1.
Dakota War of 1862
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It began on August 17,1862, along the Minnesota River in southwest Minnesota. It ended with an execution of 38 Dakota men on December 26,1862, in Mankato. Throughout the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and late or unfair annuity payments by Indian agents caused increasing hunger, traders with the Dakota previously had demanded that the government give the annuity payments directly to them. In mid-1862, the Dakota demanded the annuities directly from their agent, the traders refused to provide any more supplies on credit under those conditions, and negotiations reached an impasse. On August 17,1862, one young Dakota with a party of three others killed five settlers while on a hunting expedition. That night a council of Dakota decided to attack throughout the Minnesota River valley to try to drive whites out of the area. There has never been a report on the number of settlers killed, although in Abraham Lincolns second annual address, he noted that not less than 800 men, women. Over the next months, continued battles pitting the Dakota against settlers and later. By late December 1862, soldiers had taken more than a thousand Dakota. After trials and sentencing,38 Dakota were hanged on December 26,1862, in April 1863, the rest of the Dakota were expelled from Minnesota to Nebraska and South Dakota. The United States Congress abolished their reservations. S, in exchange for promises of money and goods. From that time on, the Dakota were to live on a 20-mile wide Indian reservation centered on a 150 mile stretch of the upper Minnesota River, however, the United States Senate deleted Article 3 of each treaty, which set out reservations, during the ratification process. Much of the promised compensation never arrived, was lost, or was effectively stolen due to corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, also, annuity payments guaranteed to the Dakota often were provided directly to traders instead. When Minnesota became a state on May 11,1858, representatives of several Dakota bands led by Little Crow traveled to Washington, D. C. to negotiate about enforcing existing treaties. The northern half of the reservation along the Minnesota River was lost and this was a major blow to the standing of Little Crow in the Dakota community. The land was divided into townships and plots for settlement, logging and agriculture on these plots eliminated surrounding forests and prairies, which interrupted the Dakotas annual cycle of farming, hunting, fishing and gathering wild rice. Hunting by settlers dramatically reduced wild game, such as bison, elk, whitetail deer, not only did this decrease the meat available for the Dakota in southern and western Minnesota, but it directly reduced their ability to sell furs to traders for additional supplies. Although payments were guaranteed, the US government was often behind or failed to pay because of Federal preoccupation with the American Civil War, most land in the river valley was not arable, and hunting could no longer support the Dakota community
2.
New Ulm, Minnesota
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New Ulm is a city in Brown County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,522 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Brown County. New Ulm is the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. U. S. Highway 14 and Minnesota State Highways 15 and 68 are three of the routes in the city. The city was founded in 1854 by the German Land Company of Chicago, the city was named after the city of Neu-Ulm in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany. Ulm and Neu-Ulm are sister cities, with Ulm being situated on the Baden-Württemberg side, in part due to the citys German heritage, it is a center for brewing in the Upper Midwest, home to the August Schell Brewing Company. In 1856, the Settlement Association of the Socialist Turner Society helped to secure the citys future. The Turners originated in Germany in the first half of the century, promoted with the slogan. Following the Revolutions of 1848, substantial numbers of Germans emigrated to the United States, following a series of attacks by nativist mobs in major cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville, a national convention of Turners authorized the formation of a colony on the frontier. Intending to begin a community that expressed Turner ideals, the Settlement Association joined the Chicago Germans who had struggled here due to a lack of capital, the Turners supplied that, as well as hundreds of colonizers from the east who arrived in 1856. As a representation of Turner ideals, the city plan reflected those values, the German Land Company hired Christian Prignitz to complete a new plan for New Ulm, filed in April 1858. This master plan for New Ulm expressed a vision of the city’s future. At the heart of the community stood blocks reserved for Turner Hall, the county courthouse, and a school, representing the political, social. The westernmost avenues were named after American heroes George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, members obtained the means to support themselves — in harmony with nature — through the distribution of four-acre garden lots located outside of the residential area. Historian Dennis Gimmestad wrote, “The founders’ goals created a community persona that sets New Ulm apart from the Minnesota towns founded by speculators or railroad companies. The New Ulm founders aspired to establish a town with a philosophical, economic, and social character. ”In the Dakota War of 1862. Retreating behind barricades that protected the city center, local citizens fought back, much of the town outside the barricades was burned. On July 15,1881, New Ulm was struck by a tornado that killed 6
3.
Lakota people
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They speak the Lakota language, the westernmost of the three Siouan language groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. Siouan language speakers may have originated in the lower Mississippi River region and they were agriculturalists and may have been part of the Mound Builder civilization during the 9th–12th centuries CE. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Dakota-Lakota speakers lived in the upper Mississippi Region in present-day Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, conflicts with Anishnaabe and Cree peoples pushed the Lakota west onto the Great Plains in the mid- to late-17th century. Early Lakota history is recorded in their Winter counts, pictorial calendars painted on hides or later recorded on paper, the Battiste Good winter count records Lakota history back to 900 CE, when White Buffalo Calf Woman gave the Lakota people the White Buffalo Calf Pipe. Around 1730, Cheyenne people introduced the Lakota to horses, called šuŋkawakaŋ, after their adoption of horse culture, Lakota society centered on the buffalo hunt on horseback. The total population of the Sioux was estimated at 28,000 by French explorers in 1660, the Lakota population was first estimated at 8,500 in 1805, growing steadily and reaching 16,110 in 1881. The Lakota were, thus, one of the few Native American tribes to increase in population in the 19th century, the number of Lakota has now increased to more than 170,000, of whom about 2,000 still speak the Lakota language. However, by about 1750 the Saône had moved to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglála, the large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had long prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri. However, the smallpox epidemic of 1772–1780 destroyed three-quarters of these tribes. The Lakota crossed the river into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains and these newcomers were the Saône, well-mounted and increasingly confident, who spread out quickly. In 1765, a Saône exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the Black Hills, ten years later, the Oglála and Brulé also crossed the river. In 1776, the Lakota defeated the Cheyenne, who had taken the region from the Kiowa. The Cheyenne then moved west to the Powder River country, initial United States contact with the Lakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 was marked by a standoff. Lakota bands refused to allow the explorers to continue upstream, and the expedition prepared for battle, some bands of Lakotas became the first Indians to help the United States Army in an Indian war west of the Missiouri during the Arikara War in 1823. In 1843, the southern Lakotas attacked Pawnee Chief Blue Coats village near the Loup in Nebraska, killing many, next time the Lakotas inflicted a blow so severe on the Pawnee would be in 1873, during the Massacre Canyon battle near Republican River. The Cheyenne and Lakota had previously attacked emigrant parties in a competition for resources, the Fort Laramie Treaty acknowledged Lakota sovereignty over the Great Plains in exchange for free passage on the Oregon Trail for as long as the river flows and the eagle flies. The United States government did not enforce the treaty restriction against unauthorized settlement, Lakota and other bands attacked settlers and even emigrant trains, causing public pressure on the U. S. Army to punish the hostiles. On September 3,1855,700 soldiers under American General William S. Harney avenged the Grattan Massacre by attacking a Lakota village in Nebraska, killing about 100 men, women, and children
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Minnesota River
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The Minnesota River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles long, in the U. S. state of Minnesota. It drains a watershed of nearly 17,000 square miles,14,751 square miles in Minnesota and about 2,000 sq mi in South Dakota and Iowa. It rises in southwestern Minnesota, in Big Stone Lake on the Minnesota–South Dakota border just south of the Laurentian Divide at the Traverse Gap portage and it flows southeast to Mankato, then turns northeast. It joins the Mississippi south of the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, the valley is one of several distinct regions of Minnesota. An illustration of the meaning of words was shown by dropping a little milk into water. For over a prior to the organization of the Minnesota Territory in 1849. Minnesota River is shown on the 1757 edition of Mitchell Map as Ouadebameniſsouté or R. St. Peter, the valley that the Minnesota River flows in is up to five miles wide and 250 feet deep. It was carved into the landscape by the massive glacial River Warren between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago at the end of the last ice age in North America, pierre-Charles Le Sueur was the first European to visit the river. The Minnesota Territory, and later the state, were named for the river, the river valley is notable as the origin and center of the canning industry in Minnesota. In 1903 Carson Nesbit Cosgrove, an entrepreneur in Le Sueur presided at the meeting of the Minnesota Valley Canning Company. By 1930, the Minnesota River valley had emerged as one of the countrys largest producers of sweet corn, green Giant had five canneries in Minnesota in addition to the original facility in Le Sueur. Cosgroves son, Edward, and grandson, Robert also served as heads of the company over the decades before the company was acquired by General Mills. Several docks for barges exist along the river, farm grains, including corn, are transported to the ports of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, and then shipped down the Mississippi River. List of Minnesota rivers List of crossings of the Minnesota River Sansome, Minnesota Underfoot, A Field Guide to the States Outstanding Geologic Features. The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota, Minnesota, a river which crosses the state of Minnesota. Minnesota, or St. Peters, a river of Minnesota
6.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
7.
St. Peter, Minnesota
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St. Peter is a city located in Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States. The city is located 10 miles north of the Mankato – North Mankato metropolitan area, the population was 11,196 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Nicollet County, Saint Peter is the home of Gustavus Adolphus College. U. S. Highway 169 and Minnesota State Highways 22 and 99 are three of the routes in the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,196 people,3,491 households, the population density was 2,002.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,697 housing units at a density of 661.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 1% White,3. 3% African American,0. 6% Native American,1. 6% Asian,2. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 4% of the population. 29. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99. The median age in the city was 27.5 years. 19. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,27. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 22% were from 25 to 44,19. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 5% male and 50. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,747 people,2,978 households, and 1,843 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,797.3 people per square mile, there were 3,129 housing units at an average density of 577.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 17% White,1. 57% African American,0. 43% Native American,1. 53% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 25% from other races, and 1. 02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 04% of the population,28. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was out with 19. 8% under the age of 18,30. 6% from 18 to 24,21. 3% from 25 to 44,16. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $40,344, and the median income for a family was $51,157
8.
William James Mayo
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William James Mayo was a physician and surgeon in the United States and one of the seven founders of the Mayo Clinic. He and his brother, Charles Horace Mayo, both joined their fathers medical practice in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, after graduating from medical school in the 1880s. In 1919, that became the not-for-profit Mayo Clinic. Augustus Stinchfield was also asked to join the practice in 1892 by William Worrall Mayo. Once Stinchfield was hired, W. W. Mayo retired at age 73, others who were invited to be part of the enterprise were C. Graham, E. Starr Judd, Henry Stanley Plummer, Melvin Millet and this group of doctors, along with their dedicated staff, created the worlds first private integrated group practice. The generosity of the Mayo brothers and their partners, together with their shared industry, will Mayo was born to William Worrall Mayo and his wife Louise in Le Sueur, Minnesota in his parents home. As a child, William and his brother Charles frequently accompanied their father as he went about his business as a pioneer physician and they began by helping out with very menial tasks, and were gradually given more responsibility. Eventually, the boys were administering anesthesia and tying off blood vessels, on a stormy night at the age of 16, Will accompanied his father to an abandoned hotel where one of the elder Mayos patients worked as the caretaker. The patient had just died and Mayo was going to perform an autopsy, will stood by and watched the procedure and after about an hour, it was time to go to another patients home. Mayo asked his son to stay behind and clean up, sew up the incisions and then tuck the sheet around the corpse. When you finish, go right home, Mayo earned his medical degree from the University of Michigan in 1883, where he became a founder of Nu Sigma Nu Medical Fraternity. Afterwards he returned to Rochester to practice alongside his father. On August 21,1883, a tornado struck Rochester, killing 24 people. One-third of the town was destroyed, but young Will and his family escaped serious harm, the relief efforts began immediately with a temporary hospital being established at the towns dance hall. On September 30,1889, the dream became reality as Saint Marys Hospital opened its doors. Mayo,70 years old, became the physician and surgeon at the hospital. William J. Mayo married Hattie Marie Damon in 1888 and they had 3 children—William Damon Mayo, Worrall Mayo, and Helen Phoebe Mayo—between 1889 and 1893
9.
Mankato, Minnesota
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Mankato is a city in Blue Earth, Nicollet, and Le Sueur counties in the State of Minnesota. The population was 41,044 according to 2015 US census estimates, the county seat of Blue Earth County, it is located along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. Mankato is across the Minnesota River from North Mankato, Mankato and North Mankato have a combined population of over 53,000, according to the 2010 census. It completely encompasses the town of Skyline, North of Mankato Regional Airport, a tiny non-contiguous part of the city is located within Le Sueur County. Most of the city of Mankato is located within Blue Earth County, Mankato was designated a Metropolitan Statistical Area by the U. S. Census Bureau in November 2008. Highways 14 and 169 and Minnesota State Highways 22 and 60 are four of the routes in Mankato. The area was settled by various cultures of indigenous peoples. After European colonization began on the East Coast, pressure from settlement, by the mid-nineteenth century Dakota language–speaking four divisions of the Dakota Sioux were the primary indigenous group in the territory. Mankato Township was not settled by European Americans until Parsons King Johnson in February 1852, New residents organized the city of Mankato on May 11,1858. The city was organized by Henry Jackson, Parsons King Johnson, Col. D. A. Robertson, a popular story says that the city was intended to have been named Mahkato, but a typographical error by a clerk established the name as Mankato. While it may or may not be true that the city was intended to be called Mahkato, the Anglo settlers adapted that as the Blue Earth River. Ishtakhaba, also known as Chief Sleepy Eye, of the Sisseton band of Dakota Indians was said to have directed settlers to this location. He said the site at the confluence of the Minnesota and Blue Earth Rivers was well suited for building and for river traffic, and yet safe from flooding. On December 26,1862, the US Army carried out the largest mass execution in U. S. history at Mankato following the Dakota War of 1862, thirty-eight Dakota Native Americans were hanged for their parts in the uprising. A military tribunal had sentenced 303 to death, President Lincoln reviewed the record and pardoned 265, believing they had been involved in legitimate defense against military forces. Episcopal Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple had urged leniency in the case, lincolns intervention was not popular at the time. Two commemorative statues are located on the site of the hangings, in 1880, Mankato ranked fourth in size in the state. Former Vice President Schuyler Colfax died while traveling in Mankato on January 13,1885, Mankato served as the basis for the Deep Valley of Maud Hart Lovelaces Betsy-Tacy series of childrens books and novels
10.
Minnesota Historical Society
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The Minnesota Historical Society is a nonprofit educational and cultural institution dedicated to preserving the history of the U. S. state of Minnesota. It was founded by the legislature in 1849, almost a decade before statehood. The Society is named in the Minnesota Constitution and it is headquartered in the Minnesota History Center in downtown St. Paul. Although its focus is on Minnesota history it is not constrained by it and its work on the North American fur trade has been recognized in Canada as well. The Minnesota Historical Society operates 31 historic sites and museums,26 of which are open to the public, MNHS manages 14 sites directly and 10 in partnerships where the society maintains the resources and provides funding. Five sites are being held for preservation but are closed to public access, seven of the sites are National Historic Landmarks and 16 others are on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven sites lie within Minnesota state parks, and three are elements of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, journals and other documents of the Minnesota Historical Society. Minnesota Historical Society / Internet Archive
11.
Le Sueur, Minnesota
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Le Sueur is a city in Le Sueur and Sibley counties in the U. S. state of Minnesota, between Mankato and the Twin Cities. It lies along the Minnesota River and U. S. Highway 169, Le Sueur was named in honor of the French explorer Pierre-Charles Le Sueur. The population was 4,058 at the 2010 census, the community is known locally as the Valley of the Jolly Green Giant. A large billboard, with the caption Welcome to the Valley and Green Giant logo, remains even after the company, Pillsbury merged with General Mills in 2001. In 2016, General Mills spun off Green Giant to B&G Foods, the old canning processing plant in Le Sueur was used until 1995. It is still used for Ag related research for corn varieties, Peas are no longer researched at the Le Sueur plant. The sugar snap pea variety was developed by a scientist at the Le Sueur plant, Le Sueur was named its current name in 1853 by the community there at the time after the explorer Pierre-Charles Le Sueur who explored this area from 1683 to 1722. Before this, the area was known by the French as Prairie la flecke and it is believed this place name originates from a translation of the natives name for the area, wahinoge, or flint quarry, a material used to make arrowheads. The first person to make a claim on the area that is now Le Sueur City was George W. Thompson in 1852, soon after Thompson settled here, Henry McLean demanded Thompsons vacation by presenting a license from the governor for him to operate with natives of the area. Although Thompson could no longer operate on the land, Thompson was able to claim lands one mile upriver. In the same year, Thompson was accompanied by a party led by J. M, farmer in founding the village of Le Sueur. McLean, accompanied by John Christy and John Catheart, attempted to found their own village of Le Sueur unaware of the village upriver, due to Le Sueur already being legally platted upriver, McLean was required to settle for the name Le Sueur City. Rivalry over the claim of Le Sueur caused both cities to legislate civil matters separately and deterred the incorporation of either community. However, this was remedied by an act by Minnesota Legislature to unite both communities into one borough town, Le Sueur, in 1867. William Worrall Mayo was a resident who began his practice in Le Sueur. He eventually founded the world-famous Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota with his sons William, the company now known as Green Giant was founded in 1903 as The Minnesota Valley Canning Company by 14 Le Sueur local merchants. In 1925, along with the introduction of Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas, the new mascot spurred the company to change its name to Green Giant Co. in 1950. The Canning company flourished in Le Sueur until Pillsburys purchase of Green Giant 1979 which moved Green Giant headquarters from Le Sueur to Minneapolis
12.
William Worrall Mayo
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William Worrall Mayo was a British-American medical doctor and chemist. He is best known for establishing the medical practice that later evolved into the Mayo Clinic. He was a descendant of a famous English chemist, John Mayow and his sons, William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo, established a joint medical practice in Rochester in the U. S. state of Minnesota in the 1880s. Mayo left for the U. S. in 1846 and his first work in his new country was as a pharmacist at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, though he soon moved westward. Mayo spent a period of time in Buffalo, New York before settling in Lafayette. He returned to medicine in 1849, assisting in an outbreak and then attending courses at Indiana Medical College in La Porte. Although the training there would probably be considered mediocre by modern standards, the school did have a microscope, knowledge of how to use this instrument proved to be useful in Mayos future practice. He received his M. D. degree on February 14,1850, in 1851, Mayo married Louise Abigail Wright, and two years later, they had their first child, Gertrude. Around this time, Mayo left for a winter to work as an assistant at the University of Missouris medical department. He returned in 1854, but contracted malaria and decided to leave the Lafayette area, saying, Mayo found his way to Minnesota, which he thought would have a more healthful climate and where he did recover from malaria. He settled in Saint Paul, but returned to Indiana a short time later to bring his family to the Minnesota territory, Mayo then found his way to the present-day area of Duluth where he worked as a census-taker. He brought his family to a village named Cronans Precinct along the Minnesota River where he became known as the Little Doctor because of his 5-foot-4-inch stature. Mayo tried his hand at a number of different activities including farming, operating a ferry service, by this time, he had two more daughters in his family, Phoebe and Sarah. After a flood in 1859, the moved to a home on Main Street in Le Sueur. There, he set up his first official practice. Mayo took to publishing a newspaper, the Le Sueur Courier. He also spent time working on a steamboat, the family saw its first male addition, William James Mayo, in 1861. As the American Civil War began that year, Mayo attempted to procure a commission as a military surgeon
United States