1.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
2.
Floyd County, Kentucky
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Floyd County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,451, the county, founded in 1800, is named for Colonel John Floyd. On December 13,1799, the Kentucky General Assembly passed legislation to form Floyd County as the 40th county of Kentucky, the county was made from parts of Fleming, Montgomery, and Mason County, Kentucky. The legislation became effective on June 1,1800, the county was named for James John Floyd, a pioneer surveyor who helped lay out the city of Louisville. The county seat was Prestons Station, later renamed Prestonsburg, the first court house burned down on April 8,1808, destroying all the early records, so the earliest records of government activity do not date prior to 1808. In 1958, the county was the site of one of the deadliest bus accidents in U. S. history. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 396 square miles. Johnson County Martin County Pike County Knott County Magoffin County As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,451 people residing in the county. 98. 2% were White,0. 7% Black or African American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Native American,0. 2% of some other race and 0. 6% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 42,441 people,16,881 households, the population density was 108 per square mile. There were 18,551 housing units at a density of 47 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 73% White,1. 29% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 24% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,0. 12% from other races, and 0. 42% from two or more races. 0. 61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, the Kentucky Melungeons live primarily in Floyd and Magoffin counties, especially in a valley known as Big Lick in Floyd County. 25. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 23. 60% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,30. 30% from 25 to 44,24. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $21,168, and the median income for a family was $25,717. Males had an income of $30,242 versus $20,569 for females
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
5.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
6.
James A. Garfield
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James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president, Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican and he married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohios 19th District, throughout Garfields extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored an approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get votes to secure the nomination. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a front porch campaign. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U. S. Supreme Court justice, Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, Presidents due to the short length of his presidency. James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19,1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Orange Township was located in the Western Reserve, and like many who settled there, Garfields ancestors were from New England. James father Abram had been born in Worcester, New York and he instead wed her sister Eliza, who had been born in New Hampshire. James was named for a brother, dead in infancy. In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, Abram Garfield died later that year, his son was raised in poverty in a household led by the strong-willed Eliza. James was her child, and the two remained close for the rest of her life. Eliza Garfield remarried in 1842, but soon left her husband, Warren Belden
7.
Humphrey Marshall (general)
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Humphrey Marshall was a four-term antebellum United States Congressman and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army and a Confederate Congressman during the American Civil War. Marshall was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, to John Jay, John Jay Marshall was a legislator, law reporter and judge, whose father, also named Humphrey Marshall, was a member of the United States Senate from Kentucky. This elder Humphrey Marshall was a nephew of Chief Justice John Marshalls father, the younger Humphrey Marshalls uncle James G. Birney was a well known abolitionist, and two first cousins, William Birney and David B. Birney, served as generals in the Union army. Another cousin later served as the Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, however, he resigned from the Army in April 1833 to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and practiced in Frankfort for two years before moving to Louisville and he became captain in the Kentucky militia in 1836, major in 1838, and lieutenant colonel in 1841. In 1836 he raised a company of volunteers and marched to defend the Texas frontier against the Indians, but his force disbanded on hearing of General Sam Houstons victory at San Jacinto. In 1846 he became Colonel of the 1st Kentucky Cavalry during the Mexican-American War, returning from Mexico, Marshall engaged in agricultural pursuits in Henry County, Kentucky. He was elected from Kentuckys 7th District as a Whig to the Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses and served from March 4,1849, during this time, he supported Henry Clays Compromise of 1850. Marshall was then appointed Minister to China from 1852 to 1854, returning to Kentucky, he was elected on the American Party ticket to the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses. He was renominated by acclamation, but declined to run for a fifth term, in 1856, he was a member of the national council of the American Party in New York City, where he was instrumental in abolishing all secrecy in the political organization of the party. Marshalls native Kentucky was a border state, Marshall, a moderate in his political views, supported John C. Breckinridge for president in the Election of 1860 and advocated the commonwealths neutrality, when his efforts failed and Union troops occupied Kentucky, Marshall enlisted in the Confederate army with the rank of brigadier general, and aided the recruitment effort. He was stationed in western Virginia, but saw limited combat, in January 1862, he lost a minor battle in eastern Kentucky to future President James A. Garfield. Garfields Federal cavalry had chased off Marshalls cavalrymen at Jennys Creek near Paintsville, Marshall withdrew to the forks of Middle Creek, two miles from Prestonsburg, on the road to Virginia. Garfield attacked on January 9, precipitating the Battle of Middle Creek and he eventually forced Marshall to withdraw after a days fighting. Frustrated by his inability to secure a good assignment following his victory at Princeton Court House in present-day West Virginia in May, however, he soon returned to the army and participated in Braxton Braggs Kentucky operations in the fall of 1862. Resigning again from the army in June 1863, he moved to Richmond, Virginia, in November, he was elected to the Second Confederate Congress as a representative from Kentuckys 8th District
8.
Battle of Mill Springs
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The Union victory concluded an early Confederate offensive campaign in eastern Kentucky. In late 1861, Confederate Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer guarded Cumberland Gap, in November he advanced west into Kentucky to strengthen control in the area around Somerset and made Mill Springs his winter quarters, taking advantage of a strong defensive position. Union Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas, ordered to break up the army of Maj. Gen. George B, Crittenden, sought to drive the Confederates across the Cumberland River. His force arrived at Logans Crossroads on January 17,1862, the Confederate force under Crittenden attacked Thomas at Logans Crossroads at dawn on January 19. Unbeknownst to the Confederates, some of Schoepfs troops had arrived as reinforcements, the Confederates achieved early success, but Union resistance rallied and Zollicoffer was killed. A second Confederate attack was repulsed, Union counterattacks on the Confederate right and left were successful, forcing them from the field in a retreat that ended in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Mill Springs was the first significant Union victory of the war, much celebrated in the popular press, in 1861 the critical border state of Kentucky had declared neutrality in the fight to maintain the Union. By early 1862, a single Confederate general, Albert Sidney Johnston and his forces were spread thinly over a wide defensive line. His left flank was Polk in Columbus with 12,000 men, the center consisted of two forts under the command of Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, with 4,000. Forts Henry and Donelson were the positions to defend the important Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. His right flank was in Kentucky, with Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckners 4,000 men in Bowling Green, Crittenden, which had the responsibility for guarding the Cumberland Gap, the gateway for entering pro-Unionist East Tennessee. Crittendens 1st Brigade was commanded by Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer, the southern bank of the Cumberland River at Mill Springs was a bluff and a strong defensive position, whereas the northern bank was low and flat. Zollicoffer chose to move most of his men to the bank where they would be closer to nearby Union troops. Union Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas received orders to drive the Confederates across the Cumberland River and break up Crittendens army. Thomas left Lebanon and slowly marched through rain-soaked country, arriving at Logans Crossroads on January 17, Crittenden, who until early January had remained in his headquarters in Knoxville, arrived at Mill Springs and realized that his inexperienced subordinate was in a dangerous situation. He devised a plan to attack the Union force before it could concentrate against him, Crittenden ordered Zollicoffer to attack the Union camp at Logans Crossroads at dawn on January 19. The Confederate march through the night was hampered by rain and mud, many of the men carried antique, Napoleonic-style flintlock muskets, which became almost useless in the wet weather. The slowness of the march had cost them the element of surprise, nevertheless, they launched a spirited attack, led from the front by Zollicoffer, and achieved some initial success
9.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
10.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
11.
Prestonsburg, Kentucky
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Prestonsburg is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Floyd County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 3,255 at the time of the 2010 census, the area was part of the 100, 000-acre grant to the family of Col. John Prestons wife, which he administered on her behalf. The grant was intended to permit British colonization beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains, but subsequent French and Indian resistance, the land was not settled until John Spurlock of Montgomery County, Virginia, arrived in 1791. He laid out the town of Prestons Station in 1797 and it became the seat of Floyd County upon its formation in 1799 and was formally established in 1818. The post office was known as Floyd Court House from its establishment in 1816 until the late 1820s, on January 10,1862, nearby Middle Creek was the scene of the largest battle of the Civil War to occur in eastern Kentucky. The town was also the site of one of the worst school bus disasters in American history on February 28,1958, U. S. Route 23, also called The Country Music Highway to celebrate the regions rich heritage of music, runs through Prestonsburg. Heavy metal singer and guitarist Dave Reffett also grew up near this area, Prestonsburg is mentioned in Dwight Yoakams Readin, Rightin, Rt. Prestonsburg is the location of the Mountain Arts Center, which hosts concerts and is home to the Kentucky Opry. Middle Creek National Battlefield is the site of the largest and most significant Civil War battle in Eastern Kentucky, Prestonsburg is home to the Samuel May House Living History Museum. It is the oldest known brick home remaining in the Big Sandy Valley, built by Samuel May in 1817, the house was utilized by the Confederate forces as a recruiting station during the American Civil War. The 5th Kentucky Infantry CSA and 10th Kentucky Cavalry was organized at this location, the house was being used as a residence until 1981 and was donated to the City of Prestonsburg in 1992. The Samuel May House has since restored and maintained as a living history museum. The Theatres presentations of classic Broadway musicals, comedies, historical dramas, Prestonsburg is also the home of the East Kentucky Science Center. Opened in 2004, the Science Center contains one of the most technologically advanced planetariums in the United States, Prestonsburg is located in northern Floyd County at 37°39′56″N 82°46′18″W in the eastern part of the state, along the banks of the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River. It is 13 miles south of Paintsville and 25 miles northwest of Pikeville. According to the United States Census Bureau, Prestonsburg has an area of 12.9 square miles, of which 12.7 square miles is land and 0.2 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,612 people,1,563 households, the population density was 332.2 people per square mile. There were 1,683 housing units at a density of 154.8 per square mile
12.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
13.
Confederate States Army
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The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
14.
Colonel (United States)
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It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for colonel is O-6, the insignia of the rank of colonel, as seen on the right, is worn on the officers left side. The insignia for a colonel is an eagle which is a stylized representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States. As on the Great Seal, the eagle has a U. S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch, however, in simplification of the Great Seal image, the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagles mouth and the rosette above its head. On the Great Seal, the branch is always clutched in the eagles right-side talons. The head of the eagle faces towards the branch, rather than the arrows. As a result, the head of the eagle faces towards the viewers left. During World War II the military insignia for the rank of Colonel changed somewhat with the eagle facing the arrows and this was done only during war years. These special war eagles, although rare, can sometimes be found in surplus or memorabilia sales. In the United States Army and United States Air Force, the eagle is worn with the head of the eagle to the wearers right. In the United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, United States Coast Guard and NOAA, the United States rank of colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army. The first colonels in America were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the American colonies, upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, colonial legislatures would grant commissions to men to raise a regiment and serve as its colonels. Thus, the first American colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities, such was the origin of the phrase soldier and statesman. With the post-war reduction of the US Army, the rank of colonel disappeared, the first insignia for the rank of colonel consisted of gold epaulettes worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army. The first recorded use of the insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810. The rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, partly because the U. S. Army was very small, and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812 the Army grew rapidly and many colonels were appointed, a number of other colonels were appointed by brevet - an honorary promotion usually for distinguished service in combat. The American Civil War saw an influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment
15.
John Stuart Williams
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John Stuart Williams was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum Democratic U. S. Born near Mount Sterling, Kentucky, Williams attended the schools and graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840 and he served in the Mexican-American War, first as a captain of an independent company attached to the 6th U. S. Infantry, and afterward as a colonel of the Fourth Regiment of the Kentucky Volunteers. He received the nickname Cerro Gordo Williams for his gallantry at that battle, Williams was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1851 and 1853. He became known as a proponent of states rights. He was initially an anti-secessionist, but abhorred President Abraham Lincolns policies, with the outbreak of hostilities, Williams travelled to Prestonburg in early 1861 and was commissioned colonel of the 5th Kentucky Infantry. He served initially in the Eastern Theater, initially under Humphrey Marshall in southwestern Virginia and he participated in Marshalls ill-fated invasion of eastern Kentucky in 1862. He was promoted to general in late 1862 and assigned command of the Department of Southwestern Virginia. He organized a brigade of cavalry and helped resist Ambrose Burnsides invasion of eastern Tennessee in the autumn of 1863 and he resigned that command and transferred to Georgia, assuming command of the Kentucky regiments in the cavalry of Joseph Wheeler in June 1864. He received a resolution of thanks from the Second Confederate Congress in the fall of 1864 for his actions at the Battle of Saltville. Williams returned home following the war and went on to engage in agricultural pursuits, with his residence in Winchester and he again became a member of the State House in 1873 and 1875. He ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Kentucky in 1875, and was an elector on the Democratic ticket in 1876. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1879 and served from March 4,1879 to March 3,1885 and he failed in his reelection bid and returned to his agricultural pursuits. Williams became involved in development in Florida in the late 1880s. Along with a partner, Louisville businessman Walter N. Haldeman and he died in Mount Sterling in 1898 and was interred in Winchester Cemetery in Winchester. List of American Civil War generals United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, who Was Who in the Civil War. New York, Facts On File,1988, warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders
16.
Big Sandy Expedition
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The Big Sandy Expedition was an early campaign of the American Civil War in Kentucky that began in mid-September 1861 when Union Brig. Gen. John S. Williams. This was done in three phases, from September 21 to October 20,1861, Nelson assembled a brigade of 5,500 Union volunteers from Ohio and Kentucky. On October 23, the southern prong secured Hazel Green and the northern prong West Liberty, the two prongs were consolidated at Salyersville and they began the final phase on October 31. This led to the Battle of Ivy Mountain on November 8, during the first week of September 1861, all pretense of neutrality in Kentucky ended when Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk ordered Brig. Gen. Gideon Pillow advance Confederate troops up to Hickman, Kentucky. On September 18, Kentucky legislature approved the introduction of Federal troops from outside the state, shortly afterwards, Zollicoffer arrived at Cumberland Ford with approximately 3,200 men, consisting of four infantry regiments, a field battery of six guns, and four cavalry companies. In response, Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas ordered troops from Camp Dick Robinson to southeast Kentucky to halt any movement toward Big Hill, Richmond, former Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge and his ally, Col. Humphrey Marshall, added to Thomass concerns with a call for Peace Men and States Rights Men to assemble in Lexington for drill. However, both Breckinridge and Marshall instead rode to Mt. Sterling to join the Confederate forces in western Virginia, where Marshall took command of the Army of Eastern Kentucky posted at Piketon. Several days later, Bull Nelson publicly announced he had established his headquarters at Camp Kenton near Washington, Kentucky and would arm and equip volunteers to end treason in Kentucky. The Philadelphia Press wrote that the Big Sandy expedition would prevent the Confederates from taking control of the mouth of the Big Sandy River, where it entered the Ohio River. This would protect the rear and right flank of Brig. Gen. William S. Rosecrans in western Virginia, allowing Nelson to reinforce Wildcat Mountain, Nelson made Olympia Springs in Bath County the staging area. He named it Camp Gill on honor of Harrison Gill, owner of the renowned spa eight miles south of Owingsville, the Mt. Sterling-Pound Gap Road ran through McCormicks Gap, the gateway to the Bluegrass Region from Prestonsburg. On September 29,1861, Maj. John Smith Hurt occupied the mountain pass with three militia companies. Col. Lewis Braxton Grigsby added his 300 men to Hurts 200 on October 8, Col. James Perry Fyffe had the 59th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment march to Camp Kenton, and Col. Leonard A. Harris arrived in Olympian Springs with the 2nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment. At a farm near Prestonsburg, Confederate captains Andrew Jackson May, the 1, 010-man unit was badly clothed some called the hard-nosed group the Ragamuffin Regiment. The nine companies of infantry and five mounted companies had two pieces of artillery and they carried an assortment of weapons that were ill-suited for warfare. On Monday, October 21,1861, troops that Nelson had assembled Camp Dick Robinson became engaged in a fight with Zollicoffers Confederates along the Wilderness Road at Wildcat Mountain. The next morning Nelson was unaware of this when he ordered 1,600 men under Col. Leonard Harris to advance 35 miles to West Liberty with two artillery pieces, at dawn Wednesday, Nelson was in front of Hazel Green with about 3,500 men and artillery
17.
Brigadier general (United States)
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In the United States Armed Forces, brigadier general is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U. S. Army, U. S. Marine Corps, and U. S. Air Force. Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general, the rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the other uniformed services. The rank of brigadier general has existed in the U. S. military since the inception of the Continental Army in June 1775, later, on June 18,1780, it was prescribed that brigadier generals would instead wear a single silver star on each epaulette. At first, brigadier generals were infantry officers who commanded a brigade, however, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, the responsibilities of the rank expanded significantly. During the period from March 16,1802, to January 11,1812, foreseeing the need for an expanded general staff in case of war, which seemed imminent, Congress restored the rank of major general in January 1812. The first brigadier general in the U. S. Marine Corps was Commandant Archibald Henderson, the insignia for a brigadier general is one silver star worn on the shoulder or collar, and has not changed since the creation of the rank two centuries ago. Since the Mexican-American War, however, the rank of colonel has been the normal rank appointed to command a brigade that is organic to a division. In an infantry brigade not organic to a division, a brigadier general serves as the units commander, an Air Force brigadier general typically commands a large wing. Additionally, one-star officers of all services may serve as staff officers in large military organizations. U. S. Code of law explicitly limits the number of general officers who may be on active duty. The total of active duty general officers is capped at 230 for the Army,60 for the Marine Corps, the President or Secretary of Defense may increase the number of general slots in one branch, so long as they subtract an equal number from another. Some of these slots are reserved by statute, for promotion to the permanent grade of brigadier general, eligible officers are screened by a promotion board consisting of general officers from their branch of service. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the joint chiefs for review before it can be sent to the President, through the defense secretary, for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once the nominee is confirmed, they are promoted to that once they assume or hold an office that requires or allows an officer of that rank. For positions of office reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, for all three uniformed services, because the grade of brigadier general is a permanent rank, the nominee may still be screened by an in-service promotion board. The rank does not expire when the officer vacates a one-star position, tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, or when the officer receives a new assignment
18.
Paintsville, Kentucky
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Paintsville is a home rule-class city along Paint Creek in Johnson County, Kentucky, in the United States. It is the seat of its county, the population was 3,459 during the 2010 U. S. Census. A Paint Lick Station was referred to in military dispatches as early as 1780. The site was named for Indian art painted on the trees near a local salt lick when the first white settlers arrived and was originally part of a 19. The trading post was purchased by the Carolinian Rev. Dalton Ray Chandler II in 1812, the town was formally established under that name in 1834, although the post office was probably named Paint Creek. It was incorporated as a city under its present name of Paintsville in 1843, the Civil War found Johnson County Fiscal Court passing an ordinance barring both Union and Confederate flags from being flown in its jurisdiction. This was quickly repealed when then-Col, james A. Garfield marched his brigade into the city. During the early Twentieth Century, Paintsville began to transform into a modern American city, in 1902, the citys first bank – First National – opened for business. In 1906, the city received telephone service and, two later, all of its streets were paved. In 1912, Paintsville received electricity and natural gas services, in 1926, Paintsville residents received public water and the citys fire department was established. Since the 1990s, Paintsville has seen a loss of population, in part due to a downturn in the economy. Despite this, there have some business developments in the past few years. Paintsville has been in the process of revitalizing the area in order to rejuvenate its original business district. On June 9,2009, Paintsville became a wet city for the first time since March 14,1945, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.3 square miles, all of it land. Beginning in 1976, Paintsvilles main shopping district has gradually moved from Main Street to Mayo Plaza, stores such as Wal-Mart and Lowes opened in the plaza during the early 1990s. This proved to be too much competition for the family owned businesses in downtown causing them to close. Today, downtown mostly serves as Paintsvilles financial district, but, in May 2009 Paintsville received a grant to redevelop Main Street in hopes of making it one of the citys popular shopping districts again. In recent years, Mayo Plaza has rapidly expanded, in the early 2000s, a new Wal-Mart Supercenter, a new Lowes, and multiple restaurants have opened
19.
Big Sandy River (Ohio River)
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The Big Sandy River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 29 miles long, in western West Virginia and northeastern Kentucky in the United States. The river forms part of the boundary between the two states along its entire course, via the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. It is formed between Louisa, Kentucky, and Fort Gay, West Virginia, by the confluence of the Tug Fork and it flows generally northwardly in a highly meandering course, between Lawrence and Boyd counties in Kentucky and Wayne County in West Virginia. It joins the Ohio between Catlettsburg, Kentucky and Kenova, West Virginia,8 miles west of Huntington, West Virginia, the river is navigable and carries commercial shipping, primarily coal mined in the immediate region. The name of the river comes from the presence of sand bars. The Native American names for the river included Tatteroa, Chatteroi and it was known to the Lenape as Sikeacepe, meaning Salt River, from the presence of salt licks on the river. The name Big Sandy was in use no later than February,1789, the tombstone of David White, an early settler along the river in Kentucky, marks his passing in 1817 with the note that he lived many years near the Mouth of the Big Sandy. Two well-known fiddle tunes take their name from the Big Sandy River, Sandy River Belle, loretta Lynns Van Lear Rose and Dwight Yoakams Bury Me also mention the river. On October 11,2000, the Martin County sludge spill polluted hundreds of miles of the Ohio River, the accident was caused when whats known as a coal sludge impoundment owned by Massey Energy in Kentucky broke into an abandoned underground mine below. Toxic pollutants including heavy metals such as mercury, lead, arsenic, copper, the river also plays a major role in the Hatfield-McCoy feud. Some Indian Tribes have links to the area and region, like the Tutelo, Issa, Cherokee, List of Kentucky rivers List of West Virginia rivers Little Sandy River University of Kentucky, Big Sandy Basin assessment
20.
Don Carlos Buell
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Don Carlos Buell was a United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole War, the Mexican-American War, and the American Civil War. Buell led Union armies in two great Civil War battles—Shiloh and Perryville, the nation was angry at his failure to defeat the outnumbered Confederates after Perryville, or to secure East Tennessee. Historians concur that he was brave and industrious, and a master of logistics, Buell was relieved of field command in late 1862 and made no more significant military contributions. Don Carlos Buell was born in Lowell, Ohio and he was a first cousin of George P. Buell, also a Union general. He lived in Indiana for a time before the American Civil War, Military Academy in 1841 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U. S. In the Mexican-American War, he served under both Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott and he was brevetted three times for bravery and was wounded at Churubusco. Between the wars he served in the U. S. Army Adjutant Generals office and as an adjutant in California, at the start of the American Civil War, Buell was an early organizer of the Army of the Potomac and briefly commanded one of its divisions. He was promoted to general, with seniority dating from May 17,1861. In November 1861, he succeeded Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman in command at Louisville, Buells command was designated the Department of the Ohio and his troops the Army of the Ohio. Buells superiors wanted him to operate in eastern Tennessee, an area with Union sympathies, however, Buell essentially disregarded his orders and moved against Nashville instead, which he captured on February 25,1862, against little opposition. At the Battle of Shiloh, Buell reinforced Grant with three of the five divisions of the Army of the Ohio, about 20,000 men, Buell considered that his arrival was the primary reason that Grant avoided a major defeat. But Halleck needed to continually prod Buell to get his army to Pittsburg Landing in order to reinforce Grant, concentrating for a planned attack on the Confederate stronghold at Corinth. Although Buells army was only 90 miles east at Columbia, it one month to reach Pittsburg Landing. Buell considered himself the victor of the battle and denigrated Grants contribution, the commanders operated almost completely independently of each other and Buell proved slow and hesitant to commit himself. Following Shiloh, Henry Halleck arrived in person to command of Grant. The combined Union force,100,000 men strong, began an extremely sluggish pursuit against P. G. T, beauregards Army of Tennessee, which had retreated into northern Mississippi. Despite a more than 2-1 numerical advantage, Halleck took caution to an extreme, the Siege of Corinth ended in the Confederates abandoning the city on May 25. Afterwards, Halleck split up the two armies and sent Buell eastward to capture Chattanooga while Grant remained in the Corinth area
21.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
22.
Louisa, Kentucky
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Louisa is a home rule-class city located at the merger of the Levisa and Tug Forks into the Big Sandy River. It is located in Lawrence County, Kentucky, in the United States and is the seat of its county, the population was 2,467 at the 2010 census. The origin of the name is unclear. Theories include that it was named for Louisa County, Virginia, or a corruption of the name of the Levisa or that it was named after Louisa Swetnam, the Levisa Fork was originally written and spoken as the Louisa Fork which is the likely origin of the name. It is also possible that the name was connected to the Spanish Era in Kentucky. Spain made land grants in what is now Kentucky, explorer Dr. Thomas Walker named the river after a family member. Others claim that the Levisa Fork is named for Levite connections to the Cherokee, an 1856 map still shows the river under the name Louisa. Virginia and Carolina and other English colonial linked settlement attempts began as early as 1790, Louisa became the county seat in 1822 and a city in 1823. During the Civil War, Union troops under future president James A. Garfield occupied the city from December 1861 until the end of the war, the Confederate Army of East Kentucky merged with Virginia and Tennessee Confederate units. Kentucky had a star on the Confederate Battle Flag, and Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky, the Chattaroi Railroad connected to Louisa in 1881. The city is served by US23. The first needle dam constructed in the United States was completed just north of town in 1896. The city was home to Fred M. Vinson, the 13th Chief Justice of the United States, and to the York Brothers, Louisa is located at 38°6′43″N 82°36′21″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.4 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by high temperatures. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Louisa has a Humid subtropical climate, the bridge from Louisa, in eastern Lawrence County, to Fort Gay, West Virginia is something of a geographic and architectural oddity. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,018 people,927 households, the population density was 1,496.2 people per square mile. There were 1,065 housing units at a density of 789.6 per square mile
23.
Braxton Bragg
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Bragg, a native of North Carolina, was educated at West Point and became an artillery officer. He served in Florida and then received three brevet promotions for distinguished service in the Mexican-American War, most notably the Battle of Buena Vista. After a series of posts in the Indian Territory, he resigned from the U. S. Army in 1856 to become a plantation owner in Louisiana. During the Civil War, Bragg trained soldiers in the Gulf Coast region and he was a corps commander at the Battle of Shiloh and subsequently was named to command the Army of Mississippi. He and Edmund Kirby Smith attempted an invasion of Kentucky in 1862, in December, he fought another inconclusive battle at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the Battle of Stones River, but once again withdrew his army. In 1863, he fought a series of battles against Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, in June, he was outmaneuvered in the Tullahoma Campaign and retreated into Chattanooga. In November, Braggs army was routed in turn by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Battles for Chattanooga. The defeat at Chattanooga was the last straw, and Bragg was recalled in early 1864 to Richmond, near the end of the war, he defended Wilmington, North Carolina, and served as a corps commander in the Carolinas Campaign. After the war Bragg worked as the superintendent of the New Orleans waterworks, a supervisor of improvements at Mobile, Alabama. Bragg is generally considered among the worst generals of the Civil War, although his commands often outnumbered those he fought against, most of the battles in which he engaged ended in defeats. The only exception was Chickamauga, which was due to the timely arrival of Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps. Most historians fault Bragg for impatience and poor treatment of others, Braxton Bragg was born in Warrenton, North Carolina, one of the six sons of Thomas and Margaret Crosland Bragg. One of his brothers was future Confederate Attorney General Thomas Bragg. He was often ridiculed as a child because of rumors about his mothers prison sentence for murdering an African American freeman. Grady McWhiney, the biographer of Braggs early life and career, states that despite these rumors. He was descended from Thomas Bragg, who was born in England, in the thousands of letters that Bragg wrote during his lifetime, he spoke fondly of his father, but never mentioned his mother. When Bragg was only ten old, his father decided on a military career for him. Eventually the oldest Bragg son, John, recently elected as a state legislator, senator Willie P. Mangum and West Point admitted Braxton at the age of 16
24.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
25.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
26.
Kentucky in the American Civil War
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Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when he declared I hope to have God on my side, in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning, Lincoln wrote, I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland and these all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol, Kentucky, being a border state, was among the chief places where the Brother against brother scenario was prevalent. After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control, Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles, including Mill Springs and Perryville. Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky, kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control, as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state. Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary Todd, Kentuckys citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. In 1860, slaves composed 19. 5% of the Commonwealths population, the ancestors of many Kentuckians hailed from Southern states like Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, but many Kentucky children were beginning to migrate toward the North. Kentucky, along with North Carolina, also boasted the best educational systems in the South, politically, the Commonwealth had produced some of the countrys best known leaders. Breckinridge and Richard M. Johnson both hailed from the state, as did Henry Clay, John J. Crittenden, U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, however, by the time of the Civil War, Kentucky was in a politically confused state. The decline of the Whig Party, which Clay had founded, had left many politicians looking for an identity. Many joined the Democratic Party, a few joined the newly formed Republican Party, the party was composed mainly of former Whigs and Know-Nothings. Kentucky was strategically important to both the North and South, the Commonwealth ranked ninth in population by 1860, and was a major producer of such agricultural commodities as tobacco, corn, wheat, hemp, and flax. Geographically, Kentucky was important to the South because the Ohio River would provide a boundary along the entire length of the state. Kentucky governor Beriah Magoffin believed that the rights of the Southern states had been violated and favored the right of secession, Magoffin proposed a conference of slave states, followed by a conference of all the states to secure these concessions. Due to the pace of events, neither conference was ever held. Magoffin called a session of the Kentucky General Assembly on December 27,1860. The majority of the General Assembly had Unionist sympathies, however, when the General Assembly convened again on March 20, it called for a convention of the border states in the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on May 27,1861
27.
Confederate government of Kentucky
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The Confederate government of Kentucky was a shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Confederate sympathizers during the American Civil War. The shadow government never replaced the government in Frankfort, which had strong Union sympathies. Neither was it able to gain the support of Kentuckys citizens. Nevertheless, the government was recognized by the Confederate States of America. Kentucky was represented by the star on the Confederate battle flag. Bowling Green was designated the Confederate capital of Kentucky, due to the military situation in the state, the provisional government was exiled and traveled with the Army of Tennessee for most of its existence. For a short time in the autumn of 1862, the Confederate Army controlled Frankfort, during this occupation, General Braxton Bragg attempted to install the provisional government as the permanent authority in the Commonwealth. However, Union General Don Carlos Buell ambushed the inauguration ceremony, from that point forward, the government existed primarily on paper and was dissolved at the end of the war. The provisional government elected two governors, George W. Johnson was elected at the Russellville Convention and served until his death at the Battle of Shiloh. Richard Hawes was elected to replace Johnson and served through the remainder of the war, Kentuckys citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. The state had strong ties with Ohio River cities such as Pittsburgh and Cincinnati while at the same time sharing many cultural, social. Unionist traditions were strong throughout the Commonwealths history, especially in the east, with economic ties to both the North and the South, Kentucky had little to gain and much to lose from a war between the states. Additionally, many felt that the best protection for slavery was within the Union. The presidential election of 1860 showed Kentuckys mixed sentiments when the state gave John Bell 45% of the popular vote, Breckinridge 36%, Stephen Douglas 18%, and Abraham Lincoln less than 1%. Historian Allan Nevins interpreted the results to mean that Kentuckians strongly opposed both secession and coercion against the secessionists. The majority coalition of Bell and Douglas supporters was seen as a solid moderate Unionist position that opposed precipitate action by extremists on either side, the majority of Kentuckys citizens believed the state should be a mediator between the North and South. Magoffin proposed a conference of states, followed by a conference of all the states to secure the concessions. Because of the pace of events, neither conference was held
28.
Battle of Sacramento (Kentucky)
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The Battle of Sacramento was an engagement of the American Civil War that took place in Sacramento, Kentucky on December 28,1861. It was also a battle for Brigadier-General Stovepipe Johnson, who was then a private. The Union force was routed, and the battle became known as Forrests First Fight and is annually re-enacted by local residents. Both the Union Army and the Confederate forces recruited and drilled within Kentucky, Union Brigadier-General Ulysses S. Grant approached using the Ohio River and stationed himself at Paducah, arriving to face newly appointed Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston. By October, with both armies maneuvering in an attempt to gain the hand, Forrests battalion was ordered to Kentucky from Memphis, Tennessee. Heiman was charged with constructing Fort Henry and Fort Donelson and had requested a unit of cavalry to support him, Forrest had with him eight companies recruited from Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee and Texas. Drilled for close combat, the majority of the force was armed with shotguns and he quickly established himself in the region, laying an ambush for a Union gunboat on November 20 and forcing it back. Despite cold weather and light rain, Forrest led his forces in pursuit, morehead rode alongside Forrest, and the latter would later remark that her untied tresses, floating in the breeze, infused into my arm and kindled knightly chivalry in my heart. The Union forces were at first unsure as to the identity of the arriving troops and he then led the cavalry charge personally, signaled it with a cry to the bugler of blow the charge, Isham. The outflanking forces then became embroiled in hand-to-hand combat with the now fleeing Union troops, cutting and shooting right and left, and Forrest himself in his fury ignoring all command and always in the thickest of the melee. An eyewitness account by Confederate Private James Hammer noted that Forrest personally killed nine enemy soldiers, many of Forrests officers, who had not seen him fight before, were surprised by his aggression that replaced his usually mild demeanour. Union and Confederate sources disagree on the number of casualties, with Union accounts recording the deaths of two officers and eight men, with thirteen prisoners, Confederate sources state that closer to a hundred were killed, and thirty-five captured. Forrest himself suffered a dislocated shoulder after being dismounted by a collision with two riderless horses. So fierce did his passion become that he was almost equally dangerous to friend or foe, later we became aware that excitement neither paralyzed nor mislead his magnificent military genius. The battle is often nicknamed Forrests First Fight, and his superior at the time, Brigadier-General Charles Clark, took note of his skill, energy and courage. Clark wrote to his government that I am assured by officers and men throughout the entire engagement he was conspicuous for the most daring courage. He was at one time engaged in a conflict with 4 of the enemy,3 of whom he killed. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998, list of Kentucky Civil War Confederate units Kentucky in the Civil War Notes Sources Allardice, Bruce S. and L. L. Hewitt
29.
Battle of Lucas Bend
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The Battle of Lucas Bend took place on January 11,1862 near Lucas Bend, four miles north of Columbus on Mississippi River in Kentucky as it lay at the time of the American Civil War. The Essex, under Commander William D. Porter, and the St Louis forced the Confederate ships to fall back after an hour of skirmishing during which the Union commander was wounded. They retreated to the safety of a nearby Confederate battery at Columbus, the term timberclad is usually reserved for the Union ships Lexington, Tyler, and Conestoga which had heavy timber attached as armor. Most Confederate gunboats used cotton bales as their armor, see battle of Plum Run where Confederate timberclads fought well against the ironclads. The USS Essex had been constructed in 1856 and she was a 1000-ton river gunboat, converted from her original role as a timberclad ferry named New Era. She was armed with one 32-pounder cannon, three 11-inch Dahlgren smooth bores, one 10-inch Dahlgren smoothbore and a 12-pounder howitzer, the USS St Louis was a City class ironclad built in 1861 at Carondelet, Missouri. She was armed with three 8-inch smoothbores, four 42-pounder rifles, six 32-pounder rifles and one 12-pounder rifle at the time of her service at Lucas Bend. Both ships were sent to Cairo, Illinois, early in the Civil War as part of troop transports moving the army into Tennessee. Illinois, a Union state which contributed 250,000 men to the Union Army, a figure surpassed by only New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, was a key theater. Cairo, at the confluence between the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, was a key supply point and headquarters for Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote and it was defended by Fort Defiance. The Confederate Ivy was launched in 1845 as a privately owned commercial vessel originally named Roger Williams, originally based in New Orleans following her commission in 1861, she was armed with one 8-inch smoothbore cannon and one 32-pounder rifle. The CSS Jackson was another privately owned vessel built in 1849 before being acquired in May 1861 by the Confederacy and she was armed with two 32-pounder guns, and was ordered to Columbus on June 6,1861, to join Hollins in the defence of the Mississippi River. She had already seen action against the USS Conestoga on the river, the floating battery New Orleans had been towed up from her namesake city in Louisiana. Lastly, the General Polk was a former side-wheel river steamer named either Ed Howard or Howard and she was built in 1852, and the Confederacy bought her in 1861. She was the vessel from which Hollins commanded the Confederates during the battle, the Union vessels arrived in October 1861, venturing up the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio, on October 30. The Essex underwent her conversion to an ironclad warship in nearby dockyards. Their path was blocked for part of the night by a steamer which had run aground north of Cairo, William Porter moving off-route to investigate two suspicious, but later revealed to be legitimate, boats moored on the riverside. Lucas Bend was simply a bend or meander in the Mississippi River roughly four miles north of Columbus and seven miles west of Arlington, Kentucky
30.
Battle of Munfordville
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The Battle of Munfordville was an engagement in Kentucky during the American Civil War. Victory there allowed the Confederates to temporarily strengthen their hold on the region, on August 26,1862, Confederate Gen. Braxton Braggs army left Chattanooga, Tennessee and marched north through Sparta, TN and then to Glasgow, KY. Pursued by Maj. Gen. Col. John T. Wilder commanded the Union garrison at Munfordville, wilders force was first approached by Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers who marched on Munfordville from Cave City, KY without orders. Upon arriving on September 14, Chalmers demanded a surrender, which was rejected, Chalmers brigade suffered 288 casualties in the attacks before retreating back to Cave City. Braxton Bragg was angry at Chalmers for his unauthorized and injudicious assault, Bragg believed that leaving Munfordville intact would throw a gloom upon the whole army… turn defeat into victory. Thus Braggs army made a march of 25–35 miles the night of September 15–16 to Munfordville. Late on September 16, realizing that Buells forces were near and not wishing to kill or injure innocent civilians, the Confederates sent another demand for surrender. Wilder entered enemy lines under a flag of truce, and Confederate Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner escorted him to view the Confederate strength to convince him resistance was futile, realizing the odds he faced, Wilder agreed to surrender. The formal ceremony took place the day as the paroled federals marched out of Munfordville with new uniforms. Trask, a Confederate soldier, said the federals were well clothed, looked fat and sleek and clean and neat and were in strange contrast to our own hungry, ragged and dirty looking rebels. Despite the capture of over 4,000 federals and stores of supplies at Munfordville, the incident is a good example of how Bragg had little overall vision for the campaign and instead simply reacted from event to event. Three places in the National Register of Historic Places are related to the battle, the entire battlefield is listed in the National Register as the Battle of Munfordville Site. The Unknown Confederate Soldier Monument in Horse Cave marks the grave of a Louisiana soldier accidentally killed while clearing timber for the Confederate advance, the Colonel Robert A. Smith Monument is the only one still on the battlefield. A monument to Colonel Smith also exists in Dean Cemetery in his town of Edinburgh. List of battles fought in Kentucky National Park Service battle description Munfordville battlefield preservation CWSAC Report Update - Kentucky
31.
Battle of Perryville
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Confederate Gen. Braxton Braggs Army of Mississippi initially won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buells Union Army of the Ohio. The battle is considered a strategic Union victory, sometimes called the Battle for Kentucky, the Union retained control of the critical border state of Kentucky for the remainder of the war. On October 7, Buells army, in pursuit of Bragg, Union forces first skirmished with Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general, on Peters Hill, when the Confederate infantry arrived. Both sides were desperate to get access to fresh water, the next day, at dawn, fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike, halting just before the Confederate line. After noon, a Confederate division struck the Union left flank—the I Corps of Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook—and forced it to fall back. When more Confederate divisions joined the fray, the Union line made a stand, counterattacked. Buell, several miles behind the action, was unaware that a battle was taking place. The Union troops on the flank, reinforced by two brigades, stabilized their line, and the Confederate attack sputtered to a halt. Later, three Confederate regiments assaulted the Union division on the Springfield Pike but were repulsed and fell back into Perryville, Union troops pursued, and skirmishing occurred in the streets until dark. By that time, Union reinforcements were threatening the Confederate left flank, Bragg, short of men and supplies, withdrew during the night, and continued the Confederate retreat by way of Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee. Considering the casualties relative to the strengths of the armies. It was the largest battle fought in the state of Kentucky, in September 1861, Kentucky-born President Abraham Lincoln wrote in a private letter, I think to lose Kentucky is nearly to lose the whole game. This neutrality was first violated on September 3,1861, when Confederate Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, two days later Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant seized Paducah. Henceforth, the proclaimed neutrality was a dead letter, while the state never seceded from the Union, Confederate sympathizers who were members of the legislature set up a temporary Confederate capital in Bowling Green in November 1861. It never wielded significant power inside the state, the Confederate States recognized Kentucky and added a star representing the state to the Confederate flag. The initiative to invade Kentucky came primarily from Confederate Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith and he believed the campaign would allow them to obtain supplies, enlist recruits, divert Union troops from Tennessee, and claim Kentucky for the Confederacy. In July 1862 Col. John Hunt Morgan carried out a cavalry raid in the state. The raid caused considerable consternation in Buells command and in Washington, during the raid, Morgan and his forces were cheered and supported by many residents
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New Haven Battlefield Site
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The geographic area includes the James Howell Farm and additional combat areas of December 30,1862. The James Howell Farm established in 1830 was expanded in the 1840s, on one side of the property, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad established Knoxville branch tracks with a station at New Haven. The stockade was designed to hold a single infantry company, the regimental staff arrived in November 1862 and a smaller headquarters stockade and a stable for their horses were added. After the successful Fort Allen defense during the Skirmish of New Haven, the 63rd Indiana Infantry transferred to Camp Nelson in January 1864 and was replaced by the 33rd Kentucky Infantry, whos commander, Cyrus J. Wilson, was Fort Allens last commander. After the fort was abandoned in April 1864, the military buildings were burned on September 19,1864. Magruder, who was captured by Wilson in April 1865 and hanged after recovering from being shot, during Morgans Christmas Raid in 1862, three companies of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry arrived near New Haven late on December 29 to destroy the Rolling Fork railroad bridge. The next morning New Haven native Captain Henry P, the Confederates began the assault on the fort with a 12 pound mountain howitzer from 1,200 yd. The guns untrained crew of detailed cavalrymen neglected to adjust the elevation and maneuvered to place the gun closer, after a 90-minute skirmish, the Confederate force withdrew with the howitzer and one confirmed wounded. The Union suffered no casualties and the howitzer did not damage the fort, list of battles fought in Kentucky
33.
General Order No. 11 (1862)
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General Order No.11 was the title of an order issued by Major-General Ulysses S. Grant on December 17,1862, during the American Civil War. It ordered the expulsion of all Jews in his district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi. The order was issued as part of a Union campaign against a market in Southern cotton. In the war-zone, the United States licensed traders through the United States Army, Union military commanders in the South were responsible for administering the trade licenses and trying to control the black market in Southern cotton, as well as for conducting the war. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce corruption, following protests from Jewish community leaders and an outcry by members of Congress and the press, at President Abraham Lincolns insistence, Grant revoked the General Order on January 17,1863. During his campaign for the presidency in 1868, Grant claimed that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews, during the war, the extensive cotton trade continued between the North and South. Northern textile mills in New York and New England were dependent on Southern cotton, the U. S. Government permitted limited trade, licensed by the Treasury and the U. S. Army. Corruption flourished as unlicensed traders bribed Army officers to allow them to buy Southern cotton without a permit. Jewish traders were among those involved in the trade, some merchants had been active in the cotton business for generations in the South. As part of his command, Major General Ulysses S and he was deeply engaged in prosecuting the campaign to capture the heavily defended Confederate-held city of Vicksburg, Mississippi and was committed to succeed. During this period, he tried several approaches to Vicksburg, Grant resented having to deal with the distraction of the cotton trade. He perceived it as having endemic corruption, the lucrative trade resulted in a system where every colonel. He issued a number of directives aimed at black marketeers, on November 9,1862, Grant sent an order to Major-General Stephen A. Hurlbut, Refuse all permits to come south of Jackson for the present. The Israelites especially should be kept out, the following day he instructed General Joseph Dana Webster, Give orders to all the conductors on the road that no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the railroad southward from any point. They may go north and be encouraged in it, but they are such a nuisance that the department must be purged of them. In a letter to General William Tecumseh Sherman, Grant wrote that his policy was occasioned in consequence of the total disregard, Grant tightened restrictions to try to reduce the illegal trade. On December 8,1862, he issued General Order No,2, mandating that cotton-speculators, Jews and other Vagrants having not honest means of support, except trading upon the miseries of their Country. Will leave in twenty-four hours or they will be sent to duty in the trenches, nine days later, on December 17,1862, he issued General Order No.11 to strengthen his earlier prohibition
34.
Morgan's Raid
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Morgans Raid was a highly publicized incursion by Confederate cavalry into the northern U. S. states of Indiana and Ohio during the American Civil War. The raid took place from June 11–July 26,1863, and is named for the commander of the Confederates, Morgans Confederates during the 46 day raid covered more than 1,000 miles, beginning in Tennessee and ending in northern Ohio. Morgans raid coincided with the Vicksburg Campaign and the Gettysburg Campaign, however, it was meant to draw away tens of thousands of U. S. troops away from these major campaigns and to frighten Northern civilians into demanding their troops be recalled to defend them. Morgan and other officers were kept in the Ohio state penitentiary, but they tunneled their way out and casually took a train to Cincinnati. To many Confederates, the daring expedition behind enemy lines became known as The Great Raid of 1863, however, along with Gettysburg and Vicksburg, it was another in a string of defeats for the Confederate army that summer. Some Northern newspapers derisively labeled Morgans expedition as The Calico Raid, Gen. Braxton Bragg, the regional Confederate commander, had intended for Morgans cavalrymen to provide a distraction by entering Kentucky. Morgan, however, confided to some of his officers that he had desired to invade Indiana. Bragg had given him carte blanche to ride throughout Tennessee and Kentucky, on July 2, hoping to disrupt Union communication lines, Morgan rode into Kentucky, where admiring citizens openly welcomed his cavalrymen. Crossing the rain-swollen Cumberland River at Burkesville, Morgans division advanced to the Green River, Morgan soon surprised and captured the garrison at Lebanon. He trapped 400 men from the 20th Kentucky in the railroad depot. In a sharp fight, Federal troops killed Morgans youngest brother Thomas during the final charge. Morgan finally captured and paroled the Federal troops, a grieving Morgan continued northward towards Louisville, riding through Springfield, Bardstown, and Garnettsville. Along the way, the Confederates endured several more small skirmishes with Federals, just south of the city, however, he turned his remaining men to the northwest and headed for the Ohio River. At Springfield, Morgan sent a detachment north and east of Louisville and this detachment crossed the Ohio River at Twelve Mile Island, but they were captured near New Pekin, Indiana, before they could rejoin Morgan. Ellsworth did this throughout the journey, especially in Indiana, Morgan had sent spy Thomas Hines and a party of 25 Confederates on a secret mission into Indiana in June to determine if the local Copperheads would support or join Morgans impending raid. After visiting the local Copperhead leader, Dr. William A. Bowles, Hines learned that no desired support would be forthcoming. He and his scouts were soon identified as actually being Confederates and he wandered around Kentucky for a week seeking information on Morgans whereabouts. By now reduced to 1,800 men, Morgans main column had arrived on the morning of July 8 at Brandenburg, Kentucky, a town along the Ohio River
35.
Battle of Tebbs Bend
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The Battle of Tebbs Bend was fought on July 4,1863, near the Green River in Taylor County, Kentucky during Morgans Raid in the American Civil War. Despite being badly outnumbered, elements of the Union army thwarted repeated attacks by Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgans dismounted cavalry, Morgan moved northward on June 23, bound for Kentucky. On the night of July 2, he crossed the rain-swollen Cumberland River and advanced into Kentucky, proceeding as far as Cane Valley, camping between Campbellsville and Columbia. The next day, he planned to cross the Green River at Tebbs Bend, Moore had erected earthworks in the woods near the river crossing, guarded by a line of abatis of felled trees and several forward rifle pits. His goal was to protect the Lebanon-Campbellsville-Columbia Turnpike, a supply line. Morgan divided his force, sending the bulk of his cavalry to flank the small garrison, at sunrise on July 4, Union pickets opened fire on approaching enemy cavalrymen. Soon, Morgans artillery answered, wounding two Union soldiers in the rifle pits, about 7 a. m. Morgan called a cease fire and sent forward three officers under a flag of truce, demanding that Moore surrender, wishing to avoid further bloodshed. However, the Union commander refused and firing resumed, sharpshooters soon silenced Morgans artillery battery of four guns. Morgan sent forward two dismounted regiments under Col. Adam R. Johnson, about 400 troopers, who overran the advanced rifle pits. However, the attack stalled under heavy fire from Federals concealed behind the abatis, Morgan then sent in the 5th Kentucky Cavalry from Col. Basil W. Dukes brigade to support Johnson. Over a three-hour period, Morgan pushed forward a total of eight separate attacks, with one being repulsed. Finally acknowledging that he could not seize the fortifications, Morgan sent another delegation under a flag of truce to Colonel Moore to request permission to collect his wounded and bury his dead. That task completed, Morgan withdrew southward along the bluffs of the Green River, finally crossing the bend at Johnson Ford, the next day, he would fight again at the Battle of Lebanon. Morgan lost 35 killed and 45 wounded, while Moore counted 6 killed and 23 wounded, of significance, among Morgans casualties were 24 experienced officers, who were a particular target of the Michigan sharpshooters. A Confederate Monument which says, They have not been forgotten by their countrymen, was erected at the Tebbs Bend Battlefield in 1872, in 1997, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the battlefield itself was listed in 1999. On June 8,2013, some two hundred persons attended a re-enactment of the battle of Tebbs Bend to observe the 150th anniversary of the fighting. A new marker dedicated to Confederate Army Private Frank Voss of Maryland was unveiled, the ceremony was planned by historian Betty Jane Gorin-Smith and other members of the Tebbs Bend Battlefield Association, including its president, Cheryl Tillery. We are here to remember those men who gave the measure of devotion for causes in which they sincerely believed
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Battle of Lebanon
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The Battle of Lebanon occurred July 5,1863, in Lebanon, Kentucky, during Morgans Raid in the American Civil War. By July 2, Morgan had crossed the rain-swollen Cumberland River at Burkesville, after being defeated by Michigan troops along the Green River at the Battle of Tebbs Bend on July 4, Morgan withdrew and circled to the west, hoping to reach Louisville, then lightly defended. Morgan surprised and captured the Federal garrison at Lebanon, arriving at the town, Morgan formally requested that Hanson surrender, an offer that was refused. With a huge advantage, Morgan quickly pushed Hansons advance pickets back through the towns streets. He trapped many of the Union soldiers in the Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot, Morgan ordered nearby buildings set on fire, hoping to force Hanson to surrender. In a sharp fight, Federal troops killed Morgans 19-year-old brother, Lt. Thomas Morgan. General Morgan finally captured and paroled the enemy soldiers and his men burned the offices of the Circuit Clerk and County Clerk, as well as 20 other buildings. List of battles fought in Kentucky Duke, Basil Wilson, A History of Morgans Cavalry, cincinnati, Ohio, Miami Printing and Pub. Co.1867. The Longest Raid of the Civil War, cincinnati, Ohio, Farmcourt Publishing, Inc.1999. Mowery, David L. Morgans Great Raid, The Remarkable Expedition from Kentucky to Ohio, trails-R-Us, The Death of Tom Morgan
37.
Battle of the Cumberland Gap (1863)
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The September 7–9,1863 fall of the Cumberland Gap was a victory for Union forces under the command of Ambrose Burnside during his campaign for Knoxville. The bloodless engagement cost the Confederates 2,300 men and control of the Cumberland Gap, major General Ambrose Burnside, commander of the Department and Army of the Ohio, began to advance against Knoxville, Tennessee. Burnside left Cincinnati, Ohio in mid-August 1863, the direct route ran through the Confederate-held Cumberland Gap. Burnside had been delayed in earlier attempts to move out against Knoxville, DeCourcy had previously led a brigade in the 1862 operations against the Cumberland Gap under George W. Morgan. Despite this, Burnside made an advance on Knoxville. Many of the Confederates in eastern Tennessee had been withdrawn for the upcoming Battle of Chickamauga, having successfully occupied Knoxville on September 2, Burnside could now return his attention to the Cumberland Gap. Frazer and his 2, 300-man garrison had little combat experience, Frazers men supplemented this by digging their own trenches. DeCourcys brigade threatened the Confederates from the north, but his brigade alone was not enough to force Frazer out of the gap, Burnside dispatched a second brigade under Brigadier General James M. Shackelford. Shackelford approached from the south and, on September 7, asked for Frazers surrender, there were still not enough Union troops to convince Frazer to surrender. An ineffectual exchange of artillery followed but that evening Union soldier captured Gap Springs, on September 8 Burnside personally left Knoxville with a brigade under Colonel Samuel A. Gilbert and marched 60 miles in just over a day. Meanwhile, both DeCourcy and Shackelford sent messages demanding surrender, attempting to buy time, Frazer met with the two Union commanders separately, but rejected surrender demands from both. Around 10,00 a. m. on September 9, the large Union force, little combat experience and low morale all factored into Frazers decision to surrender. Around 3,00 p. m. Frazer agreed to a surrender of all the Confederates guarding the Cumberland Gap. This was the last major operation against the Cumberland Gap and it would remain in Union hands for the rest of the war. List of battles fought in Kentucky Eicher, John H. & Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Fight for Chattanooga, Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge, official Records of the War of the Rebellion
38.
Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park
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The Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park is a 525-acre historical museum and park located in southern Jessamine County, Kentucky,20 miles south of Lexington, Kentucky. It was established in 1863 as a depot for the Union army during the Civil War and it became a recruiting ground for new soldiers from eastern Tennessee and escaped slaves, many of whom trained to be soldiers. Camp Nelson was established as a depot for Union invasions into Tennessee. It was named for Major General William Bull Nelson, who had recently been murdered and it was placed near Hickman Bridge, the only bridge across the Kentucky River upriver from the state capital. The site was selected to protect the bridge, to have a base of operations in central Kentucky, the camp was also used as a site to train new soldiers for the Union army. The Kentucky Rivers steep palisades contributed to the selection of the site—they would help defend the camp from Confederate attack, Camp Nelson may have been the best choice for a central Kentucky depot, but it was inadequate. When overall Union commander Ulysses S. Grant visited Camp Nelson in January 1864, he was displeased, the situation of the camp had not improved by spring of 1864, and Grant leaned toward abandoning it entirely. William Tecumseh Sherman advocated that its role be diminished instead, which saved Camp Nelson and it took on the role of training black soldiers, who volunteered for the US Colored Troops. In July 1863 and June 1864, Union forces feared that the camp might be attacked by Confederate general John Hunt Morgan, in 1863 Morgan was headed for Indiana and Ohio in his most famous raid. It was never confirmed whether he intended to attack the camp in 1864, in August 1863 thousands of slaves forced to build railroads for the Union army were stationed at Camp Nelson. They had escaped to Union lines, or joined Union forces which had taken over rebel areas, the army needed the help of their work. These former slaves, at least 3,000 in number, were the builders of Camp Nelson. Prior to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, the Army declared such former slaves as contraband and refused to return them to the southern slaveholders, the Army did use former slaves as laborers. No blacks enlisted in the USCT in Kentucky until 1864, whereas in other border states, at Camp Nelson 10,000 African Americans were emancipated from slavery in exchange for service in the Union army. These soldiers sometimes brought their families to Camp Nelson, such refugees totaled 3,060 and were cared for by missionaries, at one point, in November 1864, Camp Nelson was not a legal place of refuge for slaves. The Union soldiers forced out 400 women and children to leave the camp, some 1300 refugees died at Camp Nelson, reflecting the high rate of infectious disease at camps. Camp Nelson was the smallest of the three locations where blacks were trained to become Union soldiers, the others were in Boston, and New Orleans. In a more rural area than the former facilities, Camp Nelson is the only one whose land was never developed after the war for other purposes
39.
Battle of Cynthiana
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This was part of Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgans 1864 Raid into Kentucky. The battle ultimately resulted in a victory by Union forces over the raiders, Morgans Raiders had previously captured the town in the First Battle of Cynthiana, July 17,1862. At dawn on June 11,1864, Brig. Gen. John H. Morgan approached Cynthiana with 1,200 cavalrymen. The town was defended by a small Union force under Col. Conrad Garis, commanding a detachment of the 168th Ohio Infantry and some home guard troops, about 300 men altogether. Morgan divided his troops into three columns, surrounded the town, and launched an attack at the bridge, driving Garis forces back towards the depot. The Confederates set fire to the town, destroying many buildings and this regiment fought Morgans force for about six hours. Eventually Morgan trapped this new Union force in a meander of the Licking River, altogether, Morgan had about 1,300 Union prisoners of war camping with him overnight in line of battle. The 171st Ohio Infantry was paroled the next day and this engagement, Morgans last victory, was known as the Battle of Kellers Bridge. With little ammunition, Morgan recklessly decided to stay and fight an expected larger Union force. Brig. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge with 2,400 men, a force of Ohio, Kentucky. The Union forces drove the Rebels back, causing them to flee into town, General Morgan and many of his officers escaped. Combined casualties in the separate Union forces were 1,092 men, while Morgan is estimated to have lost about 1,000 men, Cynthiana demonstrated that Union numbers and mobility were starting to take their toll, Confederate cavalry and partisans could no longer raid with impunity. Bush, Bryan S. Butcher Burbridge, Union General Stephen Burbridge, rattling Spurs and Broad-Brimmed Hats, The Civil War in Cynthiana and Harrison County, Kentucky. Kentuckys Civil War Heritage Trail ed. Bruce Brooks, published by Kentucky Department of Travel, kentuckytourism. com Penn, Kentucky Rebel Town, Civil War Battles of Cynthiana and Harrison County, Cynthiana Battlefields Foundation Facebook Cynthiana Battlefields Foundation
40.
American Civil War fortifications in Louisville
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Louisvilles fortifications for the American Civil War were designed to protect Louisville, Kentucky, as it was an important supply station for the Unions fight in the western theater of the war. They were typically named for fallen Union officers, usually those that served in the Army of the Ohio, the inspiration for building the forts came in October 1862, when Confederate forces engaged in their largest attack in Kentucky, only to be halted at the Battle of Perryville. Construction began in 1863, going at a pace until Confederate forces marched on Nashville. This caused General Hugh Ewing to demand from the city to both military convicts and local loafers to help build the fortifications. Due to military engineers being needed on the front lines, the fortifications in Louisville were designed by civilian assistant engineers, as were the ones in Cincinnati, Louisville was never endangered, so the guns never fired, save for salutes. Unlike earlier fortifications, which were constructed of stone masonry and timber. Also, it was decided that a radius from the city would not adequately defend the city from artillery fire. As a result, newer fortifications would not use any pre-existing fortifications and they typically held a minimum of 50 artillerists and 200 infantrymen, with four to six cannon. Twelve batteries were to back up eleven forts in a 10 and they were placed in prominent positions, where they could engage in a cross-fire of opposing forces. The forts lengths were between 550 and 700 feet, with fifteen to thirty feet thick, and six to eight feet high. 200 rounds for each gun were available in the forts and these forts were, Fort Clark, Located on the corner of 36th and Magnolia Streets. It was named for Lt. Col. Merwin Clark of the 183rd Ohio Infantry who died at the Battle of Franklin in November 1864. Fort Elster, Near Bellaire, Emerald, and Vernon Avenues and it was named for George R. Elstner, a Lieutenant Colonel of the 50th Ohio Infantry who died in Georgia in August 1864. Fort Engle, Corner of Arlington Ave. and Spring Street and it was named for Captain Archibald H. Engle of the 13th U. S. Infantry, who died in Georgia in May 1864. Fort Hill, On the hill between St. Louis Cemetery and Goddard Avenue, on what is now Castlewood Avenue and it was named for George W. Hill, a captain in the 12th Kentucky Infantry who died in Atlanta, Georgia in August 1864. Fort Horton, Where Merriwether and Shelby Streets meet, Horton, a captain of the 104th Ohio Infantry who died in Georgia in May 1864. Fort Karnash, Between 26th and 28th Sts. on Wilson Avenue and it was named for Julius E. Karnash, a Second Lieutenant of the 35th Missouri Infantry who died in Atlanta, Georgia in August 1864. Fort McPherson, in the area of Preston Street, by the old Shepherdsville Turnpike and Louisville and Nashville Railroad and it was named for the Major General, James B
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