Florida, fighting against the Seminole Indians, before resigning from the Army and he worked as a civil engineer for the Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Railroad and for the War Department. On December 31,1840, he married Margaretta Sergeant, daughter of John Sergeant, finding steady civilian employment was difficult for the newly married man, so he reentered the army in 1842 as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. After that war he was involved in lighthouse and breakwater construction and coastal surveying in Florida. He designed Barnegat Light on Long Beach Island, Absecon Light in Atlantic City, Cape May Light in Cape May, Jupiter Inlet Light in Jupiter, Florida and he also designed a hydraulic lamp that was adopted by the Lighthouse Board for use in American lighthouses. He was promoted to captain in 1856, in 1857, Meade relieved Lt. Col. James Kearney on the Lakes Survey mission of the Great Lakes. Completion of the survey of Lake Huron and extension of the surveys of Lake Michigan down to Grand, prior to Captain Meades command, Great Lakes water level readings were taken locally with temporary gauges, a uniform plane of reference had not been established. In 1858, based on his recommendation, instrumentation was set in place for the tabulation of records across the basin, in 1860, the first detailed report of Great Lakes was published. Meade stayed with the Lakes Survey until the 1861 outbreak of the Civil War and he was assigned command of the 2nd Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves, recruited early in the war, which he led competently, initially in the construction of defenses around Washington, D. C
20.
Robert E. Lee
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Robert Edward Lee was an American general known for commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, during the first year of the Civil War, Lee served as a senior military adviser to President Jefferson Davis. Once he took command of the field army in 1862 he soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning most of his battles. Lees strategic foresight was more questionable, and both of his major offensives into Union territory ended in defeat, Lees aggressive tactics, which resulted in high casualties at a time when the Confederacy had a shortage of manpower, have come under criticism in recent years. Lee surrendered his army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865. By this time, Lee had assumed command of the remaining Southern armies. Lee rejected the proposal of an insurgency against the Union. He urged them to rethink their position between the North and the South, and the reintegration of former Confederates into the political life. Lee became the great Southern hero of the War, an icon of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy to some. But his popularity even in the North, especially after his death in 1870. Barracks at West Point built in 1962 are named after him, Robert Edward Lee was born at Stratford Hall Plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Major General Henry Lee III, Governor of Virginia, and his second wife, Anne Hill Carter. His birth date has traditionally been recorded as January 19,1807, one of Lees great grandparents, Henry Lee I, was a prominent Virginian colonist of English descent. Lees family is one of Virginias first families, descended from Richard Lee I, Esq. the Immigrant, Lees mother grew up at Shirley Plantation, one of the most elegant homes in Virginia. Lees father, a planter, suffered severe financial reverses from failed investments. Little is known of Lee as a child, he spoke of his boyhood as an adult. Nothing is known of his relationship with his father who, after leaving his family, mentioned Robert only once in a letter. In 1811, the family, including the newly born child, Mildred, moved to a house on Oronoco Street, still close to the center of town. In 1812, Harry Lee was badly injured in a riot in Baltimore
21.
Battle of Cedar Mountain
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The Battle of Cedar Mountain, also known as Slaughters Mountain or Cedar Run, took place on August 9,1862, in Culpeper County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War. Union forces under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P, after nearly being driven from the field in the early part of the battle, a Confederate counterattack broke the Union lines resulting in a Confederate victory. The battle was the first combat of the Northern Virginia Campaign, on June 26, Maj. Gen. John Pope was placed in command of the newly constituted Union Army of Virginia. Pope deployed his army in an arc across Northern Virginia and its right flank, under Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, was positioned at Sperryville on the Blue Ridge Mountains, its center, under Maj. Gen Nathaniel P. Banks, was located at Little Washington, part of Bankss corps, Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawfords brigade and Brig. Gen John P. Hatchs cavalry, were stationed 20 miles beyond the Union line, General Robert E. Lee responded to Popes dispositions by dispatching Major General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson with 14,000 men to Gordonsville on July 13. Jackson was later reinforced with another 10,000 men by Maj. Gen. A. P. Hills division on July 27, mcClellans withdrawal from the Virginia Peninsula. In response to threat, Jackson chose to go on the offensive, attacking Popes vanguard under Banks. After defeating Banks, he hoped to move on Culpeper Court House,26 miles north of Gordonsville. This would allow Jackson to fight and hopefully defeat each of the Union Corps separately, accordingly, Jackson set out on August 7 for Culpeper. This task was accomplished by Robertson on August 8. As such, the head of his column had only progressed 8 miles by the evening of August 8, the Federal Cavalry, though easily dispatched by Robertson, quickly returned to Pope and alerted him of the Confederate advance. In response, Pope ordered Sigel to Culpeper Court House to reinforce Banks, as the rest of Ewells division arrived they formed on Earlys right, anchored against the northern slope of the mountain and deployed their six guns on its ridge. Winders artillery filled a gap on the road between the two divisions, the Stonewall Brigade, led by Col. Charles R. Ronald, was brought up in support behind the guns. A. P Hills division, still marching up the Turnpike, was ordered to stand in reserve on the Confederate left. The Federals formed a line on a ridge above Cedar Run, with Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawfords brigade forming the Union right in a field across from Garnett, augurs division on the Union left to the east of the Turnpike. Brig. Gen. John W. Gearys brigade was anchored on the Turnpike opposing Taliaferro, Gen Henry Princes brigade formed the far left opposite Ewell. Brig. Gen. George S. Greenes understrength brigade was kept in reserve in the rear, a little before 5,00 p. m. as the artillery fight began to wane, Confederate Brig. Gen. Charles S. Winder fell mortally wounded
22.
Centreville, Virginia
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Centreville is a census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States and a suburb of Washington, D. C. The boundaries recognized by the U. S. Census Bureau encompassed a population of 71,135 as of the 2010 census Centreville is approximately 20 miles west of Washington, DC. Beginning in the 1760s, the area was known as Newgate due to the popularity of the conveniently-located Newgate tavern, william Carr Lane operated the tavern and was co-proprietor of a nearby store with James Lane, Jr. The Lanes sold convicted servants, which may explain why the tavern had the name as a London prison. The small stream that passed near the tavern was named the River Thames, another reason for it being named Newgate, was the fact that it was a new gate to the western territories. The town of Centerville was established in 1792 on the road at the village of Newgate by the Virginia General Assembly in response to petitions by local landowners. The town acquired its name due to its central location, James Hardage Lane, one of the landowners, conceived the idea of the town as a way to provide financial support to his widow and their children. At the towns inception, it was within the boundary of Loudoun County, Virginia, town development established a pattern of mixed residential and commercial use. Frame houses, several taverns, stores, blacksmith shops, tanyards, in the Civil War, several battles were fought nearby including the First Battle of Manassas, the Second Battle of Manassas, and the Battle of Chantilly. Centreville was of significant strategic value due to its proximity to important roads. The town was associated with Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby, whose partisan rangers used its hillsides and farms as a base of operations. In 1943, Centreville was still so small that a map book individually, on a map of the entire county. In more recent times, Centreville has become a suburb of Washington, most of the growth occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s due the influx of technology companies and the ever-increasing area of the Washington, D. C. suburbs. Centreville is today a typical wealthy American suburb, composed of luxury townhomes, high-end supermarkets, strip malls, a movie theater, local newspapers such as The CentreView and the Fairfax Times now record local events and happenings in the community and surrounding communities such as Clifton. Centreville is located at 38°50′33″N 77°26′33″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.04 square miles, 99% of it land. As of the 2010 census, there is a population of 71,135 people and 25,516 households in the CDP, the population density was 5, 908/sq mi people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 57. 0%% White,25. 7% Asian,7. 5% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 1% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latinos of any race were 13. 4% of the population. 21. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 2. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.27
23.
Winfield Scott Hancock
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Winfield Scott Hancock was a career U. S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880. He served with distinction in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican-American War, known to his Army colleagues as Hancock the Superb, he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. One military historian wrote, No other Union general at Gettysburg dominated men by the force of their presence more completely than Hancock. As another wrote, his tactical skill had won him the admiration of adversaries who had come to know him as the Thunderbolt of the Army of the Potomac. His military service continued after the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South, Hancocks reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg, combined with his status as a Unionist and supporter of states rights, made him a potential presidential candidate. His noted integrity was a counterpoint to the corruption of the era, when the Democrats nominated him for President in 1880, he ran a strong campaign, but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A. Garfield. The twins were the sons of Benjamin Franklin Hancock and Elizabeth Hoxworth Hancock, Winfield was named after Winfield Scott, a prominent general in the War of 1812. The Hancock and Hoxworth families had lived in Montgomery County for several generations, Benjamin Hancock was a schoolteacher when his sons were born. A few years after their birth, he moved the family to Norristown, the county seat, Benjamin was also a deacon in the Baptist church and participated in municipal government. Hancock was at first educated at Norristown Academy, but removed to the schools when the first one opened in Norristown in the late 1830s. In 1840, Joseph Fornance, the local Congressman, nominated Hancock to the United States Military Academy at West Point, Hancocks progress at West Point was average. He graduated 18th in his class of 25 in 1844, Hancock was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 6th U. S. Infantry regiment, and initially was stationed in Indian Territory in the Red River Valley, the region was quiet at the time, and Hancocks time there was uneventful. Upon the outbreak of war with Mexico in 1846, Hancock worked to secure himself a place at the front, initially assigned to recruiting duties in Kentucky, he proved so adept at signing up soldiers that his superiors were reluctant to release him from his post. By July 1847, however, Hancock was permitted to join his regiment in Puebla, Mexico, scotts army moved farther inland from Puebla unopposed and attacked Mexico City from the south. During that campaign in 1847, Hancock first encountered battle at Contreras and he was appointed a brevet first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious service in those actions. Hancock was wounded in the knee at Churubusco and developed a fever, although he was well enough to join his regiment at Molino del Rey, fever kept Hancock from participating in the final breakthrough to Mexico City, something he would regret for the rest of his life. After the final victory, Hancock remained in Mexico with the 6th Infantry until the treaty of peace was signed in 1848, Hancock served in a number of assignments as an army quartermaster and adjutant, mostly in Fort Snelling, Minnesota and St. Louis, Missouri
24.
V Corps (Union Army)
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The V Corps was a unit of the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. The first unit designated as the V corps was organized briefly under Nathaniel P, banks The unit better known as V Corps was formed within the Army of the Potomac on May 18,1862 as V Corps Provisional, which was engaged in the Peninsula Campaign to seize Richmond. It was created by merging Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porters 3rd Division of the III Corps with Maj. Gen. George Sykes division of U. S, Regular troops, formerly in the Reserve. Porter became corps commander and his 1st Division was assigned to Brig. Gen. George W. Morell, on July 22,1862, provisional was dropped from the name as the U. S. War Department confirmed it as the V Corps, Army of the Potomac, the V Corps fought in several battles throughout the Peninsula Campaign, including Hanover Court House, Mechanicsville, Gainess Mill, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. The corps losses in the Seven Days Battles were 995 killed,3,805 wounded, of these casualties,6,837 occurred at Gainess Mill, the remainder at Mechanicsville, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. The corps was enlarged on June 14 by George A. McCalls division of Pennsylvania Reserves. Following the failure of the Peninsula Campaign, the Pennsylvania Reserves were reassigned to Irvin McDowells I Corps, the V Corps was reassigned to Maj. Gen. John Popes Army of Virginia, along with the III and IX Corps of George B. The general officers in the corps were all West Pointers and contained no political appointees or nonprofessionals, the presence of regular army troops added a more professional air to the V Corps than the others, and discipline and drills were typically stricter. In addition, the artillery reserve was attached to the corps. The V Corps saw action at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Losses of the small corps were 331 killed,1,364 wounded, and 456 missing, a total of 2,151, out of about 6,500 engaged. Two brigades, of six, were not engaged, one brigade, composed of two regiments under Gouverneur K. Warren, made a futile stand against the Confederate attack on the Union left flank. The corps saw action at the Battle of Antietam. The 1st Division was held in reserve in the center of the Union line. Elements of Sykess division engaged in skirmishing at the Upper Ford and it was after Antietam that a new 3rd Division was added under Andrew A. Humphreys, composed mostly of nine-month recruits from Pennsylvania. After Antietam, Fitz-John Porter was court martialed for disobeying orders at Second Bull Run, although Porter himself was not to blame, John Pope chose him as a scapegoat for that loss and his career was summarily ruined. Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield replaced Porter to command the V Corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and Generals Charles Griffin, Sykes, Losses were 206 killed,1,669 wounded, and 300 missing, total,2,175. When Hooker took command of the Army of the Potomac in the spring, he did away with the grand divisions, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, formerly commanding the 3rd Division of the I Corps, took charge of the V Corps
25.
J. E. B. Stuart
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James Ewell Brown Jeb Stuart was a United States Army officer from the U. S. state of Virginia, who later became a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was known to his friends as Jeb, from the initials of his given names, Stuart was a cavalry commander known for his mastery of reconnaissance and the use of cavalry in support of offensive operations. While he cultivated an image, his serious work made him the trusted eyes and ears of Robert E. Lees army. Stuart graduated from West Point in 1854, and served in Texas and Kansas with the U. S. Army. He was a veteran of the conflicts with Native Americans and the violence of Bleeding Kansas. He established a reputation as a cavalry commander and on two occasions circumnavigated the Union Army of the Potomac, bringing fame to himself and embarrassment to the North. At the Battle of Chancellorsville, he distinguished himself as a commander of the wounded Stonewall Jacksons infantry corps. During the 1864 Overland Campaign, Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridans cavalry launched an offensive to defeat Stuart, Stuarts widow wore black for the rest of her life in remembrance of her deceased husband. Stuart was born at Laurel Hill Farm, a plantation in Patrick County, Virginia and he was of Scottish American and Scots-Irish background. He was the eighth of eleven children and the youngest of the five sons to survive past early age and his great-grandfather, Major Alexander Stuart, commanded a regiment at the Battle of Guilford Court House during the American Revolutionary War. Archibald was a cousin of Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart, elizabeth Letcher Pannill Stuart, Jebs mother, who was known as a strict religious woman with a good sense for business, ran the family farm. He entered Emory and Henry College when he was fifteen, during the summer of 1848, Stuart attempted to enlist in the U. S. Army, but was rejected as underaged. He obtained an appointment in 1850 to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from Representative Thomas Hamlet Averett, Stuart was a popular student and was happy at the Academy. Although not handsome in his teen years, his classmates called him by the nickname Beauty and he possessed a chin so short and retiring as positively to disfigure his otherwise fine countenance. He quickly grew a beard after graduation and a fellow officer remarked that he was the man he ever saw that beard improved. Robert E. Lee was appointed superintendent of the Academy in 1852, Lees nephew, Fitzhugh Lee, also arrived at the academy in 1852. In Stuarts final year, in addition to achieving the rank of second captain of the corps. Stuart graduated 13th in his class of 46 in 1854 and he ranked tenth in his class in cavalry tactics
26.
Richard S. Ewell
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Richard Stoddert Ewell was a career United States Army officer and a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Ewell was born in Georgetown, District of Columbia and he was raised in Prince William County, Virginia, from the age of 3, at an estate near Manassas known as Stony Lonesome. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1840, thirteenth in his class of 42 cadets and he was known to his friends as Old Bald Head or Baldy. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the 1st U. S. Dragoons and was promoted to first lieutenant in 1845. From 1843 to 1845 he served with Philip St. George Cooke and Stephen Watts Kearny on escort duty along the Santa Fe, in the Mexican-American War, serving under Winfield Scott, he was recognized and promoted to captain for his courage at Contreras and Churubusco. At Contreras, he conducted a reconnaissance with engineer Captain Robert E. Lee. Ewell served in the New Mexico Territory for some time, exploring the newly acquired Gadsden Purchase with Colonel Benjamin Bonneville and he was wounded in a skirmish with Apaches under Cochise in 1859. In 1860, while in command of Fort Buchanan, Arizona and he described his condition as very ill with vertigo, nausea, etc. and now am excessively debilitated having occasional attacks of the ague. S. Army commission on May 7,1861, to join the Virginia Provisional Army and he was appointed a colonel of cavalry on May 9 and was the first officer of field grade wounded in the war, at a May 31 skirmish at Fairfax Court House. He was promoted to general in the Confederate States Army on June 17 and commanded a brigade in the Army of the Potomac at the First Battle of Bull Run. But Davis considered that impossible and that never came up between him and Ewell again. Nevertheless, Ewell, like Patrick Cleburne, was one of those few Confederate generals who saw that the Confederacy needed all the manpower it could get, Ewell inspired his men in spite of, not because of, his appearance. Historian Larry Tagg described him, On January 24,1862, Ewell was promoted to major general, although the two generals worked together well, and both were noted for their quixotic personal behavior, there were many stylistic differences between them. Jackson was stern and pious, whereas Ewell was witty and extremely profane, Jackson was flexible and intuitive on the battlefield, while Ewell, although brave and effective, required precise instructions to function effectively. Ewell was initially resentful about Jacksons tendency to keep his subordinates uninformed about his tactical plans, Ewell superbly commanded a division in Jacksons small army during the Valley Campaign, personally winning quite a few battles against the larger Union armies of Maj. Gens. Frémont, Nathaniel P. Banks, and James Shields, Jacksons army was then recalled to Richmond to join Robert E. Lee in protecting the city against Maj. Gen. George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac in the Peninsula Campaign, Ewell fought conspicuously at Gaines Mill and Malvern Hill. After Lee repelled the Union army in the Seven Days Battles, Union Maj. Gen. John Popes Army of Virginia threatened to attack from the north, so Jackson was sent to intercept him
27.
Orange and Alexandria Railroad
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The Orange and Alexandria Railroad was a railroad in Virginia, United States. It extended from Alexandria to Gordonsville, with another section from Charlottesville to Lynchburg, the road played a crucial role in the American Civil War, and eventually became an important part of the modern-day Norfolk Southern rail system. The Virginia General Assembly issued a charter to the O&A on May 28,1848, construction began in 1850 and was completed in April 1854, when it connected with the Virginia Central Railroad in Orange County. Its longtime President was John S. Barbour Jr. Virginia lawyer, part-time delegate, in 1854, the General Assembly granted the O&A the right to build southward from Charlottesville to Lynchburg. O&A paid for rights over Virginia Central tracks from Gordonsville to Charlottesville. In 1860, the extension was completed, including lucrative connections to the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. The O&A also connected with the Manassas Gap Railroad, at Tudor Hall which gave it access to the Shenandoah Valley, farmers from first Virginias Piedmont region, and later the Shenandoah Valley could ship their products, produce and goods much more cheaply than before. Not only were the markets of Washington D. C. and Richmond, Virginia accessible, Alexandria, Richmond and Lynchburg also became manufacturing centers. Passengers could travel from Washington to Lynchburg in eight hours instead of enduring a three-day stagecoach journey, the O&A was strategically important during the Civil War and was arguably the most fought-over railroad in Virginia. In connection with the Virginia Central, it was the rail link between the capitals at Washington, D. C. and Richmond. An 1861 Union Army attempt to control of Manassas Junction led to the First Battle of Bull Run. Confederate Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson attacked it in the Battle of Manassas Station Operations to draw the Union into the 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run, the 1863 Battle of Brandy Station and Second Battle of Rappahannock Station were also fought near the railroad line. The railroad entered Reconstruction in dire shape, with much of its track ripped up, however, Barbour proceded to rebuild the railroad, soon with the help of various politically connected financiers and his brother in law J. S. B. In 1867, the O&A merged with the Manassas Gap Railroad to become the Orange, Alexandria, after the Panic of 1873, the railroad was consolidated into the Virginia Midland Railway, which was controlled by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It later became part of the Richmond and Danville Railroad, which went bankrupt in the Panic of 1893, the following year it was merged into the Southern Railway. A cutoff between Orange and Charlottesville was incorporated in 1876 as the Charlottesville and Rapidan Railroad and opened in 1880, the Southern Railway acquired the line in 1914. In 1982, Southern Railway System joined the Norfolk and Western Railway to form the Norfolk Southern system, the former O&A tracks are also used by Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express operates commuter railroad service along a portion of the historic line. Among the traces of the infrastructure are Hoofs Run Bridge
28.
Henry Heth
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Henry Heth was a career United States Army officer who became a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He is generally blamed for starting the Battle of Gettysburg by sending half his division into the town before the rest of the army was fully prepared. Later in the day, Confederate troops succeeded in routing a Union corps, Heth continued to command his division during the remainder of the war and briefly took command of the Third Corps in April 1865 after the death of General Hill. Heth surrendered with the rest of Lees army on April 9, Henry Heth was born at Black Heath in Chesterfield County, Virginia, son of United States Navy Captain John Heth, and Margaret L. Pickett. He was a cousin of George Pickett, Heth graduated from the United States Military Academy at the bottom of his class in 1847, he was wounded at West Point in 1846 with a bayonet stab to his leg. He was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 1st Infantry Regiment. His antebellum career was served primarily in western posts, some as a quartermaster and he was serving as a first lieutenant in the 6th Infantry when John C. Symmes III refused a captaincy in the new 10th Infantry on March 3,1855 and he played a prominent role in the 1855 Battle of Ash Hollow, leading a company of mounted infantry against the Lakota. In 1858, he created the first marksmanship manual for the Army, after the war began at Fort Sumter, Heth resigned from the U. S. Army and joined the Confederate States Army. He spent the remainder of 1861 in the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia in the 5th and 45th Virginia Infantry regiments and he was promoted to brigadier general on January 6,1862. In the Spring of 1862 Heth was in command of the Army of the New River, Heths diminutive force held off the forces of General Jacob D. Cox in the Action at Giles Courthouse and pursued the enemy to Lewisburg, where Heth was forced to withdraw. The actions were critical to keeping federal forces tied up and out of the Valley of Virginia while Stonewall Jackson was conducting his own campaign 120 miles to the North and he was then sent west to the Department of East Tennessee, to serve under Edmund Kirby Smith. In March 1863, Lee brought Heth back into his command and he assumed temporary command of the division when Hill was wounded. Following the death of Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, Lee reorganized his army into three corps, promoting Hill to the Third Corps, Heth retained his division command and was promoted to major general on May 24,1863. Heths division made history by starting the Battle of Gettysburg. Marching east from Cashtown on July 1,1863, Heth sent two brigades ahead in a reconnaissance in force and his memoirs referred to sending them in a search of shoes in Gettysburg, but some historians consider this an apocryphal story, they say Heth knew that Jubal A. Early had been in Gettysburg a few days earlier and any available shoes would have taken at that time. They also consider sending two brigades on such a mission would have been wasteful, the brigades made contact with Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford and spread out into battle formation
29.
Alexander S. Webb
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Alexander Stewart Webb was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the Battle of Gettysburg. After the war, he was president of the City College of New York for thirty-three years, Alexander Webb was born in New York City to a prominent family with a strong military lineage. His father was the newspaper owner and diplomat, James Watson Webb. His grandfather, Samuel Blatchley Webb, was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Webb graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1855, ranking 13 out of 34. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th U. S. Artillery and was sent to Florida to serve in the Seminole War, after serving his duty in Florida, he was given an appointment to serve as an instructor of mathematics at West Point. During the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam, recently promoted to lieutenant colonel, after Antietam, he was ordered to Washington, D. C. where he served as Inspector of Artillery. In January 1863 he was assigned to the V Corps, now commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. During the Battle of Chancellorsville, Meade gave Webb temporary command of Brig. Gen. Erastus B, tylers brigade and thrust him into battle. He performed well and Meade in his report on the battle paid particular detail to Webbs intelligence, on July 1,1863, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Webb brigadier general, to rank from June 23,1863. Three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, Brig. Gen. John Gibbon arrested the Philadelphia Brigades commander, Brig. Gen. Joshua T. Owen, Webbs most memorable military service was at Gettysburg. His brigade was posted on Cemetery Ridge with the rest of the II Corps on the morning of July 2,1863, the brigade repulsed the assault of Brig. Gen. Ambrose R. Soon after, Webb sent two regiments to assist in counterattacking the assault of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Earlys division on Cemetery Hill. On July 3, Webbs brigade happened to be in the center of the Union line to defend against Picketts Charge, in front of the famous Copse of Trees. As the Confederates launched an artillery barrage to prepare for their infantry assault, Webb made himself conspicuous to his men. He stood in front of the line and leaned on his sword, puffing leisurely on a cigar while cannonballs whistled by, although his men shouted at him to take shelter, he refused and impressed many with his personal bravery. He shouted to his neighboring 72nd Pennsylvania to charge, but they refused to budge. Webb ultimately gave up on the 72nd and strode directly in front of the chaos as Brig. Gen. Lewis Armisteads Confederate brigade breached the low stone wall, Webb was wounded in his thigh and groin by a bullet, but kept going
30.
Richard H. Anderson
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Richard Heron Anderson was a career U. S. Army officer, fighting with distinction in the Mexican-American War. He also served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War, fighting in the Eastern Theater of the conflict, Anderson was also noted for his humility. Anderson was born in the High Hills of Santee at Borough House Plantation, near the town of Stateburg located in Sumter County, South Carolina. He was the son of Dr. William Wallace Anderson and his wife, Mary Jane Mackensie, Anderson graduated 40th out of 56 cadets from the United States Military Academy in July 1842, and was brevetted a second lieutenant in the 1st U. S. Dragoons. He served the school for practice at the U. S. Army Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Anderson spent 1843 on frontier duty in the American West, serving first at Little Rock, Arkansas and his regiment escorted the U. S. Indian Agent to Red River in 1843, and then returned to Fort Washita, remaining there until 1844. Anderson was promoted to lieutenant on July 16,1844. His regiment then joined the expedition for the occupation of Texas in 1845. In the Mexican-American War, Anderson took part in the Siege of Veracruz in March 1847 and he fought in the Battle of Contreras on August 19, the skirmish near San Agustin Altapulco the following day, and the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. For gallantry during the fighting near San Agustin, he was brevetted to the rank of first lieutenant as of August 17, Anderson also participated in the fight for and capture of Mexico City from September 12–14. After Mexico, Anderson was promoted to first lieutenant in the 2nd U. S. Dragoons on July 13,1848, was again on recruiting duty in 1849 and he returned to the Carlisle Barracks from 1849 to 1850, and then was recruiting once more until 1852. Next came frontier duty in several Texas installations, including at Fort Graham in 1852 to 1853, at Fort McKavett from 1853 to 1854, at San Antonio in 1854, and at Fort McKavett in 1855. He was promoted to captain on March 3,1855, and was stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, Anderson was still serving in Kansas during the border troubles of 1856 and 1857, then was recruiting as well as his last stint at the Carlisle Barracks in 1858. He participated in the Utah War of 1858 and 1859, and was on duty at Fort Kearny, Nebraska, Anderson chose to follow his home state and the Confederate cause, and he resigned from the U. S. Army to enter service with the Confederate Army. Anderson accepted a commission as colonel of the 1st South Carolina Regulars as of January 28 and he was given command of the Charleston harbor area after the capture of Fort Sumter that April. He was promoted to general on July 19 and transferred to Pensacola, Florida. After recovering, Anderson joined the Confederate Army of the Potomac in February 1862 as a brigade commander. During the Peninsula Campaign, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Williamsburg in May, during the Battle of Seven Pines, at Glendale, he took temporary command of Maj. Gen. James Longstreets division
31.
Alexander Hays
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Alexander Hays was a Union Army general in the American Civil War, killed in the Battle of the Wilderness. Hays was born in Franklin, Pennsylvania, the son of Samuel Hays and he studied at Allegheny College and then transferred to the United States Military Academy in his senior year, graduating in 1844, ranking 20th out of 25 cadets. Among his classmates were future Civil War generals Alfred Pleasonton and Winfield S. Hancock and he became a close personal friend of Ulysses S. Grant, who had graduated the year before. Hays was brevetted as a lieutenant in the 8th U. S. Infantry. He served in the Mexican-American War, and won distinction in an engagement near Atlixco. In April 1848, he resigned his commission in the army and he settled in Venango County, where he engaged in the manufacture of iron from 1848–50 before briefly leaving for the California gold fields to seek his fortune. Failing that, he returned home and became an assistant construction engineer for the railroad until 1854, from 1854 through 1860, Hays was a civil engineer for the city of Pittsburgh, helping plan several bridge building projects. At the beginning of the Civil War, Hays re-entered the service as colonel of the 63rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Infantry in the regular army to date from May 14,1861. His men knew him to be as brave as a lion, during the Peninsula Campaign, he was attached with his regiment to the first brigade of Kearnys division of Heintzelmans III Corps. He fought in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Savages Station, Hays briefly went on sick leave a month later, suffering from partial blindness and paralysis of his left arm, injuries incurred from battle. While recovering, he was appointed general of volunteers, September 29,1862. Early in 1863 Hays was made a commander in XXII Corps in the defenses of Washington. His brigade, composed largely of troops surrendered after the Battle of Harpers Ferry, was added to the Army of the Potomac as the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps. Due to his seniority, after the reassignment of William H. French, during the Battle of Gettysburg, Hayss division defended the right of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. The division held firm in the repulse of the Confederate attack on July 3,1863, for his efforts at Gettysburg, Hays gained the brevet rank of colonel in the regular army. Later returning to command before the Bristoe Campaign, he was engaged at Auburn. Hayss last major engagement as a commander was at Mortons Ford on the Rapidan River in Virginia on February 6,1864. A demonstration in force by II Corps became a fiasco with Hayss division suffering 252 casualties
32.
Carnot Posey
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Carnot Posey was a Mississippi planter and lawyer, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bristoe Station and he was transported for care to the University of Virginia, where the rooms on the Lawn all served as Confederate hospital rooms. He was placed in the room where he lived many years earlier as a UVa Law student. Posey was born near Woodville, Mississippi, the fourth of eight children of planter John Brooke Posey and he attended the common schools and then graduated from college in Jackson, Mississippi, before studying law at the University of Virginia. He returned to his familys plantation and later established a law practice in Woodville and he married Mary Collins in May 1840 and they had two sons. However, Mary Posey died four years later, when the Mexican-American War erupted, Posey was commissioned a first lieutenant in the 1st Mississippi Rifles, a volunteer regiment commanded by future Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Posey fought at the Battle of Buena Vista, where he was wounded, returning to Woodville after the war, Posey married Jane White in February 1849. They would eventually have six children, U. S. President James Buchanan appointed Posey as the district attorney for southern Mississippi, a post he held when the state seceded from the Union. Posey recruited a local company, the Wilkinson Rifles, and enlisted them into Confederate service. They became part of the 16th Mississippi, with Posey being selected as the regiments first colonel on June 4, not long afterward, Posey saw his first action of the war in a skirmish near Corinth, Mississippi. He and his men were transferred to the Eastern Theater in August 1861, Posey suffered a slight wound at the Battle of Cross Keys during Major General Stonewall Jacksons Valley Campaign in June 1862. His regiment fought through the Seven Days Battles with the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee, Poseys regiment fought at Fredericksburg in December 1862, successfully repelling a Union attack. In the spring of 1863, Posey was promoted to Brigadier General with date of rank of November 1,1862, the following May, Poseys Brigade saw limited action at the Battle of Chancellorsville, maintaining a reserve position at Salem Church. During the army reorganization following Stonewall Jacksons death, Poseys Brigade was assigned to Major General Richard H. Andersons division of the Third Corps. During the Battle of Gettysburg in July, the brigade was part of Andersons July 2 attack on Cemetery Ridge, conducting a feeble, disjointed attack that was repulsed. During the fall campaign, Posey was wounded in the thigh by a shell fragment at the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14,1863. He was initially taken to Culpeper Court House for medical treatment, in an era with limited understanding of germs, infection soon set in. After a months struggle to live, Posey died in Room 33 West Lawn at the University of Virginia, under the care of his friend, Dr. John Davis, in Charlottesville, Virginia
33.
William Whedbee Kirkland
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William Whedbee Kirkland was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was the only former US Marine to serve as a Confederate general, Kirkland was born in Hillsborough, Orange County, North Carolina. He was appointed to the United States Military Academy in 1852, despite this failure, he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps in 1855. He resigned his U. S. commission in 1860, when the Civil War broke out, Kirkland was colonel of the 11th North Carolina Volunteers, later designated the 21st North Carolina. He fought at First Manassas, and, the next year, Kirkland was shot through both thighs during the First Battle of Winchester, putting him out of action for several months. When he returned, Kirkland became chief of staff for Patrick Cleburne during the Murfreesboro campaign in December 1862, Kirkland returned to active service with his old regiment at the Battle of Gettysburg, taking part during the fighting on July 1 &2. He was promoted to general in August 1863, and commanded the former brigade of J. Johnston Pettigrew at the Battle of Bristoe Station. In 1864 he fought in the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse before being wounded again at the Battle of Cold Harbor, Kirkland was assigned to the command of another brigade in Robert F. Hokes division in August 1864. Kirkland served under James Longstreet at Richmond, taking part in the attack on Fort Harrison in October 1864, transferred to North Carolina in December, Kirkland assisted in the defense of Fort Fisher by forcing back the Federal advance under the command of Benjamin Butler. Later, when the Confederates abandoned the fort and withdrew to Wilmington, he commanded the rear guard and he fought at Bentonville and surrendered with Joseph E. Johnston on April 26,1865 in Durham, North Carolina. After the war, Kirkland settled in Savannah, Georgia, where he worked in the commission business and he later moved to New York City and worked for the post office there. An invalid by the end of the century, he spent the last years of his life in a home in Washington. Kirkland died on May 12,1915, and was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Shepherdstown, kirklands daughter Bess became famous on the Broadway stage under the name Odette Tyler. His family home, Ayr Mount, in Hillsborough, NC, is now a house museum, list of American Civil War generals Hess, Earl J. Lees Tar Heels, The Pettigrew-Kirkland-MacRae Brigade. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press,2002, ISBN 0-8078-2687-1 Confederate General William W. Kirkland
34.
John Rogers Cooke
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John Rogers Cooke was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He was the son of Union general Philip St. George Cooke, the son of a career army officer, Cooke was born at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. After studying at the University of Missouri and Harvard College, Cooke was commissioned into the United States Army in 1855 as a lieutenant of the 8th U. S. On January 28,1861, Cooke was promoted to second lieutenant, when Virginia seceded from the Union, in 1861 Cooke followed his brother-in-law, Jeb Stuart, south. To his dismay, his father remained loyal to the Union, in 1861, Cooke was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Confederate Army, and participated in the First Battle of Bull Run. In April 1862, he was elected colonel of the 27th North Carolina Infantry, although wounded at the Battle of Antietam, he was able to keep the field and was promoted to brigadier general on November 1,1862. Leading a brigade in action at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Cooke was badly wounded when a bullet entered over his left eye and he was able to return to the field in April 1863. In October 1863, while commanding a brigade in A. P. Hills corps and his shinbone was shattered and he was knocked out of action for some time. He passed the time by serving on courts of inquiry in Richmond, Cooke returned to duty but was once again wounded in the leg at the Battle of Spotsylvania, but remained on the field to lead an assault on horseback. Cooke was wounded seven times during the Civil War, when the War ended, Cooke went to Richmond, and became a merchant. He was an member of the community and was one of the founders of the Confederate Soldiers Home in Richmond. The family breach with his father—who had stayed loyal to the Union—was healed some time after the end of the War, Cooke died in Richmond, Virginia and is buried there in Hollywood Cemetery. List of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, who Was Who in the Civil War. New York, Facts On File,1988, warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959, and Then A. P. Hill Came Up- Biography of John Rogers Cooke
35.
Civil War Trust
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The Civil War Trust is a charitable organization whose primary focus is in the preservation of American Civil War battlefields. The Civil War Trust also promotes educational programs and heritage tourism initiatives to inform the public of the wars history, the modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement was first undertaken by the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites, which was founded in 1987. APCWS not only protected thousands of acres of battlefields from destruction, the Civil War Trust, another non-profit focused on preserving Civil War battlefields, was formed in 1991. The Civil War Preservation Trust was created on November 19,1999, the merger, which was propelled by a unanimous vote of both boards, was effected in order to streamline and strengthen efforts to protect Americas most endangered parcels of Civil War history. On January 11,2011, the Civil War Preservation Trust shortened its name to the Civil War Trust, federal matching grants for this program were enacted by Congress in December 2014. The President of the Civil War Trust is O, since its formation, the Civil War Trust has grown to nearly 200,000 members and supporters and has permanently saved more than 40,000 acres of American Civil War battlefield land. The Civil War Trust is a organization that uses donated funds to protect Civil War battlefield land. Land is acquired by the Civil War Trust from private parties at fair market value or by donation. Once land is acquired, the Civil War Trust is responsible for stewardship and interpretation, often with assistance from local governments. In cases where a landowner wants to retain ownership the Civil War Trust can arrange a conservation easement to protect their property, Conservation easements ensure that the property remains free of development in future years. In its effort to preserve Civil War battlefields, the Civil War Trust attempts to leverage federal and state programs designed to foster preservation of historic, CWBPP is designed to promote the preservation of significant Civil War battlefields by offering competitive matching grants for qualifying preservation opportunities. Other federal sources include the Transportation Enhancement program and the Farm, the Civil War Trust has also leveraged funds made available by state and local governments. The Civil War Trust has preserved more than 42,000 acres of Civil War battlefields at more than 120 Civil War battlefields in 20 different states within the United States, the Civil War Trust, working in partnership with Tricord, Inc. SunTrust Bank, and the Central Virginia Battlefield Trust, was able to purchase the property for $12 million in 2006, the Slaughter Pen Farm was the largest remaining unprotected part of the Fredericksburg Battlefield. It is also the place on the battlefield where a visitor can still follow the Union assault from beginning to end. 209 acres at The Wilderness, Virginia In October 2010, the Civil War Trust announced a new and ambitious campaign to save 49-acre of the Wilderness Battlefield in Orange County, Virginia. This Middlebrook Tract includes the edge of Saunders Field and land associated with the May 6,1864 flank attack by Confederate forces under John B. Historian and author Gordon Rhea stated that this land witnessed some of the Wilderness most brutal combat
36.
Douglas Southall Freeman
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Douglas Southall Freeman was an American historian, biographer, newspaper editor, and author. He is best known for his biographies of Robert E. Lee and George Washington. From childhood, Freeman exhibited an interest in Southern history, in Lynchburg, his family lived at 416 Main Street, near the home of Confederate general Jubal Early. The family moved to the former Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia in 1892 at the height of the monument commemoration movement that memorialized Virginias Robert E. Lee, J. E. B. In 1904, Freeman was awarded an AB degree from Richmond College, in 1908, at the age of 22, he earned a PhD in history at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1911, Freeman came into possession of a cache of long-lost wartime communications between Robert E. Lee and Confederate president Jefferson Davis, Freeman spent four years working on the documents, and in 1915, he published Lees Dispatches. The book was received enthusiastically by Civil War historians, and it became an important primary source for Civil War scholars, in his Introduction, Freeman summarized seven major revelations contained in the letters. Following the immediate success of Lees Dispatches, Freeman was approached by New York publisher Charles Scribners Sons. Freeman accepted but chose to retain his position at The Richmond News Leader, freemans research of Lee was exhaustive. He evaluated and cataloged every item about Lee, and he reviewed records at West Point and the War Department and material in private collections. In narrating the generals Civil War years, he used came to be known as the fog of war technique. That helped convey the confusion of war that Lee experienced as well as the processes by which Lee grappled with problems, R. E. Lee, A Biography was published in four volumes in 1934 and 1935. In its book review, The New York Times declared it Lee complete for all time, historian Dumas Malone wrote, Great as my personal expectations were, the realization far surpassed them. In 1935, Freeman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his four-volume biography and it presents a unique combination of military strategy, biography, and Civil War history, and it shows how armies actually work. Published during World War II, it had a influence on American military leaders. A few months after the conclusion of the war, Freeman was asked to join a tour of American forces in Europe. After completing his studies of Lee, his generals. Applying the same approach of research and writing narrative based on objective fact
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
38.
Francis Amasa Walker
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Francis Amasa Walker was an American economist, statistician, journalist, educator, academic administrator, and military officer in the Union Army. Walker was born into a prominent Boston family, the son of the economist and politician Amasa Walker and he received a commission to join the 15th Massachusetts Infantry and quickly rose through the ranks as an assistant adjutant general. Walker also led the 1880 census which resulted in a twenty-two volume census, as an economist, Walker debunked the wage-fund doctrine and engaged in a prominent scholarly debate with Henry George on land, rent, and taxes. Walker argued in support of bimetallism and although he was an opponent of the nascent socialist movement and he published his International Bimetallism at the height of the 1896 presidential election campaign in which economic issues were prominent. Walker was a writer, authoring ten books on political economy. Walker accepted the presidency of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1881, mITs Walker Memorial Hall, a former students clubhouse and one of the original buildings on the Charles River campus, was dedicated to him in 1916. Walker was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest son of Hanna and Amasa Walker, the Walkers had three children, Emma, Robert, and Francis. Because the Walkers next-door neighbor was Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. the junior Walker and junior Holmes were playmates as young children, the family moved from Boston to North Brookfield, Massachusetts in 1843 and remained there. As a boy he had both a noted temper as well as a magnetic personality, beginning his schooling at the age of seven, Walker studied Latin at various private and public schools in Brookfield before being sent to the Leicester Academy when he was twelve. Although he had planned to matriculate at Harvard after his first year at Amherst, Walkers father believed his son was too young to enter the larger college and insisted he remain at Amherst. While he had entered with the class of 1859, Walker became ill during his first year there and fell back a year. He was a member of the Delta Kappa and Athenian societies as a freshman, joined and withdrew from Alpha Sigma Phi as a sophomore on account of rowdyism, as a student, Walker was awarded the Sweetser Essay Prize and the Hardy Prize for extemporaneous speaking. He graduated in 1860 as Phi Beta Kappa with a degree in law, after graduation, he joined the law firm of Charles Devens and George Frisbie Hoar in Worcester, Massachusetts. As tensions between the North and South increased over the winter of 1860–1861, Walker equipped himself and began drilling with Major Devens 3rd Battalion of Rifles in Worcester and New York. Despite his older brother Robert serving in the 34th Massachusetts Infantry, Walker returned to Worcester but began to lobby William Schouler and Governor John Andrew to grant him a commission as a second lieutenant under Devens command of the 15th Massachusetts. However, by September 14,1861, Walker had been recommended by Devens, Couch as assistant adjutant general and promoted to captain. Walker remained in Washington, D. C. over the winter of 1861–1862 and did not see combat until May 1862 at the Battle of Williamsburg. Walker also served at Seven Pines as well as at the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula Campaign in the summer of 1862 under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac
39.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
