1.
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield
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Wilsons Creek National Battlefield at 6424 West Farm Road 182 near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilsons Creek. Fought on August 10,1861, it was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River, the Confederates failure to exploit their victory here resulted in keeping Missouri in the Union. Major features include a 5-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and Bloody Hill, the site is located just southwest of the city of Springfield, in southwestern Missouri. The Battle of Wilsons Creek, also known as the Battle of Oak Hills, was fought on August 10,1861, near Springfield, Missouri. Union forces were striving to defeat the Missouri State Guard and preserve Missouri for the Union, along with St. Louis, the battle site was established as Wilsons Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22,1960, and was redesignated a National Battlefield on December 16,1970. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966. The Visitor Center is open seven days a week from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. and contains exhibits about the battle, a film, an eight-minute fiber optics map program. In compliance with ADA standards, assisted listening devices are available for use with the orientation film, All park facilities are closed Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and New Years Day. The visitor center offers brochures about the 4.9 mile self-guided tour of the battlefield, the 4.9 mile paved tour road provides a self-guided auto tour. There are eight interpretive stops at significant battle-related locations, there are five walking trails off the tour road, varying in length from 1/4 to 3/4 of a mile. A seven mile trail system for horseback riding and hiking is accessible from the tour road, in addition, there is a cell phone tour that provides interesting facts and fascinating stories relating to the Battle of Wilsons Creek. The Wilsons Creek Civil War Museum, contains artifacts relating to the war west of the Mississippi and exhibits about the war and war life, the anniversary of the battle is observed with a special program and ceremony on August 10. The 1850s Ray House is a house museum that was the site of a temporary field hospital for Southern soldiers after the battle. The house is open on weekends in the summer, with interpreters dressed in period clothing giving guided tours, holdings, The John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library was founded in 1985. A new library building was dedicated in April 2003, the core of the library collection was donated by Springfield attorney John K. Hulston and his wife Ruth. Currently the library contains approximately 10,000 volumes concentrating on the Civil War period, public Use, All of the librarys volumes are non-circulating, but are available for use on-site. Reference Services, Staff members are able to perform limited research for patrons by regular mail, e-mail, extensive research on a particular topic should be done in person. Genealogy, The library has access to the National Archives Compiled Service Records of all Confederate soldiers
2.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
3.
Kurz and Allison
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Kurz and Allison were a major publisher of chromolithographs in the late 19th century. Based at 267-269 Wabash Avenue in Chicago, they built their reputation on large prints published in the mid-1880s depicting battles of the American Civil War and this was a period of recollection among veterans, and the company was trying to capitalise of this sentiment. In all, a set of battle scenes were published from designs by Louis Kurz. Kurz, a native of Salzburg, Austria, had emigrated to the United States in 1848, while the prints were highly inaccurate and considered naive fantasies like Currier and Ives prints, they were still sought after. They did not pretend to mirror the events but rather attempted to tap peoples patriotic emotions. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, the company created several large prints of the major battles, later conflicts such as the Russo-Japanese War were also illustrated by the company. Louis Kurz first worked as a lithographer in Milwaukee, together with Henry Sifert, after the Civil War, he was one of the founders of the Chicago Lithographing Company. He worked there until the company was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and he then returned to Milwaukee, and started the American Oleograph Company. He moved back to Chicago in 1878, where in 1880 he became a partner in the newly founded firm of Kurz, alexander Allison probably provided financial backing. According to Neely and Holzeer The influence of the Gettysburg cyclorama on the Kurz, … The print openly copied vignettes from the painting and in at least one instance perpetuated a historical error. In June 1886 Louis Prang published a series of prints under the title Prangs War Pictures, shortly thereafter Kurz and Allison reissued their print of the Battle of Gettysburg and designed and issued additional prints in the same format. Three such prints were issued in 1886, three in 1887, seven in 1888, six in 1889, four in 1890, six in 1891, one in 1891, four in 1892, and one in 1893. According to Neely and Holzeer Kurz and Alison, although inspired by Prangs work, Kurz and Alison remained true to the popular tradition in lithography embodied in the work of Currier and Ives, Prang was aiming higher. Several of the Kurz and Alison Civil War prints featured Black soldiers, particularly Storming Fort Wagner and The Fort Pillow Massacre, at least one lithograph entitled George Washington at Mount Vernon is known to exist depicting George Washington, Martha Washington and Marthas two children. The firm also produced a number of black and white lithographs on religious subjects. These were marketed to localized communities with ethnic identities, often separated from their compatriots, many of the firms prints were reproduced in New Mexican tinwork. Prints depicting the Civil War battles by Kurz and Allison are among the most sought after collectibles of Civil War enthusiasts, according to the Martin Art Gallery, Muhlenberg College. In spite of their lack of accuracy, Kurz and Allison prints are still used as book covers
4.
Greene County, Missouri
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Greene County is a county located in the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 275,174, the county was organized in 1833 and is named after American Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene. Greene County is included in the Springfield, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 678 square miles, of which 675 square miles is land and 2.6 square miles is water. The population density was 356 people per square mile, there were 104,517 housing units at an average density of 155 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 54% White,2. 26% Black or African American,0. 66% Native American,1. 13% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 67% from other races, and 1. 68% from two or more races. Approximately 1. 84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 22. 30% under the age of 18,13. 80% from 18 to 24,28. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 94.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $44,185, and the median income for a family was $56,047. Males had an income of $30,672 versus $21,987 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,770, about 7. 60% of families and 12. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 60% of those under age 18 and 7. 50% of those age 65 or over. There are 190,417 registered voters in Greene County, Republic and Springfield have city fire departments. Greene County is divided into eight districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, seven of which are held by Republicans. Consists of all of the communities of Ash Grove, Bois DArc, Brookline, Republic, Willard, the district includes the northern part the city of Springfield and rural area of north-central Greene County. The district is based entirely in the city of Springfield, the district includes Battlefield and a part of the city of Springfield. The district includes part of the city of Springfield, the district exists entirely within the city of Springfield. The district includes of the city of Springfield and some rural area southeast of the city, the district includes the communities of Fair Grove, Rogersville, and Strafford
5.
Christian County, Missouri
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Christian County is a county located in the southwestern part of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,422, the county was organized in 1859 and is named after William Christian, a Kentucky soldier of the American Revolutionary War. Christian County is part of the Springfield, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area, between 2000 and 2010, it was the fastest growing county in Missouri and one of the fastest growing in the nation as the county became more suburban due to the booming growth in Springfield. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 564 square miles. The county is drained by James River and branches of the White River, the surface is undulating or hilly. The population density was 96 people per square mile, there were 21,827 housing units at an average density of 39 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 31% White,0. 27% Black or African American,0. 56% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 42% from other races, and 1. 13% from two or more races. Approximately 1. 32% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 7% were of American,21. 1% German,12. 3% English and 11. 3% Irish ancestry. 19. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 27. 80% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,31. 70% from 25 to 44,21. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 94.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,200, and the median income for a family was $58,806. Males had an income of $31,929 versus $21,852 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,873, about 7. 10% of families and 9. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 20% of those under age 18 and 7. 80% of those age 65 or over. The Republican Party controls politics at the level in Christian County. The Republicans hold all of the positions in the county. On May 20,2015, Sheriff Joey Kyle plead guilty to embezzling county funds and participating in an illegal fraud scheme. As a part of an agreement, he immediately resigned as sheriff, was sentenced to one year plus one day in federal prison
6.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
9.
Missouri State Guard
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The Missouri State Guard was a state defense force established by the Missouri General Assembly on May 15,1861. While not a formation of the Confederate States Army, the Missouri State Guard fought alongside Confederate States troops and, at various times, served under Confederate officers. The Missouri General Assembly passed the Military Bill on May 11,1861 and it also outlawed or prohibited other militia organizations except those authorized by the Guards district commanders. This was primarily aimed at preventing Unionist Missourians from organizing Home Guard companies in the areas outside the metropolitan St. Louis area. This prohibition included the predominantly unionist German United States Reserve Corps regiments mustered in St. Louis in excess of the Missouri requirement under the Federal Militia Act of 1792. The law did allow for formation of new local Home Guards under the auspices of the MSG and it also specified that the language of all spoken commands was to be English, a specification intended to exclude ethnic Germans, who were predominantly Unionist in their political orientation. While the act termed each district a division, they were organized along brigade lines, the actual forces of a district consisted of all the regiments, not of brigades of these regiments. Each districts division was to be commanded by a general who was a resident of the district. Recruits for the Missouri State Guard began to assemble in Jefferson City in mid-May. However, after an agreement, the Price–Harney Truce on May 20 between Price and the Federal department commander William S. Harney, the movement of Guardsmen to the capitol was halted. The State Guard continued to be mobilized in their home districts, on May 30, Harney was relieved and Nathaniel Lyon took command of the department. On June 11, a meeting to resolve some disagreements resulted in the collapse of the truce, Price and Jackson fled St. Louis for Jefferson City. The embryonic Missouri State Guard suffered an initial setback in a skirmish at Boonville on June 17. MSG organization and training was conducted at Cowskin Prairie, a livestock auction site in southwest Missouri. A key figure in efforts to impose order on the organization was Adjutant General Lewis Henry Little. As Frémonts Union army finally advanced toward Springfield, the Guard withdrew, a bold dash by Major Charles Zagonyis mounted vanguard routed local MSG troops waiting in ambush on October 25,1861, at the First Battle of Springfield. Fremonts offensive was subsequently recalled before engaging the main southern force when Fremont was relieved from command by order of President Lincoln, while the vote was not endorsed by a statewide plebiscite, the Confederate Congress officially admitted Missouri at the 12th Confederate State on November 28,1861. While in winter camp, Price began enrolling many of his men into the regular Confederate service, two brigades of the MSG participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge, where Brig. Gen. William Y
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
Nathaniel Lyon
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Nathaniel Lyon was the first Union general to be killed in the American Civil War and is noted for his actions in the state of Missouri at the beginning of the conflict. He graduated from the Military Academy 11th out of a class of 52 in 1841 and he fought in the Second Seminole War and in the Mexican-American War. During the War with Mexico, he received brevet promotions for gallantry under fire at the battles of Mexico City, Contreras. He was then sent to posts in California where he participated in the 1850 Bloody Island Massacre against the Pomo Native Americans. He was reassigned to Fort Riley in Kansas, where he began to develop support for the Union as a result of the political climate developing in the state. When the Civil War broke out, Jackson refused to send volunteers from the state to fight for Abraham Lincoln, instead, Jackson had the militia muster outside the city to begin training in preparation to join Confederate forces. On May 10,1861, Lyon and his troops surrounded the pro-Confederate Missouri militia under General D. M. Frost, while marching his captured prisoners through St. Louis, citizens began to riot, leading to the Camp Jackson Affair. Lyon ordered his troops to fire into the rioters, on May 17, Lyon was promoted to brigadier general and was given command of Union troops in Missouri. He then lead his troops into a series of skirmishes with the Missouri State Guard, Lyon was killed while trying to rally his outnumbered soldiers. However, Lyon’s efforts prevented the State of Missouri from joining the Confederacy, Lyon was born on a farm in Ashford, Connecticut, son of Amasa and Kezia Knowlton Lyon. As a boy he hated farming and his relatives had fought in the American Revolutionary War and he was determined to follow in their footsteps. In 1837 he applied to the United States Military Academy and graduated eleventh in his class of 52 cadets in 1841, upon graduating from West Point, Lyon was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant and assigned to the 2nd U. S. Infantry regiment after graduation and served them in the Seminole Wars. After being reassigned to Fort Riley, Kansas, Lyon became staunchly antislavery and he did not support the radicalism of the abolitionists, and came to support the Republican Party while serving in the border wars known as Bleeding Kansas. In January 1861, he wrote about the crisis, It is no longer useful to appeal to reason. In March 1861, shortly before the outbreak of the American Civil War, Lyon was accurately concerned that Jackson meant to seize the federal arsenal in St. Louis if the state seceded and that the Union had insufficient defensive forces to prevent the seizure. He attempted to strengthen the defenses, but came into opposition from his superiors, Lyon employed his friendship with Francis P. Blair, Jr. to have himself named commander of the arsenal. When the Civil War broke out and President Abraham Lincoln called for troops to put down the Confederacy, governor Jackson refused the request and ordered the Missouri State Guard to muster outside St. Louis under the stated purpose of training for home defense
12.
Franz Sigel
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Franz Sigel was a German military officer, revolutionist and immigrant to the United States who was a teacher, newspaperman, politician, and served as a Union major general in the American Civil War. His ability to recruit German-speaking immigrants to the Union armies garnered the approval of President Abraham Lincoln, Sigel was born in Sinsheim, Baden, and attended the gymnasium in Bruchsal. He graduated from Karlsruhe Military Academy in 1843, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Baden Army and he met the revolutionaries Friedrich Hecker and Gustav von Struve and became associated with the revolutionary movement. He was wounded in a duel in 1847, the same year, he retired from the army to begin law school studies in Heidelberg. In April 1848, he led the Sigel-Zug, recruiting a militia of more than 4,000 volunteers to lead a siege against the city of Freiburg and his militia was defeated on April 23,1848 by the better-equipped and more experienced troops of the Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1849, he became Secretary of War and commander-in-chief of the republican government of Baden. Wounded in a skirmish, Sigel had to resign his command, in July, after the defeat of the revolutionaries by Prussian troops and Mieroslawskis departure, Sigel led the retreat of the remaining troops in their flight to Switzerland. Sigel later went on to England, Sigel emigrated to the United States in 1852, as did many other German Forty-Eighters. Sigel taught in the New York City public schools and served in the state militia and he married a daughter of Rudolf Dulon and taught in Dulons school. In 1857, he became a professor at the German-American Institute in St. Louis and he was elected director of the St. Louis public schools in 1860. He was influential in the Missouri immigrant community and he attracted Germans to the Union and antislavery causes when he openly supported them in 1861. Shortly after the start of the war, Sigel was commissioned colonel of the 3rd Missouri Infantry, however, Sigels defeat did help spark recruitment for the Missouri State Guard and local Confederate forces. Sigel later took part in a skirmish at Dug Springs, throughout the summer, President Lincoln actively sought the support of antislavery, pro-Unionist immigrants. Sigel, always popular with the German immigrants, was a candidate to advance this plan. He was promoted to general on August 7,1861, to rank from May 17. Sigel conducted the retreat of the army after the death of General Lyon, Sigel was promoted to major general on March 21,1862. He commanded the I Corps in Maj. Gen. John Popes Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run, another Union defeat, where he was wounded in the hand. Over the winter of 1862–63, Sigel commanded the XI Corps, consisting primarily of German immigrant soldiers, during this period, the corps saw no action, it stayed in reserve during the Battle of Fredericksburg
13.
Samuel D. Sturgis
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Samuel Davis Sturgis was an American military officer who served in the Mexican-American War, as a Union general in the American Civil War, and later in the Indian Wars. Sturgis was born in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania and his parents were Mary Brandenburg and James Sturgis. He entered United States Military Academy at the age of twenty and was graduated 32/59 in the class of 1846 as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U. S. Dragoons. That class also included among its graduates John Gibbon, George B, mcClellan, Jesse Reno, and George Stoneman, who would fight on the Union side and Ambrose Powell Hill, Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson, and George Pickett, who would fight on the Confederate side. During the Mexican-American War, he served with the 1st U. S. Dragoons and was captured and held for eight days as a prisoner of war while making a reconnaissance near Buena Vista, Mexico. After the war, he served in the West, was promoted to first lieutenant and captain, during this time, Sturgis was sent to West Ely, Missouri, where he met Jerusha Wilcox. In 1851 they married and had six children, when the Civil War broke out, Sturgis served in the 1st U. S. Cavalry. He was promoted to major and in August 1861, at the Battle of Wilsons Creek, in March 1862 he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers to rank from August 10,1861, the day of the battle. After a tour of duty in the Washington, D. C. defenses and his reaction was his now-famous remark, I dont care for John Pope one pinch of owl dung. Sturgis then commanded the 2nd Division in the IX Corps at the battles of South Mountain, Antietam and he went west with IX Corps in 1863 and later had a number of relatively unimportant commands in Tennessee and Mississippi. He also served as Chief of Cavalry of the Department of the Ohio, in June 1864 he was routed by Nathan Bedford Forrest at the Battle of Brices Crossroads in Mississippi, an encounter that effectively ended his Civil War service. Sturgis was breveted brigadier general and major general, regular army, in March 1865 and he reverted to his regular rank of lieutenant colonel of the 6th U. S. Cavalry. On May 6,1869, he became colonel and commander of the 7th U. S. Cavalry, Sturgis was on detached duty at St. Louis, Missouri when parts of the 7th Cavalry were destroyed at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Samuel Sturgis then took command of the regiment and led the 7th Cavalry in the campaign against the Nez Percé in 1877. Sturgis and his soldiers headed off the Nez Perce and waited to attack them after when they emerged from their passage through the wilderness of Yellowstone Park, the Indians deceived Sturgis with a feint and eluded him, continuing their flight northward toward Canada. Sturgis soon caught up with the Nez Perce but at the Battle of Canyon Creek, Sturgis retired in 1886 and died at Saint Paul, Minnesota. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery and his son Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr. became a general in the United States Army, and was a division commander in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. His grandson Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr. also became a general in the United States Army, the city of Sturgis, South Dakota, is named for Samuel D. Sturgis
14.
Sterling Price
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Sterling Price was a soldier, lawyer, planter, and politician from the U. S. state of Missouri, who served as the 11th Governor of the state from 1853 to 1857. He also served as a United States Army brigadier general during the Mexican-American War, following the war, Price took his remaining troops to Mexico rather than surrender, unsuccessfully seeking service with the Emperor Maximillian there. He ultimately returned to Missouri, where he died in poverty and was buried in St. Louis, Sterling Old Pap Price was born near Farmville, in Prince Edward County, Virginia on September 14,1809, into a family of Welsh origin. His father was Pugh Price, whose ancestor John Price was born in Brecknock, Wales, in 1584, Price attended Hampden–Sydney College in 1826 and 1827, studying law and working at the courthouse near his home. He was admitted to the Virginia bar and opened a law practice, in the fall of 1831, Price and his family moved to Fayette, Missouri. A year later, they moved to Keytesville, Missouri, where he ran a hotel, on May 14,1833, he married Martha Head of Randolph County, Missouri. They had seven children, five surviving to adulthood - Edwin Williamson, Herber, Celsus, Martha Sterling and his report was favorable to the Mormons, stating they were not guilty of any offenses and that in his opinion the charges had been brought by their enemies. Following the Mormon capitulation in November 1838, Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs to Caldwell County ordered Price a company of men to protect the LDS from further depredations. He was elected to the Missouri State House of Representatives from 1836 to 1838, and again from 1840 to 1844, and was chosen as its speaker. He was then elected as a Democrat to the 29th United States Congress, serving from March 4,1845, to August 12,1846, Price raised the Second Regiment, Missouri Mounted Volunteer Cavalry and was appointed its colonel on August 12,1846. He marched his regiment under Alexander Doniphan to Santa Fe, where he assumed command of the Territory of New Mexico after Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, departed for California. Price served as governor of New Mexico, and put down the Taos Revolt. President James K. Polk promoted Price to brigadier general of volunteers on July 20,1847 and this was the last battle of the war, taking place days after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been ratified by the United States Congress on March 10. Although reprimanded by Secretary of War William L. Marcy and ordered to return with his army to New Mexico and he was honorably discharged on November 25,1848, and returned to Missouri as a hero. Price now became an owner, and raised tobacco on the Bowling Green prairie. Popular because of his war service, he was easily elected Governor of Missouri in 1852, during his tenure, Washington University in St. Although the state passed an act to increase the governors salary. Price became the states Bank Commissioner from 1857 to 1861 and he also secured a rail line through his home county, now forming part of the Norfolk and Western Railway
15.
Benjamin McCulloch
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He was born November 11,1811 in Rutherford County, Tennessee, one of twelve children and the fourth son of Alexander McCulloch and Frances Fisher LeNoir. His father, a Yale University graduate, was an officer on Brig. Gen. John Coffees staff during the Creek War of 1813 and 1814 in Alabama and his mother was a daughter of a prominent Virginian planter. One of Bens younger brothers was Henry Eustace McCulloch, also a Confederate general officer, another brother, Alexander, served in the Texas Revolution and as a captain in Mexico. The McCulloch family, like many on the frontier, moved often by choice or necessity, in the twenty years following their move from North Carolina and Bens birth, they lived in eastern Tennessee, Alabama, and then western Tennessee. They finally settled at Dyersburg, where one of their closest neighbors was David Crockett and he reached St. Louis just too late to join the fur trappers headed for the mountains for the season. He then tried to join a company heading for Santa Fe as a muleskinner. He moved on to Wisconsin to investigate lead-mining, but found all the best claims already staked by the mining companies. In the fall of 1835, he returned to Tennessee to take up farming, when Crockett went to Texas in 1835, Ben McCulloch—tired of farming but seeking adventure—decided to accompany him, as did his brother Henry McCulloch. They planned to meet Crocketts Tennessee Boys at Nacogdoches on Christmas Day, Crocketts arrival in Nacogdoches was delayed due to hunting between the Bois dArc Creek and Choctaw Bayou. By January 5,1836, Crockett found his way to Nacogdoches, there, Ben McCulloch greeted him after having convinced his brother, Henry McCulloch to return to Tennessee. Ben subsequently contracted measles and was bedridden for several weeks, Crockett pressed on toward San Antonio. McCullochs illness prevented him from arriving in San Antonio until after the Alamo had already fallen, McCulloch joined the Texas army under Sam Houston in its retreat to east Texas. Assigned to Captain Isaac N. Morelands artillery company at the Battle of San Jacinto and he made deadly use of grapeshot against the Mexican positions and received a battlefield commission as first lieutenant. For his service, McCulloch was issued Texas Bounty Certificate No.2473 for 320 acres, in 1839, he also received Donation Certificate No.776 for 640 acres, for his service at San Jacinto. McCulloch was then attached to Captain William H. Smiths cavalry company and he returned a few months later with a company of thirty volunteers under the command of Robert Crockett, Davids son. He acquired a reputation as an Indian fighter, favoring shotguns, pistols, on the strength of his new fame, he was elected to the Republic of Texas House of Representatives in 1839. The campaign was contentious, and McCulloch fought a duel the next year against Colonel Reuben Ross. Ben considered the closed, but it flared up again the following year, this time involving Henry McCulloch
16.
Nicholas Bartlett Pearce
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Nicholas Bartlett Pearce was a brigadier general in the Arkansas State Troops during the American Civil War. He led a brigade of infantry in one of the wars earliest battles in the Trans-Mississippi Theater before serving as an office in the Confederate States Army for the rest of the war. Pearce was born in Caldwell County, Kentucky, to Allen and he studied at Cumberland College in Kentucky before appointment to the United States Military Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1850, twenty-sixth in a class of forty-four and he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 7th U. S. Infantry and stationed in Arkansas and the Indian Territory for most of his United States Army career, in March 1858 he resigned to join his father-in-laws mercantile in Osage Mills, Arkansas. Pearce was elected and briefly served as the Colonel of the Benton County Militia Regiment, despite Pearces vocal opposition to secession, in May 1861 the Arkansas Secession Convention appointed Pearce as a brigadier general and assigned him command of the state militias 1st Division. He took command of Fort Smith in June after the Confederate recommissioned the abandoned U. S. Army post, Fort Smith Artillery, Brigadier General Pearce, who lived in Benton County, established the headquarters, 1st Division, Provisional Army of Arkansas at Camp Walker at Maysville. Thus when a Union army began operating around Springfield in Southwest Missouri, Pearces troops, which are referred to as a brigade of State Troops in the official accounts of the battle, numbered 2,234 troops. On August 10,1861, Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon, the commander of Union troops in Missouri. The Battle of Wilsons Creek came to an abrupt and inglorious halt when the Union commander was killed, leaderless and outnumbered five-to-one, the bluecoats fled the battlefield. The Arkansas troops played a role in winning the battle, two Arkansas units suffered particularly heavy casualties. Colonel Thomas J. Churchills 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles counted 42 killed and 155 wounded out of 600 men, Colonel John Gratiots 3rd Arkansas Infantry, State Troops suffered 109 casualties, including 25 killed, out of a force of 500 men. Pearces brief and controversial command ended shortly after the battle when in August, Pearces troops were polled as to whether they wanted to be transferred to Confederate command as had been arranged prior to the battle. Brig. Gen. Pearce actively campaigned against joining the Confederate States Army, sources differ as to how many of these Arkansas state troops agreed to the transfer. It appears that few were willing to continue in either service, several units signed petitions requesting that General Pearce be allowed to remain in command. By the end of September 1861, all organized state troops had either been transferred to Confederate command or mustered out of state service. From December 13,1861, to the end of the war, Pearce served as a major in the Confederate Commissary Department in Arkansas, the Indian Territory, on June 21,1865, he was paroled in Houston, Texas. He then went to Washington, D. C. and secured a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, Pearce returned to Osage Mills in 1867 to rebuild his home, mill, and store
17.
Battle of Boonville
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The First Battle of Boonville was a minor skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on June 17,1861, near Boonville in Cooper County, Missouri. Although casualties were light, the battles strategic impact was far greater than one might assume from its limited nature. The Union victory established what would become an unbroken Federal control of the Missouri River, four battles were fought at Boonville during the Civil War, the first battle forms the main subject of this article, while the others are described below under other battles at Boonville. Claiborne F. Jackson, the governor, wanted his state to secede. An elected State convention did not pass an ordinance, as Jackson had hoped it might. However, pro-secession elements did not let this setback dissuade them and they seized the small Federal armory in Liberty, Missouri, planning to subsequently confiscate a much more sizable stock of weapons located at the St. Louis Arsenal. This plot was thwarted by an energetic young officer, Captain Nathaniel Lyon. Lyon allied himself with Missouri Congressman Frank Blair and anti-slavery German immigrants in St. Louis to secure the arsenal for the Union, when Lyon unwisely attempted to march his prisoners through the streets of St. Louis, a deadly riot erupted. The new State Guard began organizing statewide in nine decentralized military districts, attempts were made to reconcile the two sides. A semi-formal truce was negotiated between General William S. Harney Commander of the Western Department of the U. S. Army and Missouri State Guard Major General Sterling Price. They agreed to order in the parts of the state under the control of their various forces, protect the persons and property of all persons. Harney unofficially agreed to restrict Federal forces to metropolitan St. Louis, Price ordered that the mustering of Missouri State Guard volunteers in Jefferson City be halted. At the same time, however, representatives from Governor Jackson and Missouris Lt Governor and they promised Confederate President Jefferson Davis that the Missouri State Guard would cooperate with the Confederate Army to drive Federal forces from Missouri and liberate the state. Missouri Unionists felt that Harneys confidence in Governor Jackson and General Price was dangerously misplaced, in a stream of letters and cables to the Lincoln government, they demanded Harneys removal, and eventually on May 30, General Harney was superseded by Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon. Lyon, Jackson, and Price met one last time, on June 11, Jackson demanded that Federal forces remain isolated in St. Louis and that pro-Unionist Home Guard companies of Missouri Unionists around the state be disbanded. Jackson made a variety of promises, but all his position came down to the following, Federal abandonment of the state, disarmament of all Missouri Unionists. Lyon concluded by turning to the Governor and stating This means war, in an hour one of my officers will call for you and conduct you out of my lines. Governor Jackson and General Price fled toward the capital at Jefferson City and they ordered the bridges on the main rail lines burned
18.
Battle of Cole Camp (1861)
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The Battle of Cole Camp was a skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on June 19,1861, in Benton County, Missouri. The rebel victory assured an open line of march for the fleeing governor, on June 15,1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon took control of the Missouri capitol in Jefferson City. Two days later, he routed the portion of the Missouri State Guard then assembling at Boonville with pro-secession Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson. As the portion of the guard accompanying Governor Jackson fled to the southwest of the state, the majority of the inhabitants of Benton County were of Southern origin and sentiment, however, the German immigrants and their descendants were predominantly pro-Union and anti-slavery. These formed the core of the Benton County Home Guard, Captain Abel H. W. Cook began to form the regiment in early June and called for the volunteers to assemble northeast of Cole Camp on June 11. A secessionist force was gathering nearby at Warsaw, Captain Walter S. OKane organized the Warsaw Grays and Captain Thomas W. Murray organized the Blues. The combined force numbered about 350, with 100 of them mounted, two weeks after Cole Camp, just before the Battle of Carthage, OKane was elected lieutenant colonel of the battalion while Murray was elected major. The secessionists were aided by Benton Countys Sheriff, Bartholomew W. Keown, Keown attempted to arrest captains Cook and Mitchell at the Union Home Guard camp, but they refused to comply. The arrest apparently was a pretense for gathering intelligence, the Unionist force occupied two adjoining farms ~600 yards apart belonging to Henry Harms and John Heisterberg. The Home Guards called the location Camp Lyon, Cook had about 400 infantry muskets. While up to 900 men had gathered, as many as half were furloughed for lack of weapons or for other reasons. OKanes force marched from Warsaw toward Cole Camp on June 18 to attack the gathering Home Guard, a respected older citizen, John Tyree, had witnessed the preparations of the secessionists and reported it to the officers at Camp Lyon. As he returned from reporting this, he was captured by OKanes force, some of the men recognized him from earlier in the day, surmised what he had done, tied him to a tree and shot him. Despite Tyrees warning, Cooks preparations were inadequate, for his pickets were overrun without alerting the sleeping Home Guard, there were admissions of heavy drinking in the camp and the men were slumbering in the early morning hours of June 19 when the attack began. OKanes infantry double-quicked from the east to the Heisterberg barn where a portion of the Home Guard were, however, a company of the Home Guard under Captain Elsinger was just north of the barn. They responded with fire into the flank of the attackers, OKanes mounted force then slammed into and drove away another nearby group of Home Guard that was attempting to form to repel the infantry. Meanwhile, the remaining unengaged Union men at the Harms barn under Captains Grother and Mueller formed to join the fracas, the presence of a Union flag now in the hands of the rebels confused the men and they held their fire until they were fired upon. They withdrew without engaging and the fighting ended, Cook supposedly fled at the beginning of the fight
19.
Battle of Carthage (1861)
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The Battle of Carthage, also known as the Battle of Dry Fork, took place at the beginning of the American Civil War on July 5,1861, in Jasper County, Missouri. The experienced Colonel Franz Sigel commanded 1,100 Federal soldiers intent on keeping Missouri within the Union, the battle was a strategic victory by the Missouri State Guard in large part owing to new tactics introduced on the battlefield by independent partisan rangers serving with Capt. Jo Shelby. Carthage played a part in determining Missouris course during the war, johnson, formerly a United States Senator from Missouri in a letter to Missouri governor-in-exile Jackson dated October 24,1862. Political views in Missouri were divided before the Civil War, St. Louis and its surrounding counties generally sympathized with the Northern states because that region was connected economically with the North. The area also had few slaves and contained a large German immigrant population, Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson was pro-Southern, and the rest of the state was very heavily divided. Publicly Jackson tried to stay neutral, but he was suspected by the Union men of secretly preparing the state militia to seize the Federal Arsenal in St. Louis. In April 1861, after the firing on Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for troops from all of the states to defeat the Confederacy, Missouri was asked to send four regiments. Instead, he called up the Missouri State Militia, possibly to seize the St. Louis Arsenal, if this was his intention, it was thwarted by the newly appointed commander of the arsenal, Captain Nathaniel Lyon of the 2nd U. S. Infantry. Lyon had previously been stationed in Kansas Territory and had developed well-known abolitionist views, arriving in February 1861, Lyon quickly became associated with the Unconditional Unionist faction in St. Louis. Beginning on April 22,1861, on the orders of President Lincoln, Lyon mustered in four regiments of Federal Missouri Volunteers, issuing them weapons drawn from the Arsenal stocks. Lincoln followed up with orders to remove most of the Arsenals remaining weapons to Illinois, the crisis grew worse when a shipment of Confederate siege artillery arrived at the state Militia encampment, Camp Jackson, on May 8–9,1861. Confronted with clear proof of treasonous plotting at Camp Jackson, Lyon marched a force of Federal regulars and his new Missouri Volunteers to the Camp to arrest the militia. He then surrounded the state militias camp, forced the troops to surrender, the action drew great protests from Missourians, and even representatives of the City of St. Louis petitioned Lincoln for Lyons dismissal. However, Lyons action was supported by most of St. Louis Unconditional Unionists, including Congressman Francis P. Blair, the Blair brothers arranged for Lyons promotion to brigadier general. Continued Unconditional Unionist concerns over the accommodation of state authorities by Gen. William S. Harney, commander of the Department of the West, the conference proved futile, with both parties making mutually unacceptable demands. After four hours, Lyon abruptly ended the meeting, and Jackson and Price retreated to Jefferson City, Lyon moved elements of his St. Louis garrison up the Missouri River by steamer to capture the state capital at Jefferson City. On June 12 he started to move his First and Second Battalions, along with five infantry companies, the Missouri State Guard in Jefferson City retreated to Boonville, where a pivotal skirmish took place on June 17. Lyon quickly took the town and chased the Missouri State Guard south, due to logistical difficulties, Lyon could not keep up with the retreating Guardsmen
20.
Battle of Dry Wood Creek
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The Battle of Dry Wood Creek was fought on September 2,1861 in Vernon County, Missouri during the American Civil War. The Missouri State Guard troops were successful in their campaign to force the Union Army to abandon southwestern Missouri, following his victory at the Battle of Wilsons Creek, Major General Sterling Pap Price and his Missouri State Guard occupied Springfield, Missouri. Price then headed northwest with 6,000 poorly trained and under-equipped guardsmen to capture Fort Scott, Kansas Jayhawker and senator Colonel James H. Lane led a 600-man battalion of Union cavalry from Fort Scott to learn the whereabouts of the rumored Missouri State Guard force. Lanes battalion soon encountered Prices men at Hogans Crossing on Big Dry Wood Creek, Lane surprised the Confederates, but the Southerners numerical superiority soon determined the encounter’s outcome. After a sharp skirmish lasting two hours, they forced the Union cavalry to retire to Fort Scott and captured their mules, Lane secured the fort, then proceeded towards Kansas City. The Missouri State Guard continued on towards Lexington, while Price recruited more guardsmen, federal losses were 5 killed and 6 wounded. Missouri State Guard losses were 4 killed and 16 wounded, all in Brigadier General James S. Rains Eighth Division, the battle site is just southeast of Deerfield, Missouri, on Highway 54 between Nevada and Fort Scott. All of the land within the boundary is privately owned. A monument commemorating the battle is located in Nevada, Missouri, national Park Service Battle Summary CWSAC Report Update U. S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union, united States Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Series 1, Volume 3, Part 1, pages 162–165, diary of a Union cavalryman present at Dry Wood Creek
21.
Battle of Liberty
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The Battle of Liberty was a battle of the American Civil War that took place on 17 September 1861, in Clay County, Missouri. After his victory at Wilsons Creek in August, Price began a campaign to control of Missouri. Union troops had been guarding the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and its terminus in St. Joseph, when these Union forces were pulled away to meet Prices army, Confederate sympathizers from northwestern Missouri seized St. Joseph and sacked the town. On 15 September, about 3,500 men of the Missouri State Guard plus a number of irregulars from St. Joseph set out for Lexington. In the evening, Price sent ex-Senator and now General David Rice Atchison from Lexington to help these men, mostly new recruits and these troops started moving to Liberty. At the same time, Union Lt. Col. John Scott led a force from guarding the railroad at Cameron towards Liberty. Heavy rain and bad roads limited his progress to only seven miles that day, on 16 September, Scott camped in Centreville, where he heard artillery fire in the distance. Lt. Col. Scott broke camp at 2,00 A. M. on 17 September and he arrived in Liberty at 7,00 A. M. and sent scouts out to find the enemy. At noon, Scott marched five miles in the direction of the firing, General Atchison, who had lived in Liberty, deployed his men in the brush on either side of the Missouri River bottom land road leading to the landing. Scotts troops encountered the State Guard pickets and were attacked from both sides, Scotts artillerymen fired two rounds of canister, inflicting heavy damage. However, a volley from the State Guards scattered or killed most of the gunners. Scott ordered his force to fall back to the bluffs in Liberty. Atchison attempted a flanking movement on the Federal right, which resulted in a sharp fight, the Union force continued to withdraw, firing as they retreated, taking with them nearly all their wounded, but abandoning their ammunition wagon and a caisson. The State Guard pursued for some distance, but Atchison did not press the attack, just before nightfall, Scotts force retired to Liberty, entering the town about an hour after sunset. Atchison and the State Guards from northern Missouri crossed the river to reinforce Price in his attack on Lexington. After sunset the Union troops returned to retrieve their dead from the field, Union troops set up a hospital on the campus of William Jewell College in Liberty and buried their dead on the campus. The fighting at Blue Mills Landing lasted for an hour and resulted in a total of 126 casualties, the Union forces suffered 56 casualties and the Missouri State Guard lost 70. Among the latter was the Missouri State Guards Theodore Duncan, who died on the day that he had been promoted from captain to colonel
22.
First Battle of Lexington
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This engagement should not be confused with the Second Battle of Lexington, which was fought on October 19,1864, and also resulted in a Southern victory. Hemp, tobacco, coal and cattle all contributed to the towns wealth, many residents were slaveowners, like those of adjacent counties, slaves comprised 31. 7% of the Lafayette County population. Following the battle at Boonville in June 1861, Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon ordered the 5th Regiment of the United States Reserve Corps to occupy Lexington, the regiment was composed primarily of Germans from St. Louis and it had participated in the Camp Jackson Affair. Arriving on the steamer White Cloud on July 9, they were commanded by Colonel Charles G. Stifel, Stifels second in command was Lt. Col. Robert White, who was often the primary point of contact with the local civilians. Stifel selected the defunct Masonic College as his headquarters and the soldiers began entrenching and fortifying the position, Stifels command began scouting, and securing or destroying boats that could be used to cross the river. They also collected about 200 kegs of gunpowder,33 muskets, the cannons were placed under the charge of Charles M. Pirner. Several local home guard companies were raised and placed under the command of Major Frederick W. Becker, in mid-August the 90-day enlistments of Stifels regiment were expiring and they were to return to St. Louis. Lt. Col. Robert White had been organizing a new regiment locally, during this time Major Becker had command of the post. Meanwhile, on the Southern side, self-styled Colonel Henry L. Routt of Clay County was attempting to raise a regiment in the area and had collected around a thousand men, Routt had led the force that seized the Liberty Arsenal in April. Col. Routt arrested several prominent Union men, including former Missouri governor Austin A. King and he demanded Beckers surrender but this was refused. One night, two of Beckers men, Charles and Gustave Pirner tested some rounds they had fabricated for two mortars that had come into their possession, with one of the mortars they lobbed three shells into Routts encampment, causing a panic but no real damage. Later, learning of the approach of Col. Thomas A. Marshalls 1st Illinois cavalry, Lt. Col. Robert White returned at the end of August and briefly assumed command of the post from Becker until the Illinois cavalry arrived a few days later. White resumed organization of the 14th Home Guard Regiment, on September 2, the Guard drove away Lanes Kansans in the Battle of Dry Wood Creek, sending them back beyond Fort Scott. Price then turned north along the border and toward Lexington to break Federal control of the Missouri River, as Price proceeded he collected recruits, including Col. Routt and several hundred of his men then at Index in Cass County. To prevent rebel Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson from obtaining any funds from local banks, frémont gave orders to impound their funds. On September 7, Col. Marshall removed approximately $1,000,000 from the Farmers Bank in Lexington while Col. Peabody was dispatched to Warrensburg to do the same there. On arriving in Warrensburg, Peabodys detachment found itself in Prices path, finally, on September 10, Col. James A. Mulligan arrived to command with his 23rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment known as the Irish Brigade
23.
Battle of Fredericktown
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The Battle of Fredericktown was an engagement of the American Civil War. It took place on October 21,1861, in Madison County, Union victory consolidated their control of southeastern Missouri. In October 1861, Missouri State Guard Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson led a 1500-man force into southeastern Missouri, on October 15, he burned the Iron Mountain Railroad bridge over the Big River in Jefferson County, capturing many of the bridge guards. Two Union columns, one under Col. Joseph B, Plummer with 1,500 men and another under Col. William P. Carlin with 3,000 men, were sent in pursuit. By October 20, Thompson had learned of the Union pursuit and that evening, however, he decided to attack the Federal advance with his infantrymen. Thompson spent the morning hours trying to determine the enemys numbers. Unable to do so, he placed his troops and artillery in ambush along the road, the bulk of the Missouri State Guard force was hidden from view on wooded high ground that formed a U overlooking the road. Forward of the body, Col. Aden Lowes infantry regiment waited in a cornfield as bait. Close behind was a supporting 12-pounder cannon as well as three 6-pounders farther to the rear and flank, about noon Plummer arrived with his column and a detachment of Col. William P. Carlins troops. Capt. Stewarts Illinois cavalry company made the initial contact, Col. Rosss 17th Illinois infantry engaged Lowes troops first with skirmishers, then the main line of the regiment. A section of Union artillery was brought into service against the Missourians 12-pounder, the 20th Illinois and 11th Missouri applied pressure to both flanks of Lowess force as more Union artillery joined the battle. Lowe, having waited too long to disengage, was killed by a shot to the head, the 1st Indiana Cavalry attempted to pursue and to capture the exposed 12-pounder, but were stopped with heavy casualties by the fire of Thompsons forces on both ridges. They called for support and the 17th Illinois surged forward to claim the now abandoned piece. As more Union infantry poured onto the field, Thompson began a withdrawal of the guardsmen. In this he succeeded, except for some routing cavalry. Thompsons Missouri State Guardsmen suffered a total of 145 casualties during the battle, including 25 dead,40 wounded and they also lost one artillery piece, an old iron 12-pounder. Union casualties were reported as 7 killed and about 60 wounded, there were a number of other casualties in skirmishes before and after the battle. Some of the Union soldiers believed that locals had assisted Thompson in the engagement and they were also angered by perceived mistreatment of Unionist citizens along the line of march
24.
First Battle of Springfield
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The First Battle of Springfield or Zagonyis Charge was a battle of the American Civil War that occurred on October 25,1861, in Greene County, Missouri. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861, having accomplished little since taking command of the Western Department with headquarters in St. Louis, Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont formulated a plan to clear Maj. Gen. Sterling Prices Confederates from the state and then, if possible, carry the war into Arkansas, leaving St. Louis on October 7,1861, Frémonts combined force eventually numbered more than 20,000. His accompanying cavalry force, numbering 5,000 men and other mounted troops, Maj. White became ill and turned his command over to Zagonyi. These two units operated in front of Frémont’s army to gather intelligence, facing Fremonts large advancing Union army, Missouri State Guard Major General Sterling Price ordered a withdrawal from Springfield, Missouri. Other MSG forces organizing nearby attempted to link up with the Prices army at Springfield, Frémont camped on the Pomme de Terre River, about 50 miles from Springfield. Zagonyis scouting column, though, continued on to Springfield, Zagonyis combined force of 326 men approached Springfield on the Mt. Vernon Road. Frazier set up an ambush along the road that Zagonyi traveled, after three charges the Confederates fled in disorder. Zagonyis men continued into town, hailed Federal sympathizers and released Union prisoners, leery of a Confederate counterattack, Zagonyi departed Springfield before night, but Frémonts army returned, in force, a few days later and set up camp in the town. Union casualties were reported as 15 killed,27 wounded, and 10 missing/captured for Fremonts Body Guard, Confederate casualties are unknown but estimated as 133. In mid-November, after Frémont was sacked and replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter, Federal troops reoccupied Springfield in early 1862 and it was a Union stronghold from then on. Banasik, Michael E. Confederate Tales of the War in the Trans-Mississippi Part One,1861,2010 Miller, Robert E. Zagonyi, Missouri Historical Review, October,1981, Vol.76, No
25.
Battle of Mount Zion Church
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The Battle of Mount Zion Church was fought on December 28,1861, in Boone County, near Mount Zion Church, during the American Civil War. Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentisss forces left the Northern Missouri headquarters in Palmyra, Missouri, after arriving in Sturgeon on December 26, Prentiss learned about a concentration of State Guard near Hallsville. Prentisss troops suffered casualties, including men taken prisoner, before retreating back to Sturgeon by 6 p. m, on December 28 at about 2 a. m. Prentiss set out with his force to meet Dorseys force. While the State Guardsmen numbered around 900, most appear to have been local volunteers, the main campground was actually in a thicketted hollow immediately east of the church. Prentiss advanced on the State Guard positions, making three charges, at the third, the Confederates exhausted their ammunition, fell back to their wagons, and were overrun. The battle ended around 11 a. m, the Missouri State Guard was effectively routed from northern Boone county to Columbia. Dorseys forces lost 25 dead,150 wounded, and an additional 60 captured, additionally, the Guardsmen lost wagons,90 horses, an 105 arms. The remainder dispersed, with Dorsey heading westward into Perche township, after negotiation and exchange of prisoners, Dorsey made camp near Everett, Missouri. Within days Dorsey received orders from State Guard commander, Maj. Gen. Sterling Price to scatter his forces, Mount Zion and the associated battle of Roans Tan Yard effectively ended attempts at formal State Guard organization in Central Missouri. Remaining elements of Dorseys command crossed the Missouri and joined General Pierce in February 1862, while guerrilla warfare reappeared to the south and west of Columbia, Confederates did not thereafter face Union forces in conventional battle in the area until Prices Raid in the autumn of 1864. Today, the church and associated cemetery are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the cemetery grounds contain the remains of soldiers who perished and a memorial marker for the Missouri State Guard. National Park Service battle description Proclamation for Mount Zion Church, Order 435-2003, History of Boone County, Missouri, Written and Comp. from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources, Including a History of Its Townships, Towns, and Villages. Together with a Condensed History of Missouri, the City of St. Louis, biographical Sketches and Portraits of Prominent Citizens. Missouri Western Historical Company, St. Louis, pp. 415–17 CWSAC Report Update Church location, Mount Zion Church
26.
Skirmish at Blackwater Creek
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The Skirmish at Blackwater Creek or Skirmish at Milford was an American Civil War skirmish that took place in central Missouri on December 19,1861 near present day Valley City. It was a victory for the North, following the Siege of Lexington, Missouri the secessionist Missouri State Guard withdrew to the southwest portion of Missouri. Some Southern recruiters such as Colonel Franklin S. Robertson remained, Robertson, a store owner in Saline County, Missouri born in Kentucky had been granted his commission by Major General Sterling Price at Lexington. Meanwhile, Union Brigadier General John Pope, in command of the District of Central Missouri, was determined to suppress Southern recruiting in the region and he headed Southwest from Sedalia before turning the main body north toward Warrensburg. Robertson collected his recruits at Grand Pass where they elected officers, on December 16,1861 the 750 men began their March south. The plan was to first link up with Colonel J. J, clarkson’s recruits near Warrensburg, Missouri before proceeding south to General Price. They were unable to merge with Clarkson but they were joined by Colonel Ebenezer Magoffin, Magoffin is notable as the brother of Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin. General Pope learned on the evening of December 18 that Robertson’s force would be camped at Milford, early the next morning Pope’s force marched toward Knob Noster, Missouri. Davis’s brigade to the Blackwater bridge where he was to force the bridge, simultaneously a battalion of the 2nd Missouri Cavalry moved northeast to complete the envelopment. Colonel Davis ordered three companies of the 4th U. S. Cavalry forward under Lieutenant Charles Copley Amory, Amory dismounted his men and gave two volleys to the bridge’s defenders causing them to waver. Amory ordered a charge and the defenders fled, the now mounted force pursued, encountering some casualties as they made contact with the second line. They held their positions as the infantry came up and the envelopment was completed, robertsons men recognized their predicament and requested a brief truce before surrendering. Federal casualties were light, two killed and eight wounded. ”However, this appears to be overstated as records indicate “684 guardsmen. The engagement resulted in the capture of a full, newly recruited Missouri State Guard regiment, Franklin Robertson’s military career did not recover, and he re-entered service as a captain after exchange at Vicksburg in the summer of 1862. Among the 684 known prisoners marched to Sedalia and carried by rail to St. Louis were several notables, Ebenezer Magoffin, William Goff Caples. All three would die before the close of the war, of national interest a Missouri military tribunal convicted Ebenezer Magoffin of violating his parole and sentenced him to be executed. Lincoln, sensitive to Kentucky politics, intervened on his behalf requesting a review, before any final disposition could be made, Magoffin and several dozen inmates tunneled out of Alton Prison and escaped. He was killed near the end of the war while intervening in bar fight in southern Arkansas, the other two were of more interest to Missourians
27.
Springfield, Missouri
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Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County. According to the 2010 census data, the population was 159,498, as of 2015, the population is 166,810. Springfields nickname is the Queen City of the Ozarks and is known as the Birthplace of Route 66 and it is also home of several universities including Missouri State University, Drury University, and Evangel University. The territory known as Missouri was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, soon after, the Delaware Native Americans received treaty land where Springfields Sequiota Park and the antique stores of its Galloway Village stand today. To the west,500 Kickapoo Native Americans built wickiups on the prairie that still bears their name, Missouri became a state on August 10,1821, and in 1833 the legislature designated most of the southern portion as Greene County. Officially, Springfield was founded in 1830, and was incorporated in 1838, the origin of the name, Springfield is unclear, but the most common view is that the city was named for Springfield, Massachusetts. One account holds that James Wilson, who lived in the unnamed city, offered free whiskey to anyone who would vote for the name Springfield, after his home town of Springfield. In 1883, the historian R. I, but such is not a correct version. That same year, Cherokee Native Americans were forcibly removed by the U. S. government from their homelands in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Georgia to the Indian Territory. Their route became known as the Trail of Tears due to the thousands of Cherokee deaths on the journey, the Trail of Tears passed through the Springfield area via what is known today as the Old Wire Road. The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail auto tour route is along Interstate 44 westward to US160, the Old Wire Road, then known as the Military Road, served until the mid-1840s as a connection between Springfield and the garrison at Fort Smith, Arkansas. By 1858, the Butterfield Overland Stage began utilizing the road offering passage to California, two years later, the regions first telegraph line was strung along the road, and it was dubbed the Telegraph or Wire Road. The road proved vital during the Civil War, and its most historic connection is to the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas, while portions of the road exist today, the most easily accessible is within Wilsons Creek National Battlefield. The 1849 charter of the Pacific Railroad, established to construct a line from St. Louis westward across central Missouri, was expanded in 1852 to include a Southwest Branch. However, after defaulting on its obligations, the state seized this branch and sold it, thus creating a new company, commercial and industrial diversification came with the railroads, and strengthened the City of Springfield and North Springfield when the two towns merged 17 years later in 1887. Today visitors can enjoy the view from the Jefferson Avenue Footbridge, with the American Civil War imminent and Missouri a border state, Springfield was divided in its sentiments. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon was killed, the first Union general to die in combat, Union troops fell back to Lebanon, then Rolla, and regrouped. When they returned to Springfield, the Confederates had withdrawn, the First Battle of Springfield, or Zagonyis Charge, occurred on October 25,1861
28.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
29.
First Battle of Bull Run
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It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Unions forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail, each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a retreat of the Union forces. Yielding to political pressure, Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad, the Confederates launched a strong counterattack, and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire, many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout. McDowells men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington, both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties, and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated. The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems, McDowell, with 35,000 men, was only able to commit about 18,000, and the combined Confederate forces, with about 32,000 men, committed only 18,000. Earlier, South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states and he later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three-year enlistments and increased the strength of the U. S. Army to almost 20,000. In Washington, D. C. as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital, General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states. He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River, while the Army strangled the Confederacy in the west, the U. S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts. The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scotts Anaconda Plan, instead, many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond, only one hundred miles south of Washington, would quickly end the war. By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington, since General Scott was seventy-five years old and physically unable to lead this force, the administration searched for a more suitable field commander. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan, although McDowell was a West Point graduate, his command experience was limited. In fact, he had spent most of his career engaged in staff duties in the Adjutant Generals Office. While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase, a former Ohio governor and senator, McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia,35,000 men arranged in five divisions. Under public and political pressure to begin operations, McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops. Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments, but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level and he was reassured by President Lincoln, You are green, it is true, but they are green also, you are all green alike
30.
Claiborne Fox Jackson
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Claiborne Fox Jackson, also known as C. F. Jackson, was an American politician who was the 15th Governor of Missouri from January 3,1861, until his deposition on July 23,1861. In the run-up to the Civil War, he claimed to be anti-secession, in order to get elected Governor, when Union troops in St. Louis jailed the local militia, fighting broke out and Jackson declared Missouri to be a free republic. In July however, the Unionist members of the Missouri State Legislature voted to him from office. However, Jackson refused to accept the action as valid, before this could happen, Jackson died of stomach cancer at Little Rock. Claiborne Fox Jackson, son of Dempsey Carroll and Mary Orea Molly Jackson, was born in Fleming County, Kentucky, in 1826 Jackson moved with several of his older brothers to Missouri, settling in the Howard County town of Franklin. The Jackson brothers established a general mercantile store, where young Claiborne worked until 1832. Claiborne Jackson organized, and was elected captain of, a unit of Howard County volunteers for the conflict, Claiborne Jackson married Jane Breathhitt Sappington, daughter of prominent frontier physician John Sappington, in early 1831 but she died within a few months of the nuptials. Returning from the war, Jackson chose not to resume his business partnership with his brothers, in 1833 he married Louisa Catherine Sappington, sister of his late first wife. He also worked with his father-in-law in the manufacture and sale of Dr. Sappingtons Anti-Fever Pills, the pills were widely distributed and a best-seller, especially in the American south and the then-Mexican southwest due to Saline Counties proximity to the Santa Fe Trailhead. Subsequently, both men and their family became quite wealthy and influential. Tragedy struck again however in May,1838 when Louisa Jackson also died and it is possible this was due to complications of childbirth, as Claiborne and Louisas infant son Andrew Jackson died the next month in June,1838. Claiborne Jacksons next, and final, marriage was to a third Sappington sister, Eliza would survive her husband, dying in 1864. Through his family connections with Dr. Sappington, Claiborne Jackson, Jackson was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1836, representing Saline County. He moved to the Howard County seat of Fayette, Missouri—then a center of power in the state—in 1838. This would pay great political dividends later in his career, Claiborne Jackson would serve a total of twelve years in the Missouri House, including terms as Speaker in 1844 and 1846. In 1840 Claiborne Jackson very nearly found himself involved in a duel over politics, writing anonymously to a Fayette, Missouri newspaper, Jackson made accusations that the Whig candidate for Missouri Governor that year, John B. Clark, was guilty of election fraud, more harsh words were exchanged and eventually Clark challenged Jackson to a duel before cooler heads prevailed and the matter was settled without gunplay. Later, once Clark had switched party allegiance to the Democrats, he, Claiborne Jackson was elected to the state senate in 1848
31.
Confederate States Army
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The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
32.
Camp Jackson affair
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After capturing the entire unit, Lyon marched the captives into town in order to parole them. En route, hostile secessionist crowds gathered, and after a gunshot, Lyons men fired into the mob, killing at least 28 civilians. Several days of rioting throughout St. Louis followed, pro-slavery locals were also particularly angered by the presence in Lyon’s force of many German abolitionists who had fled the failed revolutions of 1848. The violence ended only after martial law was imposed and Union regulars were dispatched to the city, Missouri was a slave state, and many of its leaders were Southern sympathizers who favored secession and joining the Confederacy when the Civil War began. However, there were few slaves and slaveowners in Missouri. Over half the population of St. Louis was composed of recent immigrants, many were Forty-Eighters who had been active in the failed revolutions of 1848-49 in the German states. Nevertheless, by early 1861, both pro- and anti-secession factions in Missouri were organizing military and paramilitary forces, secessionists organized as Minutemen, often assisted by state officials. On February 13, Brigadier General Daniel M. Frost enrolled five companies of St. Louis-area Minutemen as the new 2nd Regiment of the Missouri Volunteer Militia. That same month, a new law banned militia activity outside the framework of the state-regulated MVM, also in February, Missouri elected a Constitutional Convention to amend the state constitution and decide the issue of secession. On March 21, the Convention voted 98 to 1 against secession, on April 20, several days after the Battle of Fort Sumter, a pro-Confederate mob seized the Liberty Arsenal in Liberty, Missouri and expropriated about 1,000 rifles and muskets. This sparked fears that Confederates would also seize the much larger St. Louis Arsenal, Harney, an elderly career officer, wished to avoid open conflict with secessionist forces. On April 23, the War Department replaced Harney with Captain Nathaniel Lyon as acting commander, most of Lyons early recruits were Forty-Eighters and Wide Awakes. According to one estimate, 80% of the volunteers in the first Missouri Volunteer regiments were German-American immigrants, the anti-slavery foreign-born Germans were prejudicially targeted by pro-slavery native-born Missourians. Lyons next action, by order of the War Department, was to move the arms held in the St. Louis Arsenal out of reach of Missouri secessionists. Early in the morning of April 26, nearly 21,000 rifles were loaded on the steamer City of Alton, the remainder were held for issue to Lyons Missouri Volunteers. Missouri Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson had been elected in 1860 on the ticket of the pro-Union Douglas faction of the Democratic Party, the most significant obstacle was the St. Louis Arsenal, which was heavily fortified with thick walls. In mid-April 1861, Jackson wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his letter was carried by militia officers Colton Green and Basil Wilson Duke. Around May 1, Jackson called out part of the Missouri Volunteer Militia for maneuvers near St. Louis, the MVM set up Camp Jackson, about 4.5 miles northwest of the arsenal
33.
Brigadier general
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Brigadier general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general, when appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops. In some countries a brigadier general is designated as a one-star general. The rank can be traced back to the militaries of Europe where a general, or simply a brigadier. An alternative rank of general was first used in the French revolutionary armies. Some countries, such as Brazil, Taiwan, and Japan, some of these countries then use the rank of colonel general to make four general-officer ranks. The naval equivalent is usually commodore and this gallery displays Air Force brigadier general insignia if they are different from the Army brigadier general insignia. Note that in many Commonwealth countries, the equivalent air force rank is Air Commodore, the rank of brigadier general is used in the Argentine Air Force. Unlike other armed forces of the World, the rank of general is actually the highest rank in the Air Force. This is due to the use of the rank of brigadier and its derivatives to designate all general officers in the Air Force, brigadier, brigadier-major, and brigadier-general. The rank of general is reserved for the Chief General Staff of the Air Force. The Argentine Army does not use the rank of brigadier-general, instead using brigade general which in turn is the lowest general officer before Divisional General, see also Argentine Army officer rank insignia. When posted elsewhere, the rank would be relinquished and the former rank resumed and this policy prevented an accumulation of high-ranking general officers brought about by the relatively high turnover of brigade commanders. Brigadier general was used as an honorary rank on retirement. The rank insignia was like that of the current major general, as in the United Kingdom, the rank was later replaced by brigadier. Prior to 2001, the Bangladesh Army rank was known as brigadier, in 2001 the Bangladesh Army introduced the rank of brigadier general, however the grade stayed equivalent to brigadier. It is the lowest ranking general officer, between the ranks of Colonel and Major General, Brigadier General is equivalent to commodore of the Bangladesh Navy and air commodore of the Bangladesh Air Force. It is still popularly called brigadier
34.
Thomas William Sweeny
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Thomas William Sweeny was an Irish-American soldier who served in the Mexican-American War and then was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Sweeny was born in Cork, Ireland, on Christmas Day,1820 and he immigrated to the United States in 1833. In 1846, he enlisted as a lieutenant in the 2nd New York Volunteers. Sweeny was wounded in the groin at the Battle of Cerro Gordo, for his heroics, his fellow servicemen nicknamed him Fighting Tom. Despite this possibly career-ending injury, he continued serving with the 2nd US Infantry until the outbreak of the Civil War, Sweeny was active in the Yuma War, fighting in several engagements against native Americans. As second in command, he participated in the capture of Camp Jackson in May 1861 and he was chosen as the brigadier general of that organization. Sweeny commanded the Fifty-second Illinois at Fort Donelson, at Shiloh, in command of a brigade, he successfully defended a gap in the Union line. He was wounded in the battle having received two shots in his remaining arm and a shot in one of his legs. Sweeny kept the field until the close of the fight, exciting the admiration of the whole army and he returned to command his regiment but returned to brigade command when General Pleasant A. Hackleman was killed at Corinth. He commanded the Second Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, at the Battle of Atlanta Sweenys division intercepted John B. Sweeny got into a fistfight with his corps commander, General Grenville M. Dodge, Sweeny received a court-martial for these actions but was acquitted. He mustered out of the volunteers in August 1865, and was dismissed for going AWOL by the end of the year. In 1866, he commanded the ill-fated Fenian invasion of Canada and he was reinstated with his former rank of major later that year, and retired from the Regular Army in May 1870 as a brigadier general. Sweeny retired to Astoria on Long Island and he died there on April 10,1892, and is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. List of American Civil War generals This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Gilman. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed, jack Morgan, Through American and Irish Wars, The Life and Times of General Thomas W. Sweeny 1820-1892
35.
Lexington, Missouri
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Lexington is a city in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4,726 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Lafayette County. Located in western Missouri, Lexington lies about 40 miles east of Kansas City and is part of the Greater Kansas City Metropolitan Area. It is the home of the Battle of Lexington State Historic Site, and Wentworth Military Academy and College, Lexington is located at 39°10′59″N 93°52′30″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.38 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,726 people,1,867 households, the population density was 917.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,127 housing units at a density of 413.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 3% White,6. 1% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 7% Pacific Islander,1. 2% from other races, and 3. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 7% of the population,31. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.94. The median age in the city was 39.6 years. 23. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 5% were from 25 to 44,26. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 9% male and 51. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,453 people,1,815 households, and 1,210 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,279.7 people per square mile, there were 2,015 housing units at an average density of 579.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 02% White,6. 04% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 49% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 06% from other races, and 1. 17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 18% of the population,30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the family size was 2.90. In the city, the population was out with 25. 2% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,26. 0% from 25 to 44,22. 7% from 45 to 64
36.
Neosho, Missouri
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Neosho (/niːˈoʊʃoʊ/, originally or is the most populous city in Newton County, Missouri, United States, which it serves as the county seat. With a population of 11,835 as of the 2010 census, the city is a part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, Neosho lies on the western edge of the Ozarks. The name Neosho is generally accepted to be of Native American derivation, meaning clear, cold water, the springs attracted varying cultures of Native American inhabitants for thousands of years. It was also ideal for the white settlers, who founded the city in 1833. It was incorporated as a government in 1878. Nicknamed City of Springs, Neosho has long served as a center and, since 1888, is home of the Neosho National Fish Hatchery. It is known locally as the Gateway to the Ozarks, starting in the late 1820s, settlers of English, Scottish, German, Welsh, and Scots-Irish ancestry began moving into the area. The first of these settlers was Lunsford Oliver, who arrived from Tennessee in 1829 and located near Shoal Creek and his nearest neighbors were in Springfield, sixty miles to the east. In 1831 he was joined by Nathaniel Turner, John Smith, Joseph Ross, Campbell Pure, Blake Wilson, Levi Lee, Carmac Ratcliffe, McInturf built a corn mill, the first mill of any kind in the region. By 1835, at least three schools had established along Shoal Creek, and a teacher named Billingsley taught near Neosho. The earliest known religious effort dates to 1836, when Methodist Circuit riders visited the area, in 1843, Rev. Anthony Bewley was appointed to the Neosho and Granby circuit, establishing the first permanent churches in Six Bulls. Rev. John W. McCord was involved in organizing Neosho Presbytery, Newton County was originally contained in Crawford County and afterward in Barry County. It then included the present counties of Jasper, McDonald, and Barton, the first county court session was held at Reeds residence on April 13,1839, Judge Foster P. Wright presiding. John Reed, Hugh Shannon, and Jacob Testerman sitting as judges under appointment by Lilburn Boggs the Governor of Missouri, John Reed was made presiding judge, Thomas Mosely, Jr. clerk, John Haskins assessor, and Isaac Gibson sheriff. Townships were established and roads laid out by this body, on November 12, the commissioners reported Neosho as the permanent seat of justice and James Wilson was appointed a special commissioner to lay out the town. The first elected county judges were Edward V. Warren, Larkin Newton, and Samuel V. Warren and that same year, Milton Sexton, as superintendent, built the first courthouse, a log structure occupied in March 1841. Hearrell conducted a school on Hickory Creek, which at times numbered forty pupils, in 1841, Charles S. Yancey became circuit judge of the Thirteenth Judicial District, to which Newton County was attached. The first state representative was John Wilson, in 1842, he opened the first school in Neosho and taught Latin and higher mathematics
37.
Secession
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Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals, theories of secession relate to a fundamental question of political philosophy, the basis of the states authority. Ramet, Rights of Secession by Daniel Kofman, The Very Idea of Secession by Donald Livingston and Secession, Autonomy, in 2007 the University of South Carolina sponsored a conference called Secession As an International Phenomenon which produced a number of papers on the topic. Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices, if it can not live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force, former President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to William H. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, let us separate. I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory. e. Tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, etc, cultural Secessionism, any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state. Institutional empowerment - The growing inability of empires and ethnic federations to maintain colonies, relative strength - Increasingly powerful secessionist movements are more likely to achieve statehood. Negotiated consent - Home states and the international community increasingly consent to secessionist demands, during the 19th century, the single British colony in eastern mainland Australia, New South Wales was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859, however, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century, particularly in central Queensland in the 1860s and 1890s, and in North Queensland in the 1870s. Western Australia Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia, the referendum had to be ratified by the British Parliament, which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the Australian Constitution. The Principality of Hutt River claims to have seceded from Australia in 1970, according to a lexicon on nationalist movements across the world, Macau happened to recognise that Principality. Austria successfully seceded from Nazi Germany on April 27,1945 and this took place after seven years of Austria being part of Adolf Hitlers Third Reich due to the Anschluss annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. On August 25,1830, during the reign of William I, soon after, the Belgian Revolt occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the Netherlands. The peace treaty accepted Uruguay independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River, three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in Grão-Pará, Bahia and Maranhão, where the people were unhappy with the Empire. The Malê Revolt, in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt and these three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil. In the attempts the rebels were crushed, the shot and its territory divided
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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Origins of the American Civil War
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While most historians agree that conflicts over slavery caused the war, they disagree sharply regarding which kinds of conflict—ideological, economic, political, or social—were most important. Another explanation for secession, and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy, was white Southern nationalism, the primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism. Most of the debate is about the first question, as to why some southern states decided to secede, Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election without being on the ballot in ten of the Southern states. His victory triggered declarations of secession by seven states of the Deep South. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected, nationalists refused to recognize the declarations of secession. No foreign countrys government ever recognized the Confederacy, the U. S. government under President James Buchanan refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter, as a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled, other important factors were partisan politics, abolitionism, Southern nationalism, Northern nationalism, expansionism, economics and modernization in the Antebellum period. The United States had become a nation of two distinct regions and their growth was fed by a high birth rate and large numbers of European immigrants, especially British, Irish and Germans. The heavily rural South had few cities of any size, Slave owners controlled politics and the economy, although about 75% of white Southern families owned no slaves and usually were engaged in subsistence agriculture. Overall, the Northern population was growing more quickly than the Southern population. By the time the 1860 election occurred, the heavily agricultural southern states as a group had fewer Electoral College votes than the rapidly industrializing northern states, Abraham Lincoln was able to win the 1860 Presidential election without even being on the ballot in ten Southern states. Southerners felt a loss of federal concern for Southern pro-slavery political demands, after the Mexican–American War of 1846 to 1848, the issue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850. While the compromise averted an immediate crisis, it did not permanently resolve the issue of the Slave Power. Part of the Compromise of 1850 was the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, requiring that Northerners assist Southerners in reclaiming fugitive slaves, which many Northerners found to be extremely offensive. The compromise that was reached outraged many Northerners, and led to the formation of the Republican Party, the industrializing North and agrarian Midwest became committed to the economic ethos of free-labor industrial capitalism. Arguments that slavery was undesirable for the nation had long existed, after 1840, abolitionists denounced slavery as not only a social evil but a moral wrong. Activists in the new Republican Party, usually Northerners, had another view, Southern defenders of slavery, for their part, increasingly came to contend that black people benefited from slavery
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Missouri State Capitol
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The Missouri State Capitol is the building that houses the legislative and executive branches of the government of the U. S. state of Missouri, as well as the Missouri General Assembly. Located in Jefferson City at 201 West Capitol Avenue, it is the capitol in the city after the other two were demolished following a fire. The domed building was designed by the New York City architectural firm of Tracy and it is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and a contributing property in the Missouri State Capitol Historic District. Statuary is a prominent feature of the Capitol grounds, a Karl Bitter bronze relief, depicting the signing of the Louisiana Purchase by Livingston, Monroe and Marbois, and the Fountain of the Centaurs, created by A. A. Weinman, are featured on the north grounds, the north side of the building contains a frieze showing the history of Missouri by Hermon Atkins MacNeil, while the theme is continued on the south side by Alexander Stirling Calder. The figure of Ceres on the top of the dome is by Sherry Fry, the Capitols first floor features the State Museum. Paintings, pediments, and friezes decorate the Capitols interior, a prime attraction is a series of murals painted by Thomas Hart Benton in the House Lounge. The structure also features a whispering gallery high within the dome and these areas are not normally open to the public except for special tours and school tours. The capitol is Jefferson Citys leading tourist attraction and it is a destination for school groups who arrive by busloads, particularly during General Assembly sessions. Students fill the galleries to watch the Senate and House of Representatives in action, the present Capitol, completed in 1917 and occupied the following year, is the third Capitol in Jefferson City and the sixth in Missouri history. St. Charles was designated as the capital of the state in 1821. It was decided that the Capitol should be located more in the center of the state, a group was sent out to survey various locations. The fourth Capitol was made out of brick, two tall, measured approximately 40 by 60 feet, and took two years to complete. It was built for approximately $18,500 and it was called the Governors House and State Capitol. The site is now occupied by the present-day Missouri Governors Mansion and it was designed by Stephen Hills and modeled on the first Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The fifth Capitol was completed in 1840 for approximately $350,000, with some claiming that there were bribes and this building also burned on February 5,1911 when it was struck by lightning. This building was approximately 50,000 square feet and by 1911, was far too small to meet the needs of the legislators, the original budget called for a building to be constructed for $3 million, with an additional $500,000 allocated for site and furnishings. This was approved in general election by the public by a three-to-one margin However, the state miscalculated on revenue projections, all of this money was eventually used for the entire project, which is one of the reasons why the sculptures and art work are of such high caliber
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Neutral country
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A neutral country in a particular war is a sovereign state which officially declares itself to be neutral towards the belligerents. A non-belligerent state does not need to be neutral, the rights and duties of a neutral power are defined in Sections 5 and 13 of the Hague Convention of 1907. A permanently neutral power is a state which is bound by international treaty to be neutral towards the belligerents of all future wars. An example of a neutral power is Switzerland. The concept of neutrality in war is defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognised right to remain neutral. Neutralism or a neutralist policy is a policy position wherein a state intends to remain neutral in future wars. A sovereign state that reserves the right to become a belligerent if attacked by a party to the war is in a condition of armed neutrality, belligerents may not invade neutral territory, and a neutral powers resisting any such attempt does not compromise its neutrality. A neutral power must intern belligerent troops who reach its territory, belligerent armies may not recruit neutral citizens, but they may go abroad to enlist. Belligerent armies personnel and material may not be transported across neutral territory, a neutral power may supply communication facilities to belligerents, but not war material, although it need not prevent export of such material. Belligerent naval vessels may use neutral ports for a maximum of 24 hours, exceptions are to make repairs—only the minimum necessary to put back to sea—or if an opposing belligerents vessel is already in port, in which case it must have a 24-hour head start. A prize ship captured by a belligerent in the waters of a neutral power must be surrendered by the belligerent to the neutral. Note, Whether a state that is a member of the European Union may be considered neutral is a point of debate and this is discussed in the section below. The neutrality of countries now in the European Union is under dispute, especially as the EU now operates a Common Foreign. This view was supported by the Finnish Prime Minister, Matti Vanhanen, on 5 July 2006, while speaking to the European Parliament as Council President, I must correct him on that, Finland is a member of the EU. We were at one time a neutral country, during the time of the Iron Curtain. Now we are a member of the Union, part of community of values, which has a common policy and, moreover. Sweden has traditionally described itself as Alliance-free with the intention of being neutral in any conflict, since joining the European Union, Sweden has changed its stance and is now making strong hints that it will support other European Union members in case of a conflict in its vicinity. Later, the solidarity clause in the Lisbon Treaty was deemed sufficient to replace the Western European Union military alliances mutual defence clause, as a result, the WEU was closed down with its mutual defence role having been absorbed by the European Union
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Liberty Arsenal
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The Liberty Arsenal, known by Federal authorities as the Missouri Depot was a United States Army arsenal at Liberty, Missouri in Clay County, Missouri. The depot was seized twice by Southern partisans, once during the Kansas troubles in 1855 and it was located generally west of the junction of Missouri Route 291 and old 210 Highway. At that time the amount, expended for the Liberty Arsenal from its first establishment amounted to $26,435.96. On December 4,1855 during the Wakarusa War, a company of over 100 armed Clay County volunteers, led by Missouri Maj. Ebenezer Price, seized the arsenal. The custodian of the facility, U. S. Maj. Luther Leonard and his six employees were placed under arrest while many of the arms and equipment were removed. The arsenal at that time contained, three brass six pounder cannon,55 rifles,67 cavalry sabres,100 dragoon pistols,20 Colt revolvers, accoutrements, equipment, and ammunition. On December 10,1855, Captain William N. R. Beall of the 1st U. S. Cavalry moved to the arsenal with a company to prevent another raid. The pro-slavery forces had concluded their foray against Lawrence, Kansas, therefore, after Capt. Beall discussed the matter of the arsenal weapons with prominent local citizens, most of the material was returned. After states began seceding from the Union, the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861 voted 98-1 on March 21,1861 to stay in the Union, on April 12,1861, the Civil War officially began with the firing on Fort Sumter. Ardent secessionists in western Missouri again eyed the Liberty Arsenal, the depots caretaker, Major Nathaniel Grant, with only two employees, could do nothing but protest the forcible takeover. The event has sometimes called the Missouri Fort Sumter. This left the St. Louis Arsenal as the only other Federal military arsenal in the entire state, while substantial, this pales compared to the 37,000 muskets and rifles believed to have been kept at St. Louis. A portion of the secessionist force held the depot for a week as they removed the materials, Some was taken to Routts home near what is now William Jewell College. His ice-house was converted into an armoury for distributing weapons to Missouri Militiamen, the brass field pieces became Capt. Henry Guibors State Guard battery. The kegs of powder were hidden throughout the countryside, a portion of the arms were shipped upriver to the charge of St. Joseph mayor M. Jeff Thompson. Maj. Grant continued as custodian of the depot until it was sold in 1869 On October 6,2012, none of the buildings remain and the land is privately owned. History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri, borgedalen, Angie Anaya, Some hope Liberty Arsenal will someday become a park, Liberty Tribune, Oct.18,2012 Shoemaker, Floyd C. Federal Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, Sikeston Herald, April 24,1941, p.16
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Missouri Volunteer Militia
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The Missouri Volunteer Militia was the state militia organization of Missouri, before the formation of the Missouri State Guard in the American Civil War. Prior to the Civil War, Missouri had a state militia that could be called up by the governor for emergencies or annual drill in accordance with the Missouri State Statutes of 1854. Louis Grays, the National Guards, and the Washington Blues, each of these companies wore its own distinctive, and highly ornate, uniform. Antebellum esprit de corps was enhanced by drill competitions among the independent companies, during the 1861 secession crisis, pro-secession Missourians sought to use the state militia to their advantage. On 13 February 1861, General Daniel M. Frost formed five new MVM companies composed entirely of pro-secessionist Minutemen, on 21 March 1861, the Missouri Constitutional Convention voted against secession, killing any possibility of secession by political action. Governor Claiborne Jackson, a crypto-secessionist, then called up part of the MVM under Frost, and led by U. S. Army officers including Nathaniel Lyon, during the so-called Camp Jackson Affair. On June 11, Governor Jackson met with Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and Nathaniel Lyon, War Department as Commander of the Western Department of the U. S. Army, at St. Louis Planters House Hotel to negotiate. A compromise was not reached and both sides blamed each other. Missouri State Militia Missouri State Guard Home Guard Enrolled Missouri Militia Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia
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Captain (armed forces)
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The army rank of captain is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers. The rank is used by some air forces and marine forces. Today, a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery, in the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, a captain may also command a company, or be the second-in-command of a battalion. In NATO countries, the rank of captain is described by the code OF-2 and is one rank above an OF-1, the rank of captain is generally considered to be the highest rank a soldier can achieve while remaining in the field. The rank of captain should not be confused with the rank of captain or with the British-influenced air force rank of group captain. The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin capitaneus meaning chief, prominent, in Middle English adopted as capitayn in the 14th century, the military rank of captain was in use from the 1560s, referring to an officer who commands a company. The naval sense, an officer who commands a man-of-war, is earlier, from the 1550s. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant, the funding to provide for the troops came from the monarch or his government, the captain had to be responsible for it. If he was not, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed, otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire. In most countries, the air force is the junior service, many, such as the United States Air Force, use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army. However, the United Kingdoms Royal Air Force, many other Commonwealth air forces, a group captain is OF-5 and was derived from the naval rank of captain. In the unified system of the Canadian Forces, the air force rank titles are pearl grey, a variety of images illustrative of different forces insignia for captain are shown below, Captain Captain Senior captain Staff captain
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St. Louis Arsenal
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The St. Louis Arsenal is a large complex of military weapons and ammunition storage buildings owned by the United States Air Force in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1827, the United States War Department decided to replace a 22-year-old arsenal, lt. Martin Thomas selected a 37-acre tract of land on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River and procured the land for the new arsenal. It was close to the military base, Jefferson Barracks, and had easy access to the city. In its original configuration it included Arsenal Island in the Mississippi River, when the Mexican-American War erupted, the demand for small arms, ammunition, and artillery substantially increased. At its peak during the war years, the St. Louis Arsenal employed over 500 civilian workers, production was curtailed following the cessation of the war, although the arsenal workers did spend considerable time refurbishing and reconditioning surplus arms returned from the war. Another flurry of activity accompanied the Utah War in 1857–58, when President James Buchanan ordered an expedition of Federal troops to suppress the Mormons, employment exceeded 100 workers, and the arsenal provided much of the weaponry for William S. Harneys forces. Anticipating secession, a number of Southern states asked for their quota of arms and ammunitions to be shipped from the St. Louis Arsenal to state armories, buchanans Secretary of War, John B. Floyd, a Virginian, was accused of aiding in this transfer of arms and it also had the third largest arms and munitions manufactury in the Federal system. Despite its enormous importance, it had traditionally been lightly guarded, with a staff of forty military. In March 1861 the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861 voted 98 to 1 to stay in the Union, the security of such a large munitions depot became an immediate flash point. On April 20,1861 a pro-Confederate mob at Liberty, Missouri seized the only other arsenal in the state—the Liberty Arsenal and made off with about 1,000 rifles and muskets. On April 23, Brigadier General Harney departed for Washington, leaving Captain Lyon in temporary command of the Western Department an the Arsenal, Lyon immediately began enlisting Missouri Unionist Volunteers into Federal service. This action had been ordered over a week before by Secretary of War Simon Cameron, Cameron, General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, and midwestern Unionists continued to be concerned for the safety of the over 30,000 weapons at the Arsenal. During the evening of April 29, on orders from Secretary Cameron, Captain Nathaniel Lyon transported 21,000 rifles and muskets to Alton, Lyon suspected the maneuvers were a thinly veiled attempt to seize the arsenal. On May 10, Lyon surrounded the militia, which surrendered, while marching the Militamen through the streets of St. Louis back to the arsenal, a riot erupted. The troops opened fire on the crowd killing 28 and wounding 90 civilians outright, on May 11, the Missouri General Assembly approved a measure to create the Missouri State Guard to resist invasion and suppress rebellion with Sterling Price as its major general. On May 12, Price and William S. Price promised Harney that he would hold the state of the Union and if Confederate forces entered, while MG Prices statement was probably simply a deception to buy time, it caused consternation in the Confederate capitol at Richmond. At that moment, envoys secretly dispatched by Governor Jackson, with Prices knowledge, were asking Confederate President Jefferson Davis to order an invasion to liberate Missouri
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Missouri General Assembly
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The Missouri General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Missouri. The bicameral General Assembly is composed of a 34-member Senate, members of both houses of the General Assembly are subject to term limits. Senators are limited to two terms, and representatives to four two-year terms, a total of 8 years for members of both houses. The General Assembly meets at the State Capitol in Jefferson City, members of the House of Representatives must be 24 years of age to be elected. Representatives also must be a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district of their constituency for one year. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Missouri Constitution and it adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6,00 p. m. on the first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6,00 p. m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May, the Governor may convene the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a message may be considered. The President Pro Tem and the Speaker may convene a 30-day special session upon petition of three-fourths of the members of each chamber. Neither the House nor Senate, without the consent of the chamber, adjourn for more than ten days at any one time. As a part-time legislature, compensation is low with the General Assembly, law makers are paid $31,351 per legislative year
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General officers in the Confederate States Army
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The general officers of the Confederate States Army were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army prior to the Civil War, most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U. S. armed forces. Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure, the Confederate Army was composed of three parts, the Army of the Confederate States of America, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, and the various Southern state militias. Graduates from West Point and Mexican War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, like their Federal counterparts, the Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U. S. Army in design and seniority. On February 27,1861, a staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions, an adjutant general, a quartermaster general, a commissary general. Initially the last of these was to be a staff officer only, the post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper and he held it throughout the Civil War, as well as the armys inspector general. As officers were appointed to the grades of general by Jefferson Davis. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the grade on the same day, were determined by Davis usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U. S. Army. These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By wars end the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in the PACS, the organization of regiments into brigades was authorized by the Congress on March 6,1861. Brigadier generals would command them, and these generals were to be nominated by Davis and these generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate Army colonels, who commonly led infantry regiments and this rank is equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U. S. army. These generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher ranking generals and they also led the districts that made up military departments, and had command over the troops in their districts. By wars end, the Confederacy had at least 88 different men who had held this rank, divisions were authorized by the Congress on March 6,1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Senate, Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. This rank was not synonymous with the Unions use of it, as Northern major generals led divisions, corps and this rank is equivalent in most respects to major general in the modern U. S. Army. All of the Confederacys lieutenant generals were in the PACS, the Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18,1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them
United States
Confederate States
Missouri State Guard
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