Bea Benaderet

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Bea Benaderet
Bea Benadaret 1966.JPG
1966 publicity photo
Born
Beatrice Benaderet

(1906-04-04)April 4, 1906
New York City, United States
DiedOctober 13, 1968(1968-10-13) (aged 62)
Los Angeles, California, United States
Cause of deathLung cancer and pneumonia
Resting placeValhalla Memorial Park Cemetery, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
EducationSt. Rose Academy High School
OccupationActress, voice actress
Years active1926–1968
Spouse(s)
Jim Bannon
(m. 1938; div. 1950)

Eugene Twombly
(m. 1957; her death 1968)
Children2, including Jack Bannon

Beatrice Benaderet (/ˌbɛnəˈdɛrət/ BEN-ə-DERR-ət; April 4, 1906 – October 13, 1968) was an American radio and television actress and voice actress. Born in New York City and raised in San Francisco, she began performing in Bay Area theatre and radio before embarking on a Hollywood career that spanned over three decades. Benaderet first specialized in voiceover work in the golden age of radio, appearing on numerous programs while working with noted comedians of the era such as Jack Benny, Burns and Allen, and Lucille Ball, and her expertise in dialect and characterization led to her becoming Warner Bros.' leading voice of female characters in their animated cartoons of the early 1940s through the mid-1950s.

Benaderet was then a prominent figure on television in situation comedies, first with The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show from 1950 to 1958, for which she earned two Emmy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress. In the 1960s, she had regular roles in four series up until her death from lung cancer in 1968, including the commercial successes The Beverly Hillbillies, The Flintstones, and her best known role as Kate Bradley in Petticoat Junction. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame honoring her work in television.

Early life[edit]

Beatrice Benaderet was born on April 4, 1906[a][note 1] in New York City.[6][8][9] Her mother, Margaret O'Keefe (1888–1936), was Irish-American,[10] and her father, Samuel David Benaderet (1884–1954),[11] a Turkish Sephardic emigrant,[12] was a tobacconist who relocated the family from New York to San Francisco, California in 1915 after his participation in the Panama–Pacific International Exposition.[13] The same year, he opened a smoke shop that would conduct business in the city for the next 65 years, making it the oldest such retailer in California at the time of its closure in 1980.[13]

Benaderet studied voice and the piano at a young age,[14] and her participation in a children's radio production of The Beggar's Opera at the age of 12 attracted the attention of the manager of radio station KGO, who invited her to join as a junior vocalist.[5][15] Benaderet graduated from St. Rose Academy, a private all-girls' high school,[15][16] and made her professional stage debut at sixteen, in a production of The Prince of Pilsen.[17] She then attended the Reginald Travers School of Acting and joined his San Francisco stock company The Players' Guild,[18] appearing in stage productions of works such as Polly, Lysistrata and Uncle Tom's Cabin.[19][20][21]

Career[edit]

Radio[edit]

Benaderet and Gale Gordon on Granby's Green Acres in 1950

In 1926, Benaderet joined the staff of KFRC, which was under the new ownership of Don Lee and where her duties included acting, singing, writing, and producing.[22][23] Initially seeking work as a dramatic actress, she switched to comedy and performed on multiple shows in nine years with the station, in particular the Blue Monday Jamboree variety program,[22] where her castmates included Meredith Willson, Elvia Allman, and future I Love Lucy producer Jess Oppenheimer.[8][24][25] Benaderet honed a variety of dialects such as French, Spanish, New York English, and Yiddish, the latter from voicing a character named "Rheba Haufawitz".[8][22] She additionally hosted the musical variety show Salon Moderne and gained attention for her work as a female announcer,[23][26][note 2] which had become a rarity in radio in the 1930s.[27]

Benaderet moved to Los Angeles station KHJ in 1936.[28] She made her network radio debut upon being hired by Orson Welles for his Mercury Theatre repertory company heard on The Campbell Playhouse.[5][29] The following year she received her first big break in the industry on The Jack Benny Program, where she played Gertrude Gearshift, a wisecracking Brooklyn-accented telephone operator who gossiped about Jack Benny with her cohort Mabel Flapsaddle (Sara Berner).[30][31][32] Intended as a one-time appearance, the pair became a recurring role starting in the 1945–46 season, and in early 1947, Benaderet and Berner momentarily took over the actual NBC switchboards in Hollywood for publicity photos.[30] She performed in as many as five shows daily,[33] causing her rehearsal dates to conflict with those of The Jack Benny Program and resulting in her reading live as Gertrude from a marked script she was handed upon entering the studio.[33]

Other recurring characters Benaderet portrayed were Blanche Morton on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show; school principal Eve Goodwin on The Great Gildersleeve; Millicent Carstairs on Fibber McGee & Molly; Gloria the maid on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet;[34][35] and Iris Atterbury on the Lucille Ball vehicle My Favorite Husband, opposite Gale Gordon. Benaderet voiced various one-time parts before joining the main cast as Iris, the neighbor and friend of Ball's character Liz Cooper.[25] The 1950 CBS program Granby's Green Acres, a perceived spinoff of My Favorite Husband,[36] was her one radio lead role and reunited her with Gordon as a husband and wife who abandon city life to become farmers, but it lasted only eight episodes.[37]

Voice acting[edit]

Starting in 1943, Benaderet became Warner Bros.' primary voice of adult female supporting characters for their Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes animated shorts.[29] Her characterizations included an obnoxious teenage bobbysox version of Little Red Riding Hood in Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944),[38] Witch Hazel in 1954's Bewitched Bunny,[39] Tweety's owner "Granny" over several cartoons including the Academy Award-winning Tweetie Pie (1947),[15] and Mama Bear in a series of Three Bears shorts, which animator Chuck Jones called one of his favorite portrayals.[40] Benaderet did not receive onscreen credit for her work, as she was employed by Warner Bros. as a freelance actor[note 3] who voiced peripheral characters and, unlike Mel Blanc, was not under contract with the studio.[41] In 1955, she was succeeded by June Foray as Warner's premier female voice artist.[42]

Television[edit]

Benaderet was Lucille Ball's first choice as Ethel Mertz for the sitcom I Love Lucy; Ball said in a 1984 interview that she had "no other picture of anyone" for the role of Ethel.[43] However, Benaderet had to turn down the offer since she was contracted to the television adaptation of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, so Vivian Vance was eventually cast. Benaderet guest-starred on the January 21, 1952 first-season episode "Lucy Plays Cupid" as the character of Miss Lewis, a love-starved spinster neighbor.[5]

Benaderet continued her Burns & Allen radio role of the Burns' neighbor Blanche Morton, Gracie's friend and staunchest supporter in her escapades.[44] She was the only secondary cast member who appeared in every episode,[15] and the first six shows were shot live in New York, resulting in Benaderet commuting to and from Los Angeles where she was working several radio assignments at the time.[45] Blanche's husband Harry was played by four actors over the show's eight-year run; the last, Larry Keating, was introduced on the October 5, 1953 fourth-season premiere when George Burns entered the set and halted a scene of an angered Blanche preparing to hit Harry with a book. Burns introduced Keating to Benaderet and the audience, and she broke character to exchange pleasantries with Keating. The segment then resumed and Benaderet struck Keating with the book.[46] Benaderet and Gracie Allen regularly shopped for their own on-set wardrobe,[47] and she developed a high-pitched laugh for Blanche that became a staple of the character and was often used for comic effect: "When we had a scene with some silent spots in it, George would say to me, 'Laugh there, Bea.'"[48][49] Benaderet garnered two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1954 and 1955.[50] Following Allen's retirement in 1958 at the end of the eighth season, the program continued as The George Burns Show in 1958–59 with Blanche repackaged as George's secretary, but it was canceled after one season due to low ratings.[15] Benaderet worked sparsely in 1959,[51] filming one-time appearances on General Electric Theater and The Restless Gun.[52]

The 1960s saw Benaderet become a fixture on television, including working on two shows simultaneously from 1960 to 1964.[53] In 1960, she played the housekeeper Wilma in the lone season of the Peter Lind Hayes-Mary Healy sitcom Peter Loves Mary, a part she received on the back of references from Burns.[54] Benaderet considered herself "lucky" to be cast in another series out of fear that she had become too closely associated with Burns & Allen.[55] The same year, she was then cast as Betty Rubble in the Hanna-Barbera primetime animated series The Flintstones after auditioning together with past radio coworker Jean Vander Pyl for Betty and Wilma Flintstone by exchanging dialogue before show co-creator Joseph Barbera. He asked afterwards what part they preferred; Vander Pyl recalled in 1994: "I said, 'Oh, I want to be Wilma!' [and] Bea said, 'That's fine with me.'"[56] Benaderet adapted her Burns & Allen laugh for Betty's signature giggle,[57][58][note 4] and she voiced guest spots on the side for fellow Hanna-Barbera productions Top Cat, The Yogi Bear Show, and The Jetsons between 1961 and 1962.[57] While filming the debut season of her show Petticoat Junction the next year, she continued voicing Betty by recording with her Flintstones castmates during evening hours,[29] but scheduling conflicts forced her to drop the role at the end of the fourth season in 1964, and she was replaced by Gerry Johnson.[53][note 5]

Collaboration with Paul Henning[edit]

In the late 1940s, Benaderet befriended Paul Henning, a scriptwriter on the radio production of Burns & Allen.[59] She appeared on nineteen episodes of the show that he had written between 1947 and 1951,[60] and became one of his regular television players with the first two seasons of Burns & Allen, a two-episode guest appearance as Blanche Morton on The Bob Cummings Show in 1956–57, and then her involvement in three of the most successful sitcoms of the 1960s.[61][62] After reading the 1961 first script for The Beverly Hillbillies, Benaderet wanted to audition for the role of Granny. Despite considering her to be too buxom for his vision of the character as a small and wiry woman, Henning allowed her to test anyway.[63] Irene Ryan would win the part; according to Henning, "Bea took one look at the way Irene did the part and said to me, 'There's your Granny!'"[64] He additionally took Benaderet's suggestion of casting Harriet MacGibbon as Granny's rival Margaret Drysdale.[65] Henning created for Benaderet the supporting character of Cousin Pearl Bodine, the middle-aged widowed mother of Jethro Bodine (Max Baer Jr.) and cousin of main character Jed Clampett (Buddy Ebsen), whom she convinces to move from his humble home in the Ozarks after he strikes oil on his property and becomes a millionaire. Prior to shooting the pilot, Benaderet enlisted a dialect coach to help her learn a hillbilly accent.[66] Impressed with her performance while screening the pilot to potential sponsors,[15] Henning made Cousin Pearl a recurring character in the 1962–63 first season as she moved into the Clampetts' Beverly Hills mansion, feuded with Granny, and pursued oil tycoon Mr. Brewster (Frank Wilcox) as a love interest.[15] Bluegrass duo Flatt & Scruggs, who performed the show's opening theme, recorded a comedic serenade in 1963 titled "Pearl Pearl Pearl", and Benaderet was pictured on the single's cover.[67] Benaderet described Pearl's curly hair as "just my mental image of the character. ... Pearl played the piano for the silent movies and she saw such high fashion and ridiculous hairdos. She could read and write, and the curled hair seemed to Pearl the height of smartness."[49][note 6] Her performance as Pearl was well received; author Stephen Cox wrote in his 1993 book The Beverly Hillbillies: From the Small Screen to the Big Screen: "When The Beverly Hillbillies first aired, it started to become 'The Bea Benaderet Show.' Every scene that had Cousin Pearl in it was just about stolen by the actress."[2]

Paul Henning had long admired Benaderet's talents and strove to create a starring vehicle for her, as he felt she was worthy of headlining her own series after years of supporting parts.[64] When CBS granted him an open time slot after the massive success of Beverly Hillbillies, he crafted the 1963 rural sitcom Petticoat Junction around Benaderet, and she starred as Kate Bradley, the widowed proprietor of the Shady Rest Hotel.[68] Cousin Pearl was consequently written out of the Beverly Hillbillies storyline as having moved back home.[69][note 7] The character of Kate represented Benaderet's first straight role: "Kate Bradley is different from the characters I've played in the past. She has to walk a fine line between being humorous and tender. The other women I've played were strictly for laughs."[68] Benaderet and director Richard Whorf auditioned the young actresses who would play Kate's three teenaged daughters,[70] and she persuaded Henning (serving as executive producer) to let his eighteen-year-old daughter Linda read (successfully) for the role of Betty Jo Bradley.[71] Linda Henning and Benaderet's son Jack Bannon were members of a young actors' theater group at the time.[70] CBS promoted the show's September 22, 1963 premiere with a print ad featuring an Al Hirschfeld caricature of Benaderet as Cousin Pearl.[72] Petticoat Junction was an immediate hit, peaking at fourth in the Nielsen ratings, and remained in the top 30 during Benaderet's four full seasons on the show from 1963 to 1967.[73] Her former Flintstones costars Alan Reed and Jean Vander Pyl filmed guest spots in later seasons.

Henning was again given free rein for a new show with no pilot needed, which he bestowed to colleague Jay Sommers due to his busy schedule. Sommers created the 1965 sitcom Green Acres, adapted from his 1950 radio program Granby's Green Acres that had starred Benaderet, thus making it a spinoff of her own television show.[15] Benaderet filmed six appearances as Kate in the first season as both shows' casts intermingled on several episodes in a process dubbed "cross-pollination".[74]

Film and other works[edit]

Benaderet played bit parts in six motion pictures from 1946 to 1962, four of which were uncredited. She was chosen from two hundred actresses for the part of a government file clerk in Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious (1946) and completed filming in half an hour, but her scenes were cut from the final print.[75] She told Radio Life magazine that year that after having struggled to remember her lines, "Mr. Hitchcock looked me right in the eye and asked 'You want to go back to radio?' I said yes".[75] Her first onscreen appearance, also uncredited, was in the 1949 film On the Town, as one of two women whom the main characters (played by Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra) encounter while riding the subway.[76]

In 1945, Benaderet and fellow voice actresses Janet Waldo and Cathy Lewis were to appear on a televised fashion show on Don Lee's W6XAO network before the project fell through.[77] On Irving Taylor's 1960 novelty album Drink Along with Irving, she duetted with Elvia Allman and Mel Blanc, respectively, on tracks titled "Sub-Bourbon Living" and "Separate Bar Stools".[78]

Personal life[edit]

Benaderet and her first husband, actor Jim Bannon, met while employed at KHJ in Los Angeles.[9] They married in August 1938 and had two children: Jack (1940–2017),[79] and Maggie (b. March 4, 1947).[80] However, Bannon's heavy filming and touring schedule required for his portrayal of fictional cowboy hero Red Ryder took a toll on their marriage, and she filed for divorce in September 1950.[9] In 1957, Benaderet married Eugene Twombly, a sound effects technician for movies and television who had worked on The Jack Benny Program, and they remained together until her death in 1968. Her son Jack Bannon became an actor, making his television debut in bit parts on Petticoat Junction and working on the show as a dialogue coach, and later starred in Lou Grant.[79]

In 1961, Benaderet dressed in a Flintstones-style leopard-print costume to collect donations for City of Hope and March of Dimes,[81] and worked with Welcome Wagon in the San Fernando Valley.[29] On February 5, 1964, she was named an honorary sheriff of Calabasas, California, with her daughter Maggie accepting a badge on her behalf that was presented by her Petticoat Junction co-star Edgar Buchanan in a public ceremony.[82]

Illness and death[edit]

Crypt of Bea Benaderet at Valhalla Memorial Park

During a routine checkup in 1963, a spot was discovered on one of Benaderet's lungs.[83] The spot was no longer visible at the time of her followup visit, but by November 1967 it had returned and grown in size.[83] She resisted immediate exploratory surgery as she was filming the fifth season of Petticoat Junction at the time and feared the show would be affected by her absence.[83] On November 26, she underwent the operation at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles, and a tumor was found that could not be removed.[83] Diagnosed with lung cancer, Benaderet underwent six weeks of laser radiation treatment via a linear particle accelerator at Stanford University Medical Center.[83] A longtime smoker,[15] she cut down her multiple-pack-a-day habit following her initial checkups,[83] and quit entirely after her surgery.[84]

Benaderet's treatment was successful and concluded in January 1968. She missed ten episodes of the show as she recuperated, while her fan mail increased as she received many get-well wishes.[84] Her character of Kate Bradley was described in the storyline as being out of town caring for an unseen ill relative, as expectations were that Benaderet would eventually recover and be able to resume filming.[85] Rosemary DeCamp (Kate's sister Helen) and Shirley Mitchell (Kate's cousin Mae Jennings) filled in as temporary mother figures during her absence; Mitchell had previously worked with Benaderet on The Jack Benny Program in 1954–55 as Mabel Flapsaddle.[86][87] Benaderet returned for the March 30 fifth-season finale "Kate's Homecoming",[88] but after shooting the first three episodes of the sixth season, she took leave from the series in August 1968 due to fatigue.[84] Initial plans were for her to record her voice to be inserted into future episodes.[89] However, the cancer returned and her condition consequently declined; on September 26, chest pains related to her illness forced her to return to the hospital for the final time.[90] The fourth show of the sixth season, "The Valley Has a Baby", marked Benaderet's last episode and featured only her voice with her stand-in filmed from the rear.[71]

Benaderet died at age 62 on October 13, 1968, of lung cancer and pneumonia, and was survived by her second husband Gene Twombly and two children.[91] She was entombed in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood. On October 17, four days after her death and the day after her funeral, Twombly died of a massive heart attack,[92] and was interred beside her.

Acting style and reception[edit]

"I think it is the most wonderful profession in the world. I can walk on the set in the morning not thinking I can put one foot in front of the other, and then on stage, something happens. You come to life right away. I would die if I didn't work."

—Benaderet in 1965 on her love of acting.[51]

When Benaderet was cast in Petticoat Junction, she was hailed as having "finally" become a star.[68][93][94] She had previously played supporting roles throughout her career, usually as a next-door neighbor,[54][95][93] and had been openly averse to leading roles.[54] However, in January 1963, following CBS' acquisition of Petticoat Junction, she enthused to columnist Eve Starr of The Mercury: "Isn't it nice? After all these years. ... [It] just never occurred to me that it might...golly, my own show!"[96] Benaderet often discussed facets of the acting profession in promotional interviews for the show,[94][97][98][99] and believed that leading a series required a "feeling of responsibility", including her being more observant of on-set activity and her costars' performances, while continuously evolving her character.[100][101]

Benaderet garnered praise for her mastery of dialects[91][102][103][104] and her work as a comedienne and character actress,[1][101][105] while she is recognized for her voice characterizations in animation.[106][107][108] MeTV considered her an "icon" of 1960s television.[109] Donna Douglas said, "Watching her timing is like watching a ballerina. She’s so effortless."[96] Benaderet credited George Burns with mentoring her in comedy acting,[110] but claimed that television scriptwriters focused more on her voice and delivery than her characters, which she believed stunted opportunities for her to play more dramatic roles.[68] For her contributions to television, Benaderet received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, on 1611 Vine Street,[4] and she was the recipient of a Genii Award in 1966.[111]

She is credited with over one thousand combined radio and television episode appearances,[1][112] for which she was nicknamed "Busy Bea" by the press.[75][101][113][114] The Pantagraph columnist Ernie Kreiling remarked in 1965 that "probably no Hollywood personality has spent as many hours in our homes".[115] Benaderet was good friends and a frequent collaborator with Mel Blanc, who wrote in his 1988 biography That's Not All Folks!: "[We] spent so much time together in studios that I used to refer jokingly to her as the 'other woman' in my life."[116]

Staying with spelling of Benaderet's surname, which has been misspelled as Benadaret or Benederet, was a choice she had to make.[12][83][117] She first resisted requests to change it when she began performing at twelve years old: "They told me no one could remember it, no one could pronounce it, no one could spell it."[118] When she was introduced to Orson Welles in 1936, he remarked that her name "sounded like something you ad lib in a mob scene."[29] It was misspelled in a 1946 press release created specifically about its proper spelling,[119] and Radio Life wrote in 1947: "If someone were to conduct a survey to decide the radio personality with the most frequently misspelled name, Bea Benaderet would probably win hands down."[119] Early in the first season of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, her full name appeared as "Bee Benadaret" in the closing credits.[12]

See also[edit]

Selected filmography[edit]

Radio[edit]

Shorts[edit]

Film[edit]

Year Film Role Notes
1946 Notorious File Clerk Uncredited
1949 On the Town Brooklyn Girl on Subway Uncredited
1952 The First Time Mrs. Potter Uncredited
1954 Black Widow Mrs. Franklin Walsh Uncredited
1959 Plunderers of Painted Flats Ella Heather
1962 Tender Is the Night Mrs. McKisco

Television[edit]

Year Title Role Notes
1950–1958 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show Blanche Morton 291 episodes
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1954, 1955)
1952 I Love Lucy Miss Lewis Episode: "Lucy Plays Cupid"
1952–1955 The Jack Benny Program Gertrude Gearshift 7 episodes
Continuation of radio role
1955 The Lineup Episode: "The Falling Out of Thieves"
1956–57 The Bob Cummings Show Blanche Morton 2 episodes
1958–59 The George Burns Show Blanche Morton 25 episodes
1959 General Electric Theater Marie Episode: "Night Club"
1959 The Restless Gun Madame Brimstone Episode: "Mme. Brimstone"
1960 Mister Magoo Mother Magoo; additional voices 5 episodes
1960 77 Sunset Strip Mary Field Episode: "Ten Cents a Death"
1960–1964 The Flintstones Betty Rubble; additional voices 112 episodes
1960–61 Peter Loves Mary Wilma 32 episodes
1961 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Telephone Operator Episode: "Spaceville"
1961–62 Top Cat Various characters (voices) 6 episodes
1962 The New Breed Miss Horne Episode: "A Motive Named Walter"
1962 Pete and Gladys Mrs. Springer Episode: "Continental Dinner"
1962 The Jetsons Emily Scopes/Celeste Skyler Episode: "A Visit From Grandpa"
1962–63, 1967 The Beverly Hillbillies Cousin Pearl Bodine 23 episodes
1963–1968 Petticoat Junction Kate Bradley 164 episodes
1965–66 Green Acres Kate Bradley 6 episodes

Awards and honors[edit]

Year Award Category Title of work Result
1954 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show Nominated
1955 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show Nominated
  1. ^ See [1][2][3][4][5]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Birth year varies in census records.[6][7]
  2. ^ "Use of a feminine announcer makes the program a target for many pros and cons, but Beatrice Benaderet does the job as well as any male spieler could."[26]
  3. ^ Her occupation is listed as such in the 1940 U.S. census.[7]
  4. ^ "Doe-eyed Jane Krakowski plays car-hop Betty O'Shale with that infectious Betty giggle first immortalized by Bea Benaderet."[58]
  5. ^ "I just had to drop The Flintstones. It wasn't fair to the producers. They were so good about setting up recording schedules to fit in with the shooting days of Junction. But it didn't work out. I couldn't be on time and that would throw their work off. I had to do my part alone."[53]
  6. ^ In the fifteenth episode of the first season, "Jed Rescues Pearl" (aired January 2, 1963), Pearl plays the piano during a screening of the 1925 Rudolph Valentino film The Eagle.
  7. ^ Benaderet made one final appearance as Pearl in the October 11, 1967 fifth-season episode "Greetings From the President".

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Karol (2006), p. 15-16 ("One of the most prolific actresses ever, she appeared in more than 600 series episodes — all sitcoms, one [The Flintstones] as a voice actor only.")
  2. ^ a b S. Cox (1993), p. 91
  3. ^ Schulz (2013), p. 195
  4. ^ a b "Bea Benaderet". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d "Bea Benaderet—Biography". TCM.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  6. ^ a b "United States Census, 1930". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "United States Census, 1940". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c Gabriel, Walter (May 18, 1935). "Why There're No Blues on Mondays" (PDF). Radio Guide. pp. 3, 22. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Aaker (2007), p. 34-35
  10. ^ J. Cox (2007), p. 191
  11. ^ Crypt of Samuel D. Benaderet (1884–1954)—imgrum.org. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Blythe & Sackett (1989), p. 70-72
  13. ^ a b Ristow (1980), p. 251
  14. ^ "Meet Millie and Her Friends" (PDF). Radio-TV Mirror. 40 (1): 19. June 1953. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Westhoff, Jeffrey (Winter 2014). "From A to Bea". Nostalgia Digest. Funny Valentine Press. 40 (1): 42–48.
  16. ^ "Celebs & Notable Alumni" (PDF). bayareasportsstars.com. p. 13. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  17. ^ Ecksan, K.L. (September 1, 1935). "Untitled". Oakland Tribune; reprinted on yowpyowp.blogspot.com. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  18. ^ Harrison, Alan (1940). "Little Theatres". San Francisco Theatre Research. p. 160.
  19. ^ Staff (November 5, 1926). "'Polly'—Players' Guild Opera". Pacific Coast Music Review. p. 14. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  20. ^ Bock, Harold J. (September 13, 1930). "Greek Play Given at Tiny Theatre". Inside Facts of Stage and Screen. p. 7. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  21. ^ "The Reginald Travers Repertory Players announce an extraordinary attraction ... a gala revival of Uncle Tom's cabin : a drama in six acts and eighteen scenes". WorldCat.org. 1939. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  22. ^ a b c "Stars of the Radio Theatre: Beatrice Benaderet, Comedienne" (PDF). Broadcast Weekly. April 14, 1935. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  23. ^ a b Schneider, John F. "The History of 610 KFRC Radio". bayarearadio.org. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  24. ^ "The Komedy Kingdom". Radio Archives. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  25. ^ a b Oppenheimer (1999), p. 124
  26. ^ a b D.H.G. (January 11, 1936). "Program Reviews: Salon Moderne" (PDF). The Billboard. p. 8. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  27. ^ Belanger, Brian (December 2004). "Early Radio Announcers" (PDF). Radio and Television Museum News. p. 6. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  28. ^ "Purely Previews: For Night Listeners" (PDF). Broadcast Advertising. October 1, 1939. p. 60. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Betty Rubble Meets Orson Welles". yowpyowp.blogspot.com. September 9, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  30. ^ a b Maguire, Judy (November 9, 1947). "Benny's Switchboard Sweeties" (PDF). Radio Life. p. 7. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
  31. ^ Kalb, Bob (January 21, 1949). "Transradio Star Gazer". source unknown; reprinted on tralfaz.blogspot.com. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  32. ^ Busch, Noel F. (February 3, 1947). "Jack Benny, Inc.: Comedian mixes a fiddle, a feud and stock characters in formula which has paid off for 15 years". Life, p. 85. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
  33. ^ a b Johnson, Erskine (November 19, 1964). "'Higgins' Keeps Petticoat Junction Cast on Its Toes". Associated Press. North Adams Transcript. p. 24. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  34. ^ Leonard, Vince (May 31, 1964). "Boss at Shady Rest". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  35. ^ Wolters, Larry (October 18, 1964). "Voice as Famous as Face". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  36. ^ Towles Canote, Terence (September 15, 2015). "The 50th Anniversary of Green Acres". A Shroud of Thoughts. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  37. ^ J. David Goldin. "Granby's Green Acres". radioGOLDINdex. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  38. ^ Goldmark & Granata (2002), p. 146
  39. ^ Mallory, Michael (October 23, 2014). "Which Witch is Which?". Animation Magazine. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  40. ^ Furniss (2005), p. 80
  41. ^ Scott, Keith (September 12, 2016). "Mel Blanc: From Anonymity To Offscreen Superstar (The advent of on-screen voice credits)". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  42. ^ Anderson, Kyle (July 27, 2017). "Remembering Animation Legend June Foray (1917–2017)". The Nerdist. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  43. ^ Edelman & Kupferberg (1999), p.140-141
  44. ^ Irvin (2014), p. 17
  45. ^ Gill, Alan (July 29, 1963). "Oil Wells and Gold Mines". source unknown; reprinted on yowpyowp.blogspot.com. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  46. ^ Blythe & Sackett (1989), p. 127-129
  47. ^ Blythe & Sackett (1989), p. 141
  48. ^ Karol (2006), p. 53
  49. ^ a b Witbeck, Charles (July 1, 1963). "Bea Benaderet Gets Own Series" (PDF). Herald Statesman (Yonkers, NY). Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  50. ^ Tucker (2007), p. 10
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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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