1.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
2.
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
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Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper, later renamed Leslies Weekly, was an American illustrated literary and news magazine founded in 1852 and published until 1922. It was one of several magazines started by publisher and illustrator Frank Leslie, the Illustrated Newspaper was founded in 1852. John Y. Foster was the first editor of the weekly, there were 30 copies of the first edition printed. By 1897, its circulation had grown to an estimated 65,000 copies, after Leslies death in 1880, the magazine was continued by his widow, the womens suffrage campaigner Miriam Florence Leslie. The name, by then a well-established trademark, remained also after 1902 and it often took a strongly patriotic stance and frequently featured cover pictures of soldiers and heroic battle stories. It also gave extensive coverage to less martial events such as the Klondike gold rush of 1897, among the writers publishing their stories in the weekly were Louisa May Alcott, H. Irving Hancock, Helen R. Martin, Eleanor Franklin Egan, and Ellis Parker Butler. Several notable illustrators worked for the publication, including Albert Berghaus and Norman Rockwell, who created covers for the magazine in its latter years, and Fernando Mirando y Casellas. Surviving copies of the magazine at present fetch handsome prices as collectors items and are considered to give a picture of American life during the decades of its publication
3.
DeSoto Parish, Louisiana
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DeSoto Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 26,656, the parish was formed in 1843. DeSoto Parish is part of the Shreveport–Bossier City, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is a typical misconception that the parish was named after Hernando de Soto, the Spaniard who explored the future southeastern United States and discovered and named the Mississippi River. The parish was in fact named after the unrelated Marcel DeSoto, the parishs name is also commonly misspelled following the explorers name as De Soto Parish, but it is properly spelled following the settlers name as DeSoto Parish. The Battle of Mansfield was fought in DeSoto Parish on April 8,1864, general Alfred Mouton was killed in the fighting, but his position was carried forward by Prince de Polignac, a native of France. The battle is commemorated at the Mansfield State Historic Site four miles south of Mansfield off Louisiana Highway 175, the Confederate victory prevented a planned Union invasion thereafter of Texas. Mansfield, also known as the Battle of Sabine Crossroads, a Confederate victory, occurred with one year, Mansfield was quickly followed by the Battle of Pleasant Hill to the south. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 895 square miles. Interstate 49 Future Interstate 69 U. S. Highway 84 U. S. Highway 171 U. S, the population density was 29 people per square mile. There were 11,204 housing units at a density of 13 per square mile. 2. 85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.11. In the parish the population was out with 28. 40% under the age of 18,8. 30% from 18 to 24,26. 30% from 25 to 44,23. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 90.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.00 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $28,252, and the median income for a family was $33,196. Males had an income of $30,780 versus $20,182 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $13,606, about 21. 00% of families and 25. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 80% of those under age 18 and 24. 90% of those age 65 or over. Public schools in DeSoto Parish are operated by the DeSoto Parish School Board. L, johnny Rogers, politician C. O. Simpkins, Sr. African-American state representative, dentist, and civil rights activist in Shreveport O. C
4.
Sabine Parish, Louisiana
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Sabine Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,233, the seat of the parish is Many. Sabine was one of five parishes created in as many weeks by the Louisiana State Legislature March 7,1843 and it was created from Natchitoches Parish with the Sabine River as the international boundary between the United States and the Republic of Texas as the western boundary. The United States claimed the Sabine River as the border and Spain claimed a line farther east in Louisiana along Arroyo Hondo, a tributary of the Red River. The Neutral Ground Treaty was affected in 1806, declaring the area Sabine Free State, a demilitarized zone, the strip extended, roughly, from Sabine River east to the Calcasieu River, Bayous Kisatchie and Don Manuel, Lac Terre Noir and the Arroyo Hondo. Both nations claimed ownership but neither exercised control, english speaking settlers from the older eastern states began moving into the section during the westward expansion years before the boundary was established. They settled on Spanish grants known as Rio Hondo claims, one of the earliest settlers was Thomas Arthur, who filed a claim for 640 acres on Negreet Creek. In 1819, Spain abandoned all claims to land east of the Sabine River, great caravans of home seekers marched over the old highways and many of them settled in present-day Sabine Parish. In the years followed, small settlements began to make their appearances throughout the parish. Possibly the earliest of these was Negreet, founded in 1822, other settlements were Toro, in the extreme south,1827, and Noble, in the north portion, dating back to the 1830s. Fort Jesup was founded in 1822 by Lieutenant Colonel Zachary Taylor who later became the 12th President of the United States, taylors troops managed to establish law and order in this Neutral Ground. Fort Jesup has served as a part of Sabine Parish over the years. It was an important frontier post until the annexation of Texas in 1845, the two main highways of the southwest traversed the Neutral Strip and ran about four miles apart in the vicinity of Many. The San Antonio Trace and El Camino Real extended from Natchitoches Parish westward directly across Sabine Parish into East Texas, since El Camino Real was older and better known, a number of farmers and villages settled along it. Philip Nolans Trace crossed the Red River above Alexandria and ran through the Kisatchie country to join El Camino Real near the Sabine River crossing, the parish was created at a time when America had entered upon a new era of progress. Steamboats began running on the Sabine River in 1830, and by 1850 heavy traffic was carried on the Sabine, popular landing points were Columbus, East Pendleton and Carters Ferry. About three miles south of Pendleton was the large and flourishing river port of Sabine Town, the influx of settlers reached its zenith just prior to the War Between the States. Sabine Parish was one of the five parishes created in as many weeks by the legislature in 1843 during the administration of Governor Alexander Mouton
5.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
8.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
9.
Nathaniel P. Banks
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Nathaniel Prentice Banks was an American politician from Massachusetts and a Union general during the Civil War. A millworker by background, Banks was prominent in local debating societies, always a political chameleon, Banks was the first professional politician to serve as Massachusetts Governor. But he failed to reinforce Grant at Vicksburg, and badly handled the Siege of Port Hudson and he then launched the Red River Campaign, a failed attempt to occupy eastern Texas that prompted his recall. Banks was regularly criticized for the failures of his campaigns, notably in tactically important tasks including reconnaissance, Banks was also instrumental in early reconstruction efforts in Louisiana, intended by Lincoln as a model for later such activities. In his later years he adopted more liberal progressive causes, Nathaniel Startle Prentice Banks was born at Waltham, Massachusetts, the first child of Nathaniel P. Banks, Sr. and Rebecca Greenwood Banks, on January 30,1816. His father worked in the mill of the Boston Manufacturing Company. Banks went to local schools until the age of fourteen, at point the familys financial demands compelled him to take a mill job. He started as a boy, responsible for replacing bobbins full of thread with empty ones, working in the mills of Waltham. Because of this role he became known as Bobbin Boy Banks and he was at one time apprenticed as a mechanic alongside Elias Howe, a cousin. Recognizing the value of education, Banks continued to read, sometimes walking to Boston on his days off to visit the Atheneum Library and he attended company-sponsored lectures by luminaries of the day including Daniel Webster and other orators. He formed a club with other mill workers to improve their oratorical skills. He honed his oratorical and political skills by emulating Robert Rantoul, Bankss success as a speaker convinced him to quit the mill. He first worked as an editor for two short-lived political newspapers, after they failed he ran for a seat in the legislature in 1844. He then applied to Rantoul, who had been appointed Collector of the Port of Boston, Banks again ran unsuccessfully for the state legislature in 1847. Company leaders could effectively compel their workers to vote for Whig candidates because there was no secret ballot. This brought Banks, along with fellow Democrats Rantoul and George S. Boutwell to form a coalition with the Free Soil Party that successfully gained control of the legislature and governors chair. The deals negotiated after the win in the 1850 election put Boutwell in the governors chair. His role as speaker and his effectiveness in conducting business raised his status significantly
10.
Richard Taylor (general)
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Richard Scott Dick Taylor was an American planter, politician, military historian, and Confederate general. Taylor commanded the District of West Louisiana and was responsible for successfully opposing United States troops invading Louisiana during the Red River Campaign of 1864 and he was the only son of Zachary Taylor, the 12th President of the United States. He was named after his grandfather, Richard Lee Taylor. Richard Taylor, nicknamed Dick, had three sisters, whose given names were Ann Mackall, Sarah Knox, and Mary Elizabeth. Much of his life was spent on the American frontier, as his father was a career military officer and commanded frontier forts. As a youth, Richard was sent to schools in Kentucky. After starting college studies at Harvard College, Taylor completed them at Yale and he was a member of Skull and Bones, Yales social club. He received no scholastic honors, as he spent the majority of his time reading books on classical and military history. In the beginning of the Mexican-American War, Taylor visited his father at the Mexican town of Matamoros in July 1846, having to leave the war because of rheumatoid arthritis, Richard Taylor agreed to manage the family cotton plantation in Jefferson County, Mississippi. In 1850, he persuaded his father to purchase Fashion, a sugar cane plantation in St. Charles Parish. After his fathers death in July 1850, Taylor inherited it. On February 10,1851, Richard Taylor married Louise Marie Myrthe Bringier, steadily Taylor added acreage to the plantation and improved its sugar works at considerable expense and expanded its labor force to nearly 200 slaves. He became one of the wealthiest men in Louisiana for his holdings, then the freeze of 1856 ruined his crop, forcing him into heavy debt with a large mortgage on the plantation. His mother-in-law, Aglae Bringier financially aided Taylor and his wife, in 1855, Taylor entered local politics, he was elected to the Louisiana Senate, in which he served until 1861. First affiliated with the Whig Party, he shifted to the American Party and he was sent to the Democratic Convention of 1860 in Charleston, South Carolina, as a state delegate and witnessed the splintering of the Democrats. While in Charleston, he tried to out a compromise between the two Democratic factions, but his attempts failed. When the American Civil War erupted, Taylor was asked by Confederate General Braxton Bragg to assist him, as a civilian aide-de-camp without pay, at Pensacola, Florida. Bragg had known Taylor from before the war, and thought his knowledge of history could help him to organize
11.
Army of the Gulf
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The Army of the Gulf was a Union Army that served in the general area of the Gulf states controlled by Union forces. It mainly saw action in Louisiana and Alabama, the Department of the Gulf was created following the capture of New Orleans by Admiral David G. Farragut in 1862. The commander of the Union occupation forces, Benjamin F. Butler, was placed in command of the department, in March, Butler assumed command of the department, and the Army of the Gulf was created from the troops now designated to the Department of the Gulf. The army saw little action the rest of 1862 and Butler was replaced by Major General Nathaniel P, Banks assumed command of the Department of the Gulf and the Army of the Gulf. At the time the Army of the Gulf consisted of one corps, the XIX Corps. Banks led the army in several engagements in lower Louisiana that eventually led to the Siege of Port Hudson, the army endured the siege and the post was finally surrendered by Confederate forces on July 9,1863. The next year the XIII Corps and two divisions of the XVI Corps were added to the department, increasing the army to over three corps, Banks retained command of the army and department while Gen. William H. Emory assumed command of the XIX Corps, in March 1864, Banks began his disastrous Red River Campaign. After it failed, he resigned from the Army and was replaced by Maj. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut, the XIX Corps was sent to the Shenandoah Valley, and the forces that remained in the army participated in the land attack at the Battle of Mobile Bay. Late in the war, Maj. Gen. Edward Canbys Military Division of West Mississippi was given the two remaining corps, the XIII and the XVI, for a planned offensive to capture the city of Mobile. During this operation, Canby renamed the force the Army of West Mississippi after the division that he commanded. Although now under a different title, the force was virtually the same army and it took part in the Battle of Spanish Fort and the Battle of Fort Blakely. Canby was appointed command of the Department of the Gulf at the closing of the war, Port Hudson order of battle Eicher, John H. & Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Army and Department of the Gulf Army of West Mississippi
12.
Red River Campaign
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The Red River Campaign or Red River Expedition comprised a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War from March 10 to May 22,1864. It was a Union failure, characterized by poor planning and mismanagement, Taylor successfully defended the Red River Valley with a smaller force. The Union had four goals at the start of the campaign, to capture Shreveport, Louisiana, Confederate headquarters for the Trans-Mississippi Department, control the Red River to the north, and occupy east Texas. To confiscate as much as a hundred thousand bales of cotton from the plantations along the Red River, to organize pro-Union state governments in the region. Union strategists in Washington thought that the occupation of east Texas, Texas was the source of much needed guns, food, and supplies for Confederate troops. Other historians have claimed that the campaign was motivated by concern regarding the 25,000 French troops in Mexico sent by Napoleon III. Shermans forces in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and under the command of Brigadier General A. J. Smith, Smiths forces were available to Banks only until the end of April, when they would be sent back east where they were needed for other Union military actions. Banks would command this force of 35,000, which would be supported in its march up the Red River towards Shreveport by Union Navy Rear Admiral David Dixon Porters fleet of gunboats. This plan was ready to be set in action in early March 1864, after somewhat belated communication initiated by Banks to inform Sherman, most of Banks men, accompanied by a large, poorly trained, cavalry force would march north toward the middle river. Banks would allow cotton speculators to come along, and Porter was bringing barges to collect cotton as lucrative naval prizes. The Confederate senior officers were confused as to whether the Red River, Mobile, Alabama, the commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, General Edmund Kirby Smith, nevertheless started moving many of his men to the Shreveport area. The Union forces consisted of four elements, the first three of which worked together,1,10,000 men from XVI Corps and XVII Corps from the Army of the Tennessee under A. J. Smith. The Mississippi flotilla of the US Navy, commanded by Admiral Porter, consisting of ten ironclads,7,000 men under General Steele in the Department of Arkansas. Confederate forces consisted of elements from the Trans-Mississippi Department, commanded by E. Kirby Smith, the District of West Louisiana, commanded by Richard Taylor, contained approximately 10,000 men, consisting of two infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and the garrison of Shreveport. The District of Arkansas, commanded by Sterling Price, contained approximately 11,000 men, as the campaign began, Smith ordered two of Prices infantry divisions to move to Louisiana. The District of Indian Territory, commanded by Samuel Maxey, contained approximately 4,000 men in three cavalry brigades, the District of Texas, commanded by John Magruder,15,000 men, mostly cavalry. As the campaign began, Smith ordered Magruder to send as many men as he could, over the course of the campaign almost 8,000 cavalry came from Texas to aid Taylor in Louisiana, however, it arrived slowly and not all together. The Confederate Navy based in Shreveport had the ironclad CSS Missouri, the gunboat Cotton, Franklin, commanding the advance divisions of Bankss Army of the Gulf, began his march from southern Louisiana on March 10
13.
Battle of Mansfield
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The Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, formed part of the Red River Campaign during the American Civil War, when Union forces were aiming to occupy the state capital Shreveport. The Confederate commander, Major General Richard Taylor chose Mansfield as the place where he would make his stand against the advancing Union army under General Nathaniel Banks, Taylor concentrated his forces at Sabine Crossroads, knowing that reinforcements were nearby. Banks prepared for a fight, though his own army was not fully assembled either, both sides were reinforced by stages throughout the day. After a brief resistance, the Union army was routed by the Confederates, consisting mainly of units from Louisiana and Texas, the engagement is also known as the Battle of Sabine Crossroads. During the second half of March 1864, a force from the Union Army of the Gulf. Banks ascended the Red River with the goal of defeating the Confederate forces in Louisiana, by April 1 Union forces had occupied Grand Ecore and Natchitoches. While the accompanying gunboat fleet with a portion of the infantry continued up the river, the force followed the road inland toward Mansfield. Major General Richard Taylor, in command of the Confederate forces in Louisiana, had retreated up the Red River in order to connect with reinforcements from Texas and Arkansas. Taylor selected a clearing a few south of Mansfield as the spot where he would take a stand against the Union forces. Sending his cavalry to harass the Union vanguard as it approached, the morning of April 8 found Bankss army stretched out along a single road through the woods between Natchitoches and Mansfield. When the cavalry at the front of the found the Confederates taking a strong position along the edge of a clearing. Riding to the front, Banks decided that he would fight Taylor at that spot and it became a race to see which side could bring its forces to the front first. These troops arrived late in the afternoon, after the battle had commenced, anecdotal evidence indicates that there were additional Louisiana men in the ranks. This included paroled soldiers from units that had surrendered at Vicksburg, historian Gary Joiner claimed that there may have been from several hundred to several thousand of them. Joseph Blessington, a soldier in Walkers division, wrote that, The Louisiana militia, under command of Governor Allen, was held in reserve, in addition, Blessington wrote that, from the surrounding communities, old men shouldered their muskets and came to our assistance. During the battle, the 3rd Division of the XIII Corps, commanded by General Robert A. Cameron, the battle ended when the pursuing Confederates met the 1st Division of the XIX Corps, commanded by Brigadier General William H. Emory, with approximately 5,000 men. Thomas E. G. Ransom commanded the XIII Corps during the engagement, during the morning, Taylor positioned Mouton’s division on the east side of the clearing. Walker’s division arrived in the afternoon and formed on Moutons right, as Greens cavalry fell back from the advancing Union forces, two brigades moved to Mouton’s flank and the third to Walker’s flank
14.
Historian
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A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race, if the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although historian can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. Historian became an occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany. Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, while ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. Understanding the past appears to be a human need. What constitutes history is a philosophical question, the earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name. Systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development that became an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region, the earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus who later became known as the father of history. Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men and he was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis. The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, while early Roman works were still written in Greek, the Origines, composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder, was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. Strabo was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, livy records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history, in Chinese historiography, the Classic of History is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. Sima Qian was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing and his written work was the Shiji, a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as Luke-Acts, which is the source for the Apostolic Age. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages and they wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, muslim historical writings first began to develop in the 7th century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet Muhammads life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, to evaluate these sources, they developed various methodologies, such as the science of biography, science of hadith and Isnad
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Louisiana Tech University
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Louisiana Tech University, colloquially referred to as Louisiana Tech or La. Tech, is a public research university in Ruston, Louisiana. Also, the FAA named Louisiana Tech to the National Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, the university is known for its engineering and science programs. Louisiana Tech opened as the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana in 1894 during the Second Industrial Revolution, the original mission of the college was for the education of students in the arts and sciences for the purpose of developing an industrial economy in post-Reconstruction Louisiana. Four years later in 1898, the constitution changed the schools name to Louisiana Industrial Institute. In 1921, the changed its name to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute to reflect its evolution into a larger. Under the leadership of Dr. F, Jay Taylor, the college continued to grow and change over time. Louisiana Polytechnic Institute became desegregated in the 1960s and officially changed its name to Louisiana Tech University in 1970 as the school developed into a research university. Louisiana Tech enrolled 12,694 students in five academic colleges during the Fall 2016 academic quarter including 1,400 students in the graduate school, Louisiana Tech fields 16 varsity NCAA Division I sports teams and is a member of Conference USA of the Football Bowl Subdivision. Ruston College, a forerunner to Louisiana Tech, was established in the middle 1880s by W. C and this institution lasted for seven years and had annual enrollments of about 250 students. Friley subsequently from 1892 to 1894 served as the first president of Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene, Texas, on May 14,1894, the Lincoln Parish Police Jury held a special session to outline plans to secure a regional industrial school. The police jury called upon State Representative George M. Lomax to introduce the legislation during the upcoming session. Representative Lomax, Jackson Parish Representative J. T. M. Hancock, and journalist, lawyer, holstead fought for the passage of the bill. On July 6,1894, the bill was approved as Act No.68 of the General Assembly of Louisiana. The act established The Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana, an institute created for the education of white children in the arts. In 1894, Colonel Arthur T. Prescott was elected as the first president of the college and he moved to Ruston and began overseeing the construction of a two-story main building. The brick building housed eight classrooms, an auditorium, a chemical laboratory. A frame building was built nearby and was used for the instruction of mechanics
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Mansfield, Louisiana
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Mansfield is a small city in and the parish seat of DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,001 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 10 percent from the 2000 tabulation, Mansfield is 77 percent African American. Mansfield is part of the Shreveport–Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Battle of Mansfield, a Confederate victory under General Richard Taylor, was fought here on April 8,1864. This battle turned 42,000 Union troops away from their conquest of the Louisiana Confederate capital, Shreveport, the battle is commemorated at the Mansfield State Historic Site some four miles south of Mansfield off Louisiana Highway 175. The first womans college west of the Mississippi River, Mansfield Female College, was founded by the Methodist Church there in 1855, a two-year college, its first class graduated in 1856. In 1930, Mansfield Female College merged with Centenary College of Louisiana in Shreveport, in 2003, the Louisiana State Legislature moved to convert the main building of Mansfield Female College, the Lyceum, into a future museum. The film The Great Debaters was partially shot in Mansfield and released on December 25,2007, the story line involves a 1930s debate team from Marshall, Texas. The downtown scenes of Marshall, however, were shot on location in downtown Mansfield. The film stars Denzel Washington and Forest Whitaker and was nominated for a Golden Globe award in 2008, Mansfield is located at 32°1′58″N 93°42′9″W and has an elevation of 335 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.7 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,001 people,2,500 households, the population density was 1,515.4 people per square mile. There were 2,298 housing units at a density of 623.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city in 2000 was 34. 13% White,64. 26% African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 27% Asian,0. 47% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 59% of the population. 29. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.20. In the city, the population was out with 29. 6% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $21,981, and the median income for a family was $26,683. Males had an income of $30,239 versus $19,854 for females
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Mosby Monroe Parsons
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Mosby Monroe Parsons was a United States officer in the Mexican–American War and brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The eldest child of Gustavus Adolphus Parsons and his wife Patience Monroe Bishop, Mosby M. Parsons was born in Charlottesville, when he was 13, his parents moved to Cole County, Missouri. Two years later, they moved again to Jefferson City, which Parsons would thereafter make his home, as a young man, Mosby read law and was admitted to the bar in 1846. He served as a volunteer in the Mexican-American War with the rank of captain in Colonel Alexander W. Doniphans regiment and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Sacramento on February 28,1847. Returning to Missouri after the war, he married Mary Wells on September 18,1850, however, his wife died just three years later, leaving him with an infant son, Stephen Kearney Parsons. Parsons served as the United States District Attorney for western Missouri, in 1856 was elected to the state legislature. He became a senator in 1858, serving until the Civil War began in early 1861. During the secession crisis in Missouri, Parsons was appointed general in command of the Sixth Division of the Missouri State Guard. He arrived too late to participate in the skirmish at Boonville, but he went on to lead his division at Carthage and the Battle of Wilsons Creek in Missouri. Although his Missouri State Guardsmen participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas, Parsons was absent from this action seeking an appointment into the Confederate Army in Richmond, Virginia. Parsons was commissioned a general of the Confederacy on November 5,1862 and led his infantry brigade in the Battle of Prairie Grove. Parsons was appointed a general by Trans-Mississippi Departmental Commander Kirby Smith on April 30,1864. After the wars end, Parsons, like many other Missouri Confederates, the bodies of Parsons and his comrades were either thrown into the San Juan River or buried in unmarked graves where they were killed. In 1868, Parsonss son and sister, along with the family of Aaron Conrow, sued the Mexican government via the United States, in 1875, a judgment in the amount of almost $50,000.00 in gold was awarded to each of the plaintiffs. List of American Civil War generals Gurley, Bill J. Mosby Monroe Parsons, Missouris Forgotten Brigadier in Confederate Generals in the Trans-Mississippi, knoxville, Tennessee, University of Tennessee Press,2013. Gurley, Bill J. Mosby Monroe Parsons, Major General, Murder Victim in Confederate Generals in the Trans-Mississippi, knoxville, Tennessee, University of Tennessee Press,2015. Hinze, David, Farnham, Karen, The Battle of Carthage, Border War in Southwest Missouri, Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Who Was Who in the Civil War, new York, Facts On File,1988
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Andrew Jackson Smith
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Andrew Jackson Smith was a United States Army general during the American Civil War, rising to the command of a corps. He was most noted for his victory over Confederate General Stephen D. Lee at the Battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, Smith was born in rural Bucks County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1838 ranking 36th in a class of 45 graduates and he entered West Point with his kin Langdon C. Smith was engaged on active service on the frontier in the Southwest and in the Mexican-American War and he later fought against Native Americans in the Washington and Oregon territories. He was successively promoted to first lieutenant in 1845, captain in 1847, from March through July, he served in the same capacity in the Department of the Mississippi. Assigned afterwards to the Army of the Tennessee, he took part in the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou and he commanded a division of the XIII Corps in the Vicksburg Campaign. Smith was then summoned to join forces with Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas at Nashville, Tennessee and he bore a conspicuous share in the crowning victory at the Battle of Nashville, being brevetted major general for his success in leading his troops past the Confederates south flank. He commanded the XVI corps in the campaign against Mobile, Alabama. Smith resigned his commission in 1866 and became colonel of the U. S. 7th Cavalry Regiment. He retired from the service in April 1869 to become postmaster of St. Louis, Missouri. He was buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery, list of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. University of Illinois at Springfield News Release Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Smith
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XVI Corps (ACW)
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The XVI Army Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The corps rarely fought as one unified unit, as its divisions were often scattered across the country, the XVI Corps was organized on December 18,1862 with Maj. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut in command. It had four divisions commanded respectively by William Sooy Smith, Grenville Dodge, Nathan Kimball and these divisions were assigned to garrison duty in the vicinity of Memphis, LaGrange and Corinth. With the Army of the Tennessee besieging Vicksburg, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant gathered reinforcements from the surrounding areas, the divisions of Smith, Kimball and Lauman were ordered to Vicksburg on June 12. This detachment was led by Maj. Gen. Cadwallader C, Hurlbut and Dodge remained on garrison duty in Tennessee during this time. After the fall of Vicksburg, Smiths division was attached to the IX Corps and Laumans division was attached to the XIII Corps during Maj. Gen. William T. Shermans expedition to Jackson, in 1864, the corps was divided into two wings of two divisions each. The Left Wing was led by Maj. Gen. Grenville Dodge, the left wing was composed of the divisions of Brig. Gen. Thomas W. Sweeny and Brig. Gen. James C. These divisions fought notably at the Battle of Atlanta on July 22,1864 holding off Confederate General John Bell Hoods flank attack, at this battle Veatchs division was led by Brig. Gen. John W. Fuller. The remaining division which did not join Shermans Atlanta Campaign were left to guard the Mississippi River valley, Maj. Gen. Hurlbut assumed direct command over these divisions known as the Right Wing and participated in the Meridian Expedition in February 1864. During the Red River Campaign the Right Wing was attached to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P, banks Army of the Gulf with Andrew J. Smith in command. Tuttles 1st Division was now commanded by Joseph A. Mower, Smiths division was also attached to Mowers command. One division from the XVII Corps was attached to the Right Wing and this division was dubbed the Red River Division and was commanded by Thomas Kilby Smith. Here the two divisions were commanded by Mower and Colonel David Moore with a division of cavalry temporarily attached under Brig. Gen. Benjamin Grierson and this unit was sometimes called General A. J. The corps in its entirety was discontinued on November 7,1864, Andrew J. Smith remained in command of his two divisions and were sent to Missouri to help defeat Sterling Pricess Missouri Raid. During this time Smiths command, once known as the Right Wing-XVI Corps, was now officially titled Detachment-Army of the Tennessee, Smith was then sent to Tennessee to join with Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas for the battle of Nashville. At Nashville Smith had three divisions being commanded respectively by John McArthur, Kenner Garrard and Col. Jonathan B, mcArthurs division took a prominent part in both days of the battle. On February 18,1865 Smiths Detachment-Army of the Tennessee became the official XVI Corps and it was composed of three divisions, First, Second and Third. The composition remained virtually the same as it had at Nashville except Brig. Gen. Eugene A. Carr replaced Col. Moore in command of the 3rd Division
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XVII Corps (Union Army)
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XVII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized December 18,1862 as part of Ulysses S. Grants Army of the Tennessee and it was most notably commanded by Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson and Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair II, in October 1862 the XIII Corps and XIV Corps were created in the Western Theater. At the time it was created the XIII Corps constituted the entire Army of the Tennessee under Ulysses S. Grant, initially Grant subdivided the corps into the Right, Left and Center wings. McPherson led the Center of the XIII Corps, on December 18,1862 the XIII Corps was officially divided. The Center officially became the XVII Corps with McPherson still in command and was composed of three divisions under John A. Logan, John McArthur, and Isaac F. Quinby. Grants Vicksburg Campaign was the XVII Corps first operation and it fought the Battle of Raymond and captured Jackson alongside William T. Shermans XV Corps. On May 16,1863 it bore the brunt of the fighting in the Battle of Champion Hill, during the Siege of Vicksburg, it formed the center of the Union forces. While most of the XVII Corps was left in Mississippi, William T. Sherman took the 2nd Division, led by Brig. Gen. John E. Smith, two of Smiths brigades took a significant part in the Battle of Missionary Ridge. In the winter of 1863–1864 Sherman returned to Vicksburg to lead the Meridian campaign, McPherson led the corps during the campaign. Only the 3rd and 4th Divisions and the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division took part, in 1864 General McPherson assumed command of the Army of the Tennessee and for a short time no officer was appointed to command the corps. Eventually Major General Francis P. Blair, Jr. took command, Sherman transferred the rest of the corps to Georgia to take part in the Atlanta campaign. Only the 3rd and 4th Divisions took part in the campaign and these divisions missed much of the battles but played a major role in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. The 3rd Division under Mortimer D. Leggett had a hard fight on Bald Hill. Bald Hill would be renamed Leggetts Hill in honor of the division commander, after the fall of Atlanta, General Blair took a leave of absence from the army and General Thomas E. G. Ransom commanded the XVII Corps. When Ransom died of exposure during the pursuit of John Bell Hoods army Blair returned shortly after to command of the corps, Blair led the corps during the March to the Sea and took part in the capture of Savannah, Georgia. The XVII Corps fought exclusively in the Battle of Salkehatchie River, Blair and the corps were present at the Battle of Bentonville but did not take an active part in the fighting. One division formerly part of the XVII Corps was dubbed the Red River Division or the Provisional Division and was attached to the Right Wing-XVI Corps under Andrew J. Smith
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XIII Corps (ACW)
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XIII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was first led by Ulysses S. Grant and later by John A. McClernand and it served in the Western Theater of civil war, Trans-Mississippi Theater and along the Gulf of Mexico. The XIII Corps, along with the XIV Corps, were put into commission on October 24,1862 with the passing of General Orders No.168. These two corps were the first corps created in the Western Theater, while the XIV Corps constituted all forces under the command of William S. Rosecrans, the XIII Corps likewise constituted all the forces under Ulysses S. Grant. Because of the immense size and the fact that it was virtually synonymous with the Army of the Tennessee, Grant chose to subdivide the corps into the Right, Left. In December 1862 it was divided into the XIII Corps, XV Corps, XVI Corps. Grant remained in command of the Army of the Tennessee and John A. McClernand assumed command of the XIII Corps. Before the official order was passed along to all the commanders, William T. Sherman, commander of the Right Wing. Shermans wing of the XIII Corps fought the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou on December 26–29, No matter the designation, it was the first time many of the troops had been under fire. Adding to the identity crisis the XIII Corps faced in its early years was John A. McClernands expedition against Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post, McClernand was given his XIII Corps and Shermans XV Corps. McClernand labeled these forces the Army of the Mississippi and renamed the XIII Corps I Corps, McClernand commanded the Army and placed General George W. Morgan in command of the I Corps. The divisions of Andrew J. Smith and Peter J. Osterhaus participated in the battle, only Stephen Burbridges brigade of Smiths division bore any heavy fighting. With the impending campaign against Vicksburg, Grant took personal command of the operation, McClernand returned to corps command and the Army of the Mississippi was merged back into the Army of the Tennessee and the XIII Corps took on its official title. Ross division was stationed in Arkansas during the campaign and did not participate in any engagements with the rest of the corps. In July, this division fought at the Battle of Helena as part of the District of Eastern Arkansas under Benjamin M. Prentiss, the Battle of Port Gibson was fought by the XIII Corps, with the aid of a portion of the XVII Corps. McClernand did not bring the force of the corps to bear at the Battle of Champion Hill. Immediately following the victory at Champions Hill the Battle of Big Black River Bridge was again fought exclusively by the XIII Corps, when Grant initiated siege operations the XIII Corps took up a position on the Union left. During the assaults on Vicksburg the XIII Corps lost nearly 1,500 soldiers, McClernand had been a long time thorn in Grants side and on June 19, Grant found an opportunity to remove him from command
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Thomas E. G. Ransom
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Thomas Edwin Greenfield Ransom was a surveyor, civil engineer, real estate speculator, and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Ransom was born in Norwich, Vermont, son of Colonel Truman B, Ransom, who was killed in action at the Battle of Chapultepec during the Mexican-American War, when the younger Ransom was only 14 years old. The father was remembered by a participant in battle, Adjutant General Richard Coulter Drum of the Regular Army. His son, Thomas, entered Norwich University in 1848, where he remained three years, after graduating in 1851 he went to Illinois, where he engaged in civil engineering and real estate speculation. He initially lived with his uncle, George Gilson, then mayor of Peru, Ransom was known as the boy surveyor of LaSalle County. As the Civil War began, Ransom was in the employ of the Illinois Central Railroad and he was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the regiment July 30, and colonel on February 15,1862. He was commissioned brigadier general on November 9,1862, and in January 1863 and his wounds at the latter engagement were so severe that he was evacuated to Chicago for treatment. At various times, he commanded divisions of XIII, XVI and he led XVII Corps in the pursuit of a Confederate force through North Georgia into Alabama. Returning to Georgia in October, he was severely ill with dysentery. When told that he had but a few hours to live, he answered, I am not afraid to die and he was awarded a brevet to major general on September 1,1864 and died in service a few weeks later. General Ransom is buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago, Ransoms memory was cherished by many prominent Union Generals including Grant and Sherman. The historian Edward G. Longacre notes that the stoic Grant wept upon hearing of young Ransoms death, Ransoms close friend, Grenville Dodge, recalled how, even years later, President Grant would frequently talk about young Ransom with great affection and respect. Sherman kept a photograph of General Ransom on the wall of his office 20 years after the war, after his death, the community of Ransom, Illinois, was named in his honor. GENERAL THOMAS E. G. RANSOM IN THE WORDS OF THOSE WHO KNEW HIM,1, Colonel W. H. L. Wallace, 11th Illinois Infantry. August 23,1861 at Birds Point, Missouri, there was no strut about him. He was simple in his manners--quiet, unobtrusive. His power was always in reserve. and the deeper the peril, reverend W. H. Ryder of Chicago,1866. Ordinarily, he is of a quiet, modest disposition, but when in battle he becomes tiger like, although reeling in the saddle, and streaming with blood from a previous wound, performed prodigies of valor. General John McClernand, his commander at Shiloh
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Charles Pomeroy Stone
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Charles Pomeroy Stone was a career United States Army officer, civil engineer, and surveyor. He fought with distinction in the Mexican–American War, earning two brevet promotions for his performance in the conflict, after resigning and surveying for the Mexican Government, he returned to the U. S. Army to fight in the American Civil War. Stone was reportedly the first volunteer to enter the Union Army, held responsible for the Union defeat, Stone was arrested and imprisoned for almost six months, mostly for political reasons. He never received a trial, and after his release he would not hold a significant command during the war again. Stone later served again with distinction as a general in the Egyptian Army, Stone was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, a son of Alpheus Fletcher Stone, the towns doctor, and his wife Fanny Cushing. In 1841 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated four years later and he was appointed a brevet second lieutenant of ordnance on July 1,1845. Stone stayed at West Point, serving as an assistant professor and teaching geography, history, afterwards he was posted to the Watervliet Arsenal in New York as Assistant Ordnance Officer, and then to Fortress Monroe at Old Point Comfort, Virginia, both in 1846. While there Stone worked in the arsenal and was an assistant to Capt. Benjamin Huger. Fighting with Maj. Gen. Winfield Scotts army in the Mexican–American War and he first saw action during the Siege of Veracruz from March 9–29, then the skirmishing near Amazoque on May 14, and the Battle of Contreras on August 19–20. Stone then fought notably during the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8, on September 13,1847, Stone participated in the Battle of Chapultepec, and was appointed a brevet captain for his conduct on that day. He then fought in the Battle for Mexico City until September 15 and he was an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847, a military society formed by U. S. Army officers who had served in Mexico. After the war with Mexico ended, Stone returned to the Watervliet Arsenal in 1848 and he then was granted a leave of absence from the U. S. Army, and proceeded to Europe to study military practices of the armies there for two years. In 1850 he resumed duty at the Watervliet Arsenal briefly, later that year Stone was appointed Chief of Ordnance for the Pacific Department, a post he held until 1855, and also began construction of the Benicia Arsenal in California that year. During this time he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, on November 17,1856, he resigned his commission in the U. S. Army, finding the pay inadequate for his family. He briefly became a banker in 1856 in San Francisco, Stone then went back to Mexico, where he worked in various government jobs. From 1857 to 1860 he surveyed the Mexican state of Sonora, also from 1858 to 1859 Stone served as acting consul at Guaymas, Mexico, the municipal center of Sonora. In 1860 he moved his family back to the U. S. settling in Washington, in 1861 he published his survey findings, entitled Notes on the State of Sonora. At the outbreak of secession, Stone found himself in Washington writing his report on Sonora, in this role, he secured the capital for the arrival of President-elect Abraham Lincoln, and was personally responsible for security at the new presidents inaugural
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Alfred Mouton
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Jean-Jacques-Alfred-Alexandre Alfred Mouton was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. Although trained at West Point, he resigned his commission to become a civil engineer and then a sugarcane grower. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he commanded the 18th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, wounded at Shiloh, he was made a brigade commander under General Richard Taylor, with whom he successfully obstructed Union efforts to secure the Bayou Teche region of southern Louisiana. In the Red River Campaign, Mouton was killed at the Battle of Mansfield, Mouton was born in Opelousas, Louisiana, the son of former Governor of Louisiana Alexandre Mouton. Alfred enrolled in St. Charles College in Grand Coteau, Louisiana, upon his graduation from St. Charles College, Alexandre Mouton secured for Alfred an appointment to the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. Alfred was hesitant to go at first because up until that point in his life he had only around French-speaking people and customs. However, his father was adamant, and he was enrolled in 1846, at West Point, Mouton was an average student scoring good marks in certain areas, including French, but it was evident that he struggled with the new language he was around. Alfred graduated from West Point on July 1,1850, 38th out of 44 and he stayed with the United States Army just briefly before resigning his commission that September. As soon as he resigned his commission, Mouton took up an engineering position as an assistant engineer for the New Orleans, Opelousas. He held that position from 1852 to 1853, after resigning from the railroad business, Mouton took up farming sugar cane in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana. While living in Lafayette Parish, Mouton became a prominent member of the community due to his family connections and he served as leader of the Lafayette Vigilante Committee, a local militia company. He also served as general in the Louisiana State Militia from 1850 to 1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Mouton organized a company of men from the population in Lafayette Parish. The company consisted of farmers from around the area. Mouton was elected captain of the company upon its organization, when the company was organized into the 18th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, he was elected colonel. Mouton quickly made a reputation for himself as a strict disciplinarian, however, after drill he mingled freely with his soldiers in camp, stopping to talk to anyone of the regiment. One of his soldiers had this to say about him, As a drillmaster, he had few, if any and he was a strict disciplinarian and allowed no deviation from orders either by officers or soldiers. At Shiloh, the 18th Louisiana was organized into Col. Preston Ponds brigade and it was while serving in this brigade that the regiment and their commander received their baptism by fire
25.
Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac
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Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac was a French nobleman who served with the Confederates in the American Civil War, living on to become the last surviving Confederate major-general. After service in the French army in the Crimea, Polignac was travelling in America at the outbreak of war and he distinguished himself as a brigadier in the Red River Campaign, notably at the Battle of Mansfield, after which he was promoted divisional commander. Polignac was well-liked by his troops, who found his name hard to pronounce and called him ‘Prince Polecat’, returning to France, he commanded a division in the Franco-Prussian War, before devoting himself to the study of mathematics and music. Polignac was born in Millemont, Seine-et-Oise, France, into one of the most famous families of the French nobility and his grandmother, Gabrielle, had been a famous aristocratic beauty and Queen Marie-Antoinettes closest friend. Through his first cousin twice removed, Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois, he was related to the Grimaldis of Monaco, Polignac studied mathematics and music at St. Stanislas College in the 1840s. In 1853 he joined the French army and he served in the Crimean War from 1854 to 1855, receiving a commission as a second lieutenant. He resigned from the army in 1859 and traveled to Central America to study geography and political economy and he then visited the United States in the early 1860s. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Polignac initially served on the staffs of generals P. G. T, beauregard and Braxton Bragg as a lieutenant colonel. He served at the Battle of Shiloh and the subsequent Siege of Corinth, in January 1863, he was promoted to brigadier general. Two months later, he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department, Polignac is best known for his leadership at the Battle of Mansfield, April 8,1864, in De Soto Parish, Louisiana, a Confederate victory in the first major action of the Red River Campaign. Formally promoted to general on June 14,1864, Polignac led the division throughout the remainder of the campaign. In March 1865 he was sent to Napoleon III of France to request intervention on behalf of the Confederacy and he was affectionately known by his troops, unable to decipher how to pronounce his name, as Prince Polecat. He was reportedly amused when he learned what the term meant. After the Civil War, Polignac returned to his estate in France. He published several articles on his Civil War experiences and he returned to the French army as a brigadier general and commanded a division in the Franco-Prussian War. When he died in Paris, France at the age of 81 and he was buried with his wifes family in Germany in Hauptfriedhof, Frankfurt-on-Main. List of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, who Was Who in the Civil War. New York, Facts On File,1988, warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders
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Edmund Kirby Smith
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Edmund Kirby Smith was a career United States Army officer who served with the Confederates during the Civil War, as one of only seven officers to reach the rank of Full General. The area included most actions east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Mississippi River, in 1863, Smith dispatched troops in an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the Siege of Vicksburg. After Vicksburg was captured in July, the isolated Trans-Mississippi zone was cut off from the rest of the Confederacy, and became virtually an independent nation, nicknamed Kirby Smithdom. In the Red River Campaign of Spring 1864, he commanded victorious Confederate troops under General Richard Taylor, on May 26,1865, he surrendered his army at Galveston, Texas, before fleeing abroad to avoid arrest for treason. After the war, Smith worked in the telegraph and railway industries, Smith was born in 1824 in St. Augustine, Florida, as the youngest child to Joseph Lee Smith and Frances Kirby Smith. Both his parents were natives of Litchfield, Connecticut, where their children were born. The family moved to Florida in 1821, shortly before the elder Smith was named a Superior Court judge in the new Florida Territory, acquired by the US from Spain. Older siblings included Ephraim, born in 1807, sister Frances, born in 1809, and Josephine, who died in 1835, likely of tuberculosis. In 1836, his parents sent him to a boarding school in Virginia. On July 1,1841, Smith entered West Point and graduated four years later, while there he was nicknamed Seminole after the Native Americans of his state, and brevetted a second lieutenant in the 5th U. S. He was promoted to lieutenant on August 22,1846. In the Mexican–American War, he served under General Zachary Taylor at the Battle of Palo Alto and he served under General Winfield Scott later, and received brevet promotions to first lieutenant for Cerro Gordo and to captain for Contreras and Churubusco. His older brother, Ephraim Kirby Smith, who graduated from West Point in 1826 and was a captain in the regular army, Infantry in the campaigns with both Taylor and Scott. Ephraim died in 1847 from wounds suffered at the Battle of Molino del Rey, after that war, Kirby Smith served as a captain in the 2nd U. S. Cavalry, primarily in Texas. Kirby Smith collected and studied materials as a botanist, like other military officers. Some of the items from his collecting at West Point, he donated to the Smithsonian Institution, Kirby Smith was assigned to teaching mathematics at West Point, from 1849 to 1852. According to his letters to his mother, he was happy with this environment, on May 13,1859, he was wounded in his thigh fighting Indians in the Nescutunga Valley of Texas. On January 31,1861, Smith was promoted to major and his sister Frances Webster remained loyal to the Union although married to Lucien Bonaparte Webster, a Confederate officer, who died during the war
27.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
28.
Camp Ford
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Camp Ford was a prisoner of war camp near Tyler, Texas, during the American Civil War. It was the largest Confederate-run prison west of the Mississippi River, the captives were initially held in the open, but a panic ensued in November 1863 when 800 new prisoners threatened a mass breakout. A military stockade enclosing 4 acres was soon erected, with over 2,000 new prisoners taken in Louisiana on April 8 and 91864, at the battles of Mansfield, and Pleasant Hill, the stockade was quadrupled in size. With more prisoners captured in Arkansas, the population peaked at about 5,000 in July 1864. The population was reduced by exchanges in July and October 1864, the last 1,761 prisoners were exchanged on May 22,1865. Summary Executions of Local Citizens, Recounted by 49th Ohio prisoners at Camp Ford, From Twenty Months in the Dept of the Gulf, duGanne Among the last-mentioned local events, however, was the Match Plot, which deserves a paragraph. The breaking out of fires in several stores, at Tyler and other places, the usual senseless hue and cry followed, the traders were thrown into prison, and hundreds of hapless blacks were arrested and tortured -- in order to get evidence of the Yankee Conspiracy. Free negros and poor white settlers from the North fell under the ban at once, scores of the latter were hanged by the mob. More than a hundred negros, free and bond, were executed, as I have been informed, several were burned at the stake. Thirty white and free men were lynched, in and about Tyler, blood flowed in all quarters, till the enlightened Regulators, finding no more poor whites to kill or banish, decided that order reigned again. Burning men and women at the stake is a relic of aboriginal amusement, a negro was thus executed at Tyler, while our prisoners tarried at Camp Ford. The occasion furnished a gala-day for all the people of Smith County. But black flag rebels charged the crime, as they would any crime, on Union men—of whom hundreds, former citizens, were fugitives in swamps and timber and it was easy to accuse such outlawed wanderers, so the chase became set after Union men. They were arrested at their homes and dragged to Tyler and this was in May, when our prison-numbers, at Camp Ford, had been increased some thousands, after the battle of Mansfield. It was the policy of rank Secessionists to fix as many new crimes on the Union men as could be believed, hence, when Sheriff Reed and Judge McReynolds were thrown into prison at Tyler, it was decided that they should never go at large again. The doors were opened, and the men delivered up, a rope being slung about them, they were dragged behind the Lynchers to a piece of timber, scarce half a mile out of Tyler. There, almost within gun-shot of camps, where fifteen hundred cavalry and infantry were guarding Federal prisoners, the first victim pleaded not guilty. Youre a heap wuss Jayhawker than Gineral Banks, cries Justice Lynch, a bullheaded whiskey-still proprietor
29.
William B. Franklin
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William Buel Franklin was a career United States Army officer and a Union Army general in the American Civil War. He rose to the rank of a commander in the Army of the Potomac. He also distinguished himself as an engineer before and after the war. William B. Franklin was born in York, Pennsylvania to Walter S. Franklin and his father was a Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1833 until 1838. One of his great-grandfathers, Samuel Rhoads, was a member of the First Continental Congress from Pennsylvania, future President James Buchanan, then a Senator, appointed Franklin to the United States Military Academy in June 1839. Franklin graduated first in the class of 1843 and joined the Corps of Topographical Engineers and his first assignment was to assist in the survey of the Great Lakes. Then, he was sent to the Rocky Mountains for two years to survey the region with the Stephen W. Kearny Expedition and he served under General John E. Wool during the Mexican-American War and received a brevet promotion to first lieutenant after the Battle of Buena Vista. Upon his return from Mexico, Franklin was assigned various civil engineering duties in the War Department in Washington, in November 1859, he replaced Montgomery C. Meigs as the engineer supervising construction of the United States Capitol Dome, in March 1861, just before the outbreak of the Civil War, he was appointed as the supervising architect for the new Treasury Building in Washington. In 1852, Franklin married Anna L. Clarke, a daughter of Matthew St. Clair Clarke who had preceded his father as Clerk of the House of Representatives. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War, Franklin was appointed colonel of the 12th U. S. Infantry, Franklin commanded a brigade at First Bull Run, and afterwards became a division commander in the newly created Army of the Potomac. In March 1862, the army was formed into corps, and Franklin appointed to head of the VI Corps and he was promoted to major general on July 4,1862. His command was with the army and did not participate in the Northern Virginia Campaign. In the Maryland Campaign, he saw action against Gen. Howell Cobb at the Cramptons Gap during the Battle of South Mountain, during the Battle of Antietam, his VI Corps was in reserve and Franklin tried in vain to convince Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner to allow his corps to exploit a weak point in the Confederate center, Franklin was a staunch ally of Major General George B. McClellan, part of the reason he was not considered for command of the Army of the Potomac following the dismissal in November 1862. During the Battle of Fredericksburg, he commanded one of the three so-called grand divisions — the Left Grand Division, which consisted of the I and VI Corps. Franklin advanced against the Confederate right flank, commanded by Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, across the Rappahannock River to the south of Fredericksburg, Virginia
30.
Thomas J. Churchill
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Thomas James Churchill was a Confederate major general during the American Civil War and the 13th Governor of Arkansas. Churchill was born near Louisville, Kentucky and he graduated from St. Marys College in Bardstown, Kentucky in 1844. He studied law at Transylvania University in Lexington, Churchill served during the Mexican-American War and rose to the rank of first lieutenant in the 1st Kentucky Mounted Rifles. He was captured by the Mexican Army and remained a prisoner of war until near the end of the conflict, in 1848, he moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, married the daughter of Senator Ambrose Sevier, and became a planter. Appointed by President James Buchanan, he was postmaster of Little Rock from 1857 to 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Churchill offered his services to the state and was elected colonel of the 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles. His first combat took place at the Battle of Wilsons Creek near Springfield, on March 4,1862, he was promoted to Brigadier General and soon thereafter took part in Maj. Gen. Kirby Smiths Kentucky Campaign. Churchill played an important role in the victory at Richmond, Kentucky, leading his division along a ravine that became known as Churchills Draw he delivered a successful and surprising flanking attack. On February 17,1864, Churchill was cited as one of three officers to receive recognition in a Thanks of Confederate Congress resolution for his actions at Richmond. In the latter part of 1862, Churchill was transferred back to Arkansas, in January 1863, the Post was attacked and seized in the Battle of Fort Hindman by an overwhelming Union force under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand. After his exchange Churchill continued his service in the Trans-Mississippi Department and he played a major role in the Battle of Jenkins Ferry and was promoted to Major General on March 17,1865. In the Brooks-Baxter War in 1874, Churchill supported Baxter and helped enroll volunteers in Baxters militia, Churchill was elected Arkansas State Treasurer in 1874, and was reelected in 1876 and 1878. Churchill was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1881, and served until his resignation in 1883, while governor, Churchill was plagued by allegations of discrepancies in the treasurers account from when he served as state treasurer. A special committee found a shortage in the funds. Churchill was ordered to repay the missing funds, Churchill died in Little Rock, Arkansas, and was buried in historic Mount Holly Cemetery with military honors. Churchill set the standard for the pronunciation of Arkansas, brooks–Baxter War List of American Civil War Generals List of Governors of Arkansas The Family Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Who Was Who in the Civil War, new York, Facts On File,1988. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959. Thomas James Churchill at Find a Grave The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture Montgomery, Don, Thomas James Churchill, Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, national Governors Association Old State House Museum
31.
William H. Emory
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William Hemsley Emory was a prominent American surveyor and civil engineer in the 19th century. United States Army officer and surveyor of Texas, Emory was born in Queen Annes County, Maryland, on his familys Poplar Grove estate. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, assigned as a second lieutenant, he served in the Fourth Artillery until he resigned from the service in 1836 to pursue civil engineering, but he returned to the service in 1838. During that same year, he married a great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, the couple would have three children. During his second stint in the army, he was promoted from lieutenant to captain. He specialized in mapping the United States border, including the Texas-Mexico border, Emory was most importantly a topographical engineer and explorer. He conducted boundary surveys of both the Mexico–United States border as well as the Canada–United States border and his mapmaking skills were so superb and detailed with such great accuracy that he often made other maps obsolete, thus making him the authority of the trans-Mississippi west. Accompanying General Stephen W. Kearny he wrote Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth to San Diego which became an important guide book for the road to Southern California. In 1844, Emory served in an expedition that produced a new map of Texan claims westward to the Rio Grande and this report described terrain and rivers, cities and forts and made observations about Indians, Mexicans, primarily in New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory and Southern California. It was and is considered one of the important chronicles and descriptions of the historic Southwest, Emory was a reliable and conscientious cartographer. Emory did more than just map the terrain, he made notes about the plant life as well as the people who inhabited the sparsely populated southwest. The most unfortunate thing which can befall a captive woman is to be claimed by two persons, in this case, she is either shot or delivered up for indiscriminate violence. ”Emory married Matilda Wilkins Bache on May 29,1838 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bache was the daughter of Richard Bache, Jr. and Sophia Burrell Dallas, after a brief return to Washington he returned to Mexico and served under George Hughes as the executive officer of a regiment of Maryland volunteers. After the war, Emory directed the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, in 1861, when the American Civil War broke out, Emory was stationed in the Indian Territory. Anticipating the possible capture of his troops by Confederates, he secured the services of Black Beaver and he promised that the government would compensate Black Beaver for the loss of his ranch. Emory withdrew Union troops from Fort Washita to Fort Leavenworth, during the withdrawal, Black Beaver also scouted pursuing enemy troops, and Emory attacked and captured lead elements of his pursuers, the first prisoners captured during the Civil War. Emory served as a commander in the Army of the Potomac in 1862. He was promoted to general of volunteers on March 17,1862
32.
James Camp Tappan
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James Camp Tappan was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Tappan was born in Franklin, Tennessee, where his parents had migrated from Newburyport, Tappan attended Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated from Yale University in 1845. Tappan studied law at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and was admitted to the bar in 1846, Tappan soon moved to Helena in Phillips County, Arkansas. He was elected to two terms in the Arkansas legislature and served as a court judge. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Tappans sympathies lay with the Confederate cause, after Shiloh, Tappan took part in the Kentucky Campaign and fought at the Battle of Richmond and the Battle of Perryville. On November 5,1862, Tappan received his commission as a general and was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department under General Sterling Price. Tappan commanded his brigade at the Battle of Pleasant Hill in Louisiana, after the fight at Pleasant Hill, Tappans brigade was moved northward back into Arkansas to meet General Frederick Steele at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry. Tappan and his also took part in Prices Missouri Raid. After the war, Tappan returned to Helena, Arkansas, and resumed his law practice, Tappan also engaged in politics after the Reconstruction period and served again in the Arkansas legislature. Tappan was nominated by the Democratic party for Governor of Arkansas on two occasions but declined to run, james Camp Tappan died in Helena. He is buried at Maple Hill Cemetery in Helena near the graves of fellow Confederate generals Thomas C, list of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Who Was Who in the Civil War, New York, Facts On File,1988. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959
33.
James W. McMillan
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James Winning McMillan was an American soldier who fought during the Mexican–American War and served as a Union Army general during the American Civil War. McMillan was born in 1825 in Clark County, Kentucky, McMillan was in Illinois in 1846, and volunteered for service during the Mexican–American War. By June 20 he was a sergeant in the 4th Illinois Infantry Regiment, afterwards in 1848, McMillan enlisted as a private in the 3rd Battalion of the Louisiana Infantry on April 29, and he was discharged on July 13. After hostilities ended, McMillan moved to Indiana, where he engaged in businesses all over the state. When the American Civil War began in 1861, McMillan chose to follow the Union cause, the 21st Indiana Infantry was raised in Indianapolis, and McMillan was appointed its colonel on July 24. The regiment participated in Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butlers Union occupation of New Orleans in early 1862 and his regiment then helped to successfully defend Baton Rouge on August 5 from attacks by Confederate forces commanded by Maj. Gen. John C. In this fight McMillan had 126 men that were killed or wounded. After the action at Baton Rouge, McMillans regiment was posted at Berwick Bay, near the end of the Atchafalaya River, at that time the 21st Indiana converted to the 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery. He then participated in the Red River Campaign in the spring of 1864, fighting notably in the Battle of Mansfield on April 8, as well as partaking in the Battle of Monetts Ferry on April 23. During the Battle of Mansfield at De Soto Parish, Louisiana, McMillan and that July, the XIX Corps was sent east to the Valley of Virginia, ordered to join Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridans Army of the Shenandoah that was assembling there. During that campaign, McMillan and his division fought in the Battle of Winchester on September 19, Gen. Jubal A. Earlys Confederate forces. After the campaign in the Valley, McMillan was ordered to lead a provisional or temporary division in March 1865, with his headquarters in Grafton, West Virginia, until the end of the war that April. McMillan was appointed a major general on March 5 for his war service. After resigning, McMillan relocated to Kansas, in 1875 he moved to Washington, D. C. to begin serving as a member of the Pension Bureau review board, a post he held until 1903. James McMillan died there on March 9,1903 in Washington, list of American Civil War generals www. mansfieldbattlefield. org Mansfield Battlefield site description and Order of Battle of the 1864 Battle of Mansfield
34.
William Dwight
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William Dwight, Jr. was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. William Dwight was born July 14,1831 in Springfield, Massachusetts and his father was William Dwight of the New England Dwight family who was born April 5,1805. His mother was Elizabeth Amelia White, daughter of Judge Appleton White, starting in 1846 he attended a military preparatory school, and was admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1849. However, he resigned January 31,1853 and moved to Boston to work in manufacturing, on January 1,1856 he married Anna Robeson. Dwight was moving to Philadelphia for his business when the American Civil War broke out and he took a commission of captain on May 14,1861. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on June 29,1861 under Daniel Sickles, left for dead on the battlefield, Dwight was found by Confederate forces and held as a prisoner of war until his eventual release in a prisoner exchange November 15,1862. He was transferred to the Western Theater where, later in 1863, he led his brigade in the attack of Port Hudson and he served as chief-of-staff to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Serving under General Philip H. Sheridan, Dwight later participated in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 and saw action at the battles of Winchester and Fishers Hill before the end of the war. Younger brother Wilder Dwight was born April 23,1833, became lieutenant colonel the 2nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, younger brother Howard Dwight was born October 29,1837, became captain, and died May 4,1863 during the Battle of Port Hudson. Another younger brother Charles Dwight was born May 5,1842 attended Harvard University, Charles was lieutenant in the 70th regiment, taken prisoner in Libby Prison, but lived until March 9,1884. Distant cousin Colonel Augustus Wade Dwight died during the Battle of Fort Stedman, following the war, Dwight went into the railroad business in Cincinnati, Ohio with another brother Chapman Dwight who was born April 30,1844. He had one son, William Arthur Dwight, born June 3,1867, William Dwight died on April 21,1888 in Boston and was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
35.
John George Walker
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John George Walker was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He was ordered to disrupt U. S and he was able to make a bigger contribution to the Red River Campaign in support of General Richard Taylor. Walker was born in Jefferson City, Missouri and his mother Sarah Caffery Walker, was a niece of Rachel Jackson. His father John Walker came from a distinguished Kentucky political family, John G. Walker grew up in the St. Louis area and graduated from the predecessor to Washington University in 1844. He was promoted to the rank of captain June 1851. In 1858, he married Sophie Baylor, whose family was responsible for the naming of Baylor University, Walker remained in the Army until July 1861, when he joined the Confederate States Army as a major in the cavalry. Walker was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 8th Texas Cavalry in August 1861, in September 1861, he was promoted to colonel. In January 1862, he was promoted to general and served in the Peninsula Campaign in the division of Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes. His division occupied Loudoun Heights, overlooking Harpers Ferry, West Virginia before its garrison surrendered to Stonewall Jackson on September 15,1862 and he served under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet at South Mountain and Antietam. Walker formed the regiments into a Division, which earned the nickname Walkers Greyhounds for their ability to move quickly over many miles on foot. From November 1862 until the end of the war, the Greyhounds were formed exclusively of soldiers from Texas, grant, having recently moved his supply lines to the eastern banks of the Mississippi, was not harmed by the attack of Walkers Greyhounds. Hawess Brigade was engaged in combat against the Federals at the Battle of Youngs Point and this was one of the first times African-American troops engaged in combat. The troops fought bravely, but poorly trained, suffered casualties at the hands of Walkers men. The battle became a Union victory when Federal gunboats supported the Union troops, Taylor, who commanded Walker in this campaign, had argued against the venture to his superior Smith. After Millikens Bend, Taylor again requested Walkers troops to aid in his attack on New Orleans, Walker spent the balance of the summer fruitlessly patrolling the northeastern area of Louisiana, unable to cross the Mississippi and support the besieged Vicksburg. Walker headed back to Arkansas in late 1863, but in March 1864, Banks and his Army of the Gulf in the Red River Campaign. Walkers troops played a role in the Confederate victory at the Battle of Mansfield on April 8,1864. Rather than leave Walkers Greyhounds with Taylor as he sought to capture the retreating Banks, Walker engaged Steele at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry on April 30,1864, about 30 miles south of Little Rock, Arkansas
36.
William Read Scurry
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William Read Scurry was a general in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Scurry was born in Gallatin, Tennessee and he moved to Texas in 1839 and became a lawyer and district attorney. Scurry was married to Janette B. Sutton on December 17,1846 and had seven children, enlisting as a private in the Mexican-American War, Scurry rose to the rank of major by July 1846. Afterward, he practiced law in Clinton, Texas, and was co-owner, in 1856 Scurry became a delegate to the state Democratic nominating convention, and in 1861 he was a delegate to the Secession Convention. In July 1861, he became a lieutenant colonel in the Fourth Texas Cavalry and he distinguished himself as an officer at the Battle of Valverde, February 21–22,1862, and as well by commanding the Confederate forces in the Battle of Glorieta Pass, March 26–28,1862. He was promoted to colonel on March 28,1862. He was promoted to general on September 12,1862. Along with fellow New Mexico Campaign veterans, he helped recapture Galveston, Scurry took command of the Third Brigade of Walkers Texas Division in October 1863 and led them into the Battle of Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, April 1864. The Third Brigade then transferred to Arkansas to fight against Gen. Frederick Steele, Scurry was killed at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry on April 30,1864, and was buried in the State Cemetery at Austin, Texas in May 1864. Texas erected a white marble shaft over his grave. Scurry County, Texas, is named in his honor, list of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Who Was Who in the Civil War, New York, Facts On File,1988. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959
37.
Thomas Green (general)
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Thomas Green was an American soldier and lawyer, who took part in the Texan Revolution of 1835-6, serving under Sam Houston, who rewarded him with a land grant. Green was clerk of the Texas Supreme Court until the outbreak of the Civil War, in the Red River Campaign, he was mortally wounded while charging a fleet of Federal gunboats. The Union naval commander David Dixon Porter paid tribute to Green as a loss to the Confederacy. Green was born in Amelia County in Virginia to Nathan and Mary Green, the family moved to Tennessee in 1817. He attended Jackson College and Cumberland College before he received a degree from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville in 1834 and he then studied law with his father, who was a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court. When the Texas Revolution began, Green left Tennessee to join the rebel volunteers and he arrived in Nacogdoches in December 1835, and enlisted in Isaac N. Morelands company on January 14,1836. During the April 21 Battle of San Jacinto, Green helped operate the famed Twin Sisters cannons, a few days after the decisive victory, Houston rewarded Green with a commission as a lieutenant. In early May, he was promoted to major and assigned as the aide-de-camp to General Thomas J. Rusk, with hostilities over, Green resigned on May 30 and returned to Tennessee to resume studying law. In 1837, the legislature of the new Republic of Texas granted large tracts of land to leading veterans of the Revolution, after relocating to Fayette County, Green became a county surveyor at La Grange. That same year, fellow San Jacinto veteran William W. Gant nominated Green for the position of engrossing clerk for the Texas House of Representatives. He was subsequently elected and held the office until 1839, when he represented Fayette County in the House of Representatives in the Fourth Texas Congress, after a single term, he chose not to run again, and resumed his clerkship. During the Sixth and Eighth Texas Congresses, he served as secretary of the Senate, from 1841 to 1861, he was clerk of the Texas Supreme Court, in both the republic and the subsequent U. S. state. During his legislative career, Green continued his involvement with Texass military and he participated in John H. Moores 1840 campaign against the Comanches up the Colorado River. When Mexican general Ráfael Vásquez briefly occupied San Antonio in March 1842, Green recruited the Travis County Volunteers and stood as their captain, in response to this and two other Mexican incursions, Texas launched the punitive Somervell Expedition against Mexico, Green served as its inspector general. In the Mexican-American War, Green recruited a company of Texas Rangers from LaGrange, Green married Mary Wallace Chambers in 1847. The couple eventually produced six children, there, Green led the Confederate victory at the Battle of Valverde in February. After a difficult retreat into Texas, he led his men, aboard the river steamer Bayou City and he was also involved in the seizure of the Union steamer Harriet Lane that same day. In the spring of 1863, Green commanded the First Cavalry Brigade in Richard Taylors division in the fighting along Bayou Teche in Louisiana and he was promoted to brigadier general, May 20,1863
38.
Joseph A. Mower
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Joseph Anthony Mower was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was a competent officer and well respected by his troops, William T. Sherman said of Mower, hes the boldest young officer we have. Mower was born in Woodstock, Vermont and he volunteered as a private in the Mexican-American War. In 1855 he entered the U. S. army as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st U. S. Infantry, during the Civil War, he became colonel of the 11th Missouri Infantry Regiment and fought at the Siege of Corinth. He assumed command of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division in the Army of the Mississippi and he was wounded in the neck and taken prisoner by Confederate forces but he was recovered by Union soldiers the same day. He was promoted to general of volunteers on November 29,1862. He recovered from his wounds and returned to command a brigade during the Vicksburg Campaign and siege of Vicksburg where he caught the attention of William T. Sherman. During the Red River Campaign he commanded the 1st and 3rd Divisions of the XVI Army Corps and won brevets in the army for actions at the battles of Fort De Russy. He commanded the 1st Division of the Right Wing, XVI Corps at the Battle of Tupelo and he was promoted to major general on August 12,1864, and General Sherman ordered Mower to join the Union forces in Atlanta. He commanded the 1st Division of the XVII Army Corps during the March to the Sea and his division played a significant role in the battles of Salkehatchie and Bentonville. Sherman made him commander of XX Corps in the Army of Georgia late in the war, after the fighting had ceased he sailed for Texas along with General Gordon Granger. He was placed in command of the District of Eastern Texas, after the war he stayed in the army and became Colonel of the 39th U. S. Infantry and the 25th U. S. Infantry and he died in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 6,1870. List of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. & Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, Joseph Anthony Mower from the Handbook of Texas Online Foote, Shelby. The Civil War A Narrative, Red River to Appomattox A Random House Book, ISBN 0-394-46512-1 Joseph A. Mower at Find a Grave
39.
Hamilton P. Bee
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Hamilton Prioleau Bee was an American politician in early Texas, he was secretary of the Texas Senate in 1846. He served nearly 10 years as representative to the house beginning in 1849. He later served as a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War, in 1869 during the Reconstruction era, he and his family left Texas, living for several years in Saltillo, Mexico before their return to San Antonio in 1876. He lived there for most of the rest of his life, Hamilton Prioleau Bee was born into a political family in Charleston, South Carolina, on July 22,1822. His parents were Ann Wragg and Barnard Elliott Bee, Sr and his younger brother was Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr. Bees family moved to Texas in 1836 when Hamilton was 14. Their father Barnard Bee, Sr. was a leader in the Texas Revolution and served as Secretary of State, Bee County, Texas and the town of Beeville were named for him. The two brothers served as generals in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, Barnard Jr. was killed early in the war at the Battle of First Bull Run. Hamilton followed his father into politics in the Republic of Texas, at age 17, Hamilton Bee was appointed as secretary for the commission that determined the border between the United States and the Republic of Texas. Eldridge, Thomas S. Torrey and Bee to open negotiations with the Comanche in 1843 and they achieved the Treaty of Tehuacana Creek. Bee was elected to the Texas Senate in the First Texas Legislature in 1846, during the Mexican-American War, Bee served under Benjamin McCullochs Company A of Col. Jack Hayss 1st Regiment of Texas Mounted Volunteers for a time. Lamars Texas cavalry company as a second lieutenant, Bee signed up for a second term in 1847—this time as first lieutenant—in Lamars Company, which was by then a component of Col. Peter Hansborough Bells regiment of Texas volunteers. Bee moved to Laredo after the war, in 1848 he ran and won a seat in the Texas House of Representatives for the Third Texas Legislature. He was repeatedly re-elected and served from 1849 through the end of the Seventh Legislature, in the Sixth Legislature, Bee was decisively elected Speaker of the House with 78 votes, to 1 vote each for N. B. After becoming established in the Texas legislature, at the age of 32 Bee married Mildred Tarver on May 21,1854, together they had six children, including sons Barnard E. Bee and Carlos Bee, born while they were living in Mexico. His grandson, Carlos Bee, was born in Berkeley, California and he was elected as mayor of Hayward, California and to the California State Assembly. In 1861, Bee was elected general of the Texas militia. Bee commanded the brigade consisted of Carl Buchels First, Nicholas C. Goulds Twenty-third, Xavier Blanchard Debrays Twenty-sixth, James B. Likins Thirty-fifth, Peter Cavanaugh Woodss Thirty-sixth, Bee was headquartered in Brownsville, where he facilitated the trade of cotton for munitions through Mexico
40.
Xavier Debray
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Xavier Blanchard Debray was a French-born American soldier and diplomat who immigrated to the United States, settling in Texas. During the American Civil War Debray raised a Confederate cavalry regiment from Bexar County and was appointed brigadier general before the wars end. Debray published a Spanish language newspaper in San Antonio in the years before the American Civil War, opening a thriving academy, at wars outbreak Debray became an aide-de-camp to Texas governor Edward Clark as a major in the 2nd Texas Infantry. Debray raised a unit from Bexar County, was elected commander of Debrays Texas Cavalry battalion. Becoming commander of his Cavalry brigade he was later appointed Brigadier General by Kirby Smith for his service in that campaign, with the end of the Civil War, his promotion was never confirmed by President Davis. After the Confederate surrender, Debray lived in Houston and Galveston, eventually Debray moved to the states capitol and resumed translating Spanish, French and English language documents for the Texas General Land Office. Debray died in Austin January 6,1895 and is buried in the cemetery there. List of American Civil War Generals Bailey, Anne J. DeBray, Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Who Was Who in the Civil War, new York, Facts On File,1988
41.
Richard Arnold (general)
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For other people of the same name, see Richard Arnold. Richard Arnold was a career U. S. Army officer who served as a general in the Union forces during the American Civil War. His artillery helped force the surrender of two important Confederate towns, including Mobile, Alabama. Arnold was the son of Rhode Island governor and United States congressman Lemuel Arnold, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1828 and his classmates included Eugene A. Carr and Cuvier Grover, who would serve alongside him in the Trans-Mississippi Theater during the Civil War. His antebellum service included various routine posts in Florida, California, Arnold was promoted to captain in the Regular Army and became an aide-de-camp to Major General John E. Wool. Shortly after the start of the Civil War, Arnold commanded Battery D of the 2nd U. S, Artillery at the First Battle of Bull Run, and was forced to abandon his guns during the ensuing Union rout. In 1862, he served in staff positions with the Army of the Potomac, including as a division artillery chief. After the Seven Days Battles, he received a commission as a general of the volunteers and was transferred to the Department of the Gulf. He served in capacity for two years, except for a two-month temporary stint as Chief of Cavalry after Brig. Gen. Albert L. Lee was relieved from duty during the Red River Campaign. At the Siege of Port Hudson, Arnold directed the artillery that precipitated the surrender of the fort. He later commanded the artillery that would compel the surrender of Mobile and he received a brevet promotion to major general dating from March 1865. After the war, he reverted to his army rank of captain. He was elevated to major in 1875, in 1882, while stationed on Governors Island in New York City, he received a promotion to lieutenant colonel, but died five days later. He was buried in Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, arnolds brother-in-law, Union Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman, was mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam. The World War II mine planter USS Dick Arnold was named in the generals honor, ten sailors were killed when the Dick sprang a leak during a storm off Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and sank in January 1942. List of American Civil War generals Garcia, Pedro, Port Hudson, the Paragon Agency, New York,2005. ISBN 1-891030-47-7 Rhode Island Historical Society, Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, sinking of the Arnold Rhode Island Civil War Round Table bio of Arnold
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