1.
Battle Ground, Indiana
–
Battle Ground is a town in Tippecanoe Township, Tippecanoe County in the U. S. state of Indiana. The population was 1,334 at the 2010 census and it is near the site of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Battle Ground is part of the Lafayette, Indiana, Metropolitan Statistical Area, with their community of Prophetstown as his objective, General Harrison marched from Vincennes, Indiana, at the head of a small army of about one thousand men. General Harrison met with representatives of the Prophet on November 6,1811 and he presented demands in the name of his government. General Harrison was to meet with the Prophet and his council the next day about the demands of the government, General Harrison set up his encampment on a ridge about a mile northwest of Prophet’s Town. On the morning of November 7,1811, after 4 o’clock AM, after a fierce battle, General Harrison and his army defeated the Prophet’s Indian confederation at the Battle of Tippecanoe. This defeat all but ended the Indian wars in the Midwest, Battle Ground was consolidated in 1867 with the Town of Harrisonville. The governments of both towns decided to name the consolidation Battle Ground, the Town of Battle Ground was named for the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Town of Harrisonville was named after William Henry Harrison, commander of the American forces of the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Tippecanoe battlefield monument was erected in 1908 and dedicated to the men who served and were killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Tippecanoe Battlefield has been designated a National Historic Landmark. It includes a museum and recreation area, the Battle of Tippecanoe Outdoor Drama premiered at a nearby amphitheater in Battle Ground in 1989 and played for two summers. The Battle Ground post office has been in operation since 1835, Battle Ground Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Battle Ground is located at 40°30′36″N 86°50′18″W in Tippecanoe Township, one and its elevation is approximately 585 feet. The small Harrison Creek begins near Battle Ground and flows east, while Burnett Creek skirts the western edge. According to the 2010 census, Battle Ground has an area of 0.86 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,334 people,500 households, the population density was 1,533.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 530 housing units at a density of 609.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 2% White,0. 2% African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 1% of the population. 22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.09
Battle Ground, Indiana
–
Tippecanoe Battlefield Monument
Battle Ground, Indiana
–
Tippecanoe County's location in Indiana
2.
Indiana
–
Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
Indiana
–
State sign,
Interstate 65
Indiana
–
Flag
Indiana
–
Native Americans guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by
Maurice Thompson in Stories of Indiana.
Indiana
–
Child laborers in glassworks, by
Lewis Hine. Indiana, August 1908.
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Tenskwatawa
–
Tenskwatawa was a Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as the Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet. He was a brother of Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee and he was originally given the name Lalawethika. Tenskwatawas mother was Methoataske, who was believed to be either Muscogee Creek, Cherokee, or Shawnee, possibly of Pekowi division, even though he quickly became famous later on in life, Tenskwatawa spent his early years unpopular and drunk. Part of a set of triplets born to Puckeshinwa and Methoataske in 1768 in Ohio, before Tenskwatawa was born, Puckenshinwa, a leader of the Kispokotha division of the Shawnee Tribe, was killed by a British soldier in the Battle of Point Pleasant. Tenskwatawa and his brother were the youngest of the three daughters and five sons. Tecumseh, one of the oldest, was a gifted athlete. Combined with his unpopularity and isolation, Tenskawatawa was almost pushed to a point when he blinded himself in his right eye while playing with a bow and arrow. His depression led him to alcoholism in his years, much to the dismay of the woman he married soon after. His depression worsened and he became an alcoholic as time went on because he could not provide for his wife and children. His luck began to change when he went to his first battle, even though they were unsuccessful, Sauwauseekau was killed, and Tecumseh refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville, Tenskwatawa took the battle as a chance to re-insert himself back into society. A few years later, he moved with Tecumseh to a town in Indiana and it was in this village that the man formerly known as Lalewithaka became The Prophet. In May 1805, he experienced the first of several visions, in one of his alcoholic stupors he fell into a fire and was thought dead. Unexpectedly reviving, he recounted a vision and soon began preaching. White notes that in Algonquian tradition the Great Serpent came from the sea and stood for evil powers and he also conducted witch hunts against Christian Indians. He forbade his people to use European foods, clothing, manufactured goods and he changed his name to Tenskwatawa. Tenskwatawa had a series of visions which transformed his life. More revelations followed in succeeding months, revelations that the European invaders from the east were “not my children and he led a purification movement to return his people to their traditional ways, and to extirpate the evils represented by the Americans. Indian witches still remained the most active agents of that spirit on earth and he formed a new community of followers near the present site of Greenville, Ohio in 1805
Tenskwatawa
–
Ten-sqúat-a-way, Painted in 1830 by
George Catlin.
Tenskwatawa
–
Portrait by
Charles Bird King
Tenskwatawa
–
The view from Prophet's Rock, looking toward the site of the Battle of Tippecanoe
5.
William Henry Harrison
–
William Henry Harrison Sr. was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer, and the last president born as a British subject. He was 68 years,23 days old at the time of his inauguration and he died of complications from pneumonia 31 days into his term, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a constitutional crisis. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, who served as the 23rd United States President from 1889 to 1893, before election as president, Harrison served as the first congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory and the first Governor of Indiana Territory. He gained national fame for leading U. S. forces against Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, as a general officer in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable action was in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition which Tecumseh had led, after the war, Harrison moved to Ohio, where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. In 1824, the legislature elected him to the United States Senate. He served a term after being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia in May 1828. In Santa Fe de Bogotá, he spoke with president Simón Bolívar, returning to his farm in Ohio, Harrison lived in relative retirement until he was nominated for the presidency as one of several Whig Party candidates in the election of 1836. He received more votes than any other Whig, but was defeated by Democrat Martin Van Buren and he retired again to his farm. Van Buren soon became a target of criticism from the Whigs surrounding economic difficulties following the Panic of 1837. John Tyler of Virginia was selected as his running mate, Harrison and Tyler defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election. However, Harrison died of pneumonia in April 1841, a month after taking office, Tyler then assumed all of the powers and duties of the president, setting a major precedent. Harrison was a member of a prominent political family of entirely English descent, Harrison was also the last U. S. president born as a British subject before American Revolution. Benjamin Harrison V, Williams father, was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, the senior Harrison also served in the Virginia legislature as the fifth governor of Virginia in the years during and after the American Revolutionary War. Williams older brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, represented Virginia in the U. S. House, Harrison was tutored at home before he entered Hampden–Sydney College, the Presbyterian school in Virginia in 1787 at age 14. He remained at the school until 1790, receiving an education that included Latin, Greek, French, logic. Harrisons Episcopalian father removed him from the college, possibly because of a revival that was occurring at the school
William Henry Harrison
–
A
daguerreotype of Harrison
William Henry Harrison
–
A depiction of Tecumseh in 1848
William Henry Harrison
–
This
portrait of Harrison originally showed him in
civilian clothes as the
congressional delegate from the
Northwest Territory in 1800, but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812.
William Henry Harrison
–
Harrison in a copy of an 1835
White House portrait by
James Reid Lambdin
6.
Warrior
–
A warrior is a person specializing in combat or warfare, especially within the context of a tribal or clan-based warrior culture society that recognizes a separate warrior class or caste. In tribal societies engaging in warfare, warriors often form a caste or class of their own. In feudalism, the vassals essentially form a military or warrior class, even if in actual warfare, in some societies, warfare may be so central that the entire people may be considered warriors, for example in the Iron Age Germanic tribes and Indian clans like the Rajputs. While the warrior class in tribal societies is typically all-male, there are some exceptions on record where women formed part of the warrior class, a purported group of fighting women is the legendary Amazons, recorded in Classical Greek mythology. Similarly, the Valkyrie are depicted in Norse mythology, particularly the Icelandic Etta, many women not only fought on the field but led entire hosts of men within Pictish, Briton, and Irish Tribes in Pre Christian culture. Boudicca of the Iceni is an example of a female leader of warriors. Tomoe Gozen is celebrated in Japanese history as a woman samurai General in the 12th Century, joan of Arc, nicknamed The Maid of Orléans is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years War. The military caste in a society is evolved from—but not identical with—the warrior class in a tribal society. Many pre-modern states had castes, estates or social groups dedicated to warfare, common features include valuing honor in the forms of faith, loyalty and courage. Examples include the following, Ethical codes of the early Germanic Peoples, chhetris of Nepal, warrior and Kings caste of Nepal, original true Gurkhas. Xiá in China, French Foreign Legion Code dHonneur, still in use today, Spanish Legion Credo legionario, still in use today, Warriors honor is dependent on following the code. Common virtues in warrior codes are mercy, courage, and loyalty, with the end of the Middle Ages and the professional standing armies of Early Modern warfare, the concept of a warrior class or military caste became an anachronism. The term warrior is sometimes used, anachronistically, to refer to professional soldiers or mercenaries. Due to the connotations of the term warrior, this metaphor is especially popular in publications advocating or recruiting for a countrys military. The warrior metaphor in sports is particularly popular in sport, as evident from brand names such as Warrior-1 MMA, Cage Warriors, Supreme Warrior Championship. A spiritual warrior is a person who battles with the enemy, self-ignorance. The term is applied in religious and metaphysical writing, the spiritual warrior can be described as an archetype character on a journey for self-discovery. Deadliest Warrior Head-Hunting Roman Cavalry Roman centurions Roman Warrior Culture Late Roman warrior culture Warrior culture in the Scottish Highlands
Warrior
–
Drawing of a
Thracian peltast of 400 BC
Warrior
–
The warrior goddess
Athena of
Greek mythology - Musée du Louvre
Warrior
–
Geronimo, perhaps the most famous
Apache warrior.
Warrior
–
An Indian Mughal Era Warrior and his wife
7.
Infantry
–
Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
Infantry
–
Early 20th-century infantry: The
Royal Irish Rifles at the
Battle of the Somme (July–November 1916) during the
First World War (1914–18).
Infantry
–
Janissaries are a very important example in the evolution of the modern infantry.
Infantry
–
20th-century infantry: Australian infantry at Tobruk, Libya, in 1941, during the Second World War (1939–45).
Infantry
–
19th-century infantry: Brigadier General
Winfield Scott leads American line infantry into the
Battle of Chippawa (5 July 1814) in Canada, during the Anglo–American
War of 1812 (1812–15).
8.
Dragoon
–
The word dragoon originally meant mounted infantry, who were trained in horse riding as well as infantry fighting skills. However, usage altered over time and during the 18th century, in most armies, dragoons came to signify ordinary medium cavalry. Dragoon regiments were established in most European armies during the late 17th, the name is derived from a type of firearm, called a dragon, which was a handgun version of a blunderbuss, carried by dragoons of the French Army. The title has been retained in modern times by a number of armoured or ceremonial mounted regiments, the establishment of dragoons evolved from the practice of sometimes transporting infantry by horse when speed of movement was needed. In 1552 Prince Alexander of Parma mounted several companies of infantry on horses to achieve surprise. Another early instance was ordered by Louis of Nassau in 1572 during operations near Mons in Hainaut and it is also suggested the first dragoons were raised by the Marshal de Brissac in 1600. According to old German literature, dragoons were invented by Count Ernst von Mansfeld, one of the greatest German military commanders, there are other instances of mounted infantry predating this. However Mansfeld, who had learned his profession in Hungary and the Netherlands, often used horses to make his troops more mobile. The name possibly derives from a weapon, a short wheellock called a dragon because the first dragoons raised in France had their carbines muzzle decorated with a dragons head. The practice comes from a time when all gunpowder weapons had distinctive names, including the culverin, serpentine, falcon, falconet and it is also sometimes claimed a galloping infantryman with his loose coat and the burning match resembled a dragon. It has also suggested that the name derives from the German tragen or the Dutch dragen. Howard Reid claims that the name and role descend from the Latin Draconarius, Dragoon is occasionally used to mean to subjugate or persecute by the imposition of troops, and by extension to compel by any violent measures or threats. Early dragoons were not organized in squadrons or troops as were cavalry, Dragoon regiments used drummers, not buglers, to communicate orders on the battlefield. Supplied with inferior horses and more equipment, the dragoon regiments were cheaper to recruit. When in the 17th century Gustav II Adolf introduced dragoons into the Swedish Army, he provided them with a sabre, an axe, many of the European armies henceforth imitated this all-purpose set of weaponry. In the Spanish Army, Pedro de la Puente organized a body of dragoons in Innsbruck in 1635, in 1640, a tercio of a thousand dragoons armed with the arquebus was created in Spain. By the end of the 17th century, the Spanish Army had three tercios of dragoons in Spain, plus three in the Netherlands and three more in Milan, in 1704, the Spanish dragoons were reorganised into regiments by Philip V, as were the rest of the tercios. Towards the end of 1776, George Washington realized the need for a branch of the American military
Dragoon
–
French dragoons with captured Prussian flag at the
Battle of Jena.
Dragoon
–
Cartoon of a French dragoon intimidating a
Huguenot in the
dragonnades.
Dragoon
–
Austro-Hungarian dragoons 1915, by Leonard Wintorowski
Dragoon
–
Dragoon illustration Light Dragoon. A trooper of William Washington cavalry, 2nd Continental Light Dragoons.
9.
Militia
–
For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
Militia
–
The Lexington Minuteman, a statue commemorating
Captain John Parker, a commander of Massachusetts militia forces during the
American Revolutionary War.
Militia
–
Peshmurga Kurdish Militia, cleaning weapons
Militia
–
The war standard of the Imeretian militia of the Imperial Russian Army. The inscription reads in Russian and Georgian: "To the Militia of Our Faithful Imeretian People for Exceptional Courage Displayed against the Mountaineers in 1838.".
Militia
–
Captain
John Smith's 1624 map of the Somers Isles (
Bermuda), showing
St. George's Town and related fortifications, including the
Castle Islands Fortifications with their garrisons of militiamen
10.
Siege of Fort Mackinac
–
The Siege of Fort of Mackinac was one of the first engagements of the War of 1812. A British and Native American force captured the island soon after the outbreak of war between Britain and the United States, encouraged by the easy British victory, more Native Americans rallied to their support. Their cooperation was an important factor in several British victories during the remainder of the war, Mackinac Island was a U. S. fur trading post in the Straits of Mackinac between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Since the mid-seventeenth century, it had been important for its influence, British and Canadian traders had resented it being ceded to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War. The United States Army maintained a fort, named Fort Mackinac. About 40 miles away was the British military post on St. Joseph Island, as soon as he learned of the outbreak of war, Brock sent a canoe party led by the noted trader William McKay to Roberts with the vital news, and orders to capture Mackinac. McKay reached St. Joseph Island on 8 July, as preparations for the expedition proceeded, Roberts received successive orders from Brock to cancel, and then to reinstate, the attack on Mackinac. Colonel Edward Baynes, the Adjutant General for all British forces in Canada, however, on 15 July, Roberts received further orders from Brock which allowed him to use his own discretion. Fearing that the Indians would drift away if they were not allowed to attack and his force was embarked in the armed schooner Caledonia belonging to the North West Company, seventy war canoes and ten bateaux. Fort Mackinac was sited on a ridge which overlooked the harbour at the south-eastern end of the island. The American garrison consisted of 61 artillerymen under Lieutenant Porter Hanks with seven guns, although one of these. There were other weaknesses, the garrison relied for fresh water on a spring outside the fort, the United States Secretary of War William Eustis, who was apparently preoccupied with financial economies, had sent no communications to Hanks for several months. He sent word of the declaration of war on 18 June to the commanders in the northwest by ordinary rate post, though he was unaware of events elsewhere, Hanks had heard rumours of unusual activity at St. Joseph Island. He sent a fur trader named Michael Dousman, who held a commission as an officer in the militia, dousmans boat was captured by the advancing British force, and Dousman apparently quickly changed sides. Hankss force was surprised and was already at a tactical disadvantage, the flag of truce had been accompanied by three of the villagers, who greatly exaggerated the number of Indians in Robertss force. Fearing a massacre by the Indians, Hanks capitulated without a fight, the garrison of the fort was taken prisoner but was released on giving their parole not to fight for the remainder of the war. The islands inhabitants were made to swear an oath of allegiance to the United Kingdom or leave within a month, Roberts arrested three deserters from the British Army and twenty alleged British citizens. There was no looting, although Roberts expropriated the goods in the United States storehouses, the British abandoned their own fort at St. Joseph Island and concentrated their forces at Mackinac Island
Siege of Fort Mackinac
–
Fort Mackinac, Michigan
11.
Battle of Fort Dearborn
–
The battle, which occurred during the War of 1812, followed the evacuation of the fort as ordered by William Hull, commander of the United States Army of the Northwest. The battle lasted about 15 minutes and resulted in a victory for the Native Americans. Fort Dearborn was burned down and those soldiers and settlers who survived were taken captive, Fort Dearborn was constructed by United States troops under the command of Captain John Whistler in 1803. It was located on the bank of the main stem of the Chicago River in what is now the Loop community area of downtown Chicago. At the time, the area was seen as wilderness, in the view of later commander, Heald, the fort was named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then United States Secretary of War. It had been commissioned following the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795, the British Empire had ceded the Northwest Territory—comprising the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin—to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. However the area had been the subject of dispute between the Native American nations and the United States since the passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, the Indian Nations followed Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee prophet and the brother of Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the children of the Evil Spirit, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion. The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies, attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States. The Confederations raids hindered American access to potentially valuable farmlands, mineral deposits, in 1810, as a result of a long running feud, Captain Whistler and other senior officers at Fort Dearborn were removed. Whistler was replaced by Captain Nathan Heald, who had stationed at Fort Wayne. Heald was dissatisfied with his new posting and immediately applied for a leave of absence to spend the winter in Massachusetts. On his return journey to Chicago, he visited Kentucky, where he married Rebekah Wells, the daughter of Samuel Wells, as the United States and Britain moved towards war, antipathy between the settlers and Native Americans in the Chicago area increased. In the summer of 1811, British emissaries tried to enlist the support of Native Americans in the region, on April 6,1812, a band of Winnebago Indians murdered Liberty White, an American, and John B. Cardin, a French Canadian, at a farm called Hardscrabble that was located on the branch of the Chicago River. News of the murder was carried to Fort Dearborn by a soldier of the garrison named John Kelso, following the murder, some residents of Chicago moved into the fort while the rest fortified themselves in a house that had belonged to Charles Jouett, a Native American agent. Fifteen men from the population were organized into a militia by Captain Heald. On June 18,1812, the United States declared war on the British Empire, Hull also sent a copy of these orders to Fort Wayne with additional instructions to provide Heald with all the information, advice and assistance within their power
Battle of Fort Dearborn
–
The Battle of Fort Dearborn is commemorated on the site of Fort Dearborn with Defense a sculpture by
Henry Hering that adorns the south eastern tender's house of the
Michigan Avenue Bridge
Battle of Fort Dearborn
–
Plan of Fort Dearborn drawn by
John Whistler in 1808
Battle of Fort Dearborn
–
William Hull
Battle of Fort Dearborn
–
William Wells
12.
Siege of Detroit
–
The Siege of Detroit, also known as the Surrender of Detroit, or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the Anglo-American War of 1812. The British victory reinvigorated the militia and civil authorities of Upper Canada, many Native American people in the Northwest Territory were inspired to take arms against American outposts and settlers. The British held Detroit for more than a year before their small fleet on Lake Erie was defeated, in particular it was urgently necessary to reinforce the outpost of Detroit, which had a population of 800 but a peacetime garrison of only 120 soldiers. Madison and Eustis concurred with this plan, Madison offered command of the army to Hull, an ageing veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Hull was initially reluctant to take the appointment, but no other officer with his prestige, after repeated pleas from Madison, Hull finally accepted, and was commissioned as a Brigadier General in the United States Army. Hulls army consisted initially of three regiments of Ohio militia under Colonels Lewis Cass, Duncan McArthur and James Findlay. When Hull took command of them at Dayton on 25 May, he found that they were equipped and ill-disciplined. He made hasty efforts to remedy the deficiencies in equipment, Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel James Miller, the army marched north from Urbana on 10 June. On instructions from Eustis, Hull ignored an earlier established by Anthony Wayne. On 26 June, he received a letter from Eustis, dated 18 June, warning him that war was imminent, Eustis had sent his first letter of 18 June by special messenger. Congress had passed the declaration of war later that day but Eustis sent a letter to Hull with this vital information only by ordinary mail. On 28 June, the postmaster at Cleveland, Ohio hired an express rider to rush the letter to Hull but even this arrived only on 2 July. On 2 July, the unsuspecting Cayahoga was captured by a Canadian-manned armed brig of the Provincial Marine, Hull reached Detroit on 5 July. Here he was reinforced by detachments of Michigan militia, including the 140 men of the Michigan Legionary Corps which Hull had established in 1805, the American army was short of supplies, especially food, as Detroit apparently provided only soap and whiskey. Nevertheless, Eustis urged Hull to attack Amherstburg, the fort there was defended by 300 British regulars, mainly from the 41st Regiment of Foot,400 Native Americans, and some militia. The posts commander was Colonel St. George, who was superseded by Colonel Henry Procter of the 41st. Although Hull was not enthusiastic, writing to Eustis that The British command the water and he issued several proclamations which were intended to induce Canadians to join or support his army. Some of his troops raided up the Thames as far as Moraviantown
Siege of Detroit
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The Surrender of Detroit by
John Wycliffe Lowes Forster.
Siege of Detroit
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Plan of Detroit and its fort, 1792
13.
Siege of Fort Harrison
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The Siege of Fort Harrison was an engagement that lasted from September 4 to 15,1812. Harrison had long advocated building a fort in the strategic location, the fort protected the armys supply lines, as well as the capital of the Indiana Territory downstream in Vincennes. The site, located in present-day Vigo County, Indiana, at the edge of Terre Haute, was only two miles from the Wea village of Weauteno. It was said to be the location of a battle involving the Illiniwek. Major Joseph Hamilton Daveiss proposed that the stockade be named Fort Harrison in General Harrisons honor, the fort was finished October 28,1811, and had a 150 feet stockade encircling the post. Leaving the fort and a garrison under Colonel James Miller, Harrison led his army to the Tippecanoe battleground. When the army returned, Harrison left Captain Josiah Snelling in command of Fort Harrison, Snelling served as commandant of the fort from November 11,1811 until May 1812. During that winter, the fort was shaken by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes, Snelling was later transferred to Fort Detroit. After the outbreak of the War of 1812, Captain Zachary Taylor, future President of the United States, was ordered by Harrison to leave Fort Knox and assume command of Fort Harrison. The United States had suffered a series of defeats immediately after war was declared, at the hands of the British, Canadians and these victories helped motivate other native tribes to take up campaigns against remote American outposts. On September 3,1812, a band of Miami arrived and warned Captain Taylor that they would soon be attacked by a force of Native Americans. That evening, shots were heard, but Taylor was hesitant to send a scout party and he only had 50 men in his garrison, and sickness had reduced the number of effective soldiers to only 15. In the morning, a party was dispatched and discovered the bodies of two settlers, the Doyle brothers. The brothers were buried, and the party reported back to Fort Harrison, Captain Taylor, with his 15 able soldiers and about 5 healthy settlers, made ready for the expected attack. Each of the 20 men was issued sixteen rounds to fire and that day, September 4, a force of 600 Potawatomi, Wea, Shawnee, Kickapoo and Winnebago warriors approached Fort Harrison. A party of 40 men under command of Kickapoo Chief Namahtoha approached under a flag of truce, Taylor agreed, and the Indian force retreated to camp for the night. That night, a warrior crawled up and set the blockhouse on fire, when the sentries opened fire on the arsonist, the 600-strong Indian war party attacked the west side of the fort. Taylor ordered the forts surgeon and a handful of defenders to control the fire, the blockhouse, which was attached to the barracks, had a store of whiskey, which soon ignited, and the fire raged out of control
Siege of Fort Harrison
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Siege of Fort Harrison
Siege of Fort Harrison
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Fort Harrison
Siege of Fort Harrison
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Illustration showing the Battle of Fort Harrison
Siege of Fort Harrison
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Artwork for " Fort Harrison March," a campaign song for Zachary Taylor's successful
1848 presidential campaign
14.
Siege of Fort Wayne
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The Siege of Fort Wayne took place during the War of 1812, between United States and American Indian forces in the wake of the successful British campaigns of 1812. Since 1811, after the defeat at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Encouraged by other British/Native American victories at places such as Fort Dearborn and Detroit, Fort Wayne, in northeast Indiana Territory, had fallen into disrepair in the years leading up to 1812. As a frontier outpost stationed in a busy Native American town, the garrison was often insubordinate, the walls, once strong enough to withstand cannonballs, had not been maintained. Although there was a well inside the fort, the food stores had gotten low by September. The garrison first learned of the fall of Fort Dearborn on 26 August, on 28 August, Stephen Johnston, the assistant trade factor at Fort Wayne, was killed a mile away from Fort Wayne. The news was met with alarm, and John Johnston of Piqua, in September 1812, Indians from the Potawatomi and Miami tribes, led by Chief Winamac, gathered around Fort Wayne. Captain James Rhea sent letters to John Johnston and Ohio Governor Return Meigs to ask for assistance, the growing Indian threat outside the fort led Rhea to begin drinking heavily. On several occasions Rhea invited Indian delegates into the fort to discuss terms of peace with the Indians, on 4 September, Potawatomi chiefs Winamac and Five Medals approached the fort under a flag of truce and asked to speak to Captain Rhea. Rhea, who had been drinking, met them at the gate, Rhea invited Winamac to his quarters, where they shared wine. Rhea declared Winamac to be his friend, and invited him back for breakfast the next day, Winamac interpreted feigned friendship as cowardliness, however, and prepared for battle. Morning 5 September, the siege began when Chief Winamacs forces attacked two soldiers returning from an outhouse, the Native Americans assaulted the fort from the east side and burned the homes of the surrounding village. The Indians constructed two wooden cannons and were able to trick the garrison into thinking they had artillery besieging the fort as well, Captain Rhea was again drunk, and took to his quarters, sick. The Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, Benjamin Stickney, was recovering from an illness, Chief Winamac came to the gate again, that evening, and was admitted- unarmed- with thirteen of his men. As they talked, Winamac revealed a knife that he had hidden, Winamac left the fort, and the Native American forces opened fire at about eight oclock PM. Winamacs forces tried to set the fort on fire, and while the garrison- about 70 soldiers and some tried to keep the walls wet, they returned fire with muskets. The battle lasted until three oclock in the afternoon on 6 September, when the American Indian forces retired to a distance from the fort. The fighting resumed at nine oclock that night, efforts were already underway to reinforce Fort Wayne after the news of Fort Detroit reached Newport Barracks
Siege of Fort Wayne
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Fort Wayne
Siege of Fort Wayne
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This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
Siege of Fort Wayne
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Territorial Governor
William Henry Harrison led the relief effort to Fort Wayne.
Siege of Fort Wayne
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Colonel Richard M. Johnson led a supply line to Fort Wayne in 1813, which was attacked.
15.
Battle of Wild Cat Creek
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The Battle of Wild Cat Creek was the result of a November 1812 punitive expedition against Native American villages during the War of 1812. It has been nicknamed Spurs Defeat, which is thought to refer to the used by the soldiers to drive their horses away from the battle as quickly as possible. The campaign is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Tippecanoe, russell, coming from the Siege of Fort Harrison, led a force of Illinois militia and Indiana Rangers, and was successful in destroying a hostile Kickapoo village on Peoria Lake. Russell had to retreat to Cahokia, however, when he could not locate the forces under Hopkins, Hopkins could not get his Kentucky militia to engage, and had been driven back to Vincennes when the Kickapoo started a prairie grass fire. Major General Hopkins was humiliated by his loss, and discharged the Kentucky militia under his command. He then raised a new army, consisting of three regiments of Kentucky Infantry, one company of the 7th Infantry under Major Zachary Taylor, a troop of Indiana Rangers, and a company of scouts. Hopkins left Vincennes on 11 November 1812 and marched north, following the same route William Henry Harrison had taken in 1811, when the army reached the site of the Battle of Tippecanoe, they found that some of the United States dead had been exhumed and scalped. The bodies were reburied before the army proceeded to Prophetstown, which it reached on 19 November, Prophetstown had been destroyed in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, but was now partially rebuilt, with an even larger Kickapoo village nearby. All residents and provisions had been evacuated as the army approached, the army burned the villages to the ground. A Winnebago village was nearby, on Wildcat Creek. Colonel Miller led 300 men and destroyed the evacuated village, on November 21, as a scouting party explored the creek, they were fired upon, and the entire force retreated to rejoin the main army, leaving behind the body of a soldier named Dunn. The next day,22 November, Colonels Miller and Wilcox accompanied Captain Beckes, after riding about six miles up Wildcat Creek, they found a dead comrades head stuck on a pole and a Native standing beside the head taunting them. Thirteen Indiana Rangers were outraged by this and chased the rider, but he managed to stay ahead of them, here, Kickapoo, Winnebago, and Shawnee warriors ambushed the Rangers. Within two minutes, twelve men and several horses were dead or dying, many of the officers were killed, and the Rangers fled. One man who escaped did so by spurring his horse to gallop faster, one man, Benoit Besayon, had been a long-time trader with the Indian villages in the area, and was captured alive in the canyon. He was judged to be a traitor, and sentenced to be burned at the stake, as the fire was lit, however, a friend took pity on him and shot him. The American losses on November 21–22 were seventeen killed and three wounded, scouts learned that a large force of Native Americans were gathering to fight Hopkins army, and they prepared to do battle as soon as possible. Bitter cold set in, however, and a snowstorm threatened the expedition, when the Indian camp was reached on 24 November, it was deserted
Battle of Wild Cat Creek
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People
Battle of Wild Cat Creek
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Battle of Wild Cat Creek
16.
Battle of the Mississinewa
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The site is near the city of Marion, Indiana. Today, the location is the site of Mississinewa 1812, the largest War of 1812 reenactment in the United States, the annual festival draws thousands of visitors from all over the world. In 2004, a memorial was unveiled and is currently on display near the Mississinewa River in downtown Marion. After receiving permission from Secretary of War William Eustis, Harrison ordered Lieutenant Colonel John B, Campbell to lead an expedition into Indiana. Campbells objective was to destroy the Miami villages along the Mississinewa River, if possible, he was to avoid harm to Miami chiefs Pacanne, Jean Baptiste Richardville, White Loon, or Lenape Chief Silver Heel. Campbells force of 600 mounted troops departed from Fort Greenville on December 14 and traveled 80 miles and reached Silver Heels village on December 17, the mounted force then moved down the Mississinewa River, attacking at least two Miami villages. The Indians were taken by surprise and had not evacuated, a large number of Miami were killed, and 76 were taken prisoner, including 34 women and children. Later that day, having accomplished his objective, Campbell considered returning to Fort Greenville on account of severe frostbite among his troops, the next morning, December 18, as Campbell returned to Silver Heels village, a sizeable Native American force counterattacked. The American Indians were outnumbered, but fought fiercely to rescue the villagers being held by Campbell. A joint cavalry charge led by Major James McDowell and Captains Trotter, the American loss was 8 killed and 48 wounded. Campbell claimed that 8 Indians were killed on December 17 and that at least 30 were killed on December 18,8 warriors and thirty-four women and children were captured. One of the villagers told Campbell that Tecumseh was nearby and was coming with hundreds of men, so Campbell began the return march to Fort Greenville. An entire regiment, under Colonel Simrale, was disbanded due to frostbite, the Indian force was only concerned with protecting their lives and winter food supplies. In order to ensure this, they needed to stop Cambells expedition and force it to return to its base, Harrison received approval and appointed Campbell a full colonel in the Regular Army. Harrison ordered another attack on the Mississinewa villages the following July, although crops and houses were again destroyed, the Miami had evacuated and escaped further casualties. Three active battalions of the Regular Army perpetuate the lineages of the old 19th Infantry Regiment, list of battles fought in Indiana Allison, Harold. The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians, the War of 1812 in the Old Northwest. East Lansing, MI, The Michigan State University Press, the Miami Indians of Indiana, A Persistent People
Battle of the Mississinewa
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Encampment area of the American Troops, when they were attacked by the Miami Nation
Battle of the Mississinewa
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Memorial to the U.S. Soldiers who died at the Battle of Mississinewa
Battle of the Mississinewa
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Graves of soldiers who died at the battle.
17.
Battle of Frenchtown
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The Battles of Frenchtown, also known as the Battle of the River Raisin and the River Raisin Massacre, was a series of conflicts that took place from January 18–23,1813 during the War of 1812. It was fought between the United States and a British and Native American alliance near the River Raisin in Frenchtown, the battle on January 22 had the highest number of fatalities of any battle during this war. On January 18,1813 the Americans forced the retreat of the British and their Native American allies from Frenchtown, the movement was part of a larger United States plan to advance north and retake Fort Detroit, following its loss in the Siege of Detroit the previous summer. Despite this initial success, the British and Native Americans rallied and launched a counterattack four days later on January 22. Ill-prepared, the Americans lost 397 soldiers in this battle, while 547 were taken prisoner. Dozens of wounded prisoners were murdered the day in a massacre by the Native Americans. More prisoners were killed if they could not keep up on the march to Fort Malden. This was the deadliest conflict recorded on Michigan soil, and the casualties included the highest number of Americans killed in a battle during the War of 1812. Parts of the battlefield were designated as a state historic park. In 2009 Congress authorized its upgrade into the River Raisin National Battlefield Park, one of four parks in the nation. The Battle of Frenchtown took place in Frenchtown township in the Michigan Territory, much of the land it was fought on is now incorporated into the city of Monroe. The plural Battles of Frenchtown is also used for the conflict from January 18 through 22. While the battle began on January 18, the heaviest fighting took place on January 22 and it is often referred to as the Battle of the River Raisin, because of its proximity to that river. The engagement may be divided into the First Battle of the River Raisin, the name River Raisin Massacre is used for the events of January 23, the day after the surrender, when pro-British Indians murdered dozens of wounded United States prisoners. These volunteer soldiers from Kentucky were too badly injured to march overland to Canada, on August 17,1812, Brigadier General William Hull, commanding the American Army of the Northwest, surrendered his troops and Fort Detroit to the British army following the Siege of Detroit. This early success convinced many Native Americans to side with Britain in the war, General Hull was later tried by a military court and sentenced to death for his disgraceful conduct at Detroit. However, President James Madison commuted the sentence to dismissal from the army in recognition of Hulls honorable service during the American Revolution, at that time, Fort Detroit was a strategic outpost and a potential base for any US invasion of British Upper Canada. Its loss to the British gave them a base to increase their presence in the Michigan Territory, when the British captured Detroit, the Frenchtown militia also surrendered and were disarmed
Battle of Frenchtown
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The
River Raisin National Battlefield Park in July 2010
Battle of Frenchtown
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Location of Frenchtown and
Fort Detroit
Battle of Frenchtown
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A broken
historic marker indicates the spot where Lewis and his troops crossed the frozen
River Raisin on January 18, 1813. 41°54′33.5″N 83°22′42.8″W / 41.909306°N 83.378556°W / 41.909306; -83.378556 (First Battle of the River Raisin historic marker)
Battle of Frenchtown
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General
Harrison told
Winchester to hold his ground following the first battle. Harrison and his troops did not arrive in time to participate in the second battle.
18.
Siege of Fort Meigs
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The Siege of Fort Meigs took place during the War of 1812, in northwestern Ohio. A small British army with support from Indians attempted to capture the recently constructed fort to forestall an American offensive against Detroit, an American sortie and relief attempt failed with heavy casualties, but the British failed to capture the fort and were forced to raise the siege. In the early days of the War of 1812, an American Army under Brigadier General William Hull surrendered following the Siege of Detroit, to recover Detroit, the Americans formed the Army of the Northwest. Brigadier General James Winchester briefly commanded the Army before William Henry Harrison was commissioned Major General in the regular United States Army, Harrisons advance was hampered by bad weather and shortage of supplies. On 22 January 1813, the detachment of his army was defeated at the Battle of Frenchtown. Two of the most important were Fort Meigs on the Maumee River, Harrison descended the Maumee to the site of Fort Meigs with an army which ultimately numbered 4,000 men and began construction of the fort on 1 February 1813. He found the officer he had left in charge, Joel B, leftwich, had left with all his men because the enlistment period of the militia units assigned to the task had expired. Construction had halted, and the wood that had cut was being used as firewood. As the enlistments of Harrisons Ohio and Kentucky militia were also about to expire, Harrison disbanded his force and departed for Cincinnati, Ohio and he left Engineer Major Eleazer D. Wood to complete the construction of the fort. The fort was on the bank of the Maumee, near the Miami Rapids. Across the river were the ruins of the old British Fort Miami, Fort Meigs occupied an area of 8 acres, the largest constructed in North America to that date. The perimeter consisted of a picket fence, linking eight blockhouses. The north face was protected by the Maumee, and the east and west faces by ravines, the south face was cleared of all timber to create an open glacis. The poor weather of early spring prevented a British attack while the fort was still vulnerable, instead, he decided upon an attack on Fort Meigs, to disrupt American preparations for a summer campaign and hopefully capture supplies. Harrison received word of Procters preparations, and hastened down the Maumee with 300 reinforcements and he had persuaded Isaac Shelby, the Governor of Kentucky, to call up a brigade of 1,200 Kentucky militia under Brigadier General Green Clay. Clays brigade followed Harrison down the Maumee, but had not reached the fort before it was besieged, Procters force disembarked at the mouth of the Maumee on 26 April. His force consisted of 31 men of the Royal Artillery,423 men of the 41st Regiment of Foot,63 men of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment,16 men from other units, and 462 Canadian militia. He also had roughly 1,250 Native American warriors led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his artillery consisted of two 24-pounder guns which had been captured at Detroit, nine lighter guns and two gunboats mounting 9-pounder guns
Siege of Fort Meigs
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Fort Meigs
Siege of Fort Meigs
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Plan of the Battle of 5 May, from Benson J. Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812
19.
Battle of Fort Stephenson
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The Battle of Fort Stephenson was an American victory during the War of 1812. After failing to defeat American forces in the siege of Fort Meigs, Procter attempted to take Fort Meigs again in July by staging a mock battle to lure the defenders out of the fort. The ploy failed, and Procter abandoned the idea of taking the fort, the British and Indian force moved on to capture an American supply base on the Sandusky River guarded by Fort Stephenson. The fort was commanded by Major George Croghan with a garrison of 160 U. S, william Henry Harrison, the U. S. commander of the Northwest Frontier, believed Procters force to be larger than it was and ordered Croghan to destroy the fort and withdraw. Croghan insisted that he could hold the fort and stayed, Harrison agreed to let Croghan stay, but still fearing the worst he moved all available forces 10 miles away from Fort Stephenson. Expecting Harrison to be moving to Fort Stephensons aid, Procter had no intentions of conducting a siege as he had at Fort Meigs, the British artillery and gunboats began shelling the fort but with little effect. On August 2, Procter ordered an infantry assault, Croghan ordered the defenders to hold fire until the attackers were within close range. Once within range, the garrison opened fired along with the forts artillery, the attack fell back, and Procter tried and failed several more times. Lacking scaling ladders, Procter finally realized that the attackers could do little against the fort. Procter called off the attack, and the Indians returned to the field late at night to carry away the wounded. Five currently active units of the Regular Army perpetuate the lineages of the old 17th and 24th Infantry Regiments, the battle had been a victory for the Americans. George Croghan emerged from the battle as a hero and was promoted to lieutenant colonel, both Procter and Harrison suffered criticism for their parts in the battle. The British as well as Tecumseh were growing increasingly aware of Procters shortcomings, Harrison was criticised for not making a whole-hearted effort to come to the forts aid. Yet the British had been defeated, and Procter withdrew to Canada, in the following months, the Americans won decisive victories at the battles of Lake Erie and the Thames. The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, east Lansing, MI, The Michigan State University Press
Battle of Fort Stephenson
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Battle depicted in 1912 history book
20.
Battle of Lake Erie
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The Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of British Royal Navy and it was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812. When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie and they already had a small force of warships there, the sloop-of-war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter. The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war and these vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine, which was a military transport service and not a naval service. Nevertheless, the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels, the British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her Detroit. Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured, Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy. Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop-rigged Trippe, while the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River, all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a base on the lake. Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities, Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. Other than their rig and crude construction, the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet, the heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay, and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty. However, the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh, which was expanding as a manufacturing center, master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie, through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell, the Senior Senator from Rhode Island, supplanting Lieutenant Elliot and he arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March. Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle, he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. Perry had them towed by oxen up the Niagara, an operation which took six days. Meanwhile, Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie, another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely. Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the journey to Amherstburg overland. He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen, nevertheless, he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost. He first reconnoitred Perrys base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia, with batteries and he then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie, hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock
Battle of Lake Erie
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Battle of Lake Erie by
William Henry Powell, painted 1865, shows
Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from
Lawrence to
Niagara
Battle of Lake Erie
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Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September
21.
Battle of the Thames
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The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was a United States victory in the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom and Tecumsehs Confederacy. It took place on October 5,1813 in Upper Canada, near present-day Chatham, British troops under Major General Henry Procter had occupied Detroit until the U. S. Navy gained control of Lake Erie, depriving them of their supplies. Procter was forced to retreat north up the river Thames to Moraviantown, where his allies, American control over the Northwest frontier was re-established, the tribal confederacy collapsed, and Procter would later be court-martialled for his poor leadership. The British position depended on maintaining command of Lake Erie, from the start of the war to the end of July 1813, the British ships, which since May 5,1813 were led by Commander Robert Heriot Barclay, had maintained control of the lake. They contained the American squadron under Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry at Presque Isle harbour, when Barclay lifted the blockade for two days in order to receive supplies, Perry was able to move his ships across the sandbar at the entrance to the harbour and into the lake. Once it was armed and manned, Perrys superior squadron instituted a counter-blockade of Amherstburg. Finally, with supplies almost exhausted, Barclay put out to battle with Perry. On September 10, Perry gained a victory in the Battle of Lake Erie. On receiving Perrys hastily written note that We have met the enemy and they are ours, Harrison knew that Procter would be forced to retreat, and ordered an advance. Even before he received news of Barclays defeat, Procter had made preparations to fall back to the British position at Burlington Heights at the end of Lake Ontario. Our ships have one way, and we are much astonished to see our Father tying up everything and preparing to run the other. We must compare our Fathers conduct to a fat animal that carries its tail upon its back, nevertheless, Procter could not defend Fort Amherstburg. Not only was no food, but the guns had been removed from the fort to be mounted on Barclays ships. Procter began to retreat up the Thames River on September 27, Tecumseh had no option but to go with him. Procter apparently agreed to a compromise to retreat only as far as Moraviantown, as this was the highest point of the river to which batteaux could navigate, it was safe from outflanking moves by water. Also, some supplies could in theory be brought overland from Burlington Heights. However, Procter made no attempt to fortify this position, the British retreat was badly managed, and the soldiers had been reduced to half rations. The Americans left a brigade under Duncan McArthur to garrison Detroit and another under Lewis Cass to garrison Sandwich, Harrison led the main body from Sandwich in pursuit of Procter on October 2
Battle of the Thames
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General William Henry Harrison
Battle of the Thames
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An artist's depiction of the battle and the death of Tecumseh.
Battle of the Thames
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Diagram by
Bennett H. Young of the forces arrayed in the battle
Battle of the Thames
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Chief
Tecumseh, killed during the battle
22.
Battle of Longwoods
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The Battle of Longwoods took place during the Anglo-American War of 1812. Late in December,1813, the British established an outpost at Delaware, on 23 December, the garrison of the post at Delaware surprised and captured a small American outpost near Chatham. The American commander at Amherstburg was Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Butler of the 28th U. S. Infantry and he sent an expedition under Captain Andrew Holmes to capture one of these two British posts, as circumstances allowed. The expedition consisted of mounted detachments from the 24th, 26th, 27th and 28th U. S, Regiments of Infantry and two six-pounder cannon, and was later joined by some rangers and militia dragoons from Michigan. The raiders, including the regulars, were dressed in buckskins against the cold and were armed with rifles, Holmes left Amherstburg on 21 February, moving along the shore of Lake Erie. The ground was soft, and he was forced to abandon his two guns near Pointe au Pelee, after a clash with some Canadian militia who escaped, Holmes decided that the militia would warn the defenders of Port Talbot, and he determined therefore to make for Delaware instead. On 2 March, he was within 15 miles of Delaware, the British had indeed been warned of his presence, and Holmes learned from a Canadian renegade that 300 men had sallied from Delaware and were within an hours march of him. Holmes left the Michigan Rangers as a rearguard while his main body retreated five miles to the Twenty Mile Creek, the Michigan troops also fell back after a skirmish with Caldwells Rangers, who were leading the British advance. Holmes was urged by some of his subordinates to retreat further and he occupied a hill overlooking the bridge over the creek, and fortified the hill with a u-shaped abatis. Early on 4 March, Caldwells Rangers exchanged a few shots with the Americans and then feigned a retreat, Holmes did indeed pursue for 5 miles before the Michigan Militia Dragoons warned him that the British were preparing an ambush, and he hastily returned to his position. The full British force followed up the Americans and arrived at Twenty Mile Creek at 5 p. m. that day, the force consisted of two companies of regulars, two full-time militia units and 44 Native American warriors. In all, this force numbered about 240 men, although Basden had only a rough idea of the ground and American strength from the Rangers earlier reconnaissance, he nevertheless attacked immediately. The Rangers, militia and Indians crossed the out of range of the American position. The regulars opened fire against the American centre, with little effect, Basden then led a charge against the American position. As the British advanced towards the bridge, bunched into a column by the narrow road, Basden only became aware of the abatis after the British had crossed the bridge, but nevertheless led an advance up the hill. The British were unable to climb the icy slope in the face of the fire and were beaten back. Basden himself was wounded in the leg, and Captain Johnston, on the flanks, the Indians had not pressed their attack. The Rangers had been successful, but were too few to risk an attack into the American position
Battle of Longwoods
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Battle Hill National Historic Site is marked by a federal cairn and plaque.
23.
Siege of Prairie du Chien
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The Siege of Prairie du Chien was a British victory in the far western theater of the War of 1812. During the war, Prairie du Chien was a frontier settlement with residents loyal to both American and British causes. Although Prairie du Chien became a part of the United States following the Treaty of Paris in 1783, thus, it remained largely under British influence into the 19th Century. In the spring of 1814, American forces decided to secure the location, realizing that if it fell to the British, William Clark, the governor of Missouri Territory, organized a force in St. Shortly after the force was assembled, Taylor left for personal reasons, in his place, Lieutenant Joseph Perkins of the 24th Infantry took command of the regulars. On May 1, Governor Clark and the forces under Perkins, Yeizer. On May 17, they scattered some Sauk warriors who attempted to bar their passage at the Rock Island rapids, the American force arrived in Prairie du Chien on June 2. A few days later, on June 6, they began building a fort on a mound north of the main village. The fort was named Fort Shelby in honor of Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky, seeing that construction of the small wooden fort was underway, Governor Clark left to return to St. Louis on June 7. The Americans made steady progress on the fort, and although the defenses were unfinished, around the time that the fort was being occupied, the sixty-day terms of service for the volunteers led by Yeizer and Sullivan expired. Word of the American advance reached the British at Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, to respond to the American threat, he despatched a force consisting of the Mississippi Volunteers,14 men of the Michigan Fencibles and several hundred Winnebago and Fox warriors. Perhaps the most important part of the force was a brass 3-pounder gun, captain William McKay of the Michigan Fencibles was made a local Lieutenant Colonel and put in command of the force. Having collected additional militia volunteers and Native Americans en route, McKays force eventually numbered about 650 men, on July 17, the British force arrived at Prairie du Chien. Late in the morning, Thomas Anderson approached Fort Shelby to deliver Perkins a note demanding the Americans unconditional surrender, Perkins refused and prepared to defend the fort. The battle began early in the afternoon when the British 3-pounder gun opened fire, the gun damaged the Governor Clark and compelled it to retreat downriver. The boat carried the Americans cannon and a supply of goods and ammunition. With the gunboat gone, the British concentrated their fire on Fort Shelby, the Americans and the British maintained a steady exchange of gunfire throughout the next day, but to no avail for either side. However, by the day of battle the Americans inside Fort Shelby were beginning to run short of ammunition
Siege of Prairie du Chien
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The Upper Mississippi River during the
War of 1812. 1:
Fort Belle Fontaine, the U.S. headquarters; 2:
Fort Osage, abandoned 1813; 3:
Fort Madison, defeated 1813; 4:
Fort Shelby, defeated 1814; 5:
Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6:
Fort Johnson, abandoned 1814; 7:
Fort Cap au Gris and the
Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815.
24.
Battle of Rock Island Rapids
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The Battle of Rock Island Rapids, also called the Battle of Campbell Island, was an American defeat during the War of 1812 at the hands of the British allied Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo. In July 1814, an expedition was mounted to supply the U. S garrison at Prairie du Chien after calls for help. The U. S expedition was ambushed on July 19, in the aftermath another expedition was sent to re-capture Prairie after it fell to the British. This expedition was too ambushed in the Battle of Credit Island, in June 1814, the U. S army at Fort Shelby, Prairie du Chien, was threatened with British and Indian attack. After calls for more supplies and men reached St. Louis, on July 4, Campbells expedition left Cape au Gris with three fortified barges, or keel boats, each with a cabin and all having sails. There were 33 regular soldiers and 65 rangers, some of the latter being Frenchmen from Cahokia, the regulars were from the 1st and 7th Infantry regiments together with the Illinois rangers. The expedition also included a settlers establishment, boatmen, and women and children, making the total one hundred and thirty-three persons. Lieutenant John Campbell of the First Infantry commanded the first boat, occupied by the 1st Infantry, contractors, the second boat was commanded by Lieutenant Stephen Rector and the third by Lieutenant Jonathan Riggs. The number of regulars in this expedition has been given as forty-two, Major Campbell, however, reported that he had. On July 13, about eighty miles below the mouth of Rock river and they informed Campbell that the American garrison at Prairie was still holding on. On the eighteenth of July, about twenty miles below Rock river and they told Major Campbell that they had heard of the Americans approach and had come to welcome them in peace. The keel boats proceeded up the river and landed on the Illinois shore opposite of the end of Rock Island. In a short time, about one hundred and fifty warriors, besides women and children of the Sauk, Chief Black Hawk was at the head of the party. During the meeting Campbell and Black Hawk discussed opening a war against the Winnebagos only if he had the means to do so. Black Hawk also ensured Campbell that the Mississippi River would remain open to U. S travel, fear that the British, keeping in spirit the Indians remained very friendly for the remainder of the night, recognizing many old friends among the Frenchmen from Cahokia. On the morning of July 19, the continued on its way to Prairie du Chien. However, later last night, a party of Indians arrived at the Sauk village from Prairie du Chien and they brought the Sauks six kegs of powder and told them that the fort at Prairie du Chien had been captured by the British. These messengers told the Sauks that the British wished them to join them in the war against the Americans which Black Hawk agreed to do
Battle of Rock Island Rapids
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House-In-The-Woods Inn, 1907
Battle of Rock Island Rapids
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Cable car connecting Campbell's Island to Watertown (now East Moline)
25.
Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)
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The Battle of Mackinac Island was a British victory in the War of 1812. Before the war, Fort Mackinac had been an important American trading post in the straits between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron and it was important for its influence and control over the Native American tribes in the area, which was sometimes referred to in historical documents as Michilimackinac. The British meanwhile abandoned their own defences at St. Joseph Island, for the rest of the year and through much of 1813, the British hold on Mackinac was secure since they also held Detroit, which the Americans would have to recapture before attacking Mackinac. In February 1814, Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall of the Glengarry Light Infantry was ordered to re-establish communications with Mackinac, McDoualls first task was to open a new supply line from York via Yonge Street and Lake Simcoe to the Nottawasaga River, which flows into Georgian Bay. The Nottawasaga was selected in preference to the established post at Penetanguishene on Matchedash Bay, even though the navigation from the Nottwasaga was obstructed by rocks and shoals. McDoualls party consisted of ninety men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles, most of whom were accustomed to serving as marines, on 19 April, McDoualls batteaux began descending the river with the Newfoundlanders, artillerymen and sailors, and reached the Lake on 25 April. He arrived at Mackinac on 18 May, carrying a quantity of provisions for the hungry garrison. A few days later he was reinforced by another 200 Native Americans, McDouall ordered the defences of the island to be strengthened. The existing fort was situated on a ridge which dominated the harbour on the side of the island, but was itself overlooked by another wooded ridge. In 1812, the British had dragged artillery to this ridge to compel the fort to surrender, McDoualls troops built a stockade and blockhouse on the upper ridge, naming the new fortification Fort George. The expedition to recover Mackinac was prepared at Detroit, and Brigadier General Duncan McArthur established Fort Gratiot at the end of Lake Huron as an advanced base. William Clark, Governor of the Missouri Territory, meanwhile led an expedition to establish a fort at Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi River, news that the Americans had occupied Prairie du Chien arrived at Mackinac on 21 June. McDouall was compelled to weaken his garrison by despatching an expedition under William McKay to recover the post. As the weather was foggy and the Americans had no pilots familiar with the area and they then sailed to St. Joseph Island, which had been the original British military post in 1812, but found it had been abandoned. They burned the empty post, and also the Canadian North West Company trading post at Sault Sainte Marie, the Americans finally arrived off Mackinac on 26 July. Their delayed arrival had given McDouall ample warning, and he had reinforced his defences by calling in the last two companies of militia left to defend St. Joseph Island and Sault Ste. The American ships attempted to bombard the fort for two days, with most of the shot falling harmlessly in vegetable gardens around the fort, Sinclair discovered that the new British blockhouse, Fort George, stood too high for the naval guns to reach. A dense fog forced the American squadron away from the island for a week
Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)
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Topographic map of Mackinac Island. Crossed swords pinpoint the location of the battle in 1814
26.
Military history of the United States
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The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries. The Continental Congress in 1775 established the Continental Army and named General George Washington its commander and this newly formed army, along with state militia forces, the French Army and Navy, and the Spanish Navy defeated the British in 1781. The new Constitution in 1789 made the president the commander in chief, with authority for the Congress to levy taxes, make the laws, and declare war. As of 2017, the U. S. military consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force, there also is the United States Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security. Governors have control of each states Army and Air National Guard units for limited purposes, the president has the ability to federalize National Guard units, bringing them under the sole control of the Department of Defense. The beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and they relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation. In major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force, instead the colony asked for volunteers, many of whom were also militia members. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, when shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army and he drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washingtons army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, the British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, a British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, the main British army was surrounded by Washingtons American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781, as the French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy. The British then sued for peace, as a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies, Washingtons strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga and Yorktown. He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, as the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them
Military history of the United States
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Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
Military history of the United States
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Detail from Washington and his Generals at Yorktown (c. 1781) by
Charles Willson Peale.
Lafayette (far left) is at Washington's right, the
Comte de Rochambeau to his immediate left.
Military history of the United States
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Washington's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey.
Military history of the United States
–
Stephen Decatur boarding the Tripolitan gunboat, 3 August 1804, the
First Barbary War
27.
Indiana Territory
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The Indiana Territory was created by an Act of Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on May 7,1800, effective on July 4. It was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory, the territory originally contained approximately 259,824 square miles of land, but twice decreased in size as it was further subdivided into new territories. The territory was first governed by William Henry Harrison who oversaw the negotiation with the inhabitants to open large parts of the territory to settlement. In 1810 a popularly elected government was established as the continued to grow in population and develop a very basic road network, government. In June 1816, a convention was held and a state government was formed. The territory was dissolved on December 11,1816, by an act of Congress granting statehood to Indiana and this latter parcel became part of the state of Ohio when it was admitted to the Union in 1803. At the same time in 1803, the southeast boundary shifted to the mouth of the Great Miami River from its location at the point opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River. The eastern part of Michigan was added to the Indiana Territory at that time, the area of the Indiana Territory was reduced in 1805 by the creation of the Michigan Territory, and in 1809 by the creation of the Illinois Territory. When the Indiana Territory was first created, no provision was allowed for the creation of elected government. Congress granted the President power to appoint a General Court to serve as a legislative, the court consisted of five members, and the President delegated the task of choosing the members to the Governor of the territory. This remained the form of government until 1805 when Congress granted the territory the right to slavery if they so choose. In doing so, they removed the legislative powers, leaving it with only judicial authority. The formation of a new council was approved and each county in the territory was granted the right to elect one representative to it. The council had the authority to pass laws, but they all had to be approved by the Governor before they could be enacted, in 1809, the makeup of the legislature was altered again by Congress to a bicameral body. A House of Representatives was created and the representation was apportioned by population, the House was then to choose ten candidates from whom the President, through the governor, would choose five to form a council which served as the upper house of the legislature. Thereafter, the structure of the legislature remained unchanged for the remainder of the territorys existence, the delegate from the Indiana Territory was elected at large in a territory-wide election. The delegate attended Congress with the right to debate, submit legislation, and serve on committees, the federal government paid the salaries of the governor, legislature, and judicial council, but did not provide funds for any additional governmental offices. At first, the territory had very limited revenue and could not afford to fund a large government, as the population increased, and revenues grew, so did the size and scope of the government with new offices being created at different times
Indiana Territory
–
A map of the Indiana Territory in 1812 displaying notable places and battles in the
War of 1812
Indiana Territory
–
Flag
Indiana Territory
–
Anthony Wayne concludes peace with the Northwestern Indian Confederacy in the
Treaty of Greenville.
Indiana Territory
–
Grouseland, the home of Governor
William Henry Harrison
28.
Native Americans in the United States
–
In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
Native Americans in the United States
–
Pushmataha
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States
–
Charles Eastman
Native Americans in the United States
–
Wilma Mankiller
29.
Shawnee
–
The Shawnee are an Algonquian-speaking ethnic group indigenous to North America. Pushed west by European-American pressure, the Shawnee migrated to Missouri and Kansas, Other Shawnee did not remove to Oklahoma until after the Civil War. The Shawnee language, an Algonquian language, was spoken by 200 people in 2002, the language is written in the Latin script. It has a dictionary and portions of the Bible were translated into Shawnee, some scholars believe that the Shawnee are descendants of the people of the precontact Fort Ancient culture of the Ohio region, although this is not universally accepted. Fort Ancient culture flourished from 1000 to 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited lands along the Ohio River in areas of southern Ohio, northern Kentucky, Fort Ancient culture was once thought to have been an extension of the Mississippian culture. But, scholars now believe Fort Ancient culture developed independently and was descended from the Hopewell culture, uncertainty surrounds the fate of the Fort Ancient people. There is a gap in the record between the most recent Fort Ancient sites and the oldest sites of the Shawnee. The latter were recorded by European explorers as occupying this area at the time of encounter, the Shawnee traditionally considered the Lenape of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, as their grandfathers. The Algonquian nations of present-day Canada regarded the US Shawnee as their southernmost branch, along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were mostly located in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas. Algonquian languages have similar to the archaic shawano meaning south. However, the stem šawa- does not mean south in Shawnee, in one Shawnee tale, Sawage is the deity of the south wind. Curtin translates Sawage as it thaws, referring to the weather of the south. šaawaki is attested as the spirit of the South, or the South Wind, in account, in one of Voegelins tales. Europeans reported encountering Shawnee over a geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing some Sawwanew located just east of the Delaware River, later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada, a Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred bark-covered houses similar in construction to Iroquois longhouses. Each village usually had a house or council house, perhaps sixty to ninety feet long. According to one European legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief Opechancanough, ruler of the Powhatan Confederacy 1618–1644, the party was led by his son, Sheewa-a-nee
Shawnee
–
Shawnee portraits
Shawnee
–
Fort Ancient Monongahela cultures by Herb Roe
Shawnee
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Serpent Mound, Peebles, Ohio
Shawnee
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Tecumseh, by Benson Lossing in 1848 based on 1808 drawing.
