1.
Platine War
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The Platine War was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes. The war was part of a long-running interest disputes between Argentina and Brazil for influence over Uruguay and Paraguay, and hegemony over the Platine region, the conflict took place in Uruguay, on the Río de la Plata, and northeastern Argentina. Uruguays internal troubles, including the long-running Uruguayan Civil War, La Guerra Grande, were heavily influential factors leading to the Platine War, in 1850, the Platine region was politically unstable. Meanwhile, Uruguay struggled with its own civil war started after getting independent from the Brazilian Empire in 1828 after conclusion of Cisplatine War. Rosas backed the Uruguayan Blanco party in conflict, and further desired to extend Argentine borders to areas formerly occupied by the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. This meant asserting control over Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia and this threatened Brazilian interests and sovereignty since the old Spanish Viceroyalty had also included territories which had long been incorporated into Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil actively pursued ways to eliminate the threat from Rosas, in 1851, it allied with the Argentine breakaway provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios, and the anti-Rosas Colorado party in Uruguay. Brazil next secured the flank by signing defensive alliances with Paraguay. Faced with an alliance against his regime, Rosas declared war on Brazil. Allied forces first advanced into Uruguayan territory, defeating the Rosas supporters from the Blanco party led by Manuel Oribe. Afterwards, the Allied army was divided, with the main arm advancing by land to engage Rosass main defenses, the Platine War ended in 1852 with the Allied victory at the Battle of Caseros, for some time establishing Brazilian hegemony over much of South America. The war ushered a period of economic and political stability in the Empire of Brazil, with Rosas gone, Argentina began a political process which would result in a more unified state. However, the end of the Platine war did not completely resolve issues within the Platine region, turmoil continued in subsequent years, with internal disputes among political factions in Uruguay, a long civil war in Argentina, and an emergent Paraguay asserting its claims. Two more major international wars followed during the two decades, sparked by territorial ambitions and conflicts over influence. Don Juan Manuel de Rosas became governor of Buenos Aires after the period of anarchy following the end of the Cisplatine War in 1828. In theory, Rosas only held as much power as governors of the other Argentine provinces, during his 20-year government, the country witnessed the resurgence of armed conflicts between the Unitarians and the Federalists. Rosas desired to recreate the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and he aimed to build a powerful, republican state with Argentina placed at the center. The defunct Viceroyalty had shattered into several separate nations following the Argentine War of Independence at the beginning of the 19th century, Rosas first had to gather allies across the region who shared his vision
2.
Argentine Civil Wars
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The Argentine Civil Wars were a series of internecine wars that took place in Argentina from 1814 to 1880. These conflicts were separate from the Argentine War of Independence, though they first arose during this period. The main antagonists were, on a level, Buenos Aires Province and the other provinces of modern Argentina. Regionalism had long marked the relationship among the provinces of what today is Argentina. In addition, Rosas was granted the sum of public power, the Argentine Confederation thus functioned, albeit amid ongoing conflicts, until the 1852 Battle of Caseros, when Rosas was deposed and exiled. The secessionist state rejected the 1853 Constitution of Argentina, and promulgated its own the following year, the most contentious issue remained the Buenos Aires Customs, which remained under the control of the city government and was the chief source of public revenue. Nations with which the Confederation maintained foreign relations, moreover, kept all embassies in Buenos Aires, the election of the intransigent Valentín Alsina further exacerbated disputes, which culminated in the Battle of Cepeda. Buenos Aires forces, led by General Bartolomé Mitre, were defeated by those led by the President of Argentina, Mitre ultimately abrogated the Pact of San José, leading to renewed civil war. These hostilities culminated in the 1861 Battle of Pavón, and to victory on the part of Mitre, President Santiago Derqui, who had been backed by Urquiza, resigned on November 4,1861. Mitre, who despite victory reaffirmed his commitment to the 1860 constitutional amendments, was elected the republics first president in 1862 and he was defeated, however, and only President Avellanedas commutation spared his life. The 1880 election of the leader of Conquest of the Desert, General Julio Roca, university of North Carolina Press,1937. Buenos Aires, Editorial Peña Lillo,1971
3.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
4.
Corrientes Province
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Corrientes is a province in northeast Argentina, in the Mesopotamia region. It is surrounded by, Paraguay, the province of Misiones, Brazil, Uruguay, before the arrival of the Spanish conquest, the Kaingang, Charrua and Guaraní lived in a big area that also covered most of the current province of Corrientes. The city of Corrientes was founded on April 3,1588 by Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón as a mid-stop between Asunción and Buenos Aires, the city flourished thanks to the traffic from the route. Jesuits erected missions in the north of the province, where they dedicated themselves to the expansion of the faith, in the wars of independence from Spain, Corrientes joined Artigas Liga de los Pueblos Libres. The attack of Paraguayan forces on the province in 1865 marked the start of the War of the Triple Alliance, in 1919 the National University of the Littoral was founded, which in 1956 became the National University of the Northeast. Corrientes is legendary in the world of philately for the stamps it issued from 1856 to 1880. These are among the early or classic postage stamps of the world. As locally produced primitives, the early Corrientes stamps have long been prized by collectors, after 1880, stamps of Argentina were used. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, politics in Corrientes were dominated by the Romero Feris family, during most of this time, the Romero Ferises created one of Argentinas most bloated government payrolls and suppressed dissent and efforts at even modest land reform. He was sentenced to 7 years in prison in May,2002, Corrientes had a significant impact in national politics in subsequent years. These differences led to the appearance that year of K Radicals – UCR governors, the northeastern tip of Corrientes Province was chosen as the site for Yacyretá Dam following an agreement between President Juan Perón and Paraguayan President Alfredo Stroessner in 1974. Yacyretá, whose 20-year-long construction and US$11 billion cost far exceeded initial estimates, is one of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world. Currently, an agreement is being pursued with Paraguay which would allow reservoir expansion works that could double the current installed electric capacity of 4,050 MW. Culture in Corrientes has been informed and influenced by its European and Guarani roots. Famous correntinos were independence hero General Don José de San Martín and Juan Bautista Cabral, tourist destinations in the Corrientes Province include the Iberá Wetlands and the Mburucuyá National Park. On 28 September 2004, Provincial Law No.5598 declared Guaraní to be a language of Corrientes. It was the first Argentine province to officialize a language other than Spanish, Corrientes is surrounded by two rivers – the Uruguay River to the east, and the Paraná River to the northwest – that contour the shape of the province. The low shore of the Paraná produces frequent floodings, after a specially destructive one in 1982, a protective system has been started with the construction of barriers
5.
Unitarian Party
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Unitarianists or Unitarians were the proponents of the concept of a unitary state in Buenos Aires during the civil wars which shortly followed the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816. They were opposed to the Argentine Federalists, who wanted a federation of independent provinces and these were evident at least as early as the declaration of Argentine independence in 1816. The Unitarianists lost their power after the Battle of Cepeda. However, the Unitarianists were forced to sign a treaty with other provinces and this did not solve the conflicts between the Federalists and the Unitarians. Under President Bernardino Rivadavia, the Unitarianists gained control for a period of time. ”However, the constitution was rejected by provincial caudillos, military leaders. Forced to resign, the Government of Buenos Aires and the Foreign relations of the country were taken over by Federalist Manuel Dorrego. In 1829, Juan Manuel de Rosas, the leader of a troop of Federalists, became the Governor of Buenos Aires after defeating General Juan Lavalle, although Rosas was a Federalist, his following of the principles of Federalism has often been questioned. In 1830, the Unitarian League was created by General José María Paz in order to defeat the Federalists, the Federalists faced Paz and his troops on May 31,1831 and the Unitarianists were defeated after the Gauchos captured the Unitarianist commander. The Provinces of the Unitarian League gradually joining into the Federal Pact, although the Unitarians exiled in neighboring countries, the Civil War would continue for another two decades, the Unitarians being led by Lavalle, Paz, Lamadrid, and many others. With support from Corrientes Province and the Brazilian Empire, Justo José de Urquiza, Federalist caudillo of Entre Ríos Province, on May, the San Nicolás Agreement was signed by the provincial governors. The pact reinstated the 1831 Federal Pact original provisions for a constitutional convention, in 1859 Buenos Aires was forced to accept the federal constitution of 1853 after six years of secession, after Mitre was defeated at the 1859 Battle of Cepeda by Urquiza. However, the constitution was amended to allow Buenos Aires greater influence after the ensuing 1861 Battle of Pavón. Mitre was then chosen as President of a new national government, opposition to the Unitarianists continued until 1890 under the Córdoba League. History of Argentina United Provinces of South America Bernardino Rivadavia unitario Encyclopædia Britannica, crow, John A. he Epic of Latin America
6.
Colorado Party (Uruguay)
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The Colorado Party is a political party in Uruguay. It unites moderate and liberal groups, but also has some social groups as well. It was the dominant party of government almost without exception during the stabilisation of the Uruguayan republic, at the last 2004 national elections, the Colorado Party won 10 seats out of 99 in the Chamber of Deputies and 3 seats out of 31 in the Senate. Its presidential candidate, Guillermo Stirling, won the same 10. 4% of the popular vote, the Colorado Party was founded in Montevideo, Uruguay, on 17 September 1836. The party has historically been the most elected party in Uruguayan history with almost uninterrupted dominance during the 20th century, the Colorados were in office from 1865 to 1959, when they were defeated by the Partido Nacional in the 1958 elections. They returned to office after the 1966 elections and they won the first elections at the end of the military dictatorship, in 1984. They went on to win the 1994 and 1999 elections, from its birth until the last decades of the 20th century its traditional rival was the conservative Partido Nacional. Reasons for the weak results were many, but these include the economic crisis. Subsequently to his defeat in 2004, Guillermo Stirling endorsed Pedro Bordaberry Herráns Vamos Uruguay movement, Bordaberry Herrán became the presidential candidate for the 2009 presidential election, and placed third, with 17 percent of the vote, behind José Mujica and Luis Alberto Lacalle. Bordaberry Herrán placed third again in the 2014 presidential election, with 13% of the vote, Colorado Party National Party Contributions to liberal theory Liberalism worldwide List of liberal parties Liberal democracy Liberalism in Uruguay Fructuoso Rivera Pedro Bordaberry
Entre Ríos Province (Argentina)
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Empire of Brazil
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