Baydu was the sixth ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in West Asia based on the Iranian Plateau. He was the son of Taraqai, who was in turn the fifth son of Hulagu Khan. He succeeded his
Negotiations between representatives of Ghazan and Baydu. Miniature from the manuscript of Jami' al-tawarikh. 15th century, Herat
A coin from the reign of Baydu with Uyghur script
Arghun Khan was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate division, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist. He was known for sending severa
Arghun and Tekuder as illustrated by Sayf al-Vahidi in Hafiz-i Abru's "Majma al-tawarikh"
"The war of two Il-Khanid rulers, Arghun Khan vs. Sultan Ahmad" (Tekuder). Folio from a revised, Safavid-era edition of the Safvat al-safa ("The Quintessence of Purity"), Shiraz, Iran, dated September 1582
Arghun's ambassador Rabban Bar Sauma travelled from Peking in the East, to Rome, Paris and Bordeaux in the West, meeting with the major rulers of the period, even before Marco Polo's return from Asia.
1289 letter of Arghun to Philip the Fair, in Mongolian language and classical Mongolian script, with detail of the introduction. The letter was remitted to the French king by Buscarel of Gisolfe. The seal is that of the Great Khan, with Chinese Script: “輔國安民之寶”, which means "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". The paper is of Korean manufacture. 182x25 cm. French National Archives.