1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
Meade County, South Dakota
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Meade County is a county located in the U. S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,434, the county was created in 1889 and was named for Fort Meade, which was garrisoned as a United States military post in the area in 1878 and was named for General George Meade. Meade County is part of the Rapid City, SD Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 3,483 square miles. It is the largest county by area in South Dakota, interstate 90 U. S. Highway 14 U. S. Highway 14A U. S. The population density was 7 people per square mile, there were 10,149 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 65% White,1. 48% Black or African American,2. 04% Native American,0. 63% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 61% from other races, and 2. 52% from two or more races. 2. 10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was out with 28. 40% under the age of 18,10. 60% from 18 to 24,29. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 102.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $36,992, and the median income for a family was $40,537. Males had an income of $26,572 versus $20,517 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,680, about 7. 90% of families and 9. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 80% of those under age 18 and 6. 10% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 25,434 people,9,903 households, the population density was 7.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11,000 housing units at a density of 3.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 0% white,2. 3% American Indian,1. 3% black or African American,0. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific islander,0. 8% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3. 0% of the population, in terms of ancestry,40. 5% were German,15. 3% were Irish,13. 2% were Norwegian,11. 3% were English, and 6. 9% were American
4.
Sturgis, South Dakota
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Sturgis is a city in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 6,627 as of the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Meade County and is named after Union General Samuel D. Sturgis. Sturgis is notable as the location of one of the largest annual events in the world. Motorcycle enthusiasts from around the flock to this town during the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. Sturgis is also noted for hosting the 1996 edition of WCW Hog Wild and it was originally named Scooptown, because many of the residents scooped up their pay from nearby Fort Meade. Its name was changed to Sturgis in honor of the Civil War Union General Samuel D. Sturgis. In 1889, Sturgis was designated as the county seat of the newly formed Meade County, as part of the vast Ellsworth Air Force Base complex, the land north of Sturgis was dotted with 50 Minuteman missile silos. The L5 is 3.5 miles from the center of the town, towards the end of the 2016 Summer, the Full Throttle Bar one of the largest and well known bars in Sturgis Burned down. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.99 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,627 people,2,916 households, the population density was 1,660.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,154 housing units at a density of 790.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 9% White,0. 2% African American,2. 3% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 6% of the population. 37. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the city was 41.2 years. 23. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 3% were from 25 to 44,27. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 1% male and 51. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,442 people,2,738 households, and 1,708 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,723.6 people per square mile, there were 2,989 housing units at an average density of 799.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 80% White,0. 20% African American,2. 48% Native American,0. 31% Asian,0. 33% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 75% of the population
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River
7.
Mount Rushmore
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Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres and is 5,725 feet above sea level, robinsons initial idea was to sculpt the Needles, however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes like Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, after securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of Mount Rushmores great political patron, U. S. Senator Peter Norbeck, construction on the began in 1927. Upon Gutzon Borglums death in March 1941 his son Lincoln Borglum took over construction, each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist. Lack of funding forced construction to end in late October 1941, Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States, and it has appeared in works of fiction, as well as being discussed or depicted in other popular works. It attracts over two million visitors annually, originally known to the Lakota Sioux as The Six Grandfathers, the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, after long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities, as Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area. Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain and it was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey, and Bill Challis. Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota, in 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles, however, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a location, partly because it faced southeast. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, America will march along that skyline, Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3,1925. President Coolidge insisted that, along with Washington, two Republicans and one Democrat be portrayed and these presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of honeycombing, in total, about 450,000 short tons of rock were blasted off the mountainside
8.
Crazy Horse Memorial
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The Crazy Horse Memorial is a mountain monument under construction on privately held land in the Black Hills, in Custer County, South Dakota, United States. It will depict the Oglala Lakota warrior, Crazy Horse, riding a horse, the memorial was commissioned by Henry Standing Bear, a Lakota elder, to be sculpted by Korczak Ziolkowski. It is operated by the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation, a private non-profit organization, the memorial consists of the mountain carving, the Indian Museum of North America, and the Native American Cultural Center. The monument is being carved out of Thunderhead Mountain, on land considered sacred by some Oglala Lakota, the sculptures final dimensions are planned to be 641 feet wide and 563 feet high. The head of Crazy Horse will be 87 feet high, by comparison, the monument has been in progress since 1948 and is far from completion. If completed, it may become the worlds largest sculpture as well as the first non-religious statue to hold this record since 1967, Crazy Horse was a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the U. S. Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and his most famous actions against the U. S. military included the Fetterman Fight and the Battle of the Little Bighorn. He surrendered to U. S. troops under General Crook in May 1877 and was wounded by a military guard. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American tribal members and was honored by the U. S. Postal Service in 1982 with a 13¢ postage stamp, that is part of its Great Americans series. In October 1931, Luther Standing Bear, Henrys older brother, wrote sculptor Gutzon Borglum, Luther suggested that it would be most fitting to have the face of Crazy Horse sculpted there. Crazy Horse is the real patriot of the Sioux tribe and the one worthy to place by the side of Washington. Thereafter, Henry Standing Bear began a campaign to have Borglum carve an image of Crazy Horse on Mt. Rushmore, on November 7,1939, Henry Standing Bear wrote to the Polish-American sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski, who worked on Mount Rushmore under Gutzon Borglum. He informed the sculptor, My fellow chiefs and I would like the man to know that the red man has great heroes. The government responded positively, and the National Forest Service, responsible for the land, agreed to grant a permit for the use of the land, with a commission to oversee the project. Standing Bear chose not to government funds and relied instead upon influential Americans interested in the welfare of the American Indian to privately fund the project. In the spring of 1940, Ziolkowski spent three weeks with Standing Bear at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, discussing land issues and learning about Crazy Horse. According to Ziolkowski, Standing Bear grew very angry when he spoke of the broken Treaty of Fort Laramie and that was the one Id read about in which the President promised the Black Hills would belong to the Indians forever. I remember how his old eyes flashed out of dark mahogany face, then he would shake his head
9.
Badlands National Park
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The park is managed by the National Park Service. Authorized as Badlands National Monument on March 4,1929, it was not established until January 25,1939 and it was redesignated a national park on November 10,1978. Under the Mission 66 plan, the Ben Reifel Visitor Center was constructed for the monument in 1957–58, the park also administers the nearby Minuteman Missile National Historic Site. Long before the Lakota were the little-studied paleo-Indians, followed by the Arikara people and their descendants live today in North Dakota as a part of the Three Affiliated Tribes. Archaeological records combined with oral traditions indicate that these people camped in secluded valleys where fresh water and game were available year round. Eroding out of the stream banks today are the rocks and charcoal of their campfires, as well as the arrowheads and tools used to butcher bison, rabbits. From the top of the Badlands Wall, they could scan the area for enemies, if hunting was good, they might hang on into winter, before retracing their way to their villages along the Missouri River. By one hundred and fifty years ago, the Great Sioux Nation consisting of seven including the Oglala Lakota, had displaced the other tribes from the northern prairie. The next great change came toward the end of the 19th century as homesteaders moved into South Dakota, the U. S. government stripped Native Americans of much of their territory and forced them to live on reservations. In the fall and early winter of 1890, thousands of Native American followers, including many Oglala Sioux and his vision called for the native people to dance the Ghost Dance and wear Ghost shirts, which would be impervious to bullets. Wovoka had predicted that the man would vanish and their hunting grounds would be restored. One of the last known Ghost Dances was conducted on Stronghold Table in the South Unit of Badlands National Park, as winter closed in, the ghost dancers returned to Pine Ridge Agency. The climax of the came in late December,1890. Headed south from the Cheyenne River, a band of Minneconjou Sioux crossed a pass in the Badlands Wall, pursued by units of the U. S. Army, they were seeking refuge in the Pine Ridge Reservation. The band, led by Chief Spotted Elk, was overtaken by the soldiers near Wounded Knee Creek in the Reservation. The troops attempted to disarm Big Foots band the next morning, before it was over, nearly three hundred Indians and thirty soldiers lay dead. Wounded Knee is not within the boundaries of Badlands National Park and it is located approximately 45 miles south of the park on Pine Ridge Reservation. The U. S. government and the Oglala Lakota Nation have agreed that this is a story to be told by the Oglala of Pine Ridge, the interpretation of the site and its tragic events are held as the primary responsibility of these survivors
10.
Mammoth Site, Hot Springs
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The Mammoth Site is a museum and paleontological site near Hot Springs, South Dakota. It contains the remains of fauna and flora preserved by entrapment in a karst sinkhole during the Pleistocene era, Mammoth bones were found at the site in 1974, and a museum and building enclosing the site were established. The museum now contains a collection of mammoth remains. Research and excavations at the site are ongoing, about 26,000 years ago the cavern at the site collapsed. The resulting steep-sided hole, about 65 feet deep, was 120 by 150 wide at the surface, warm artesian-fed spring waters created a pond that was attractive to wildlife. Invertebrate discoveries include several species of clams, snails, and slugs, over the course of the next 350 to 700 years, the hole filled with sediments and mammoth remains. The remains of the organisms in the site are not technically fossils, since they were not mineralized but preserved by the clay. As of 2012, at least 61 individual mammoths had been identified, the majority of the mammoth remains have been identified as those of Columbian Mammoths, although the remains of three Woolly mammoths have been found as well. Mammoths that slipped into the hole found it difficult to escape, researchers measuring the pelvic bones of the remains have determined that most of the victims were young males. In 1974, a worker, George Hanson, unearthed unusual bones while the area was being prepared for a new subdivision. His son recognized one of the finds as a mammoth tooth, the landowner agreed to further investigation, and a complete skull and tusk were found in 1974. Donations, some made by citizens, along with the work performed by amateur and professional excavators, led to its status as a museum. Initially the finds were mapped on a grid, since then the mapping systems have increasingly relied on computerized technologies. The Mammoth Site is now a 501-3 non-profit organization, the museum is open to the public. Earthwatch volunteers participate in excavations during July, the museums visiting scientists have included specialists from Mexico, Italy, Netherlands, Great Britain, Russia, and Germany. The museum also houses a collection of Clovis and Folsom artifacts, the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota - official site
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