1.
Dakota War of 1862
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It began on August 17,1862, along the Minnesota River in southwest Minnesota. It ended with an execution of 38 Dakota men on December 26,1862, in Mankato. Throughout the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and late or unfair annuity payments by Indian agents caused increasing hunger, traders with the Dakota previously had demanded that the government give the annuity payments directly to them. In mid-1862, the Dakota demanded the annuities directly from their agent, the traders refused to provide any more supplies on credit under those conditions, and negotiations reached an impasse. On August 17,1862, one young Dakota with a party of three others killed five settlers while on a hunting expedition. That night a council of Dakota decided to attack throughout the Minnesota River valley to try to drive whites out of the area. There has never been a report on the number of settlers killed, although in Abraham Lincolns second annual address, he noted that not less than 800 men, women. Over the next months, continued battles pitting the Dakota against settlers and later. By late December 1862, soldiers had taken more than a thousand Dakota. After trials and sentencing,38 Dakota were hanged on December 26,1862, in April 1863, the rest of the Dakota were expelled from Minnesota to Nebraska and South Dakota. The United States Congress abolished their reservations. S, in exchange for promises of money and goods. From that time on, the Dakota were to live on a 20-mile wide Indian reservation centered on a 150 mile stretch of the upper Minnesota River, however, the United States Senate deleted Article 3 of each treaty, which set out reservations, during the ratification process. Much of the promised compensation never arrived, was lost, or was effectively stolen due to corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, also, annuity payments guaranteed to the Dakota often were provided directly to traders instead. When Minnesota became a state on May 11,1858, representatives of several Dakota bands led by Little Crow traveled to Washington, D. C. to negotiate about enforcing existing treaties. The northern half of the reservation along the Minnesota River was lost and this was a major blow to the standing of Little Crow in the Dakota community. The land was divided into townships and plots for settlement, logging and agriculture on these plots eliminated surrounding forests and prairies, which interrupted the Dakotas annual cycle of farming, hunting, fishing and gathering wild rice. Hunting by settlers dramatically reduced wild game, such as bison, elk, whitetail deer, not only did this decrease the meat available for the Dakota in southern and western Minnesota, but it directly reduced their ability to sell furs to traders for additional supplies. Although payments were guaranteed, the US government was often behind or failed to pay because of Federal preoccupation with the American Civil War, most land in the river valley was not arable, and hunting could no longer support the Dakota community
2.
New Ulm, Minnesota
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New Ulm is a city in Brown County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,522 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Brown County. New Ulm is the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. U. S. Highway 14 and Minnesota State Highways 15 and 68 are three of the routes in the city. The city was founded in 1854 by the German Land Company of Chicago, the city was named after the city of Neu-Ulm in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany. Ulm and Neu-Ulm are sister cities, with Ulm being situated on the Baden-Württemberg side, in part due to the citys German heritage, it is a center for brewing in the Upper Midwest, home to the August Schell Brewing Company. In 1856, the Settlement Association of the Socialist Turner Society helped to secure the citys future. The Turners originated in Germany in the first half of the century, promoted with the slogan. Following the Revolutions of 1848, substantial numbers of Germans emigrated to the United States, following a series of attacks by nativist mobs in major cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville, a national convention of Turners authorized the formation of a colony on the frontier. Intending to begin a community that expressed Turner ideals, the Settlement Association joined the Chicago Germans who had struggled here due to a lack of capital, the Turners supplied that, as well as hundreds of colonizers from the east who arrived in 1856. As a representation of Turner ideals, the city plan reflected those values, the German Land Company hired Christian Prignitz to complete a new plan for New Ulm, filed in April 1858. This master plan for New Ulm expressed a vision of the city’s future. At the heart of the community stood blocks reserved for Turner Hall, the county courthouse, and a school, representing the political, social. The westernmost avenues were named after American heroes George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, members obtained the means to support themselves — in harmony with nature — through the distribution of four-acre garden lots located outside of the residential area. Historian Dennis Gimmestad wrote, “The founders’ goals created a community persona that sets New Ulm apart from the Minnesota towns founded by speculators or railroad companies. The New Ulm founders aspired to establish a town with a philosophical, economic, and social character. ”In the Dakota War of 1862. Retreating behind barricades that protected the city center, local citizens fought back, much of the town outside the barricades was burned. On July 15,1881, New Ulm was struck by a tornado that killed 6
3.
Brown County, Minnesota
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Brown County is a county located in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,893 and its county seat is New Ulm. The county was formed in 1855 and organized in 1856, Brown County comprises the New Ulm, MN Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Mankato-New Ulm-North Mankato, MN Combined Statistical Area. Brown County was founded in 1855 and it was named for Joseph Renshaw Brown, a member of the Governors Council of Minnesota in 1855. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 618 square miles. The Minnesota River flows along the northern boundary, two of its tributaries, the Cottonwood and Little Cottonwood Rivers, flow eastwardly through the county. S. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 0.64 inches in January to 4.82 inches in June, as of the census of 2000, there were 26,911 people,10,598 households, and 7,164 families residing in the county. The population density was 44 people per square mile, there were 11,163 housing units at an average density of 18 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 82% White,0. 10% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 41% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 91% from other races, and 0. 63% from two or more races. 2. 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,67. 1% were of German and 9. 6% Norwegian ancestry. 29. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 25. 30% under the age of 18,9. 70% from 18 to 24,25. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 98.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $39,800, and the median income for a family was $49,811. Males had an income of $32,347 versus $23,918 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,535, about 4. 40% of families and 6. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 00% of those under age 18 and 9. 80% of those age 65 or over. Indianapolis, IN, B. F. Bowen and Co.1916, Brown County official website City of New Ulm
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Lakota people
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They speak the Lakota language, the westernmost of the three Siouan language groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. Siouan language speakers may have originated in the lower Mississippi River region and they were agriculturalists and may have been part of the Mound Builder civilization during the 9th–12th centuries CE. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Dakota-Lakota speakers lived in the upper Mississippi Region in present-day Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, conflicts with Anishnaabe and Cree peoples pushed the Lakota west onto the Great Plains in the mid- to late-17th century. Early Lakota history is recorded in their Winter counts, pictorial calendars painted on hides or later recorded on paper, the Battiste Good winter count records Lakota history back to 900 CE, when White Buffalo Calf Woman gave the Lakota people the White Buffalo Calf Pipe. Around 1730, Cheyenne people introduced the Lakota to horses, called šuŋkawakaŋ, after their adoption of horse culture, Lakota society centered on the buffalo hunt on horseback. The total population of the Sioux was estimated at 28,000 by French explorers in 1660, the Lakota population was first estimated at 8,500 in 1805, growing steadily and reaching 16,110 in 1881. The Lakota were, thus, one of the few Native American tribes to increase in population in the 19th century, the number of Lakota has now increased to more than 170,000, of whom about 2,000 still speak the Lakota language. However, by about 1750 the Saône had moved to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglála, the large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had long prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri. However, the smallpox epidemic of 1772–1780 destroyed three-quarters of these tribes. The Lakota crossed the river into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains and these newcomers were the Saône, well-mounted and increasingly confident, who spread out quickly. In 1765, a Saône exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the Black Hills, ten years later, the Oglála and Brulé also crossed the river. In 1776, the Lakota defeated the Cheyenne, who had taken the region from the Kiowa. The Cheyenne then moved west to the Powder River country, initial United States contact with the Lakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 was marked by a standoff. Lakota bands refused to allow the explorers to continue upstream, and the expedition prepared for battle, some bands of Lakotas became the first Indians to help the United States Army in an Indian war west of the Missiouri during the Arikara War in 1823. In 1843, the southern Lakotas attacked Pawnee Chief Blue Coats village near the Loup in Nebraska, killing many, next time the Lakotas inflicted a blow so severe on the Pawnee would be in 1873, during the Massacre Canyon battle near Republican River. The Cheyenne and Lakota had previously attacked emigrant parties in a competition for resources, the Fort Laramie Treaty acknowledged Lakota sovereignty over the Great Plains in exchange for free passage on the Oregon Trail for as long as the river flows and the eagle flies. The United States government did not enforce the treaty restriction against unauthorized settlement, Lakota and other bands attacked settlers and even emigrant trains, causing public pressure on the U. S. Army to punish the hostiles. On September 3,1855,700 soldiers under American General William S. Harney avenged the Grattan Massacre by attacking a Lakota village in Nebraska, killing about 100 men, women, and children
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Charles Eugene Flandrau
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Charles Eugene Flandrau was an American lawyer who served on the Minnesota Supreme Court. He was also a colonel in the Union Army, Flandrau was born in 1828 in New York City. His father was Thomas Hunt Flandrau of New Rochelle, New York, the Flandraus were descendants of Jacques Flandreau, a Huguenot who came to New Rochelle in the 1690s. Flandrau was educated in Georgetown, then a community in the District of Columbia. Too young to obtain an appointment, he spent three years as a common sailor under other services. In 1844, tiring of the sea, he spent three years in the trade in New York City, after which he rejoined his family at Whitesboro, New York. He passed the bar in 1851 and joined his fathers firm as partner, in 1853, he relocated to Traverse des Sioux, Minnesota to practice law. During the 1850s, he served on the Minnesota Territorial Council, in the Minnesota Constitutional Convention, agent for the Sioux in 1856. It is in honor of his success there that both Flandrau State Park and the community of Flandreau, South Dakota, are so named. In 1864 he resigned both positions and moved to Nevada to practice law, but returned to Minneapolis within a year to practice law with Isaac Atwater. In 1867, he was the Democratic candidate for governor but was defeated by William Rainey Marshall, in 1869 he ran for chief justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court, but was again defeated. In 1870 he moved to St. Paul where he began a partnership with Horace R. Bigelow. His first marriage was on August 10,1859 to Isabella Dinsmore of Kentucky and she died in 1867, leaving two daughters, Martha Macomb Flandrau and Sarah Gibson Flandrau. Martha Macomb Flandrau married Tilden Russell Selmes, and their daughter, Isabella Selmes was the first female congresswoman from Arizona, Flandraus second wife was the widow Rebecca B. Riddle, daughter of Judge William McClure of Pittsburgh, grace Flandrau left money in her will to a variety of institutions, including the University of Arizona, which named Flandrau Science Center for her. The History of Minnesota and Tales of the Frontier Librivox audio Works by Charles Eugene Flandrau at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Charles Eugene Flandrau at Internet Archive
8.
Little Crow
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Little Crow was a chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota people. His given name translates as His Red Nation, but he was known as Little Crow because of his grandfathers name, Čhetáŋ Wakhúwa Máni, Little Crow participated in the Dakota War of 1862, but retreated in September 1862 before the wars conclusion in December 1862. His face is full of intelligence when he is in conversation, Little Crow was shot and killed on July 3,1863 by a settler. Little Crow was born at the Dakota settlement of Kaposia, near what is modern-day South St. Paul and his father died in 1846 after accidentally discharging a gun. By 1849, however, Little Crow was able to control of the tribe. In 1851, the United States negotiated the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, Little Crow was present at Traverse des Sioux and signed the Mendota treaty, by which the tribes agreed to move to land set aside along the Minnesota River to the west. The treaty as ratified by the United States Senate removed Article 3 of the treaty, the tribe was compelled to negotiate a new treaty, under threat of forcible removal to the Dakota Territory, and was only granted land on one side of the river. Little Crow tried to get along with the customs of the United States and he visited President James Buchanan in Washington, D. C. replaced his native clothing with trousers and jackets with brass buttons, joined the Episcopal Church, and took up farming. However, by 1862, stress built up in his community as cheating by traders came to light, as the tribe grew hungry and as food languished in the warehouses of the traders, Little Crows ability to restrain his people deteriorated. On August 4,1862, about five hundred Dakota broke into food warehouses at the Lower Agency, the agent in charge, Thomas J. Galbraith, ordered defending troops not to shoot and called for a council. At the conference, Little Crow pointed out that the Dakota were owed the money to buy the food and warned that When men are hungry, they help themselves. The representative of the traders, Andrew Myrick, replied, So far as I am concerned, within weeks, on August 17,1862, a band of Dakota crossed paths with a group of white civilian settlers. The Dakota killed 5 of the civilians and mutilated their bodies. The tribes need for food and hatred for the settlers led to the Dakota War of 1862. Little Crow agreed to lead the tribes through the conflict, even though he knew the whites could ultimately send larger numbers of troops into the conflict than his people could counter. The Dakota first attacked the Lower Sioux agency, they scalped Myrick, however, two attacks on Fort Ridgely were thwarted by an outnumbered collection of soldiers and civilians who skillfully used the forts cannon to drive the attackers off. Little Crow was wounded by fire in the second attack on Fort Ridgely which kept him from participating in the attack on New Ulm. New Ulm was attacked twice, however a collection of settlers and volunteers managed to stave off both attacks despite being outnumbered and poorly armed, attacks on Forest City, Hutchinson, and Fort Abercrombie were also repulsed
9.
Big Eagle
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Big Eagle was the leader of a band of Mdewakanton Dakota Sioux in Minnesota. In 1862 he and his band joined Taoyateduta and took part in a Sioux uprising, waŋbdí Tháŋka, also known as Jerome Big Eagle, was born in 1827 at Black Dog village, in present-day Eagan, Minnesota. He succeeded his father, Máza Ȟóta in 1857 and he along with the other chiefs and headmen went to Washington in 1858 on treaty business. In the spring of 1862, Wamditanka, Little Crow and Traveling Hail were candidates for Speaker of the Mdewakanton tribe which Traveling Hail won, Big Eagle lead his band at the second battles of New Ulm and Fort Ridgely and also Birch Coulee and Wood Lake. The photograph of Big Eagle was taken in Davenport during the summer of 1864. W. W. Hathaway, then the assistant commissary at Camp Kearney described the circumstances of making the File, I was also a friend of Big Eagle. An amusing incident arose during the summer when I tried to get a photograph of the old chief. There was a mulatto named Jack confined with the Natives and he conspired with me to get the old brave to sit for a picture. ”Everything went well until we neared the place when Big Eagle began to remove his finery. We asked him what the trouble was and he said he would not pose unless we paid him $15. Despite his death sentence, and his importance, President Lincoln pardoned Big Eagle in November 1864 and he was ordered released on December 3 The History of Carroll County. Big Eagle, later known as Jerome Big Eagle, narrated his account of the Dakota War in, A Sioux Story of the War, Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society 6, 382-400. Famous Native American Chiefs from www. axel-jacob. de, accessed on February 3,2006 A Sioux Story of the War, Big Eagles 1894 interview in the St. Paul Pioneer Press
10.
Battle of Fort Ridgely
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The Battle of Fort Ridgely was an early battle in the Dakota War of 1862. Built between 1853–1855 in the part of what was then the territory of Minnesota, Fort Ridgely was the only military post between the Sioux Reservations and the settlers. On August 18,1862, the Lower Sioux Agency in Renville County, the Native Americans had come to the Agency to barter for the food that had been withheld from them until starvation had set in. There was a discussion amongst the white men gathered there. The primary Agent was against it, but the men persuaded him to give the natives a small amount of porkback. The Agent then added that the food would only be delivered to the reservation in the morning, until that point, the well-armed Indians had stood by peacefully in the hot August temperatures. The greatly out-numbered 67 white men gathered there became uncomfortable with the stipulation, inevitable fighting began with some of the warriors pursuing the settlers who left, while the rest remained to fight those who holed up in the Agency building. Within a few hours 20 whites had been killed and 10 captured, some survivors escaped, heading for Fort Ridgely, while the majority tried to race for their homes and families. The men heading for their homes made plans to assemble in the morning to try to reach the fort. Mr. J. C. Dickinson, who seems to have been the first to escape, took his family in a wagon to Fort Ridgely, more settlers arrived, convincing Captain John S. Marsh, Company B, Fifth Minnesota, that the Agency had been attacked. Marsh ordered Drummer Charles M. Culver, a twelve-year-old to beat the long-roll, about 74 men fell in, amongst who were Captain Marsh, Second Lieutenant Thomas P. Gere, about 4 sergeants,7 corporals, and about 62 privates. Marsh chose 46 men, along with Indian Interpreter Peter Quinn, along the way they saw many dead white folk and Indians. Quinn was one of the first of this party killed by Chief White Dog, Marsh had only eleven men left in his command, with twenty-four having been killed. Marsh decided to back to the fort and tried to take the men across the Minnesota River. Marsh was a swimmer, but he was seized by a cramp. Sergeant John F. Bishop, the officer, ordered Privates John Brennan, James Dunn. Brennan reached him first, and Marsh grabbed Brennans shoulder but fell off, Marsh drowned and the men saw his body float by in the river. He was about 28 when he died, Sergeant Bishop led the remaining eleven back to the fort
11.
Battle of Birch Coulee
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The Battle of Birch Coulee occurred September 2,1862 during the Dakota War of 1862. While Sibley was training soldiers and attempting to organize supplies, he was reminded that the bodies of settlers killed by the Indians still remained unburied on the battlefields. Sibley sent out a party of about 170 men from Fort Ridgely on August 31,1862. The troops, commanded by Captain Hiram P. Grant, left Fort Ridgely and continued to Redwood Ferry, stopping to bury about sixteen settlers bodies along the way. Although some argue that Major Joseph Brown was in charge of the party, the following morning, Anderson and a group of cavalry crossed to the south side of the river, while Grant and his infantry stayed on the north side. At the end of the day, Andersons and Grants soldiers met up again at a campsite near Birch Coulee, the two detachments had buried 54 bodies, and since neither group had seen any Indians, they figured they were safe. Gray Birds party and Browns troops missed encountering each other during the day, the Sioux planned to ambush Browns troops in the morning, thinking that only the cavalry was present and that they could be easily destroyed. The Birch Coulee campsite was not easily defensible, since the Indians could approach from all sides, also, since the burial detail felt themselves safe, they did not take precautions against attack such as digging entrenchments and posting sentries far enough from camp to give ample warning. During the night, Gray Bird, along with chiefs Red Legs, Big Eagle, in the morning, the Indians commenced their ambush, wounding at least thirty United States soldiers and killing most of the cavalrys horses within the first few minutes. The heaviest part of the fight lasted about an hour, Colonel Sibley could hear the sounds of the battle from Fort Ridgely, about sixteen miles away, so he sent out a relief party of 240 men. Colonel McPhail, heading up the party, thought he was almost completely surrounded by the Sioux. Sibley returned with reinforcements and an artillery brigade. The shelling forced the Sioux to disperse, and Sibley entered Browns camp around 11 am on September 3 and he encountered a sickening sight, with twenty-two men and ninety horses dead, forty-seven men severely wounded, and others less severely hurt. The survivors were exhausted from a thirty-one hour siege without water or food, the battle of Birch Coulee was the most deadly for the United States forces in the Dakota War of 1862. Colonel Sibley decided against taking responsibility for the disaster, in his military reports and in press dispatches he started to refer to the encounter as the attack on J. R. Browns party. The monument at Birch Coulee Battlefield correctly states that Captain Hiram P. Grant was in command, many historians mistakenly acknowledge that Brown was in command based on inaccurate reports written by Colonel Sibley. Captain Joseph Anderson Company of Mounted Men The Cullen Guard went to the relief of New Ulm and was at the Battle of Birch Coulee, the Birch Coulee battlefield is listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. Minnesota Historic Sites, Birch Coulee Explore Minnesota, Birch Coulee Battlefield Minnesota Encyclopedia article on the Battle of Birch Coulee
12.
Fort Abercrombie
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Fort Abercrombie, in North Dakota, was an American fort established by authority of an act of Congress, March 3,1857. The fort was constructed in the year 1858 and it was the first permanent military settlement in what became North Dakota, and is thus known as The Gateway to the Dakotas. Because the original location was prone to flooding, a new fort was built at a location in 1860. It was besieged by the Dakota Indians for more than six weeks during the Dakota War of 1862, the fort was abandoned in 1877 and the town of Abercrombie, North Dakota, was founded a half mile west in 1884. Abercrombie Township was settled, in part, due to the presence of the fort. More recent renovations include dismantling the southeast blockhouse and using materials to renovate the two remaining blockhouses and the guardhouse. A new stockade was constructed and native grasses are allowed to grow in the locations of the buildings for visitors to get an idea about the size. A visitors center was built in the summer of 2007, today it is known as Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site and includes a modern museum and pavilion in the town of Abercrombie. The fort itself is a mile east. During the Dakota War of 1862 a citizen soldiers company was mustered in by Fort Commandant Captain J. Van Der Horck, another unit was Captain Ambrose Freemans Company of Mounted Men, the Northern Rangers. In August 1862 its defenses were tested, when increasing Indian activity by reconnaissance parties, drove nearby settlers into the forts stockade. The Sioux besieged Fort Abercrombie for almost six weeks, alternating between occasional sniping and all-out attacks on all four sides of the fort, the garrison and settlers with rifles, shotguns, and howitzers held the fort. Killed, Sgt Edward Wright Corporal James Bennett Ostler Charles W. Soell Private Augustus Ruchenell Wounded, lull Private Edwin M. Wright Barnes, Jeff. Forts of the Northern Plains, Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars, Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site website Friends of Fort Abercrombie
13.
Battle of Wood Lake
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The Battle of Wood Lake was a battle in the Dakota War of 1862 in September. By that time in the Dakota War of 1862, the Sioux offensive had slowed considerably, Sibley attempted to negotiate a settlement with Chief Little Crow in early September, thinking that the Indians were growing weary of the war. Little Crow returned with an explanation of why the Indians started the war, Sibley responded by refusing to negotiate and demanding Little Crows surrender. Little Crow refused to surrender, and the conditions were set for another battle, Sibleys initial expedition from Fort Snelling, which included 1400 troops, took nearly nine days to reach Fort Ridgely. At Fort Ridgely, Sibley delayed still further, to the frustration of settlers and others who wanted swift action against the Indian uprising. Jane Grey Swisshelm, a St. Cloud newspaper editor, wrote, the delay was caused, in part, by the lack of experience of the new recruits and the shortage of supplies, such as guns, ammunition, and horses. These supplies finally reached Sibleys forces between September 11 and September 14, on September 19, the troops finally began their march up the Minnesota River valley. The troops camped east of Lone Tree or Battle Lake, a lake drained by a creek running northeast to the Minnesota River, about five miles north of what is now Echo. Sibleys guide thought the lake was Wood Lake, which was three and a half miles to the west, so the battle is actually misnamed. The Third Minnesota camped along the crest south of the creek, the Seventh Minnesota was at the right rear behind the creek’s ravine. All units and the train and artillery were partially enclosed by trenches. Little Crow planned to ambush the soldiers the next morning when they were marching, strung out along the road when the troops would be in a long, poorly defended column. In the morning, a few soldiers from the Third Minnesota regiment in several wagons left camp early in search of food from the Upper Sioux Agency near present-day Rock Valle Church. Some of the wagons were not on the road, and were headed straight at some of Little Crows men as lay in the grass thus compelling them to rise up. This brought on the fight, and veteran troops from the Third Regiment recently returned from fighting Confederates in the south, ran to assist their comrades and they advanced about a half mile from the camp until both flanks were threatened. Sibley ordered Lt. Colonel William R. Marshall with six companies, on the left end of the line, Major Robert N. McLaren led his men around the lake to defeat an attempted flanking attack. The battle lasted two hours, during which Chief Mankato was killed by a cannonball. The battle was a victory for the United States, with heavy casualties inflicted on the Sioux
14.
Minnesota River
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The Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles long, in the U. S. state of Minnesota. It drains a watershed of nearly 17,000 square miles,14,751 square miles in Minnesota and about 2,000 sq mi in South Dakota and Iowa. It rises in southwestern Minnesota, in Big Stone Lake on the Minnesota–South Dakota border just south of the Laurentian Divide at the Traverse Gap portage and it flows southeast to Mankato, then turns northeast. It joins the Mississippi south of the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, the valley is one of several distinct regions of Minnesota. An illustration of the meaning of words was shown by dropping a little milk into water. For over a prior to the organization of the Minnesota Territory in 1849. Minnesota River is shown on the 1757 edition of Mitchell Map as Ouadebameniſsouté or R. St. Peter, the valley that the Minnesota River flows in is up to five miles wide and 250 feet deep. It was carved into the landscape by the massive glacial River Warren between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago at the end of the last ice age in North America, pierre-Charles Le Sueur was the first European to visit the river. The Minnesota Territory, and later the state, were named for the river, the river valley is notable as the origin and center of the canning industry in Minnesota. In 1903 Carson Nesbit Cosgrove, an entrepreneur in Le Sueur presided at the meeting of the Minnesota Valley Canning Company. By 1930, the Minnesota River valley had emerged as one of the countrys largest producers of sweet corn, green Giant had five canneries in Minnesota in addition to the original facility in Le Sueur. Cosgroves son, Edward, and grandson, Robert also served as heads of the company over the decades before the company was acquired by General Mills. Several docks for barges exist along the river, farm grains, including corn, are transported to the ports of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, and then shipped down the Mississippi River. List of Minnesota rivers List of crossings of the Minnesota River Sansome, Minnesota Underfoot, A Field Guide to the States Outstanding Geologic Features. The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota, Minnesota, a river which crosses the state of Minnesota. Minnesota, or St. Peters, a river of Minnesota
15.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
16.
Alexander Ramsey
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Alexander Ramsey was an American politician. He served as a Whig and Republican over a variety of offices between the 1840s and the 1880s, born in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania on September 8,1815, Alexander was the eldest of five children of Thomas Ramsey and Elizabeth Kelker. His father was a blacksmith who committed suicide at age 42 when he went bankrupt in 1826, Alexander lived with his uncle in Harrisburg, after his family split up to live with relatives. His brother was Justus Cornelius Ramsey, who served in the Minnesota Territorial Legislature, Ramsey first studied carpentry at Lafayette College but left during his third year. He read law with Hamilton Alricks, and attended Reeds law School in Carlisle in 1839 and he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1839. In 1844 Ramsey married Anna Earl Jenks, daughter of Michael Hutchinson Jenks, only one daughter, Marion, survived past childhood. Alexander Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U. S. House of Representatives and he served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota from June 1,1849 to May 15,1853 as a member of the Whig Party. Ramsey was of Scottish and German ancestry, in 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2,1860 to July 10,1863, Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War. He resigned the governorship to become a U. S. Senator and he was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3,1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses. Ramsey is also noted for his racist statements calling for the killing or removal of specific Native Americans, Ramsey declared on September 9,1862, The Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state. He went as far as offering money for scalps of Dakotas, Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home, the Alexander Ramsey House as a museum and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
17.
St. Peter, Minnesota
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St. Peter is a city located in Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States. The city is located 10 miles north of the Mankato – North Mankato metropolitan area, the population was 11,196 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Nicollet County, Saint Peter is the home of Gustavus Adolphus College. U. S. Highway 169 and Minnesota State Highways 22 and 99 are three of the routes in the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,196 people,3,491 households, the population density was 2,002.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,697 housing units at a density of 661.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 1% White,3. 3% African American,0. 6% Native American,1. 6% Asian,2. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 4% of the population. 29. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99. The median age in the city was 27.5 years. 19. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,27. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 22% were from 25 to 44,19. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 5% male and 50. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,747 people,2,978 households, and 1,843 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,797.3 people per square mile, there were 3,129 housing units at an average density of 577.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 17% White,1. 57% African American,0. 43% Native American,1. 53% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 25% from other races, and 1. 02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 04% of the population,28. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was out with 19. 8% under the age of 18,30. 6% from 18 to 24,21. 3% from 25 to 44,16. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $40,344, and the median income for a family was $51,157
18.
Le Sueur, Minnesota
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Le Sueur is a city in Le Sueur and Sibley counties in the U. S. state of Minnesota, between Mankato and the Twin Cities. It lies along the Minnesota River and U. S. Highway 169, Le Sueur was named in honor of the French explorer Pierre-Charles Le Sueur. The population was 4,058 at the 2010 census, the community is known locally as the Valley of the Jolly Green Giant. A large billboard, with the caption Welcome to the Valley and Green Giant logo, remains even after the company, Pillsbury merged with General Mills in 2001. In 2016, General Mills spun off Green Giant to B&G Foods, the old canning processing plant in Le Sueur was used until 1995. It is still used for Ag related research for corn varieties, Peas are no longer researched at the Le Sueur plant. The sugar snap pea variety was developed by a scientist at the Le Sueur plant, Le Sueur was named its current name in 1853 by the community there at the time after the explorer Pierre-Charles Le Sueur who explored this area from 1683 to 1722. Before this, the area was known by the French as Prairie la flecke and it is believed this place name originates from a translation of the natives name for the area, wahinoge, or flint quarry, a material used to make arrowheads. The first person to make a claim on the area that is now Le Sueur City was George W. Thompson in 1852, soon after Thompson settled here, Henry McLean demanded Thompsons vacation by presenting a license from the governor for him to operate with natives of the area. Although Thompson could no longer operate on the land, Thompson was able to claim lands one mile upriver. In the same year, Thompson was accompanied by a party led by J. M, farmer in founding the village of Le Sueur. McLean, accompanied by John Christy and John Catheart, attempted to found their own village of Le Sueur unaware of the village upriver, due to Le Sueur already being legally platted upriver, McLean was required to settle for the name Le Sueur City. Rivalry over the claim of Le Sueur caused both cities to legislate civil matters separately and deterred the incorporation of either community. However, this was remedied by an act by Minnesota Legislature to unite both communities into one borough town, Le Sueur, in 1867. William Worrall Mayo was a resident who began his practice in Le Sueur. He eventually founded the world-famous Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota with his sons William, the company now known as Green Giant was founded in 1903 as The Minnesota Valley Canning Company by 14 Le Sueur local merchants. In 1925, along with the introduction of Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas, the new mascot spurred the company to change its name to Green Giant Co. in 1950. The Canning company flourished in Le Sueur until Pillsburys purchase of Green Giant 1979 which moved Green Giant headquarters from Le Sueur to Minneapolis
19.
William Worrall Mayo
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William Worrall Mayo was a British-American medical doctor and chemist. He is best known for establishing the medical practice that later evolved into the Mayo Clinic. He was a descendant of a famous English chemist, John Mayow and his sons, William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo, established a joint medical practice in Rochester in the U. S. state of Minnesota in the 1880s. Mayo left for the U. S. in 1846 and his first work in his new country was as a pharmacist at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, though he soon moved westward. Mayo spent a period of time in Buffalo, New York before settling in Lafayette. He returned to medicine in 1849, assisting in an outbreak and then attending courses at Indiana Medical College in La Porte. Although the training there would probably be considered mediocre by modern standards, the school did have a microscope, knowledge of how to use this instrument proved to be useful in Mayos future practice. He received his M. D. degree on February 14,1850, in 1851, Mayo married Louise Abigail Wright, and two years later, they had their first child, Gertrude. Around this time, Mayo left for a winter to work as an assistant at the University of Missouris medical department. He returned in 1854, but contracted malaria and decided to leave the Lafayette area, saying, Mayo found his way to Minnesota, which he thought would have a more healthful climate and where he did recover from malaria. He settled in Saint Paul, but returned to Indiana a short time later to bring his family to the Minnesota territory, Mayo then found his way to the present-day area of Duluth where he worked as a census-taker. He brought his family to a village named Cronans Precinct along the Minnesota River where he became known as the Little Doctor because of his 5-foot-4-inch stature. Mayo tried his hand at a number of different activities including farming, operating a ferry service, by this time, he had two more daughters in his family, Phoebe and Sarah. After a flood in 1859, the moved to a home on Main Street in Le Sueur. There, he set up his first official practice. Mayo took to publishing a newspaper, the Le Sueur Courier. He also spent time working on a steamboat, the family saw its first male addition, William James Mayo, in 1861. As the American Civil War began that year, Mayo attempted to procure a commission as a military surgeon
20.
William James Mayo
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William James Mayo was a physician and surgeon in the United States and one of the seven founders of the Mayo Clinic. He and his brother, Charles Horace Mayo, both joined their fathers medical practice in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, after graduating from medical school in the 1880s. In 1919, that became the not-for-profit Mayo Clinic. Augustus Stinchfield was also asked to join the practice in 1892 by William Worrall Mayo. Once Stinchfield was hired, W. W. Mayo retired at age 73, others who were invited to be part of the enterprise were C. Graham, E. Starr Judd, Henry Stanley Plummer, Melvin Millet and this group of doctors, along with their dedicated staff, created the worlds first private integrated group practice. The generosity of the Mayo brothers and their partners, together with their shared industry, will Mayo was born to William Worrall Mayo and his wife Louise in Le Sueur, Minnesota in his parents home. As a child, William and his brother Charles frequently accompanied their father as he went about his business as a pioneer physician and they began by helping out with very menial tasks, and were gradually given more responsibility. Eventually, the boys were administering anesthesia and tying off blood vessels, on a stormy night at the age of 16, Will accompanied his father to an abandoned hotel where one of the elder Mayos patients worked as the caretaker. The patient had just died and Mayo was going to perform an autopsy, will stood by and watched the procedure and after about an hour, it was time to go to another patients home. Mayo asked his son to stay behind and clean up, sew up the incisions and then tuck the sheet around the corpse. When you finish, go right home, Mayo earned his medical degree from the University of Michigan in 1883, where he became a founder of Nu Sigma Nu Medical Fraternity. Afterwards he returned to Rochester to practice alongside his father. On August 21,1883, a tornado struck Rochester, killing 24 people. One-third of the town was destroyed, but young Will and his family escaped serious harm, the relief efforts began immediately with a temporary hospital being established at the towns dance hall. On September 30,1889, the dream became reality as Saint Marys Hospital opened its doors. Mayo,70 years old, became the physician and surgeon at the hospital. William J. Mayo married Hattie Marie Damon in 1888 and they had 3 children—William Damon Mayo, Worrall Mayo, and Helen Phoebe Mayo—between 1889 and 1893
21.
Charles Horace Mayo
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The Mayos first partner was Augustus Stinchfield, who was hired by William Worrall Mayo. Once in place as a partner in the practice, W. W. Mayo retired at age 73. The private practice became the not-for-profit Mayo Clinic in 1919, at that point, the remaining partners went on salary, and the Mayo Properties Association was established. The worlds first integrated group practice was established by the seven partners, the Mayo Clinic came to be regarded as one of the foremost medical treatment and research institutions in the world. Within Mayos lifetime it registered one million patients, the idea of medical specialization was developed by this group of medical pioneers. A close and enduring relationship between the Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota Medical School developed, C. H. Mayo specialized in surgery of the thyroid and nervous system. He was also responsible for the clinics ophthalmic patients until 1908 and he and early partners insisted on sterile conditions in the operating room, and that was one of many factors which contributed to the medical practices early surgical successes. Mayo retired in 1930 and died of pneumonia in 1939 in Chicago and his two sons Charles William Mayo and Joseph Graham Mayo both worked at the clinic. Joseph Graham Mayo was killed in November 1936 in an accident when a train hit his car killing him and his hunting dog, mr. Mayo and his dog were buried in the same casket. And a grandson, Charles Horace Mayo II, served a residency at the clinic, the United States Postal Service released a stamp on September 11,1964 depicting Charles Horace Mayo and his brother. The Doctors Mayo, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-0465-7324, B, Man behind the instrument. Mayo, William Worrall Mayo, William James Mayo, Charles Horace. The British journal of nursing, NATNews, the official journal of the National Association of Theatre Nurses,4, p.25, PMID7696772 Corman, M L, Classic articles in colonic. Colon Rectum,25, pp. 734–9, PMID6751724 Brahma, B, Singh, M, James, W, Horace, C, The man behind the name,1819, Dr William James 1861-1939, Dr Charles Horace 1865-1939. NATNews,19, p.11, PMID7040978 Carson, C C, investigative urology,18, pp. 313–4, PMID7005182 Agris, J, Stamps commemorating medicine. The Doctors William James and Charles Horace Mayo, the Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology,6, p.523, PMID6993517 Mayo Clinic History
22.
Mankato, Minnesota
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Mankato is a city in Blue Earth, Nicollet, and Le Sueur counties in the State of Minnesota. The population was 41,044 according to 2015 US census estimates, the county seat of Blue Earth County, it is located along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. Mankato is across the Minnesota River from North Mankato, Mankato and North Mankato have a combined population of over 53,000, according to the 2010 census. It completely encompasses the town of Skyline, North of Mankato Regional Airport, a tiny non-contiguous part of the city is located within Le Sueur County. Most of the city of Mankato is located within Blue Earth County, Mankato was designated a Metropolitan Statistical Area by the U. S. Census Bureau in November 2008. Highways 14 and 169 and Minnesota State Highways 22 and 60 are four of the routes in Mankato. The area was settled by various cultures of indigenous peoples. After European colonization began on the East Coast, pressure from settlement, by the mid-nineteenth century Dakota language–speaking four divisions of the Dakota Sioux were the primary indigenous group in the territory. Mankato Township was not settled by European Americans until Parsons King Johnson in February 1852, New residents organized the city of Mankato on May 11,1858. The city was organized by Henry Jackson, Parsons King Johnson, Col. D. A. Robertson, a popular story says that the city was intended to have been named Mahkato, but a typographical error by a clerk established the name as Mankato. While it may or may not be true that the city was intended to be called Mahkato, the Anglo settlers adapted that as the Blue Earth River. Ishtakhaba, also known as Chief Sleepy Eye, of the Sisseton band of Dakota Indians was said to have directed settlers to this location. He said the site at the confluence of the Minnesota and Blue Earth Rivers was well suited for building and for river traffic, and yet safe from flooding. On December 26,1862, the US Army carried out the largest mass execution in U. S. history at Mankato following the Dakota War of 1862, thirty-eight Dakota Native Americans were hanged for their parts in the uprising. A military tribunal had sentenced 303 to death, President Lincoln reviewed the record and pardoned 265, believing they had been involved in legitimate defense against military forces. Episcopal Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple had urged leniency in the case, lincolns intervention was not popular at the time. Two commemorative statues are located on the site of the hangings, in 1880, Mankato ranked fourth in size in the state. Former Vice President Schuyler Colfax died while traveling in Mankato on January 13,1885, Mankato served as the basis for the Deep Valley of Maud Hart Lovelaces Betsy-Tacy series of childrens books and novels
23.
William Watts Folwell
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William Watts Folwell was an educator, writer and historian who was the first president of the University of Minnesota. Folwell was born in 1833 in Romulus, New York and he attended Hobart College in Geneva, New York, where he received his undergraduate degree in 1857. Folwell was a member of Alpha Delta Phi fraternity at Hobart, in 1859, he became adjunct professor of mathematics there, and received a Master of Arts degree in 1860. He spent the years 1860-1861 in the study of philology at Berlin and in travel, during the American Civil War, he served in the 50th New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment where he received the rank of brevet lieutenant colonel of engineers. After the Civil War, Folwell briefly engaged in business pursuits in Ohio and accepted a position as the chair of mathematics at Kenyon College, in 1869, he became the University of Minnesotas first president. When he first assumed the presidency, the university consisted of just eight faculty members and 100 students in a single building, Folwells plans caused some tension with more traditional faculty, leading to resignations in 1879 and an amicable end to his presidency in 1884. Folwell continued to serve the university as the chair of the political science department. After retiring the University named a new building Folwell Hall in his honor, Folwell was also a major advocate for parks in Minneapolis, serving on the citys park board from 1889 to 1907 and as the boards president from 1895 to 1903. He supported Horace Clevelands vision of a network of parks crossing the city, Folwell later became president of the Minnesota Historical Society, serving there from 1924 to 1927. He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis, books written by Folwell, Folwell, William Watts. Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Co, Folwell, William Watts, Buck, Solon J. William Watts Folwell, The Autobiography and Letters of a Pioneer of Culture. Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota Press, two collections of William Watts Folwells papers are available for research use at the University Archives, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. They include correspondence, civil war letters, genealogical correspondence, manuscripts by Folwell, newspaper clippings, and diaries by Folwell
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
Minnesota Historical Society
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The Minnesota Historical Society is a nonprofit educational and cultural institution dedicated to preserving the history of the U. S. state of Minnesota. It was founded by the legislature in 1849, almost a decade before statehood. The Society is named in the Minnesota Constitution and it is headquartered in the Minnesota History Center in downtown St. Paul. Although its focus is on Minnesota history it is not constrained by it and its work on the North American fur trade has been recognized in Canada as well. The Minnesota Historical Society operates 31 historic sites and museums,26 of which are open to the public, MNHS manages 14 sites directly and 10 in partnerships where the society maintains the resources and provides funding. Five sites are being held for preservation but are closed to public access, seven of the sites are National Historic Landmarks and 16 others are on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven sites lie within Minnesota state parks, and three are elements of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, journals and other documents of the Minnesota Historical Society. Minnesota Historical Society / Internet Archive
United States