1.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
American Revolutionary War
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Clockwise from top left:
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the
Siege of Yorktown,
Battle of Trenton,
The Death of General Warren at the
Battle of Bunker Hill,
Battle of Long Island,
Battle of Guilford Court House
American Revolutionary War
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Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper
American Revolutionary War
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This iconic 1846 lithograph by
Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians.
American Revolutionary War
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The British marching to
Concord in April 1775
2.
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Greensboro is a city in the U. S. state of North Carolina. It is the third-largest city by population in North Carolina and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 269,666, and in 2015 the estimated population was 285,342. Three major interstate highways in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city, in 1808, Greensborough was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat. In 2003, the previous Greensboro – Winston-Salem – High Point metropolitan statistical area was re-defined by the U. S. Office of Management and this region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA. The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801, the combined statistical area of Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad, had a population of 1,599,477. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Greensboro were a Siouan-speaking people called the Saura, other indigenous cultures had occupied this area for thousands of years, typically settling along the waterways, as did the early settlers. Quaker migrants from Pennsylvania, by way of Maryland, arrived at Capefair in about 1750, the new settlers began organized religious services affiliated with the Cane Creek Friends Meeting in Snow Camp in 1751. Three years later,40 Quaker families were granted approval to establish New Garden Monthly Meeting, the settlement grew rapidly during the next three years, adding members from as far away as Nantucket in Massachusetts. It soon became the most important Quaker community in North Carolina and mother of several other Quaker meetings that were established in the state and west of the Appalachians. After the Revolutionary War, the city of Greensboro was named for Major General Nathanael Greene, although the Americans lost the battle, Greenes forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British Army of General Cornwallis. Following this battle, Cornwallis withdrew his troops to a British coastal base in Wilmington, Greensboro was established near the geographic center of Guilford County, on land that was an unbroken forest with thick undergrowth of huckleberry bushes, that bore a finely flavored fruit. Property for the village was purchased from the Saura for $98. Three north-south streets were laid out intersecting with three east-west streets, the courthouse was built at the center of the intersection of Elm and Market streets. By 1821, the town was home to 369 residents, stimulated by rail traffic and improved access to markets, the city grew substantially, soon becoming known as the Gate City due to its role as a transportation hub for the Piedmont. The railroads transported goods to and from the textile mills. Many of the manufacturers developed workers housing in mill villages near their facilities, Textile companies and related businesses continued into the 21st century, when most went bankrupt, reorganized, and/or merged with other companies as textile manufacturing jobs moved offshore. Greensboro is still a center of the textile industry, with the main offices of International Textile Group, Galey & Lord, Unifi. ITG Brands, maker of Kool, Winston and Salem brand cigarettes, is the third largest tobacco company in the United States and is headquartered in Greensboro, rail traffic continues to be important for the citys economy, as Greensboro is a major regional freight hub
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Greensboro skyline
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Flag
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Seal
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Battle of Guilford Courthouse
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Kingdom of Great Britain
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The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. It did not include Ireland, which remained a separate realm, the unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746. On 1 January 1801, the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom, the name Britain descends from the Latin name for the island of Great Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons via the Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Edward IV of Englands daughter Cecily and James III of Scotlands son James. The Treaty of Union and the subsequent Acts of Union state that England and Scotland were to be United into one Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain. However, both the Acts and the Treaty also refer numerous times to the United Kingdom and the longer form, other publications refer to the country as the United Kingdom after 1707 as well. The websites of the UK parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the BBC, additionally, the term United Kingdom was found in informal use during the 18th century to describe the state. The new state created in 1707 included the island of Great Britain, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, both in existence from the 9th century, were separate states until 1707. However, they had come into a union in 1603. Each of the three kingdoms maintained its own parliament and laws and this disposition changed dramatically when the Acts of Union 1707 came into force, with a single unified Crown of Great Britain and a single unified parliament. Ireland remained formally separate, with its own parliament, until the Acts of Union 1800, legislative power was vested in the Parliament of Great Britain, which replaced both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. In practice it was a continuation of the English parliament, sitting at the location in Westminster. Newly created peers in the Peerage of Great Britain were given the right to sit in the Lords. Despite the end of a parliament for Scotland, it retained its own laws. As a result of Poynings Law of 1495, the Parliament of Ireland was subordinate to the Parliament of England, the Act was repealed by the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act 1782. The same year, the Irish constitution of 1782 produced a period of legislative freedom, the 18th century saw England, and after 1707 Great Britain, rise to become the worlds dominant colonial power, with France its main rival on the imperial stage
Kingdom of Great Britain
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Lord Clive meeting
Mir Jafar after the
Battle of Plassey, by
Francis Hayman (c. 1762)
Kingdom of Great Britain
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Flag
Kingdom of Great Britain
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Pitt addressing the
Commons in 1793
5.
Nathanael Greene
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When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible, he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washingtons most gifted and dependable officer. Many places in the United States are named after him and he suffered financial difficulties in the post-war years and died in 1786. Greene was the son of Nathanael Greene, a Quaker farmer and smith, Nathanael was born on Forge Farm at Potowomut in the township of Warwick, Rhode Island on August 7,1742. His mother Mary Mott was his fathers second wife and his fathers sect discouraged literary accomplishments, so Greene educated himself with a special study of mathematics and law. The Rev. Ezra Stiles, later president of Yale University, was an influence in the young Nathanaels life. In 1770, Greene moved to Coventry, Rhode Island to take charge of the family-owned foundry and he sympathized strongly with the Whig or Patriot element among the colonists. In July 1774, he married Catharine Littlefield, also known as Caty or Kitty and they had six children who survived infancy. He was Quaker by birth, and struggled to reconcile the faiths commitment to pacifism throughout his military career and he continued to serve despite this, as did many other Quakers in the American Revolution. In August 1774, Greene helped organize a militia which was chartered as the Kentish Guards that October. His participation in the group was challenged because he had a pronounced limp, at this time, he began to acquire many expensive volumes on military tactics and began to teach himself the art of war. In December 1774, he was on an appointed by the assembly to revise the militia laws. His zeal in fighting the British and organizing the militia led to his expulsion from the pacifistic Quakers, on May 8,1775, he was promoted from private to major general of the Rhode Island Army of Observation formed in response to the Siege of Boston. He was appointed a brigadier of the Continental Army by the Continental Congress on June 22,1775, George Washington assigned Greene the command of the city of Boston after it was evacuated by the British in March 1776. Severe illness prevented him taking part in the Battle of Long Island. Greene was also a Rhode Island Freemason and bore a masonic jewel, Greene was prominent among those who advised a retreat from New York City. He also advocated the burning of the city so that the British might not use it and he justified this by asserting that the majority of property was owned by Loyalists. While Washington agreed with this, the proposal was rejected by Congress and he was placed in command of Fort Constitution on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. On October 25,1776, he succeeded General Israel Putnam in command of Fort Washington, Greene ordered Colonel Magaw, who was in immediate command, to defend the place until he should hear from him again, and reinforced it to meet General Howes attack
Nathanael Greene
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A 1783 Charles Willson Peale portrait of Greene
Nathanael Greene
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Painting by
Charles Willson Peale
Nathanael Greene
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Washington & Nathanael Greene
Nathanael Greene
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The Council of War letter (this copy made contemporaneously with original) that Greene sent of the proceedings to Samuel Huntington, the president of Congress. Written at Guilford Court House on February 9. 1781. This is a scan of the photograph from the National Archives.
6.
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
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In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America, born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Cornwallis joined the army in 1757, seeing action in the Seven Years War. Upon his fathers death in 1762 he became Earl Cornwallis and entered the House of Lords, from 1766 until 1805 he was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. He next saw action in 1776 in the American War of Independence. Active in the forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicted an embarrassing defeat on the American army at the Battle of Camden. He also commanded British forces in the March 1781 Pyrrhic victory at Guilford Court House, Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign through the Southern states, marked by disagreements between him and his superior, General Sir Henry Clinton. Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retained the confidence of successive British governments, knighted in 1786, he was in that year appointed to be Governor-General and commander-in-chief in India. From 1789 to 1792 he led British and Company forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysorean ruler Tipu Sultan, returning to Britain in 1794, Cornwallis was given the post of Master-General of the Ordnance. Following his Irish service, Cornwallis was the chief British signatory to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens and was reappointed to India in 1805 and he died in India not long after his arrival. Cornwallis was born in Grosvenor Square in London, though his familys estates were in Kent and he was the eldest son of Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend and his uncle, Frederick, was Archbishop of Canterbury. Fredericks twin brother, Edward, was an officer, colonial governor. His brother William became an Admiral in the Royal Navy and his other brother, James, eventually inherited the earldom from Cornwalliss son, Charles. The family was established at Brome Hall, near Eye, Suffolk, in the 14th century, Frederick Cornwallis, created a Baronet in 1627, fought for King Charles I, and followed King Charles II into exile. He was made Baron Cornwallis, of Eye in the County of Suffolk, in 1661, Cornwallis was educated at Eton College and Clare College, Cambridge. While at Eton, he received an injury to his eye by an accidental blow while playing hockey, from Shute Barrington and he obtained his first commission as Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards, on 8 December 1757. He then sought and gained permission to engage in studies abroad. After travelling on the continent with a Prussian officer, Captain de Roguin, upon completion of his studies in Turin in 1758, he traveled to Geneva, where he learned that British troops were to be sent to the Continent in the Seven Years War
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
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Portrait by
John Singleton Copley, circa 1795
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
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Colour print of the
Battle of Minden, c. 1785
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
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General
William Howe
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
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Portrait of
Sir Henry Clinton by
John Smart, c. 1777
7.
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
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The Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War was the central area of operations in North America in the second half of the American Revolutionary War. During the first three years of the conflict, the largest military encounters were in the north, focused on campaigns around the cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. After the failure of the Saratoga campaign, the British largely abandoned operations in the Middle Colonies, General Nathanael Greene, who took over as Continental Army commander after Camden, engaged in a strategy of avoidance and attrition against the British. The two forces fought a string of battles, most of which were victories for the British. In almost all cases, however, the victories strategically weakened the British army by the high cost in casualties and this was best exemplified by the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. Several American victories, such as the Battle of Ramseurs Mill, the Battle of Cowpens, the culminating engagement, the Siege of Yorktown, ended with the British armys surrender. It essentially marked the end of British power in the Colonies, in most colonies British officials quickly departed as the Patriots took control. In Virginia, the governor resisted. In the Gunpowder Incident of April 20,1775, Lord Dunmore, Dunmore saw rising unrest in the colony and was trying to deprive Virginia militia of supplies needed for insurrection. Patriot militia led by Patrick Henry forced Dunmore to pay for the gunpowder, Dunmore continued to hunt for caches of military equipment and supplies in the following months, acts that were sometimes anticipated by Patriot militia, who would move supplies before his arrival. Dunmore issued a proclamation in November 1775, promising freedom to runaway slaves who fought for the British. After an incident at Kemps Landing in November where Dunmores troops killed and captured Patriot militiamen, Dunmore and his troops retreated to Royal Navy ships anchored off Norfolk, these naval forces bombarded and burned the town on January 1,1776. Patriot forces in the completed the destruction of the former Loyalist stronghold. Dunmore was driven from an island in Chesapeake Bay that summer, wright escaped captivity and reached the fleet. In the Battle of the Rice Boats in early March, the British successfully left Savannah with a number of merchant vessels containing the rice supplies. South Carolinas population was divided when the war began. The lowland communities, dominated by Charleston, were strongly Patriot in their views, by August 1775, both sides were recruiting militia companies. In September, Patriot militia seized Fort Johnson, Charlestons major defense works, Loyalists fled, either to East Florida or to the Cherokee lands
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
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The
Battle of Cowpens
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
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Detail of a 1770s map showing eastern Virginia and many of the places where conflict occurred in 1775. The map is oriented with North to the bottom and South to the top.
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
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Sir Henry Clinton led the British land forces in the failed attack on Charleston.
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
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Portrait of General
Benjamin Lincoln; by
Charles Willson Peale
8.
Siege of Charleston
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The Siege of Charleston was a major engagement fought between March 29 to May 12,1780 during the American Revolutionary War. The British, following the collapse of their strategy and their withdrawal from Philadelphia. By late 1779, two major British strategic efforts had failed, meanwhile, a strategic effort led by Sir William Howe to capture the Revolutionary capital of Philadelphia had met with initial success. The British were persuaded that there was a strong Loyalist sentiment in the south, largely due to the extensive business and it was expected that these Loyalists would rise against the American Patriots in large numbers. The opening British move was the Capture of Savannah, Georgia in December 1778, Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Newport, Rhode Island on October 25,1779, and left the substantial garrison of New York City under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen. In December, he sailed southward with 8,500 troops to join Colonel Mark Prevost at Savannah, the joint British naval-army forces were led overall by Sir Henry Clinton, with his subordinate, Lord Cornwallis as his second-in-command. The British regular troops were led by Brigadier General Alexander Leslie, the ground and naval forces were composed thus, The Franco-American garrison of Charleston was overall led by Benjamin Lincoln. The Continental Army troops were led by Brigadier General William Moultrie The ground and naval forces were composed thus. Cutting the city off from relief, he began a siege of the city on April 1, the following day, the British begun to dig their siege works, approximately 800 yards from the American lines. During these first few days, the British troops were under an artillery fire from the Americans. By April 6, the British fleet had moved into the harbour, Benjamin Lincoln held a council of war, and was advised by de Laumoy to surrender, with the American situation becoming untenable. On April 21, a parlay was made between Clinton and Lincoln, with Lincoln offering to surrender, should he be granted the honours of war, Clinton refused the terms, and the siege resumed with a heavy artillery exchange. On April 23, Lord Cornwallis crossed the Cooper River, assuming command of the British forces blocking an escape by land. On April 29, the British advanced down the end of a strategically important canal that fronted Charlestons defences, intending to destroy the dam. The Americans harried the British efforts with stiff resistance, however, by May 6, most of the water had drained. On the same day, Fort Moultrie surrendered, on May 8, Clinton called for Lincolns unconditional surrender, but Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for the honours of war. On May 11, the British fired red-hot shot into the city, burning several homes, on May 12, Lincoln, with over 5,000 troops, surrendered to the British. When word reached the back-country, the American troops holding Ninety-Six, following the surrender, the captured ordnance was brought to a powder magazine
Siege of Charleston
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Detail of a 1780 map drawn by a British engineer showing the Charleston defenses
9.
Battle of Waxhaws
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Buford refused an initial demand to surrender, but when his men were attacked by Tarletons cavalry, many threw down their arms to surrender. However, the British commanding officer Tarleton was shot at during the truce, having his horse fall, Loyalists and British troops were outraged at the breaking of the truce in this manner and proceeded to fall on the rebels. While Tarleton was trapped under his horse, men continued killing the Continental soldiers. Little quarter was given to the patriots/rebels, of the 400 or so Continentals,113 were killed with sabers,150 so badly injured they could not be moved and 53 prisoners were taken by the British and Loyalists. Tarletons quarter, thereafter became an expression for refusing to take prisoners. In some subsequent battles in the Carolinas, few of the defeated were taken alive by either side and this Battle of Waxhaws became the subject of an intensive propaganda campaign by the Continental Army to bolster recruitment and incite resentment against the British. They believed they had more supporters in the South due to the business and trading relationships, and that they might concentrate power in the South. They began the campaign in December 1778 with the capture of Savannah, in 1780, General Sir Henry Clinton brought an army south and captured Charleston, South Carolina on May 12,1780, after a siege. Colonel Abraham Buford commanded a force of about 380 Virginian Continentals, most of his men were raw recruits with little battle experience, although Buford had experienced officers under his command. Due to delays in outfitting his command, Buford had been unable to reach Charleston to participate in its defense, Buford was eventually joined by about 40 Virginia Light Dragoons who had escaped the siege or during battles outside the city, and by Richard Caswells North Carolina militia. Receiving news of the surrender, Buford was ordered by General Isaac Huger to return to Hillsborough and he turned his column around and headed north. At Camden, Buford and Caswell parted ways, with Buford heading north into the Waxhaws region, Buford was accompanied for a time by South Carolina Governor John Rutledge, who had been actively recruiting militia in the backcountry. When Buford stopped to rest his troops at Waxhaw Creek, Rutledge rode ahead toward Charlotte, General Clinton learned of Hugers and Rutledges forces, and on May 15 ordered Lord Cornwallis to bring the South Carolina and Georgia backcountry under British control. His army moving too slowly to keep up with Buford, Cornwallis on May 27 sent Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton in pursuit with a force of about 270 men, Tarleton commanded the British Legion, a primarily Loyalist provincial regiment. The force he took in pursuit of Buford consisted of 170 Legion and British Army dragoons,100 mounted British Legion infantry, Tarleton reached Camden late on May 28, and set off in pursuit of Buford around midnight the next morning. Warned of Tarletons pursuit, Buford had begun moving north, and was 2 miles up the road, Tarleton sent Captain David Kinlock forward to the rebel column, carrying a white flag, to demand Bufords surrender. Upon his arrival, Buford halted his march and formed a line while the parley took place. Tarleton hugely exaggerated the size of his force in his message—claiming he had 700 men—hoping to sway Bufords decision
Battle of Waxhaws
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Sketch of the Waxhaw Massacre thought to be for a 19th century lithograph
Battle of Waxhaws
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Lieutenant-Colonel
Banastre Tarleton by
Joshua Reynolds.
Battle of Waxhaws
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Monument and mass grave at the battle site
Battle of Waxhaws
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Waxhaw Massacre, Buford Massacre, Battle of the Waxhaw
10.
Battle of Hanging Rock
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The Battle of Hanging Rock was a battle in the American Revolutionary War that occurred between the American Patriots and the British. It was part of a campaign by militia General Thomas Sumter to harass or destroy British outposts in the South Carolina back-country that had established after the fall of Charleston in May 1780. The British, in control of both South Carolina and Georgia, established outposts in the interior of both states to recruit Loyalists and to suppress Patriot dissent. One of these outposts was established at Hanging Rock, in present-day Lancaster County south of Heath Springs and these forces were under the overall command of Major John Carden. Robert Irwins cavalry of Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, on August 1,1780, Sumter launched an attack on the British outpost at Rocky Mount, west of Hanging Rock on the Catawba River. As part of this attack Sumter detached Major Davie on an attack on Hanging Rock. Davie attacked a house, and captured 60 horses and a number of weapons. This, however, did not prevent the British from sending troops from Hanging Rock to reinforce the garrison there, after his assault on Rocky Mount failed, Sumter decided to make an attack on the weakened Hanging Rock outpost. Sumter decided on a plan of attack of assaulting the camp in three mounted detachments, the initial assault was made early in the morning where Winns and Davies men completely routed Bryans corps. Capt. McCullochs company of the British Legion, after presenting a volley, was routed by Sumters riflemen. The Prince of Wales Regt. also came under heavy fire, part of the Prince of Wales Regt then came up, and having cleverly deployed themselves in some woods, checked the rebel assault with a surprise crossfire. In the heat of the battle, Major Carden lost his nerve and this was a major turning point for the Americans. At one point, Capt. Rousselet of the Legion infantry led a charge, lack of ammunition made it impossible for Sumter to completely knock out the British. The battled raged for 3 hours without pause, causing men to faint from the heat. At the end, the British had lost 192 soldiers, the Americans lost 12 killed and 41 wounded, the battle site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is managed by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, the Day It Rained Militia, Hucks Defeat and the Revolution in the South Carolina Backcountry, May–July 1780. The Southern Strategy, Britains Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, columbia, SC, University of South Carolina Press. Savas and Dameron, A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolutionary War
Battle of Hanging Rock
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General
Thomas Sumter
Battle of Hanging Rock
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A marker at the scene of the battle.
11.
Battle of Camden
–
The Battle of Camden was a major victory for the British in the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War. Following the battle, he never held a command again. His political connections, however, helped him avoid inquiries and courts martial into the debacle, clinton returned to New York in the summer of 1780, leaving Lord Cornwallis the task of fortifying the South and raising the anticipated large numbers of Loyalists. The Continental Army in the south, most of which had surrendered at Charleston, was driven from South Carolina in the May 1780 Battle of Waxhaws. The Patriot resistance remaining in South Carolina consisted of militia partisan companies under commanders like Thomas Sumter, William Davie, the Continental Army began to reform at Charlotte, North Carolina under Horatio Gates, the hero of Saratoga. Gates arrived in late July, and met with the local militia, a significant number of his troops were relatively untested militia companies, and even some of the Continentals under his command had little battlefield experience. Because of its crossroads location, Camden was considered a key to controlling the country of the Carolinas. On July 27, Gates advanced into South Carolina, heading towards Camden, then garrisoned by about 1,000 men under Lord Rawdon, Gates established a camp at Rugeleys Mill, north of Camden, where he was joined by militia companies from North Carolina and Virginia. The weather was hot, and a significant number of troops were put out of action by the heat. Gates formed up first on the field and he had about 3,700 troops, of which only 1,500 were Continental regulars. On his right flank he placed Mordecai Gists 2nd Maryland and the Delaware Regiment, on his left flank, he placed 2,500 untried North Carolina militia under Maj. Gen. Richard Caswell. Gates stayed with the force, the 1st Maryland Regiment under William Smallwood. Gates placed seven guns along the line, behind the militia, he placed companies of cavalry and light infantry. Cornwallis had roughly 2,100 men, of which about 600 were Loyalist militia, the other 1,500 were British regulars. Cornwallis also had the infamous and highly experienced Tarletons Legion, some 250 cavalry and 200 infantry who were formidable in a pursuit situation, Cornwallis formed his army in two brigades. Lord Rawdon was in command of the left, facing the Continental Infantry with the Irish Volunteers, Banastre Tarletons infantry, on the right was Lt. Col James Webster, facing the inexperienced militia with the 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers and the 33rd Regiment of Foot. In reserve, Cornwallis had two battalions of the 71st Regiment of Foot and Tarletons cavalry force and he also placed four guns in the British centre. While the militia was being routed, and before Gates flight, Rawdons troops advanced in two charges, but a heavy fire repulsed his regiments
Battle of Camden
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Battle of Camden—Death of De Kalb
Battle of Camden
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General
Horatio Gates, portrait by
Gilbert Stuart
Battle of Camden
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Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton by Sir
Joshua Reynolds
12.
Battle of Fishing Creek
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The Battle of Fishing Creek, also called the Battle of Catawba Ford, was an American Revolutionary War battle fought on August 18,1780, between American and British forces including the 71st Foot. It was fought near the junction of Fishing Creek and the Catawba River in South Carolina, British and Loyalist outposts were established throughout South Carolina and Georgia. In the absence of Continental Army units in South Carolina, militia commanders like Francis Marion, Andrew Pickens, Sumter had been particularly successful in the northern part of the state, making attacks on Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock in early August 1780. Cornwallis moved reinforcements to Camden from Charleston, while Sumter, in coordination with Gates movements, harassed British communication. The armies of Gates and Cornwallis met north of Camden on August 16, one day before, Sumter had twice fallen on British supply convoys, and his forces were slowed by prisoners and eighty wagons of supplies. He was moving north toward Charlotte, North Carolina when he learned of the disaster at Camden, in spite of this news, he failed to take some basic precautions when his column took a break near Fishing Creek on August 17. After his victory at Camden, Cornwallis had ordered troops, including Banastre Tarleton, Tarleton, commanding about 350, left the main army on August 17 and headed first toward Rocky Mount, where he had heard that Sumter was encamped. He arrived there late in the day only to learn that Sumter had already moved north and was encamped on the far side of the Catawba River. Crossing over the morning and moving with characteristic speed, he reached the site of Sumters camp. Picking 160 men from his company and leaving the rest to cover his rear, Tarleton continued the pursuit, while Sumter had posted guards at some distance from his camp, Tarleton was able to overwhelm them before they could raise the alarm. Forming up the cavalry, he charged into Sumters unprepared camp, Sumter, asleep under a wagon, barely got away in the ensuing panic. Tarleton freed prisoners and recaptured the wagon trains of supplies that Sumter had taken, Sumter arrived in Charlotte, alone, two days later. He eventually reformed his militia, and got a measure of revenge against Tarleton at Blackstocks Farm in November 1780, notes Sources The Battle of Fishing Creek at www. revolutionarywar101. com
Battle of Fishing Creek
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Lieutenant-Colonel
Banastre Tarleton by Sir
Joshua Reynolds
13.
Battle of Musgrove Mill
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The Battle of Musgrove Mill, August 19,1780, occurred near a ford of the Enoree River, near the present-day border between Spartanburg, Laurens and Union Counties in South Carolina. During the course of the battle,200 Patriot militiamen defeated a force of approximately 300 Loyalist militiamen and 200 provincial regulars. By the summer of 1780, the war raged in the backcountry of South Carolina had effectively become America’s first civil war. Few men engaged on either side had ever seen Great Britain, with their position compromised by an enemy patrol and horses unable to go on without rest, the Patriots understood that they must stand and fight despite being outnumbered better than two to one. At the top of a ridge across the leading down to Musgrove Mill. In the best tradition of guerrilla tactics, a band of twenty men under the leadership of Captain Shadrach Inman crossed the Enoree. Feigning confusion they retreated back toward the line of ambush until the Loyalists were nearly on the Patriot line, when the Loyalists spotted the Patriot line, they fired too early. The Patriots, however, held their fire until the Loyalists got within killing range of their muskets, Patriot musket fire operated “with devastating effect. ”Nonetheless, the Tory regulars were well disciplined and nearly overwhelmed the Patriot right flank with a bayonet charge. Isaac Shelby ordered his reserve of “Overmountain Men” to support him, Patriots ran from their positions “yelling, shooting, and slashing on every hand. ”The whole battle took perhaps an hour. Within that period, sixty-three Tories were killed, a number wounded. The Patriots lost only four dead and twelve wounded. Shelby’s forces covered sixty miles with Ferguson in hot pursuit before making good their escape, william Campbell and his 400 Virginia men at the Sycamore Shoals muster in advance of the October 7,1780 Battle of Kings Mountain near present-day Blacksburg, South Carolina. The Musgrove Mill battlefield is preserved at the Musgrove Mill State Historic Site, Loyalist Institute website, photographs of battle site. National Register Properties in South Carolina, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, includes photographs of the park and battle site
Battle of Musgrove Mill
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View towards the ridge line where Patriot militia defeated attacking Loyalist regulars and militia.
14.
Battle of Black Mingo
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The Battle of Black Mingo was a skirmish during the American Revolution. It took place in September 1780 in the vicinity of Dollards Tavern near Black Mingo Creek near Hemingway, General Francis Marion attacked and scattered a contingent of Loyalist troops that had been left to secure the region by Colonel Banastre Tarleton after his destructive march through the area. The Loyalists, under Colonel John Coming Ball, were driven into the swamp after suffering significant casualties. A company of militia was placed under the command of Brigadier General Francis Marion in the wake of the Battle of Ramsours Mill, Marion then engaged in a series of guerrilla actions to harry elements of the British force and its Loyalist supporters. Following their victory at Camden the British sent out contingents to secure the countryside, the British then traveled across South Carolina, plundering and destroying Revolutionary properties. This prompted Marion to move into South Carolina, where Revolutionaries angered by the British action signed up in large numbers and he was alerted to the presence of a large number of Loyalists near Black Mingo Creek, then 15 miles away. While the reports indicated that the Loyalist numbers were larger than his own, alarm shots were heard in the Loyalist camp, and Marions company rushed to engage them. While the surprise was not complete, the Loyalists were sufficiently disorganized that the force was routed and forced to retreat into the swamp. Word of Marions success spread, and he continued to recruit well after the battle and he also learned a lesson, he reportedly never again crossed a bridge intending surprise without first laying blankets down on it. Henry Mouzon Francis Marion Moore, Horatio Newton, the life and times of Gen. Francis Marion
Battle of Black Mingo
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South Carolina historical marker
15.
Battle of Charlotte
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The Battle of Charlotte was an American Revolutionary War battle fought in Charlotte, North Carolina on September 26,1780. The battle took place at the Mecklenburg County Court House, which is now the site of the Bank of America tower at Trade and Tryon Streets in downtown Charlotte. An advance guard of General Charles Cornwallis army rode into town, a skirmish ensued in which George Hanger, leading the British cavalry, was wounded. The small Patriot force, which had not intended more than token resistance, withdrew north toward Salisbury upon the arrival of Cornwallis and the main army. Following his successful routing of a second Continental Army at Camden in August 1780, believing British and Loyalist forces to be in control of Georgia and South Carolina, he decided to turn north and address the threat posed by the Continental Army remnants in North Carolina. In mid-September he began moving north toward Charlotte, North Carolina, Cornwallis movements were shadowed by militia companies from North and South Carolina. Davie successfully surprised a detachment of Cornwallis Loyalist forces at Wahabs Plantation on September 20, and then moved on to Charlotte, Charlotte was then a small town, with two main roads crossing at the town center, where the Mecklenburg County courthouse dominated the intersection. The southern facade of the courthouse had a series of pillars, finally, he put a company of 20 men behind a house on the southern road, where he was expecting the British advance. As his column approached Charlotte, Cornwallis would normally have sent Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, however, Tarleton was ill, so Cornwallis gave the assignment to Tarletons subordinate, Major George Hanger, an impetuous young Englishman from an aristocratic family. Cornwallis ordered Hanger to cautiously enter the town and check for militia, contrary to Cornwallis orders, Hanger and his cavalry blithely galloped into town. Even after the 20 men behind the house opened fire, Hangers men continued to ride on until he was met by fire from the line of militia behind the stone wall. When the first militia line maneuvered to make way for the second, Hanger misinterpreted their movement as retreat and this brought him into a withering crossfire from the second line and the cavalry companies stationed to the east and west. Hanger went down with a wound, and his cavalry retreated in disarray back to the Legions infantry. Cornwallis, alerted by the sound of battle, rode forward to assess the situation, sarcastically calling out you have everything to lose, but nothing to gain, the earl ordered the legion forward once more. By this time the main light infantry had also begun to arrive. Hanger termed the incident a trifling insignificant skirmish, but it did clearly communicate to Cornwallis that he would have to further resistance. Hanger then also fell ill, further disabling the effectiveness of Tarletons Legion, instead of advancing on Hillsboro, Cornwallis occupied Charlotte. His position was never entirely secure, because the Patriot militia interfered with any significant attempts to communicate with the countryside
Battle of Charlotte
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George Hanger, portrait by
Thomas Beach
Battle of Charlotte
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William R. Davie, posthumous portrait by
Charles Willson Peale
16.
Battle of Kings Mountain
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Ferguson had arrived in North Carolina in early September 1780 to recruit troops for the Loyalist militia and protect the flank of Lord Cornwallis main force. Ferguson issued a challenge to the militias to lay down their arms or suffer the consequences. In response, the Patriot militias led by Benjamin Cleveland, James Johnston, William Campbell, John Sevier, Joseph McDowell, receiving intelligence on the oncoming attack, Ferguson decided to retreat to the safety of Lord Cornwallis army. However, the Patriots caught up with the Loyalists at Kings Mountain near the border with South Carolina, achieving a complete surprise, the Patriot militiamen attacked and surrounded the Loyalists, inflicting heavy casualties. After an hour of battle, Ferguson was fatally shot while trying to break the rebel line, although victorious, the Patriots had to retreat quickly from the area for fear of Cornwallis advance. Later they executed nine Loyalist prisoners after a short trial, the battle was a pivotal moment in the Southern campaign. The surprising victory of the American patriot militia over the Loyalists came after a string of defeats at the hands of Lord Cornwallis. With Ferguson dead and his Loyalist militia destroyed, Cornwallis was forced to abandon his plan to invade North Carolina, Major Patrick Ferguson was appointed Inspector of Militia on May 22,1780. The Battle of Musgrove Mill, August 19,1780 occurred near a ford of the Enoree River, the whole battle took perhaps an hour and within that period, sixty-three Tories were killed, an unknown number wounded, and seventy were taken prisoner. The Patriots lost only four dead and twelve wounded. Shelby’s forces covered sixty miles with Ferguson in hot pursuit before making their escape, William Campbell and his 400 Virginia men at the Sycamore Shoals muster in advance of the October 7,1780 Battle of Kings Mountain north of present day Blacksburg, South Carolina in North Carolina. On September 2, Ferguson and the militia he had already recruited marched west in pursuit of Shelby toward the Appalachian Mountain hill country on what is now the Tennessee/North Carolina border. North Carolina Patriot militia leaders Isaac Shelby and John Sevier, from the Washington District, met, the detachments of Shelby, Sevier and Campbell were met by 160 North Carolina militiamen led by Charles McDowell and his brother Joseph. Campbells cousin, Arthur Campbell, brought 200 more Virginians and their movement had been made possible by easing tensions with the Cherokee, thanks to diplomacy by Benjamin Clevelands brother-in-law, Indian agent Joseph Martin. The Overmountain Men crossed Roan Mountain the next day, and proceeded in a direction for about thirteen days in anticipation of fighting the British Loyalist forces. By September 30, they had reached Quaker Meadows, the Burke County, North Carolina home of the McDowell brothers, meanwhile, two deserters from the Patriot militia reached Patrick Ferguson and informed him of the large body of militia advancing towards him. The request did not reach Cornwallis until one day after the battle, on October 1, Ferguson reached North Carolinas Broad River, where he issued another pugnacious public letter, calling the local militia to join him lest they be pissed upon by a set of mongrels. On October 4, the Patriot militia reached Fergusons former camp at Gilbert Town, on October 6, they reached Cowpens, South Carolina, where they received word that Ferguson was east of them, heading towards Charlotte and Cornwallis
Battle of Kings Mountain
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Engraving depicting the death of
Patrick Ferguson, from a painting by
Alonzo Chappel
Battle of Kings Mountain
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Gathering of Overmountain Men at Sycamore Shoals, a black and white reproduction of
Lloyd Branson's 1915 depiction of the Patriot militias joining up
Battle of Kings Mountain
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Don Troiani's depiction - "Colonel Cleveland's War Prize Oct. 7, 1780"
17.
Battle of Cowpens
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The Battle of Cowpens was a engagement between Patriot forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan and British forces under Sir Banastre Tarleton fought on January 17,1781. As part of the campaign in the Carolinas, a force of 1,100 British under Tarleton were sent against 2000 men under Morgan, the Patriot forces were able to perform a double envelopment of Tarletons force, at the cost of only 12 killed and 61 wounded. Tarleton was one of around 160 British troops to escape, the British had received incorrect reports that Morgans army was planning to attack the important strategic fort of Ninety Six, to the west of the Carolinas. Morgans army was deemed to represent a threat to the British left flank. Cornwallis dispatched Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton to defeat Morgans command, upon learning Morgans army was not at Ninety Six, Tarleton, bolstered by British reinforcements, set off in hot pursuit of the American detachment. Morgan resolved to make a stand near the Broad River and he selected a position on two low hills in open woodland, with the expectation that the aggressive Tarleton would make a headlong assault without pausing to devise a more intricate plan. He deployed his army in three main lines, Tarletons army, after exhaustive marching, reached the field malnourished and heavily fatigued. Tarleton attacked immediately, however the American defence-in-depth absorbed the impact of the British attack, the British lines lost their cohesion as they hurried after the retreating Americans. Morgans army went on the offensive, and wholly overwhelmed Tarletons force, the battle was a turning point in the American reconquest of South Carolina from the British. On October 14,1780, George Washington chose Nathanael Greene to be commander of the Southern Department of the Continental forces, Greenes task was not an easy one. A victory of Patriot militia over their Loyalist counterparts at the Battle of Kings Mountain in October had bought time, when Greene took command, the southern army numbered only 2307 men, of whom just 949 were Continental regulars. On December 3, Brigadier General Daniel Morgan reported for duty to Greenes headquarters at Charlotte, at the start of the Revolution, Morgan, whose military experience dated to the French and Indian War, had served at the Siege of Boston. Later he participated in the 1775 invasion of Canada and its climactic battle and that battle, on December 31,1775, ended in defeat and Morgans capture by the British. Morgan was exchanged in January 1777 and placed by George Washington in command of a force of 500 trained riflemen. Morgan and his men played a key role in the victory at Saratoga, bitter after being passed over for promotion and plagued by severe attacks of sciatica, Morgan left the army in 1779. A year later he was promoted to Brigadier General and returned to service in the Southern Department, Greene decided that his weak army was unable to meet the British in a stand-up fight. Greene gave Morgan command of wing and instructed him to join with the militia west of the Catawba. Morgan headed west on December 21, charged with taking position between the Broad and Pacolet Rivers, and protecting the civilians in that area and he had 600 men, some 400 of which were Continentals, the rest being Virginia militia with experience as Continentals
Battle of Cowpens
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Painted by
William Ranney in 1845, this depiction of the Battle of Cowpens shows an unnamed black soldier (left) firing his pistol and saving the life of Colonel
William Washington (on white horse in center).
Battle of Cowpens
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Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan
Battle of Cowpens
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"Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton" by Sir
Joshua Reynolds.
Battle of Cowpens
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Reenactors at Cowpens Battlefield
18.
Siege of Fort Motte
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The Siege of Fort Motte was a military operation during the American Revolutionary War. A force of Patriots led by General Francis Swamp Fox Marion, the British garrisoned roughly 175 British soldiers under Lt. Daniel McPherson at the fort. Marion and Lee learned that Lord Rawdon was retreating towards Fort Motte in the aftermath of the Battle of Hobkirks Hill, the Americans forces invested the place on May 8 and wanted to capture the fort before Rawdon arrived. Two days later, Marion called for the British to surrender, the next day, Colonel Lee informed Mrs. Motte that he intended to burn the mansion down to force the British out. On May 12,1781, the American forces had entrenched themselves close enough to the mansion they were able to hit the roof with flaming arrows, Mrs Motte, a patriot, accepted Lees plan, and offered her own arrows for it. The mansion was set on fire, marions artillery fire added to the desperation of the British and, by one oclock that afternoon, Lt. McPherson surrendered the garrison to the Patriots. Great Britains southern strategy for winning the American Revolutionary War appeared in some ways to be going well after the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in March 1781, Greene, while he had lost the battlefield, still had his army intact. He first ordered Colonel Henry Light Horse Harry Lee to continue shadowing Cornwallis so that his movement was screened. Once he was on his way into South Carolina, he ordered Lee to abandon Cornwallis, Lee and Marion met on April 14, and first targeted Fort Watson, a small stockaded fort on the east side of the Santee River, which fell after a short siege. They chased after John Watson, the forts commander, who had led a force away from it in search of Marion. Lee and Marion then targeted Fort Motte, a key British supply depot, the British had taken over Mount Joseph Plantation, owned by Miles Brewton and then occupied by his sister, the widowed Rebecca Brewton Motte and her children, who had left the city of Charleston. The British fortified the area around the mansion, building palisades, ramparts, trenches and they garrisoned a force of roughly 175, made up of British soldiers, Hessians, and Provincials under Capt. Lt. Donald McPherson at the fort. Arriving May 8, Lee and Marion immediately surrounded the fort, on the approach of the Americans, the British had evicted the widowed Rebecca Motte from the main house, and she had taken up residence outside the fort at the overseers house. As the forces of Watson and Rawdon were still active and might come to relieve the siege, Marion, at Fort Watson they had constructed a tower from which the attackers could fire into the fort, but this idea was not workable under the conditions at Fort Motte. The idea was put forward to set fire to the buildings within the defenses. Mrs. Motte, apparently sympathetic to the Patriot cause, provided the arrows that were used to ignite the roof of the house on May 12. When the defenders tried to go onto the roof to extinguish the flames, the garrison surrendered shortly after, and the Americans moved quickly to put out the fires before the whole house was engulfed. The captured garrison was released on parole to return to Charleston, before they left, Mrs. Motte and the American and British officers shared a meal
Siege of Fort Motte
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Mrs. Motte Directing Generals Marion and Lee to Burn Her Mansion, by John Blake White
19.
Siege of Ninety-Six
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The Siege of Ninety Six was a siege in western South Carolina late in the American Revolutionary War. From May 22 to June 18,1781, Continental Army Major General Nathanael Greene led 1,000 troops in a siege against the 550 Loyalists in the village of Ninety Six. The 28-day siege centered on a fortification known as Star Fort. Despite having more troops, Greene was unsuccessful in taking the town, the area is now protected as Ninety Six National Historic Site and was designated a National Historic Landmark. The surviving Loyalists were later relocated by the Crown and granted land in Nova Scotia, Cornwallis had suffered significant casualties and subsequently moved his army to Wilmington, North Carolina. Greene, whose army was largely intact after that battle, took advantage of Cornwallis move to march into South Carolina. The British outpost at Ninety Six was garrisoned by 550 experienced Loyalists, such as De Lanceys Brigade, occupied by the British since 1780, the defenses consisted of a palisade surrounded by a deep ditch and abatis. Cruger had three field pieces. Greene and about 1,000 men arrived outside Ninety Six on May 22 and they immediately began siege operations, targeting the Star Fort, under their chief engineer, Col. Thaddeus Kosciuszko of Poland. Cruger did what he could to interfere with the siege works, in one notable incident, his forces drove the workers away and captured some of their digging tools. By June 3 Greenes men had dug a trench within 30 yards of the Star Fort. They used a similar to one used by Gen. Marion to capture Fort Watson, whereby they constructed a wooden Maham Tower, about 30 feet tall. Under this elevated cover, American sharpshooters would have a firing line into the fort. At first, the snipers in the tower were able to pick off a number of Crugers artillerymen. Cruger quickly countered by using sandbags to raise the height of his parapet and he also tried to set the tower on fire with heated shot, but was unable to get the balls hot enough. The attackers fired flaming arrows into the fort, in order to set anything flammable within the fort on fire, Cruger had work crews remove the roofs from the buildings in the fort to prevent them from burning. On June 7 Lord Rawdon left Charleston with 2,000 British forces to relieve the siege, the next day, Pickens and Lee arrived, having successfully captured Augusta on June 6. Greene did not learn of Rawdons move until June 11, with the situation becoming critical, Greene decided to try an assault on the fort
Siege of Ninety-Six
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Lord Rawdon - lifted the Siege so the Loyalists could escape
Siege of Ninety-Six
–
Nathanael Greene
20.
Battle of Eutaw Springs
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The Battle of Eutaw Springs was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, and was the last major engagement of the war in the Carolinas. In early 1781 Major General Nathanael Greene of the Continental Army began a campaign to end British control over the South Carolina backcountry and his first major objective was the capture of the British controlled village of Ninety Six. On May 22,1781, Greene laid siege to the fortified village, after nearly a month Greene became aware that reinforcements under Lord Rawdon were approaching from Charleston. Forces under Greenes command assaulted Ninety Six on June 18, but were repelled, to avoid facing the force commanded by Rawdon, Greene retreated toward Charlotte, North Carolina. Rawdon pursued Greene for several days, but was compelled to abandon the pursuit because his men were exhausted by days of forced marching and he lacked sufficient supplies to continue. Despite the fact Ninety Six was the remaining inland British outpost after the fall of Augusta, Georgia, Rawdon decided to burn and abandon it. In poor health, Rawdon sailed for England in late August, after Rawdons departure, Greene turned his army around and headed toward Charleston. On August 22, his force prepared to face the remaining British forces garrisoned in Charleston, Colonel Stewart led a force of 2,000 men from Charlestons British garrison in search of Greenes army. The force camped at Eutaw Springs, about 2 miles east of present-day Eutawville, at 4,00 AM on 8 September 1781, Greenes army began marching from Burdalls Plantation in the direction of Eutaw Springs, which was 7 miles distant. In the van were Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lees Legion plus 73 infantry and 72 cavalry of South Carolina State troops under Lieutenant Colonel John Henderson and Captain Wade Hampton, Continental Army troops formed the center and rear of Greenes column. These were led by three green North Carolina battalions under Brigadier General Jethro Sumner, Major John Armstrong led a mounted contingent while Lieutenant Colonel John Baptista Ashe and Major Reading Blount directed the foot soldiers. Ashe and Blount served with the 1st North Carolina Regiment, while Armstrong belonged to the 4th North Carolina Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel William Washingtons mounted men and Captain Robert Kirkwoods Delaware infantry companies formed the tail of the column. Greenes force had two 3-pound grasshopper guns under Captain-Lieutenant William Gaines and two 6-pound cannons directed by Captain William Brown, all told, Greene had 1,256 Continental infantry and 300 cavalry, the horsemen mostly divided between Lee and Washington. Lees cavalry were led by Major Joseph Egleston and his infantry by Captain Rudolph, Greenes army numbered 2,400 men of whom 200 were left behind to guard the baggage train. Stewart had between 1,800 and 2,000 troops on hand and his British regulars were the 3rd Foot, 63rd Foot, 64th Foot, and John Marjoribanks 300-man flank battalion. The last-named unit was made up of the flank companies of the 3rd, 19th. The regulars were supported by two American loyalist contingents and these units were John Harris Crugers regular battalion of DeLanceys Brigade and John Coffins South Carolina Tories, which consisted of about 150 regular infantry and 50 militia cavalry. Stewarts artillery consisted of two 6-pound, one 4-pound, and one 3-pound cannons plus a swivel gun
Battle of Eutaw Springs
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Site of the battle in April, 2015
21.
Battle of James Island
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The Battle of Secessionville was fought on June 16,1862, during the American Civil War. Confederate forces defeated the Unions only attempt to capture Charleston, South Carolina, in early June 1862, Union Maj. Gen. David Hunter transported the Union divisions of Brig. Horatio G. Wright and Isaac I, stevens, under the immediate direction of Brig. Gen. Henry Benham, to James Island, where they entrenched at Grimballs Landing near the southern flank of the Confederate defenses. Confederate Brig. Gen. Nathan Shanks Evans, who had given command of the 3,000 Confederate defenders of James Island on June 14. After an intense battle, the defenders, augmented during the fight by approximately 1,000 men from nearby Confederate units. The Union suffered 683 casualties, compared to 204 by the Confederates, although the battle was minor, it served as a powerful propaganda victory, increasing morale, particularly in Charleston, and offsetting recent Confederate losses in the Western Theater. Although the numbers involved were small, the stakes were high, Benham had acted against orders in attempting to take James Island, and he was subject to a court martial after the loss. The Union continued its attempt to starve and attack Charleston for the rest of the war, had they succeeded in taking Fort Lamar at Secessionville, they could have controlled the harbor. Campbell, CA, Savas Publishing Company,1996, vol.1, Fort Sumter to Perryville. CWSAC Report Update This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document Battle of Secessionville, Secessionville Battlefield Page, Battle maps, photos, history articles, and battlefield news Re-enactment of the Battle of Secessionville
Battle of James Island
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Secessionville Battlefield
22.
Battle
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A battle is a combat in warfare between two or more armed forces, or combatants. A war sometimes consists of many battles, Battles generally are well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. Wars and military campaigns are guided by strategy, whereas battles take place on a level of planning, German strategist Carl von Clausewitz stated that the employment of battles. To achieve the object of war was the essence of strategy, where the duration of the battle is longer than a week, it is often for reasons of staff operational planning called an operation. Battles can be planned, encountered, or forced by one force on the other when the latter is unable to withdraw from combat, a battle always has as its purpose the reaching of a mission goal by use of military force. However, a battle may end in a Pyrrhic victory, which favors the defeated party. If no resolution is reached in a battle, it can result in a stalemate, a conflict in which one side is unwilling to reach a decision by a direct battle using conventional warfare often becomes an insurgency. Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration and this was mainly due to the difficulty of supplying armies in the field, or conducting night operations. The means of prolonging a battle was typically by employment of siege warfare, improvements in transportation and the sudden evolving of trench warfare, with its siege-like nature during World War I in the 20th century, lengthened the duration of battles to days and weeks. This created the requirement for unit rotation to prevent combat fatigue, trench warfare had become largely obsolete in conflicts between advanced armies by the start of the Second World War. The space a battle depends on the range of the weapons of the combatants. A battle in this sense may be of long duration and take place over a large area. Until the advent of artillery and aircraft, battles were fought with the two sides within sight, if not reach, of each other. Conversely, some of the Allied infantry who had just dealt a defeat to the French at the Battle of Waterloo fully expected to have to fight again the next day. Battlespace is a strategy to integrate and combine armed forces for the military theatre of operations, including air, information, land, sea. It includes the environment, factors and conditions that must be understood to successfully apply combat power, protect the force and this includes enemy and friendly armed forces, facilities, weather, terrain, and the electromagnetic spectrum within the operational areas and areas of interest. Battles are decided by various factors, the number and quality of combatants and equipment, the skill of the commanders of each army, and the terrain advantages are among the most prominent factors. A unit may charge with high morale but less discipline and still emerge victorious and this tactic was effectively used by the early French Revolutionary Armies
Battle
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The
Battle of Poltava between Russia and Sweden, by
Denis Martens the Younger
Battle
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Battle Scene-Detail from Deccan miniature painting. c. 19th century.
Battle
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The
Battle of Scheveningen of 1653: episode from the
First Anglo-Dutch War.
Battle
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Battle of Gibraltar of 1607 by
Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom.
23.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
County seat
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Many county seats in the United States feature a historic courthouse, such as this one in
Renville County, Minnesota, pictured in May 2008.
24.
Guilford County, North Carolina
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Guilford County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 488,406, since 1938, an additional county court has been located in High Point, North Carolina. The county was formed in 1771, Guilford County is included in the Greensboro-High Point, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Guilford County were a Siouan-speaking people called the Saura, beginning in the 1740s, settlers arrived in the region in search of fertile and affordable land. As population increased, the North Carolina colonial legislature organized the county in 1771, from parts of Rowan and it was named for Francis North, Earl of Guilford, father of Frederick North, Lord North, British Prime Minister from 1770 to 1782. Friedens Church, whose name means peace in German, is in eastern Guilford County, at 6001 NC Hwy 61 North and it is a historic church established by some of the earliest European settlers in this area. According to a history, Rev. Friedens Church built a log structure in 1745. The second building, completed about 1771, was substantial and was used for a century. That third building was destroyed by fire on January 8,1939, the church was rebuilt and reopened in May 1939. The Quaker meeting also played a role in the European settlement of the county. Numerous Quakers still live in the county, New Garden Friends Meeting, established in 1754 and first affiliated with a Pennsylvania meeting, still operates in Greensboro. Alamance Presbyterian Church, a log structure, was built in 1762, the congregation was not officially organized until 1764 by the Rev. Henry Patillo, pastor of Hawfields Presbyterian Church. It has operated since then on the site in present-day Greensboro. According to the history, the congregation has built five churches on that site. On March 15,1781, during the American Revolution, the Battle of Guilford Court House was fought just north of present-day Greensboro between Generals Charles Cornwallis and Nathanael Greene and this battle marked a turning point in the Revolutionary War in the South. His decision ultimately led to his later in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia, by a combined force of American. In 1779 the southern third of Guilford County was separated as Randolph County, in 1785, following the American Revolution, the northern half of its remaining territory was organized as Rockingham County. In 1808, Greensboro replaced the hamlet of Guilford Court House as the county seat and it was more centrally located, making it a better location for travelers of the time
Guilford County, North Carolina
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State historical marker for Guilford Courthouse
Guilford County, North Carolina
25.
Major General
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Major general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the rank of sergeant major general. In the Commonwealth, major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral. In some countries, including much of Eastern Europe, major general is the lowest of the officer ranks. In the old Austro-Hungarian Army, the general was called a Generalmajor. Todays Austrian Federal Army still uses the same term, see also Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces General de Brigade is the lowest rank amongst general officers in the Brazilian Army. AGeneral de Brigada wears two-stars as this is the level for general officers in the Brazilian Army. In tha Brazilian Air Force, the two-star, three-star and four-star rank are known as Brigadeiro, Major-Brigadeiro, see Military ranks of Brazil and Brigadier for more information. In the Canadian Armed Forces, the rank of major-general is both a Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force rank equivalent to the Royal Canadian Navys rank of rear-admiral, a major-general is a general officer, the equivalent of a naval flag officer. The major-general rank is senior to the ranks of brigadier-general and commodore, prior to 1968, the Air Force used the rank of air vice-marshal, instead. In the Canadian Army, the insignia is a wide braid on the cuff. It is worn on the straps of the service dress tunic. On the visor of the cap are two rows of gold oak leaves. Major-generals are initially addressed as general and name, as are all general officers, major-generals are normally entitled to staff cars. In the Estonian military, the general rank is called kindralmajor. The Finnish military equivalent is kenraalimajuri in Finnish, and generalmajor in Swedish and Danish, the French equivalent to the rank of major general is général de division. In the French military, major général is not a rank but an appointment conferred on some generals, usually of général de corps darmée rank, the position of major général can be considered the equivalent of a deputy chief of staff. In the French Army, Major General is a position and the general is normally of the rank of corps general
Major General
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Croatian Army general bojnik
Major General
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Austrian Armed Forces Generalmajor
Major General
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Portugal
26.
Province of Georgia
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The Province of Georgia was one of the Southern colonies in British America. It was the last of the thirteen original American colonies established by Great Britain in what became the United States. In the original grant, a strip of the province extended to the Pacific Ocean. The colonys corporate charter was granted to General James Oglethorpe on April 21,1732, by George II, the charter was finalized by the Kings privy council on June 9,1732. Oglethorpe envisioned a colony which would serve as a haven for English subjects who had imprisoned for debt. General Oglethorpe imposed very strict laws that many colonists disagreed with, Oglethorpe disagreed with slavery and thought a system of smallholdings more appropriate than the large plantations common in the colonies to the north. However, land grants were not as large as most colonists would have preferred, Oglethorpe envisioned the province as a location for the resettlement of English debtors and the worthy poor. Another motivation for the founding of the colony was as a buffer state, Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by sturdy farmers that could guard the border, because of this, the colonys charter prohibited slavery. Oglethorpes original plan had called for Georgia to be established as a home for those who had been imprisoned as debtors. Thirty-five families, numbering one hundred and twenty persons, were selected, on the 16th of November,1732, the emigrants embarked at Gravesend on the ship Anne. Arriving January 13th in the harbor of Charleston, S. C and they set sail the day following. Into Port Royal, some eighty miles southward, to be conveyed in small vessels to the river Savannah, Oglethorpe continued up the river to scout a location suitable for settlement. A Yamacraw Indian village had occupied the site, but Oglethorpe arranged for the Indians to move, the day is still celebrated as Georgia Day. The original charter specified the colony as being between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, up to their headwaters, and then extending westward to the south seas. The area within the charter had previously been part of the grant of the Province of Carolina. The Privy Council approved the establishment charter on June 9,1732, on January 7,1755, Georgia officially ceased to be a proprietary colony and became a crown colony. From 1732 until 1758, the minor divisions were districts. In 1758, without Indian permission, the Province of Georgia was divided into eight parishes by the Act of the Assembly of Georgia on March 15, the Town and District of Savannah was named Christ Church Parish
Province of Georgia
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Savannah, Georgia colony, early 18th century
Province of Georgia
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Flag
27.
Province of South Carolina
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The Province of South Carolina was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor in 1663. The province later became the U. S. state of South Carolina, the Carolinas were named for King Charles II of England. Derived from Latin Carolus, the colony was originally Carolana, the spelling changed to Carolina. Charles Towne was the first settlement, established in 1670, Charles II had given the land to a group of eight nobles called the Lords Proprietors, they planned for a Protestant Christian colony. Originally a single colony, the northern and southern sections grew apart over time. Dissent over governance of the led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of the Carolina colony in 1691. The division of the Carolina Province into North Carolina and South Carolina became complete in 1712, the Yamasee War ravaged the back-country of the colony. A rebellion broke out against the proprietors in 1719, acting on a petition of the residents of the colony, the British government appointed a royal governor for South Carolina in 1720. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, lord Charles Montagu was Royal Governor of the Province of South Carolina from 1766 to 1773 until he escaped to Nova Scotia as with fellow United Empire Loyalists. The Court of Kings Bench and Common Pleas was founded c.1725, “Global Perspectives on the Early Economic History of South Carolina, ” South Carolina Historical Magazine,106, 130–46. The Southern Frontier, 1670-1732 Edgar, Walter, South Carolina, A History, the standard scholarly history Edgar, Walter, ed. The South Carolina Encyclopedia, ISBN 1-57003-598-9, the most comprehensive scholarly guide Feeser, white Servitude in Colonial South Carolina Tuten, James H. Lowcountry Time and Tide, The Fall of the South Carolina Rice Kingdom 178 pp. Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina, A Short History, 1520-1948 online standard scholarly history Wright, South Carolina, A Bicentennial History online, popular survey Wood, Peter H. Black Majority, Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion
Province of South Carolina
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Lord Charles Montagu,
St. Paul's Church (Halifax),
Nova Scotia
Province of South Carolina
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Flag
28.
Loyalist (American Revolution)
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The Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or Kings Men and they were opposed by the Patriots, those who supported the revolution. Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of loyalists would spring to arms, the British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 1780-81. In practice, the number of loyalists in military service was far lower than expected, across the new United States, Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely, and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition. Many outspoken or militarily active loyalists were forced to flee, especially to their stronghold of New York City, when their cause was defeated, about 15% of the Loyalists fled to other parts of the British Empire, to Britain itself, or to what is now Canada. The southern colonists moved mostly to Florida, which had remained loyal to the Crown, northern Loyalists largely migrated to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. They called themselves United Empire Loyalists, most were compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Exiled Loyalists received £3 million or about 37% of their losses from the British government, Loyalists who stayed in the U. S. were generally able to retain their property and become American citizens. Historians have estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the 2.0 million whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists, the American Revolution was a civil war based on who would rule in the Thirteen Colonies. Families were often divided as war forced colonists to choose sides in a conflict that remained for many years uncertain, colonists, especially recent arrivals, often felt themselves to be both American and British, subjects of the King, still owing a loyalty to the mother country. Many, like Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney, opposed taxation without representation, in one of his many pamphlets, Dulaney wrote, There may be a time when redress may not be obtained. Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, most hoped for a peaceful reconciliation, and were forced by the Patriots who took control nearly everywhere in 1775-76 to choose sides. Likely the earliest formal meeting, and use of the term Loyalist, at the meeting, held at the suggestion of General Thomas Gage, these Loyalists formed a society called The Loyalist Associators Desiring the Unity of the Empire. They felt that rebellion against the Crown—the legitimate government—was morally wrong and they were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence, such as burning houses and tarring and feathering. They wanted to take a road position and were angry when forced by the Patriots to declare their opposition. They had a sentimental attachment to Britain. They were procrastinators who realized that independence was bound to come someday and they were cautious and afraid that chaos and mob rule would result. Some were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots, others recalled the dreadful experiences of many Jacobite rebels after the failure of the last Jacobite rebellion as recently as 1745 who often lost their lands when the Hanoverian government won
Loyalist (American Revolution)
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Britannia offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American-born Loyalists. (Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783. Engraving by H. Moses after
Benjamin West.)
Loyalist (American Revolution)
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A jury finding from
Kentucky County, Virginia in July 1780, confiscating lands of two men adjudged to be British citizens.
Daniel Boone was listed as a member of the jury.
Loyalist (American Revolution)
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Johnson Hall, seat of
Sir John Johnson in the
Mohawk Valley
Loyalist (American Revolution)
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"Tory Refugees on their way to Canada" by Howard Pyle
29.
Province of North Carolina
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The Province of North Carolina was originally part of the Province of Carolina, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor. The province later became the U. S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee, and parts of the province combined with other territory to form the states of Georgia, Alabama, for history prior to 1729, see Province of Carolina. King Charles II of England granted the Carolina charter in 1663 for land south of Virginia Colony, Charles II granted the land to eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660. The first Governor of the separate North Carolina Province was Edward Hyde, in 1729, after nearly a decade-long attempt by the British government to locate and buy out seven of the eight Lords Proprietors, both Carolinas became royal colonies. The remaining one-eighth share of the Province was retained by members of the Carteret family until 1776 and this included several North Carolina rivers, including the French Broad and Watauga. Settlers continued to flow westwards in smaller numbers, despite the prohibition against doing so, most prominently, the Watauga Association formed in 1772 as an ostensibly-independent territory within the bounds of North Carolina, which adopted its own written constitution. Two important maps of the province were reproduced, one by Edward Moseley in 1733, and another by John Collet in 1770. Other maps exist dating to the period of the Age of Discovery that depict portions of the province, or, more specifically. The Court Act of 1746 established a court, initially known as the General Court. List of Chief Justices for 1818 onwards see List of Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court History of North Carolina A Complete map of North-Carolina from an actual survey, John Collets 1770 map of the colony of North Carolina
Province of North Carolina
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The dividing line showing the area managed by the descendants of
George Carteret
Province of North Carolina
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Flag
Province of North Carolina
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New Bern courthouse
30.
Benedict Arnold
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Benedict Arnold was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fortifications at West Point, New York overlooking the cliffs at the Hudson River, the plan was exposed in September 1780, and he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general. Arnold was born in Connecticut and was a merchant operating ships on the Atlantic Ocean when the war broke out in 1775 and he joined the growing army outside Boston and distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. Despite Arnolds successes, he was passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, adversaries in military and political circles brought charges of corruption or other malfeasance, but most often he was acquitted in formal inquiries. Congress investigated his accounts and found that he was indebted to Congress after having spent much of his own money on the war effort. Arnold was frustrated and bitter at this, as well as with the alliance with France and he decided to change sides and opened secret negotiations with the British. In July 1780, he was awarded command of West Point and his scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed when American forces captured British Major John André carrying papers which revealed the plot. Upon learning of Andrés capture, Arnold fled down the Hudson River to the British sloop-of-war Vulture, narrowly avoiding capture by the forces of George Washington, who had been alerted to the plot. Arnold received a commission as a general in the British Army, an annual pension of £360. He led British forces on raids in Virginia and against New London and Groton, in the winter of 1782, he moved to London with his second wife Margaret Peggy Shippen Arnold. He was well received by King George III and the Tories, in 1787, he returned to the merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry in Saint John, New Brunswick. He returned to London to settle permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later and his earlier legacy is recalled in the ambiguous nature of some of the memorials that have been placed in his honor. Benedict Arnold was born the second of six children to Benedict Arnold and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut Colony on January 14,1741. He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold, a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island—as were his father and grandfather. Only Benedict and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood, his other siblings succumbed to yellow fever in childhood and his siblings were, in order of birth, Benedict, Hannah, Mary, Absolom, and Elizabeth. Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp through his maternal grandmother, Benedict Arnolds father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. When he was ten, Arnold was enrolled in a school in nearby Canterbury. However, the deaths of his siblings two years later may have contributed to a decline in the fortunes, since his father took up drinking
Benedict Arnold
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Engraving of Arnold, by H.B. Hall, after
John Trumbull
Benedict Arnold
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A 1766 political cartoon on the repeal of the
Stamp Act
Benedict Arnold
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Quebec Governor
Guy Carleton opposed Arnold at Quebec and Valcour Island
Benedict Arnold
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General
Horatio Gates led the forces at Saratoga (portrait by
Gilbert Stuart, 1793–94)
31.
Siege of Yorktown
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The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain. In 1780, approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay, where Cornwallis had taken command of the army. Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his officer, Henry Clinton, was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep-water port. Cornwallis movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette, the French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781. When word of de Grasses decision arrived, the armies began moving south toward Virginia. De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August, bringing additional troops and providing a naval blockade of Yorktown. He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana, Cuba, to fund supplies for the siege, while in Santo Domingo, de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, an agent of Carlos III of Spain. De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo, Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet, enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships. In the beginning of September, he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake, as a result of this victory, de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis. By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived, and the army, after initial preparations, the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment. With the British defense weakened, on October 14,1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses, a French column took redoubt #9 and an American column took redoubt #10. With these defenses taken, the allies were able to finish their second parallel, with the American artillery closer and more intense than ever, the British situation began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on the 17th. After two days of negotiation, the ceremony took place on the 19th, Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony. With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers, on December 20,1780, Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth, Virginia. He first raided Richmond, defeating the militia, from January 5–7 before falling back to Portsmouth. The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault, however, Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships, and in February sent only three. Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet, leaving Arbuthnot, on March 26, Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips, who took command of the combined forces
Siege of Yorktown
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Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by
John Trumbull, depicting the British surrendering to French (left) and American (right) troops. Oil on canvas, 1820.
Siege of Yorktown
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Siège de Yorktown by
Auguste Couder, c.1836. Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle.
Siege of Yorktown
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Washington firing the first gun
Siege of Yorktown
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Storming of Redoubt #10.
32.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
George Washington
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George Washington by
Gilbert Stuart, 1797
George Washington
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Washington's birthplace
George Washington
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Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754)
George Washington
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A
mezzotint of
Martha Washington, based on a 1757 portrait by
Wollaston
33.
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
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Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, at 2332 New Garden Road in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina, commemorates the Battle of Guilford Court House, fought on March 15,1781. This battle opened the campaign led to American victory in the Revolutionary War. The losses by the British in this battle contributed to their surrender at Yorktown seven months later, the battlefield is preserved as a National Military Park and operated by the National Park Service. Based on research of historical evidence, the interpretation of the battle has changed since the late 20th century, in 1886, local resident David Schenck initiated plans to gain control of land to commemorate the Guilford Courthouse battleground as a park. The following year, he chartered the non-profit Guilford Battle Ground Company to advance such efforts, from an early date, he planned on the groups donating the property it purchased to the federal government. When the US Congress finally established Guilford Courthouse as a military park in 1917. Without David Schencks generosity, it is possible that the park would not exist today. Although generous in starting the park, the years of control by the GBGC left a mixed legacy, first, Schenck did not preserve the terrain in its approximate historical state, but beautified the landscape for a pleasing experience. Before the grounds were established as a park, state historical societies began to erect monuments in the area purchased by the GBGC. Although well-meant, these monuments and interpretations were not based on researched evidence and were constructed in convenient, if inaccurate. Second, he adopted an interpretation of the battle that encompassed a much smaller area than is indicated by contemporary accounts, historians believe his limited funds, coupled with landowners demanding top dollar, influenced his interpretation. This mis-led researchers and historical groups who relied on his work, they placed historical monuments and it also hampered government efforts to acquire land or resist development in areas outside the original area designated as battleground by Schenck. Since his time, the city of Greensboro approached and encircled the park with private development. When the National Park Service assumed responsibility for the park, their historians, the renewed accuracy places many of the monuments in locations that had very little reference to the actual battle. Today, the National Park Service has moved beyond Schencks interpretation of the battle with a more researched understanding of the battles events and it hopes to reconstruct the battlefield and its monuments to be consistent with historical evidence. A revived Guilford Battleground Company supports preservation efforts for Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and Colonial Heritage Center, the park is linked by a bicycle path to the adjoining Greensboro Country Park, and residents use both for jogging and cycling. The military park was established on March 2,1917 and it was transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service August 10,1933. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
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Dedication of Monument to members of the Maryland Line at the Battle of Guilford Court House, Maryland Historical Society, 15 October 1892
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
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Contrasting National Park Service maps reflect the changing official historiography of the battle. This 1998 map still adheres to the interpretation based on Schenck.
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park
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A current map shows a larger battlefield. In particular, the American third line has been moved back, and the last shots of the battle have been placed further south, in Greensboro Country Park.
34.
Hoskins House Historic District
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Hoskins House Historic District, also known as Tannenbaum Park, is a historic log cabin and national historic district located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The Hoskins House is a late-18th or early-19th century chestnut log dwelling house measuring 24 feet by 18 feet and it has an interior enclosed stair an exterior stone chimney. The house was restored in 1986-1987, also on the property is the contributing Coble Barn. It is a large log barn of hewn V-notched logs under a long wood-shingled gable roof. The barn was moved and restored at its current location in 1987, the Hoskins House site was the focal point of the British attack during the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15,1781. The Hoskins property survives today as an important satellite to the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988
Hoskins House Historic District
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Hoskins House Historic District
35.
Dan River
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The Dan River flows 214 miles in the U. S. states of North Carolina and Virginia. It rises in Patrick County, Virginia, and crosses the border into Stokes County. It then flows into Rockingham County, from there it goes back into Virginia. It reenters North Carolina near the border between Caswell County and Rockingham County and it flows into northern Caswell County and then back into southern Virginia and finally into Kerr Reservoir on the Roanoke River. The name of the river was first recorded by William Byrd II in 1728, during an expedition to survey the Virginia border, a variant name is South Branch Roanoke River. It is currently the third worst coal ash spill ever to happen in the United States, a 48-inch pipe spilled arsenic and other heavy metals into the river for a week, but was successfully plugged by Duke. The federal government plans to investigate, and people along the river have been warned to stay away from the water, Fish have yet to be tested, but health officials say not to eat them. Cities in Virginia which use the river say that with standard methods of treatment, ash is found on the bottom of the river for 70 miles and is as much as 5 feet deep in places. Late in February, North Carolina regulators cited Duke for the violations at the plant on the river, at the same time, Duke was attempting to remove some of the ash in the river. As of November, Duke said it had removed 3,000 tons of ash, a study by Wake Forest University researcher Dennis Lemly completed in November estimated the cost of cleanup at $300 million. Another study by U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Duke, also in November, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources reported that insects in the water east of the plant appear to be thriving. On January 27,2015 at a conference, Eden officials announced. On the anniversary of the spill, Pittsylvania County, Virginia voted to consider legal action against Duke, DRBA is a nonprofit organization serving as advocates and protectors of the Dan River
Dan River
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View of the Dan River,
Danville, Virginia
36.
Hillsborough, North Carolina
–
The town of Hillsborough is the county seat of Orange County, North Carolina. The population was 6,087 in 2010 and its name was unofficially shortened to Hillsboro over the years but was changed back to its original spelling in the late 1960s. Local Native American groups had lived in the Hillsborough area for thousands of years by the time European-American settlers discovered the area, siouan-language groups such as the Occaneechi and the Eno were living in the Hillsborough area at the time of European contact, though they would later be displaced. The explorer John Lawson recorded visiting Occaneechi Town when he travelled through North Carolina in 1701, in the early 18th century, the Occaneechi left Hillsborough for Virginia, returning to the area around 1780. An original Occaneechi farming village was excavated by a team from UNC-Chapel Hill in the 1980s. A replica of an Occaneechi village stands in closivity to the original Eno River settlement, Hillsborough was founded in 1754 and was first owned, surveyed, and mapped by William Churton. Originally to be named Orange, it was first named Corbin Town and was renamed Childsburgh in 1759. It was not until 1766 that it was named Hillsborough, after the Earl of Hillsborough, the British secretary of state for the colonies, Hillsborough was an early Piedmont colonial town where court was held, and was the scene of some pre-Revolutionary War tensions. In the late 1760s, tensions between Piedmont farmers and county officers welled up in the Regulator movement, which had its epicenter in Hillsborough, with specie scarce, many inland farmers found themselves unable to pay their taxes and resented the consequent seizure of their property. Local sheriffs sometimes kept taxes for their own gain and sometimes charged twice for the same tax, Governor William Tryons conspicuous consumption in the construction of a new governors mansion at New Bern fuelled the movements resentment. As the western districts were under-represented in the legislature, it was difficult for the farmers to obtain redress by legislative means. Ultimately, the farmers took to arms and closed the court in Hillsborough. Tryon and North Carolina militia troops marched to the region and defeated the Regulators at the Battle of Alamance in May 1771, several trials were held after the war, resulting in the hanging of six Regulators at Hillsborough on June 19,1771. The North Carolina Provincial Congress met in Hillsborough August 20–September 10,1775, at the outset of the American Revolution, with the hope of effecting the incorporation of a Bill of Rights into the frame of government, delegates voted to neither ratify nor reject the Constitution. During the bicentennial celebration of the writing and ratification of the Constitution, William Hooper, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was buried in the Presbyterian Church cemetery in October 1790. However, his remains were reinterred at Guilford Court House Military Battlefield. His original gravestone remains in the town cemetery, the Burwell family ran a girls academy called the Burwell School from 1837 to 1857 in their home on Churton Street. Elizabeth Keckley was enslaved in the Burwell household as a teenager and she later became the dressmaker and confidant of Mary Todd Lincoln and wrote a memoir
Hillsborough, North Carolina
–
The
Eno River at Hillsborough
Hillsborough, North Carolina
–
The Earl of Hillsborough
Hillsborough, North Carolina
–
An early map of the town produced in 1768 by
Claude J. Sauthier.
Hillsborough, North Carolina
–
Orange County Historical Museum
37.
Slaves
–
A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced in the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
Slaves
–
Photograph of a slave boy in
Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890.
Slaves
–
Slavery
Slaves
–
Thousands of children work as bonded labourers in
Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent.
Slaves
–
A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking
38.
Nova Scotia
–
Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
Nova Scotia
–
Fort Edward – The oldest
blockhouse in North America (1750).
Nova Scotia
–
Flag
Nova Scotia
–
Sambro Island Lighthouse – oldest lighthouse in
North America (1758)
Nova Scotia
–
Statue of
Joseph Howe,
Province House, created by famed Quebec sculptor
Louis-Philippe Hébert
39.
Jamaica
–
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
Jamaica
–
Henry Morgan was a famous
Caribbean pirate and privateer; he had first come to the West Indies as an indentured servant, like most of the early English colonists.
Jamaica
Jamaica
–
Prince Charles and the
Duchess of Cornwall during a visit to Jamaica in 2008.
Jamaica
–
Inside the
Jamaican Parliament.
40.
Deep River (North Carolina)
–
Deep River is a tributary of the Cape Fear River, approximately 125 miles long, in north central North Carolina in the United States. Deep River is a translation of the Indian name sapponah, deep river, paddling is popular on the river. The Cape Fear shiner, a critically endangered minnow, inhabits the river, Deep River rises in the Piedmont country in western Guilford County, east of Kernersville. It flows southeast past High Point and Randleman, forming the Randleman Lake and it passes northeast of Asheboro, then flows east to Franklinville then to Ramseur, then passing north of Sanford. The Rocky River enters the Deep River at the White Pines Nature Preserve, Deep River joins Haw River at Mermaid Point near Haywood, just below the Haws emergence from Jordan Lake, to form the Cape Fear River. Deep River has 12 dams or relict dam structures and is the river of the Randleman lake project that covers 3000 acres of property on the river near U. S. Route 220. The river crosses the line of North Carolina, an area where rivers are quite rocky and have a moderately high gradient. This gradient was used to power mills along the river to support the textile industry in North Carolina. The river, popular with canoeists, was a center of a deal of activity during the American Revolution at places such as Franklinville. The Lockville Dam, built of stone, is the portion of the 19th century Deep River lock. Until recently, the Deep River was host to the Carbonton Dam, in the fall of 2005, the dam was removed for the purpose of creating environmental mitigation credit by Restoration Systems, LLC, a leading environmental mitigation company in North Carolina. The project restored 10 miles of the former impoundment around the House in the Horseshoe to free-flowing river
Deep River (North Carolina)
–
Lockville Hydroelectric Plant on Deep River is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
41.
Militia
–
For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
Militia
–
The Lexington Minuteman, a statue commemorating
Captain John Parker, a commander of Massachusetts militia forces during the
American Revolutionary War.
Militia
–
Peshmurga Kurdish Militia, cleaning weapons
Militia
–
The war standard of the Imeretian militia of the Imperial Russian Army. The inscription reads in Russian and Georgian: "To the Militia of Our Faithful Imeretian People for Exceptional Courage Displayed against the Mountaineers in 1838.".
Militia
–
Captain
John Smith's 1624 map of the Somers Isles (
Bermuda), showing
St. George's Town and related fortifications, including the
Castle Islands Fortifications with their garrisons of militiamen
42.
Maryland Line
–
Col. Washingtons previous military experience had been during the late French and Indian War. Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota and these “dictatorial powers” included the authority to recruit and raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large. Forman’s, Gist’s, Grayson’s, and Hartley’s Regiments were partially drawn from Maryland, other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. According to Maryland State Archivist Ryan Polk, what distinguished the Maryland troops from other colonial levies was the time spent drilling before joining the ranks of the Continental Army. This resulted in a disciplined, cohesive unit, the term Maryland Line referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Maryland at various times by the Continental Congress. These, together with contingents from the other twelve colonies. The concept was important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state, the Maryland Line was assigned a quota of eight regiments in 1777, which was reduced to five in 1781. Because of the service of the high quality regiments, General Washington referred to the Maryland units as his Old Line. The Maryland Line protected the evacuation of Washingtons troops across the East River to Manhattan at the Battle of Long Island, of the approximately 270 men of the so-called Maryland 400, fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines. The 1st Maryland Regiment under William Smallwood was held in reserve, one hundred eighty Marylanders saw action at the January 17,1781 Battle of Cowpens. Holding the Line, The Origin of the the Old Line State, Maryland State Archives, Annapolis,2005 Wright, Robert K. - The Continental Army, Washington, D. C, United States Army Center of Military History,1983. Bibliography of the Continental Army in Maryland, Washington, D. C. compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Maryland Line
Maryland Line
–
Mordecai Gist
Maryland Line
–
William Smallwood
43.
Religious Society of Friends
–
Quakers are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity, to differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were about 359,000 adult Quakers, in 2012, there were 377,055 adult Quakers. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings—Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry, the first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They emphasized a personal and direct experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible. Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity, in the past, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Frys, and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, during and after the English Civil War many dissenting Christian groups emerged, including the Seekers and others. A young man named George Fox was dissatisfied with the teachings of the Church of England and he had a vision on Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, in which he believed that the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered. Following this he travelled around England, the Netherlands, and Barbados preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith, the central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself. His followers considered themselves to be the restoration of the true Christian church, in 1650, Fox was brought before the magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton, on a charge of religious blasphemy. According to George Foxs autobiography, Bennet was the first that called us Quakers and it is thought that George Fox was referring to Isaiah 66,2 or Ezra 9,4. Thus, the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing George Foxs admonition, Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales, and the numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680. This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689, with the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women, Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing holy conversation in her children and husband. Quaker women were responsible for the spirituality of the larger community, coming together in meetings that regulated marriage. The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and they were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner Light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions, then deported, in 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony
Religious Society of Friends
–
Heritage-listed Quaker meeting house,
Sydney,
Australia
Religious Society of Friends
–
Symbol used by Friends' service organizations since the late 19th century
Religious Society of Friends
–
James Nayler, a prominent Quaker leader, being pilloried and whipped
Religious Society of Friends
–
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, as a young man
44.
Banastre Tarleton
–
Sir Banastre Tarleton, 1st Baronet, GCB was a British soldier and politician. Tarleton was eventually ranked as a years after his service in the colonies during the American Revolutionary War. Banastre Tarleton was known for his British military service in the American War of Independence, in the 19th century those killings became known in American history as the Waxhaws Massacre. In the biography The Green Dragoon, The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson, by Robert D. Bass, Tarleton is identified as the Bloody Ban, the Butcher, in American popular culture those nicknames were the result of Col. Tarletons cavalrymen were called Tarletons Raiders. His green uniform was the uniform of the British Legion. After returning to Great Britain in 1781 at the age of 27, Tarleton was elected a Member of Parliament for Liverpool, as such, Tarleton became a prominent Whig politician despite his young mans reputation as a roué. Given the importance of the trade to the British shipping industry in Liverpool. Banastre Tarleton was the third of seven born to the merchant John Tarleton. His paternal grandfather Thomas Tarleton had been a shipowner and slave trader, banastres younger brother John entered the family business. He was elected as a Member of Parliament, Tarleton was educated at the Middle Temple, London and went to University College, Oxford University in 1771, preparing for a career as a lawyer. In 1773 at the age of 19, he inherited £5,000 on his fathers death and he squandered almost all of it in less than a year on gambling and women, mostly at the Cocoa Tree club in London. In 1775 he purchased a commission as a officer in the 1st Dragoon Guards. Due to his abilities, he worked his way up through the ranks to Lieutenant Colonel without having to purchase any further commissions. In December 1775, at the age of 21, the volunteer-soldier Banastre Tarleton sailed from Cork to North America, Tarleton sailed with Lord Cornwallis as part of an expedition to capture the southern city of Charleston, South Carolina. After that expedition failed, at the Battle of Sullivans Island, Tarleton joined the main British Army under command of General William Howe, in New York City. Under the command of Colonel William Harcourt, Tarleton, as a cornet, was part of a party sent to gather intelligence on the movements of General Charles Lee. In the course of the war in North America, Cornet Tarletons campaign service during 1776 earned him promotion to brigade major of cavalry at the end of the year. Major Tarleton was at the Battle of Brandywine and at battles in the campaigns of 1777 and 1778
Banastre Tarleton
–
"Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton" by Sir
Joshua Reynolds
Banastre Tarleton
–
A Continental light dragoon from the
American Revolution.
Banastre Tarleton
–
Tarleton's Movements historical marker in
Adams Grove, Virginia
Banastre Tarleton
–
Portrait of
Mary Robinson by
Thomas Gainsborough, 1781
45.
British Legion (American Revolution)
–
The British Legion was the name of a British provincial regiment established during the American Revolutionary War, composed of British Loyalist American infantry and dragoons. The regiment was commanded by William, Lord Cathcart, as colonel, once the unit left New York, Tarleton took full operational command. The Legions peak operational strength was approximately 250 cavalry and 200 infantry, elements of the Legion fought at the siege of Savannah in 1779. The Legion as a whole was part of the British force that besieged and captured Charleston in 1780, the Legion seized and destroyed property in punitive attempts to suppress support for the guerrillas. In January 1781, the Legion was part of the force under Tarleton defeated by Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens, the regiment suffered heavily in this action, particularly its infantry arm. After Cowpens, the remaining Legion infantry either transferred to the cavalry or joined the garrison of Charleston, from this point forward, the active British Legion was a cavalry force only. After regrouping, the regiment led Cornwallis movement into North Carolina in search of the American army under Nathanael Greene, seeing action at Cowans Ford, the Legion was taken onto the American Establishment on March 7,1781, as the 5th American Regiment. This made them a part of the British Army, rather than provincial troops. On the 15th of March, the regiment fought at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, the Legion again engaged in widespread destruction to punish rebel sympathizers and deny material support to the Continental Army and government. In July 1781 a skirmish, Franciscos Fight, took place between Peter Francisco and several of Tarletons Raiders, when Cornwallis occupied Yorktown, the Legion was posted across the York River at Gloucester. It later fought a skirmish with French troops there and surrendered to the French at the conclusion of the siege, Lord Cornwallis sought terms of surrender that would have ensured no reprisals against the Loyalists in his army, but Washington refused to agree to them. Some of the men of the Legion were evacuated, sent with Cornwallis dispatches to New York after the surrender, some enlisted men, and at least four officers who volunteered to stay with their troopers, were sent to a prison camp in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. On December 25,1782, the regiment was taken onto the British Establishment, the infantry of the Legion still in Charleston, and such of the regiment as had escaped to New York, were eventually evacuated to Nova Scotia in 1783. Some officers transferred to other regiments of the British Army, the British Legion was disbanded on October 10,1783. Most of those settled in Nova Scotia. Index to British Legion History - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
British Legion (American Revolution)
–
"Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton" by Sir Joshua Reynolds
46.
Henry Lee III
–
Lees service during the American Revolution as a cavalry officer in the Continental Army earned him the nickname by which he is best known, Light-Horse Harry. Lee was the father of Civil War-era Confederate general Robert E. Lee, Lee was born near Dumfries in the Colony of Virginia. He was the son of Col. Henry Lee II of Leesylvania and his father was the second cousin of Richard Henry Lee, twelfth President of the Continental Congress. His mother was an aunt of the wife of Virginia Governor Thomas Nelson and his great-grandmother Mary Bland was also a grand-aunt of President Thomas Jefferson. Lee was the grandson of Capt. Henry Lee I, a great-grandson of Richard Bland, and he was also a descendant of Theodorick Bland of Westover and Governor Richard Bennett. Lee graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1773, with the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he instead became a captain in a Virginia dragoon detachment, which was attached to the 1st Continental Light Dragoons. In 1778, Lee was promoted to major and given the command of a corps of cavalry and infantry known as Lees Legion. In September of the year, Lee commanded a unit of dragoons which defeated a Hessian regiment at the Battle of Edgars Lane. It was during his time as commander of the Legion that Lee earned the sobriquet of Light-Horse Harry for his horsemanship, Lee was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and was assigned with his Legion to the southern theater of war. They conducted a campaign of terror and intimidation against Loyalists in the region, Lee and his legion also served at the Battle of Guilford Court House, the Siege of Ninety-Six, and the Battle of Eutaw Springs. He was present at Charles Cornwalliss surrender at Yorktown, but left the Army shortly after claiming fatigue, in 1794, Lee was summoned by President George Washington to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. Lee commanded the 12,950 militiamen sent to quash the rebels, in 1798, Henry Lee was appointed a major general in the U. S. Army due to a possible war with France. In 1808, he was re-commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson as major-general since war with Great Britain was deemed to break out and he asked President James Madison for a commission at the onset of the War of 1812 but without success. In 1812 he published his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, from 1786 to 1788, Lee was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, and in 1788 at the Virginia convention, he favored the adoption of the United States Constitution. From 1789 to 1791, he served in the General Assembly and, from 1791 to 1794, was Governor of Virginia, from 1799 to 1801, he served in the United States House of Representatives of the Congress. He famously eulogized Washington to a crowd of 4,000 at the first Presidents funeral on December 26,1799 as, First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. Between April 8 and 13,1782, at Stratford Hall, Lee married his cousin, Matilda Ludwell Lee. She was the daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr. on June 18,1793, Lee married the wealthy Anne Hill Carter at Shirley Plantation
Henry Lee III
–
Henry Lee III
Henry Lee III
–
Letter from Henry Lee to
Colonel Shreve, 1780
Henry Lee III
–
Lee's house in Alexandria, Virginia.
47.
23rd Regiment of Foot
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The Royal Welch Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Prince of Wales Division. It was founded in 1689 to oppose James II and to part in the imminent war with France. The Royal accolade was earned fighting in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713 and it was one of the oldest infantry regiments in the British Army, hence the archaic spelling of the word Welch instead of Welsh.56. During those decades, the regiment itself unofficially used the Welch form, the regiment was amalgamated with the Royal Regiment of Wales on 1 March 2006, to become the 1st Battalion, Royal Welsh. The regiment primarily recruited from North Wales and it should not be confused with the Welch Regiment, which recruited from South and West Wales. The regiment was formed by Lord Henry Herbert at Ludlow in March 1689 to oppose James II, in the following year, it fought at the Siege of Athlone in June and the Battle of Aughrim in July. The regiment embarked for Flanders in 1694 for service in the Nine Years War and it fought at the Siege of Namur in July 1695. The regiment returned to Flanders in 1701 for service in the War of the Spanish Succession, it saw action at the Battle of Schellenberg in July 1704, the regiment returned to Flanders in 1742 for service in the War of the Austrian Succession. It was in action at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743, the regiment embarked for Germany in 1758 for service in the Seven Years War. It fought at Battle of Minden in August 1759, the Battle of Warburg in July 1760, the regiment was sent to North America for service in the American Revolutionary War in 1773. The light infantry and grenadier companies of the Fusiliers saw bloody action at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775, All companies, except the grenadiers who were garrisoning New York City, fought at the Battle of Guilford Court House in March 1781. The regiment participated in every campaign up to the Siege of Yorktown in September 1781. At the surrender of Yorktown, the Royal Welch Fusiliers was the only British regiment not to surrender its colours, the regiment embarked for the West Indies in 1794 for service in the French Revolutionary Wars. It took part in the capture of Port-au-Prince in Haiti in 1795 before returning home in 1796 and it also took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799 and fought at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799. It then went to Egypt for the Battle of Alexandria in March 1801, the regiment embarked for the Peninsula in 1810. It saw action at the Battle of Albuera in May 1811, the Siege of Badajoz also in May 1811 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812. It then pursued the French Army into France and fought at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813, the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. It also took part in the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 when it fought under Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Mitchell, in the nineteenth century, the regiment took part in the Crimean War, the Second Opium War, the Indian Mutiny and the Third Anglo-Burmese War
23rd Regiment of Foot
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Cap badge of the Royal Welch Fusiliers
23rd Regiment of Foot
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Regimental Colour of the 6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers.
23rd Regiment of Foot
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23rd Royal Welch Fusilier depicted guarding
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.
23rd Regiment of Foot
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Royal Welsh Fusiliers move forward on a jungle path near Pinbaw,
Burma, December 1944.
48.
Flanking maneuver
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In military tactics, a flanking maneuver, or flanking manoeuvre is a movement of an armed force around a flank to achieve an advantageous position over an enemy. Flanking is useful because a forces offensive power is concentrated in its front, therefore, to circumvent a forces front and attack a flank is to concentrate offense in the area when the enemy is least able to concentrate offense. Flanking can also occur at the operational and strategic levels of warfare, the flanking maneuver is a basic military tactic, with several variations. Flanking an enemy often refers to staying back and not risking yourself, of course, it may not always work, but for the most part can prove to be effective. One type is employed in an ambush, where a unit performs a surprise attack from a concealed position. Other units may be hidden to the sides of the site to surround the enemy. Another type is used in the attack, where a unit encounters an enemy defensive position, upon receiving fire from the enemy, the unit commander may decide to order a flank attack. A part of the attacking unit fixes the enemy with fire, preventing them from returning fire. The flanking force then advances to the flank and attacks them at close range. Coordination to avoid friendly fire is important in this situation. The most effective form of flanking maneuver is the double envelopment, a classic example is Hannibals victory over the Roman armies at the Battle of Cannae. Another example of the double envelopment is Khalid ibn al-Walids victory over the Persian Empire at the Battle of Walaja, despite primarily being associated with land warfare, flanking maneuvers have also been used effectively in naval battles. A famous example of this is the Battle of Salamis, where the naval forces of the Greek city-states managed to outflank the Persian navy. Armored vehicles such as tanks replaced cavalry as the force of flanking maneuvers in the 20th century. The threat of flanking has been existent since the dawn of warfare, in addition, proper adjustment and positioning of soldiers is imperative in assuring the protection against flanking. Although not strictly impassable, woods, forests, rivers, broken and marshy ground could also be used to anchor a flank, however, in such instances it was still wise to have skirmishers covering these flanks. In exceptional circumstances, an army may be enough to be able to anchor a flank with a friendly castle. When the terrain favoured neither side it was down to the disposition of forces in the line to prevent flanking attacks
Flanking maneuver
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The
Battle of Kirkuk (1733)
Flanking maneuver
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The
Battle of Marathon, an example of the
double-envelopment, a form of flanking maneuver
49.
Delaware
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Delaware is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, the state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginias first colonial governor. Delaware occupies the portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest, the sixth least populous. Delaware is divided into three counties, the lowest number of counties of any state, from north to south, the three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized. Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north. It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael, near the present town of Lewes, Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7,1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, the Delaware Indians, a name used by Europeans for Lenape people indigenous to the Delaware Valley, also derive their name from the same source. The surname de La Warr comes from Sussex and is of Anglo-Norman origin and it came probably from a Norman lieu-dit La Guerre. This toponymic could derive from the Latin word ager, from the Breton gwern or from the Late Latin varectum, the toponyms Gara, Gare, Gaire also appear in old texts cited by Lucien Musset, where the word gara means gore. It could also be linked with a patronymic from the Old Norse verr, Delaware is 96 miles long and ranges from 9 miles to 35 miles across, totaling 1,954 square miles, making it the second-smallest state in the United States after Rhode Island. Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania, to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean, small portions of Delaware are also situated on the eastern side of the Delaware River sharing land boundaries with New Jersey. The state of Delaware, together with the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the definition of the northern boundary of the state is unusual. Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania was originally defined by an arc extending 12 miles from the cupola of the courthouse in the city of New Castle and this boundary is often referred to as the Twelve-Mile Circle. This is the only nominally circular state boundary in the United States, to the west, a portion of the arc extends past the easternmost edge of Maryland. The remaining western border runs slightly east of due south from its intersection with the arc, the Wedge of land between the northwest part of the arc and the Maryland border was claimed by both Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921, when Delawares claim was confirmed. Delaware is on a plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation. Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, the northernmost part of the state is part of the Piedmont Plateau with hills and rolling surfaces
Delaware
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The Blackbird Pond on the Blackbird State Forest Meadows Tract in New Castle County, Delaware
Delaware
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Flag
Delaware
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A field north of Fox Den Rd., along the Lenape Trail in
Middle Run Valley Natural Area.
Delaware
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Sunset in Woodbrook, New Castle County, Delaware
United States
Great Britain
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