1.
Country
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
4.
Kasaragod district
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Kasaragod District is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. Kasaragod became part of Kannur district following the reorganisation of states, Kasaragod was declared as a district on 24 May 1984. To its south lies Kannur District, to the South east is Kodagu district, all along its east it is walled by the Western Ghats while along the west the Laccadive Sea borders it. The district, covering an area of around 1992 km2, has a population of 1,307,375 and has four taluks, namely, Kasaragod and Hosdurg, Vellarikundu and Manjeshwaram Taluk. Major towns in Kasaragod district are Nileshwar, Kanhangad, Kasaragod, Uppala, Kumbla and it has three municipalities (Nileshwar Kasaragod, and Kanhangad and thirty-eight grama panchayats. Kasaragod was known to the Arabs by the name Harkwillia, many Arab travelers who visited Kerala between the 9th and the 14th centuries visited Kasaragod, which was an important trade centre then. Duarte Borbosa, the Portuguese traveler who visited Kumbla, near Kasaragod in 1514, Kasaragod was part of the kumbala Kingdom in which there were 64 Tulu and Malayalam villages. When the Vijayanagara empire attacked Kasaragod, it was still under the Kolathiri Raja who had Nileshwaram as one of his capitals, during the decline of the Vijayanagara empire, the administration of this area was vested with Ikkeri Nayakas. At the onset of collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, Venkappa Nayaka declared independence to Ikkery, Kumbla, Chandragiri and Bekal are considered to be the chain of forts constructed or renovated by Shivappa Nayaka. Francis Buccanan, the doctor of Arthur Wellesley, visited Kasargod in 1800. In his travelogue, he recorded information on places like Athiraparambu, Kavvai, Nileshwaram, Bekal, Chandragiri, in 1763, Hyder Ali conquered Bedanoor, the capital of the Ikkery Naiks. His son Tippu Sultan conquered much of Malabar, as per the Sreerangapattanam Treaty of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar, except Kanara to the British. The British got Kanara only after the death of Tippu Sultan and it is said that Kinavoor Molom is belonging to Karinthalam. Before the formation of Kerala, Kasaragod was a part of erstwhile South Canara district of Madras Presidency, Kasaragod became part of Kannur district following the reorganisation of states and formation of Kerala in November 1,1956. Kasaragod was declared as a district on 24 May 1984, the district is the northernmost district of the State of Kerala. Kasaragod is located at 12. 5°N75. 0°E /12.5,75.0 and it has an average elevation of 19 metres. According to the 2011 census Kasaragod district has a population of 1,307,375 and this gives it a ranking of 375th in India. The district has a density of 654 inhabitants per square kilometre
5.
North Malabar
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The greater part of North Malabar remained as one of the two administrative divisions of the Malabar District until 1947 and later became part of Indias Madras State until 1956. Mahé remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954, during the ancient and early medieval periods, North Malabar retained its distinct political identity. At no time did the Chera dynasty impose full control over the area, the socio-cultural background and geography of this area has many distinctions compared to the rest of Kerala. The population consists of native Hindus, native Mappila-Muslims, native Jains and migrant-Christian communities and is characterized by distinct socio-cultural customs, the people of North Malabar have striven to preserve their distinct and unique identity and heritage since ancient times, through colonial times into modern political India. Until the early twentieth century there were cultural taboos among various communities from North Malabar, northern Malabar identity and pride is often possessively guarded by its natives of all ethnic and religious backgrounds. Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam is a 27-day yearly pilgrimage commemorating the mythology of Daksha Yaga, the practice of matriliniality was distinctly different and was predominantly virilocal with married couples residing with or near the husbands parents. Unlike other parts of erstwhile matrilinial-Kerala, polyandry was a taboo in North Malabar. The royal position of Kolathiri, although immensely respected, was politically titular, in addition, the lineages in North Malabar claim and assert superior ritual-rank clan by clan over their equivalent clans from the southern principalities. The major festival observed by Hindus in this region is Vishu rather than Onam, in North Malabar, Vishu is celebrated as New Year. Because, the Kollavarsham month Medam - which is parallel to first Tamil month Chithirai - is the first month of the year for natives of North Malabar, the Vishu festival is spread over two days and comprises the Cheriya or small Vishu and the Valiya, or main Vishu. People from all religions participate in festivals at temples, mosques and churches. Some examples include, Nadapuram Mosque, Mahe Church, Moonnu Pettumma Palli Pappinisseri, unlike Travancore, but like in rest of Malabar and Cochin, natives of North Malabar mix coconut paste with sambar, the most common dish of South India. Bakery-cuisine is well developed in the area and has led to large numbers of natives operating popular bakeries in Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Coimbatore, Mysore, Pune and Southern Kerala. People from this area are characterized by a sense of socio-political aspirations often leading to large outbreaks of political violence. Textiles, beedi, hand-weaving, plywood and coir represent important industries while cashew, cinnamon, nevertheless, its people are conservatively possessive of its identity preferring a geographical endogamy culture. The version of the Malayalam calendar or Kollavarsham used in central, the year commences with Simha-raasi and not in Mesha-raasi as in other Indian calendars. However, in North Malabar and Kolathunadu the start of the Kollam era is reckoned from the month of Kanya-rasi and this variation has two accounts associated with it. Kerolopathi, a text dealing with the origins of Malabar
6.
Hosdurg taluk
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Hosdurg is one of the four taluks that constitute the Kasaragod District, state of Kerala, the others are Kasaragod Taluk, Manjeshwaram taluk and Vellarikundu taluk. It shares its borders on the north with the Kasaragod taluk, south with the Kannur District, east with the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka, with an area of 900.3 km2, it is the smaller of the two taluks. It is divided into two Firkas (Hosdurg and Nileshwaram, Kanhangad and Nileshwaram are the municipalities within the taluk. Hosdurg, a kilometer south of Kanhangad town, the latter the taluk headquarters, other major settlements include Trikarpur, Cheruvathur and Chittarikkal. Bekal Fort is situated in the taluk, etymology of Hosdurg is derived from Kannada with the meaning of new and fort. As per the 2001 census, Hosdurg taluk had a population of 449,595 persons. The literacy rate is as high as 85. 82%, higher than the national average, in Hosdurg taluk,12. 42% of the total population is between the age of 0–6 years. Malayalam is the local and the language of the region
7.
Malayalam
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Malayalam /mʌləˈjɑːləm/ is a language spoken in India, predominantly in the state of Kerala. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was designated as a Classical Language in India in 2013 and it was developed to the current form mainly by the influence of the poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan in the 16th century. Malayalam has official status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people, according to one theory, Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil in the 7th century. However, the current understanding proposes the separation of Malayalam from Proto-Dravidian in the pre-historic era, Malayalam incorporated many elements from Sanskrit through the ages. Before Malayalam came into being, Old Tamil was used in literature and courts of a region called Tamilakam, including present day Kerala state, silappatikaramit was written by Chera prince Ilango Adigal from Chunkaparra, and is considered a classic in Sangam literature. Modern Malayalam still preserves many words from the ancient Tamil vocabulary of Sangam literature, the earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu alphabet, and later the Kolezhuttu, which derived from it. As Malayalam began to borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit. This developed into the modern Malayalam script, many medieval liturgical texts were written in an admixture of Sanskrit and early Malayalam, called Manipravalam. The oldest literary work in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated from between the 9th and 11th centuries, the first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam, written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785. Due to its lineage deriving from both Tamil and Sanskrit, the Malayalam script has the largest number of letters among the Indian language orthographies, the Malayalam script includes letters capable of representing almost all the sounds of all Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. Malayalam serves as a language on the islands including the Mahl-dominated Minicoy Island. The word Malayalam originated from the Sanskrit resp, Malayalam words malai or mala, meaning hill, and elam, meaning region. Malayalam thus translates as hill region and used to refer to the land of the Chera dynasty, the language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, and Mallealle. The word Malayalam originally meant only for the name of the region, Malayanma or Malayayma represented the language. With the emergence of modern Malayalam language, the name of the language started to be known by the name of the region, hence now, the word Malayanma is considered by some to represent the olden Malayalam language. The language got the name Malayalam during the mid 19th century, the origin of Malayalam, an independent offshoot of the proto-Dravidian language, has been and continues to be an engaging pursuit among comparative historical linguists. Together with Tamil, Toda, Kannada and Tulu, Malayalam belongs to the group of Dravidian languages
8.
Kasaragod
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Kasaragod, is a town and a municipality in the Kasaragod district, state of Kerala. Kasargod is located 585 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and 50 km south of Mangalore, the major political parties are Indian Union Muslim League, CPI, INC, INL Indian National League and BJP. North Kasaragod is dominated by Indian Union Muslim League and the part of Kasaragod is dominated by CPI. The central part and some of the rural and urban areas is dominated by INC. NA Nellikkunnu is the present Member of Legislative Assembly, Kasaragod assembly constituency is part of Kasaragod. CPI member P. Karunakaran is the present MP from Kasargod, Kasaragod is home to the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, originally established in 1916 as the Coconut Research Station. It is part of Indias National Agricultural Research System under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, according to the Institute, Kerala lies in the heart of the major coconut growing areas of the country. It is also home to the Indian Society for Plantation Crops, the primary and administrative language of the town is Malayalam. Tulu, Beary bhashe and Konkani are also used and Hindi. Havyaka speakers have a base in Kannada. The Malayalam spoken here has influences from Beary bhashe and also from the languages of Kannada, Urdu, Konkani, the Kannada and Tulu spoken here are also influenced by Malayalam. Kasaragod district is a worst HIV infected area in Kerala,970 HIV cases were registered in Kasaragod district. Ten HIV deaths were reported from Kasaragod district within a period of two months in 2016. There is no special facility or doctors for HIV patients in this area, HIV affected areas in Kasaragod include Dharmathadka, Nileshwaram, Manjeshwar, Bhandiyod, Vellarikundu, Kasaragod town and Padannakkad. Kasaragod experiences a Tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. P. C. R. I CPCRI Official Website of the District Administration
9.
Kannur
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Kannur, also known by its English name Cannanore, is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Kannur district, state of Kerala, India. It is the headquarters of the Kannur District and situated 518 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. During British rule in India, Kannur was known as Cannanore, Kannur is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur district is known as the land of Looms and Lores, because of the weaving industry functioning in the district, Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches, Theyyam, and its handloom industry. Kannur is of strategic military importance in India. Kannur Cantonment is one of the 62 military cantonments in the country and is the headquarters of the Defence Security Corps, the Indian Naval Academy is 35 km north of Kannur City. It is Asias largest and the third largest naval academy. An Indian Coast Guard Academy has received approval to be built at Kannur and this academy will be built on the banks of Valapattanam River at Irinave, east of Azhikkal. The name Kannur may have derived from Kanathur, an ancient village. During the British Raj, the city was known as Cannanore, Kannur was an important trading center in the 12th century, with active business connections with Persia and Arabia. It served as the British military headquarters on Indias west coast until 1887, in conjunction with its sister city, Tellicherry, it was the third largest city on the western coast of British India in the 18th century after Bombay and Karachi. Kannur is an ancient city which used to be one of the three important cities of the whole western Indian sub continent 200 years ago, competing with Bombay. It is said to be that the Loud Sage – the ship of King Solomon had anchored off the coast of Kannur to gather wood for the construction of the Temple of the Lord. Kannurs name has mentions in the Periplus of the Eritrean Naura and sea, the original city of Kannur was under Keralas only Muslim Royal dynasty called the Arakkal Sultanate and it was their capital. This area is known as Kannur City. The modern town is referred as Kannur Town, Kannur, as a district and surrounding areas were mostly ruled by the famous Kolathiri rajas. When the state of Kerala was formed the district took the name Kannur, before that, Kannur was under the Chirakkal Taluk of Madras state under British rule. When the British dominated this part of the world, they preferred Madras and Cochin as their major stations and Kannur started to lose its old glory
10.
Mangalore
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Mangalore, officially known as Mangaluru, is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary and it is located about 352 kilometres west of the state capital, Bengaluru between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges. It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district in south western Karnataka. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalores port handles 75 per cent of Indias coffee and cashew exports, Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until Indias independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore in 1956, Mangalore is the largest city in Dakshina Kannada district and is one of the most cosmopolitan non-metro cities of India. It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnad regions of Karnataka, besides being a commercial, industrial, educational, Mangalore city urban agglomeration extends from Ullal in the south to Mulki in the north, covering a distance of over 40 km. The citys landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams, Mangalore was ranked Indias 13th and Karnatakas second most favourable destination for business. Mangalore will be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the deity of the Mangaladevi temple or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. According to local legend, a princess from Malabar named Parimala or Premaladevi renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore as she fell ill on the way, eventually she died, and the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar by the local people after her death. The city got its name from the temple, one of the earliest references to the citys name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram. The city and the region was a part of the Pandyan Kingdom. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first heard in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule, many shilashasanas of Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Even before that, during the Alupas period, it was referred to as Mangalapura, the city is well known as Mangaluru in Kannada, a reference to Mangaladevi
11.
Shivappa Nayaka
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Shivappa Nayaka, popularly known as Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, was a notable ruler of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the Vijayanagara Empire in the coastal and Malnad districts of Karnataka, India and he was known as Sistina Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a tax system called Sist. Shivappa Nayaka is remembered as an administrator and soldier. He ascended the throne in 1645, during this time, the last ruler of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from Vellore, Shriranga Raya III was defeated by the Bijapur Sultanate and sought refuge with Shivappa. The growing threat of the Portuguese was eliminated by 1653 and the ports of Mangalore, Kundapura, having conquered the Kannada coast, he marched down to Kasargod region of modern Kerala and installed a pillar of victory at Nileshvara. The forts of Chandragiri, Bekal and Mangalore were built by Shivappa Nayaka, later he invaded north of the Tungabhadra river and captured territory in the modern Dharwad district from the Bijapur Sultanate. In the south, when he invaded and laid siege to Srirangapatna in modern Mysore district, in the south, he destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region. Shivappa Nayaka introduced a settlement scheme called Sist, a policy that has found favourable comparison to revenue schemes formulated by the Mogul emperor Akbar. According to this scheme, agricultural lands were divided into five types depending on the type of soil, a unit of sowing capacity called Khanduga was developed and every irrigable land was taxed in varying amounts based on this unit. The rate of taxation depended on the yield in one of these five types of land. Shivappa Nayaka gave importance to agriculture resulted in an expanding agrarian economy. A religious and tolerant man, Shivappa Nayaka performed Vedic sacrifices and rituals and he was tolerant towards Christians and gave them land to cultivate. He encouraged the mercantile communities of South India such as the Komatis and Konkanis to settle down, an interesting episode from the time of Shivappa Nayakas rule goes as follows. A poor Brahmin named Ganesh Mallya came to Keladi, the capital city, having no money, he carried a bag full of home-grown coconuts. Before entering the city, every traveller had to pass through eight toll gates, because he carried no cash, Ganesh Mallya had to part with two coconuts at each toll gate, one as tax and the other as a gift to the official. He also paid with two coconuts at the city entrance, frustrated with all the tolls, Mallya boldly set up his own toll gate and collected a toll after registering full details of travellers into the city in his own register. In return for the toll, Ganesh Mallya handed out a receipt with a new custom station for eighteen coconuts. This went on unnoticed for eighteen months before King Shivappa Nayaka heard of it, when summoned by the king, Ganesh Mallya admitted he had collected an illegal toll to make a livelihood
12.
Keladi
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Keladi is a temple town in Sagara Taluk of the state of Karnataka in India. Keladi is located about 8 km from the town of Sagara, a cow they had was discovered to shed her milk over a certain ant-hill, which, on digging into, Chavuda Gowda found, contained a linga, over which, therefore, he built a small temple. A little time after, the servants, when ploughing, turned up an old sword, but they discovered that if a crow perched on the shed the sword leaped out in the form of a serpent and killed it. On this, Chavuda Gowda took it and, carefully cleaning it, kept in his house, at another time, the ploughshare struck against the ring of a cauldron, which contained treasure. Afraid to disturb it, Chavuda Gowda covered it up again, on hearing this, his two slaves volunteered to be the victims on condition that their memory was preserved. All the preparations being made, the place was dug up at night, with this accession of wealth, the Gowdas raised a small force and began to subdue the neighbouring villages. But they were seized and sent to Vijayanagar by order from the king, hearing that a Palegar near Balihalu was rebellious, they made an offer through the court musicians to punish him if allowed to do so. Permission being given, they went with a force and killed the Palegar, on which they were released and confirmed in the possession of the places they had captured, the town of Keladi was then founded, together with the temple of Rameshwara. One day while the Gauda was hunting, a hare turned upon his hounds and he therefore removed his town to the spot, calling Ikkeri. His son and successor, with the sanction of Sadasiva Raya, two mounds, called Kalte, at the entrance to Keladi are pointed out as the scene of the human sacrifices. The principal building in the place is the temple of Rameshwara and Virabhadra. After the disintegration of Vijayanagar Empire in the Battle of Talikota, shivappa Nayaka and Chennamma were the rulers of this kingdom. Keladi Nayaka Vijayanagara Empire Karnataka C. Hayavadana Rao, B. A. B. L, fellow, University of Mysore, Editor, Mysore Gazetter,1930 edition, Government Press, Bangalore. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books,2001, MCC, Bangalore Media related to Keladi at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Tipu Sultan
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Tipu Sultan, also known as the Tiger of Mysore, and Tipu Sahib, was a ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. He was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore, Tipu expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin. He is considered a pioneer in the use of rocket artillery, Tipu Sultan deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies in their 1792 and 1799 Siege of Srirangapatna. Napoleon, the French commander-in-chief who later became emperor, sought an alliance with Tipu, Tipu engaged in expansionist attacks against his neighbours. He remained an enemy of the British East India Company. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu was forced into the humiliating Treaty of Seringapatam, losing a number of conquered territories, including Malabar. He sent emissaries to foreign states, including the Ottoman Turkey, Afghanistan and he is said to have forced Manglore Catholics to convert to Islam. Also during his only three temples of his kingdom were able to offer daily Pooja. Tipu Sultan was born on 20 November 1750 at Devanahalli, in present-day Bengaluru Rural district and he was named Tipu Sultan after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of Arcot. Tipu was also called Sultan Sayyid walShareef Fateh Ali Khan Tipu after his grandfather Fath Muhammad, Tipu was born at Devanhalli in a Najeeb AlTarfayn Sayyid family meaning having ancestry to both Imams Hassan and Hussain, as the son of Hyder Ali. Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a princes education, from the age of 17 Tipu was given independent charge of important diplomatic and military missions. He was his fathers right arm in the wars from which Hyder emerged as the most powerful ruler of southern India. Tipus father, Hyder Ali, was an officer in service to the Kingdom of Mysore, he rapidly rose in power. Hyders father, Fath Muhammad, was born in Kolar, Fateh Muhammad eventually entered the service of the Wodeyar Rajas of the Kingdom of Mysore. Tipus mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of Kadapa, Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Kannada, Quran, Islamic jurisprudence, riding, shooting and fencing. Tipu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by French officers in the employment of his father, at age 15, he accompanied his father against the British in the First Mysore War in 1766. He commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of Carnatic in 1767 at age 16 and he also distinguished himself in the First Anglo-Maratha War of 1775–1779. In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of Mahé, in response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of Madras
14.
Kanhangad
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Kanhangad or Kanjangad is a major town and a municipality in the Kasaragod District, state of Kerala, India. It is 28 km from the headquarters of Kasaragod town and 79 km from Mangalore city. Some parts of Kanhangad town is called Ajanur, but Ajanur is only a bureaucratic nicety. Some parts of Kanhangad town is put under a unit called Ajanur Panchayath. The suburb continues to be part and parcel of Kanhangad town, as of 2001 India census, Kanhangad had a population of 65,499. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%, Kanhangad has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In Kanhangad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age, the most widely spoken language is Malayalam. Other prominent languages spoken by communities living here include Konkani, Tulu, a large Goud Saraswat Brahmin community lives here. The Gowda Saraswat Brahmin temple, Lakshmi Venkatesh temple is situated in Kanhangad. There is also a small Palghat Iyer Brahmin community which speaks a mix of Malayalam, agriculture and fishing are the primary source of income for residents of the region. In the coastal areas are grown, coconut, rice and tobacco, since the oil boom of the 80’s, young people have migrated to the oil producing Gulf countries in pursuit of lucrative job opportunities. This has considerably changed the situation and life style of the residents. Many families depend on money sent home by family members working in the Gulf, Nityananda Ashramam, which is situated on the hillock about half a km south of the Hosdurg taluk office, was founded by Swami Nityananda. The spot was at first part of a forest area, here Swami Nityananda constructed 45 guhas in a mountain slope. There is a built in 1963, after the style. A full size statue of Swami Nityananda in sitting posture made of panchaloha is one of the attractions of the asramam and our Lady of Sorrows Church - oldest in the district constructed in 1890 CE.15 km north of Kasargod. This Gothic style Roman Catholic church which is under the Manglore Diocese, has celebrated its centenary recently, birthplace of Poet P Kunhiraman Nair, veteran freedom fighter and playwright Vidwan P Kelu Nair and Rasika siromani Kanan Nair. A cultural centre of the district, madiyan Kulom temple is situated in Ajanur panchayat
15.
Thalassery
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Thalassery has been significant during the past 500 years in the development of Kerala. Thalassery municipality has a population just under 100,000, Thalassery has an area of 23.98 square kilometres. It is 22 km south of the headquarters in Kannur town. Thalassery is situated in an altitude ranging from 2. 5m to 30m above mean sea-level, Thalassery municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 of the British Indian Empire, making it the second oldest municipality in the state. At that time the municipality was known as Thalassery Commission, G. M. Ballard, the Malabar collector, was the first President of the municipal commission. Later a European barrister, A. F. Lamaral, became the first Chairman of Thalassery municipality, Thalassery grew into a prominent place during European rule, due to its strategic geographic location. Thalassery has played a significant historical, cultural, educational and commercial role in the history of India, on 9 February 2014, Thalassery taluk was split in two and Iritty taluk was formed. The north eastern region of the former Thalassery Taluk such as Aralam, Ayyankunnu, Kottiyur. Thalassery may have originated from the ancient Malayalam linguistic usage Thala and Kacheri and it could also have emerged from Talakkathe cheri, a combination of Talakkate and Cheri. It could also be a combination of Thali and ssery i. e. Brahminic village, the 1885 administration manual vol.2 of the former Madras Presidency cites research in regional legends and folklore to indicate that the puranic name of Thalassery was Swetharanya pura. The Upanishad Acharya Swethakethu is believed to have taken penance there and this is the stala purana of Tiruvangad Shree Ramaswamy Temple. Thalassery was a town where the French military base in Kerala was located. Although the French abandoned Thalassery, moving their base to Mahé because spices could be transported to sea using canoes through Mahé river. Thalassery was a hub where Chinese, Arab, and Jewish traders had considerable influence in the spice market before that the Greeks. It was the European invasion that brought significant change as they enforced the trade with their military, the British established a trading post and built a factory at Tellicherry in 1694, having gained permission from Vadakkalankur, the prince regent of the Raja of Kolatunad. They had already been trading on the Malabar coast for much of that century, buying pepper from Moplah merchants, and had established a similar post at Travancore ten years earlier. After the annexation of Malabar, the British called upon Thalassery, the Royal families and other major Nair and Namboothiri feudal lords to return, but this was heavily opposed by some local rulers. Along with heavy taxation and laws that curbed free movement, the resulted in multiple uprisings against the British with heavy casualties to British forces
16.
Mushika Kingdom
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The Mushika Kingdom was an ancient kingdom of the Tamil Sangam period in present-day Kerala, India, ruled by a royal dynasty of the same name. It was one of the five primary ruling dynasties in the ancient Tamilakam of recorded history, and in the Tamil Sangam Period, along with the Cheras, the Pandyas, the Cholas, Ezhimalai Nannan was the most powerful ruler of Ezhimalai. He expanded the kingdom to include Gudalur and Coimbatore in his lifetime, with the death of Nannan towards the close of the 5th century C. Keralolpathi mentions this Dynasty as a line of the Cheras. According to other legends, Parasurama is said to have appointed Ramaghata Mushika the first king of Mushika Dynasty, more conventionally though, their origins, again like those of the other ancient South Indian dynasties, are rather obscure, and several possibilities exist. The Mushika royals were one of the lineages of Velir family, over the millennia, they frequently intermarried with the Cheras, the Pandyas, the Cholas, the Ays and the Sinhala Royalty of Sri Lanka. It is possible that they gave rise to the royalties of the Lakshadweep. They have also had matrimonial alliances and relationships with the rulers of Magadha, the Chedis, the Yadavas, the Arakkal and the Nileshwaram Royal Families are both branches of this Royal Family, having branched out from them, over the centuries. Among all the Royal Families living today, the Travancore royal family is related to the Mushika Royal Family. In fact, both the Mushika and the Thiruvithamkoor Families have been known by the name of Mushika itself. This also suggests that the Mushika Family had the same ancestry as the Thiruvithamkoor Family originating from the Thiruvananthapuram region, also worth noting is the tradition of mutual adoption of children between the two families. Thiruvithamkoor adopted princesses and princes more often from Mushika than the way round. During the Sangam Period, around the beginning of the Common Era, the best known king in the recorded history of this dynasty and kingdom was Udayan Venmon Nannan also known as Nannan or Nandan. The territories they ruled over were known as Kolathunadu or Kolathirinadu, the Kovilakam of the Kolathiris was located in Chirakkal where it still stands. The Arakkal and Nileshwaram Royal Families are both branches of the Kolathiri or Chirakkal Royal Family, the Nannan Dynasty, one of the Tamil Velir lineages, had matrimonial alliances with the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas, and with the other Velir lineages. The marriages were mutual with daughters being both given and taken, the dynasty had several kings bearing the name of Nannan. In fact Nannan was a common name in the then Tamilakam. Especially during the Tamil Sangam period, the Nannan Dynasty along with a handful of other Velirs, had very frequent and intimate marital relations with both the Cheras and the Cholas
17.
Zamorin of Calicut
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Samoothiri of Kozhikode is the hereditary royal title used by the Hindu Eradi Nair rulers of the medieval Kingdom of Kozhikode on the Malabar Coast. The Samoodiris ruled for almost six centuries, between c. 12th and 18th century AD based at the city of Kozhikode, one of the important trading centres in southern India. The Portuguese trader and navigator Vasco da Gama visited Kozhikode in 1498, the Eradis with their original base at Nediyiruppu and were land-locked and sought an outlet to the Arabian Sea. The Eradis subsequently moved their capital to the port of Kozhikode, according to K. V. Krishna Ayyar, a historian, the city of Kozhikode was founded on a marshy tract along the Malabar coast in the 11th century AD. During Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the City of Spices for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices, the name Kozhikode is thought to be derived from Koyil and Kota meaning Fortified Palace. Others have called the city by different names, the Arabs called it Kalikooth, Tamils called the city Kallikkottai, for the Chinese it was Kalifo. The name of the famous fine variety of cotton cloth called Calico that was exported from the port is also thought to have derived from Kozhikode. Other seats of the Samoothiri were Ponnani, Trichur and Cranganore, five Places of Dignity existed in Kozhikode, each with its own separate property enjoyed in succession by the senior members of the three Royal Branches of the family. The Samoothiris family, being Eradis are connected to several other Eradi clans who are resident in Nilambur, Ponnani, the first Place of Dignity was the Samoothiri himself The second in line successor to the throne is known as the Eralppad and his official seat was in Karimpuzha. This area was annexed from Valluvanad in the leadership of the then Eralppad in the first half of the 14th century, the Samoothiri claimed to be the paramount sovereign over Payyormala, Pulavayi, Beypore, Parappanad, Tanore, Talapalli, Chavakkad and Kavalappara. Calicut had also taken possession of sovereignty over Kollangodu, Kotuvayur, the chief ports under direct control were Putuppattanam, Pantalayani Kollam, Calicut, Tanur, Ponnani, Chetwai and Cranganore. According to tradition Kozhikode State was founded around 826 AD as Nediyirippu Swarūpam, the city of Kozhikode was founded in 1026. Between 27 April 1766 and 1792 the state was annexed by the Mysore Kingdom, on 18 Aug 1792 it became a princely state under British protectorate. The territory was annexed by the British Raj on 15 November 1806, famous legends such as The Origin of Kerala tell the establishment of a local ruling family at Nediyiruppu, near present-day Kondotty by two young brothers belonging to the Nair Eradi clan. The brothers, Manikkan and Vikraman were the most trusted generals in the army of the Cheras, however, during the legendary partition of Chera Kingdom, the king didnt give any land to these two brothers. Due to his feeling of guilt, the later gave his personal sword and his favorite prayer conch to his general. So the general conquered neighboring states and created a kingdom for himself. As a token of his respect to the Chera king, he adopted the logo of two crossed swords, with a conch in the middle and a lighted lamp above it
18.
Battle of Talikota
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The Battle of Talikota was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates. It ended in the defeat of Vijayanagara, resulting in its subsequent weakening, the battle took place at Talikota, today a town in northern Karnataka, about 80 kilometres to the southeast from the city of Bijapur. The Vijayanagara Empire was one of the largest Indian Empires originating from Southern India before the Maratha Empire, the throne of the Vijayanagara Empire had passed from Achyuta Raya, upon his death, to Rama Raya. The Sultanates were in constant fear of a much bigger Vijayanagara Empire united against it, the excessive pride of Vijayanagara in its strength and internal conflicts also added to the cause of the battle. By 29 December 1564 the first battles broke out, Qutb Shah and Nizam Shah, who were friends, decided to go on their own first and led their divisions to clash with Tirumala Deva Rayas division. The vijayanagar army inflicted defeat on the enemy and the Sultans fled in disarray losing thousands of men in the encounter, the Sultans were shaken by this encounter and asked Adil Shah to forget previous arguments and stand by them for the intended counter-attack. The Sultans met secretly and decided that the way to succeed was to resort to stratagem. Nizam Shah and Qutb Shah decided to parley with the Raya who was now planning a large counter-thrust into the flanks, at the same time Adil Shah sent a false message to the Hindu commander that he wished to remain neutral. As a result of these parleys Ramaraya delayed his counter-thrust giving a small, Sultan Imad Shah of Berar made the first thrust by attacking Tirumala Deva Raya s division guarding the Krishna ford. Tirumala fell upon him with his force and in a short but intense encounter destroyed the Sultans army. However, the sultans Nizam Shah, Qutb Shah, Barid Shah on one side and Adil Shah on the other used this distraction to cross the Krishna, Rama Raya, though surprised, rapidly responded. Despite being in his 70s he decided to lead the Hindu armies. He was faced by Nizam Shahs division, Ramarayas first brother Tirumala hurriedly returned to form the left wing of the Hindu army that was countered by Adil Shah and traitorous Hindus under the Maharatta chief Raja Ghorpade. His second brother Venkatadri formed the Hindu right wing that was opposed by Qutb Shah and Barid Shah, on 23 Jan 1565, the armies clashed on the plains near the villages of Rakshasi and Tangadi. Several reports claimed that over a million men were involved, Venkatadri struck early and within the first two hours the Hindu right wings heavy guns fired constantly on the ranks of Barid Shah. As the ranks were softened the Hindu infantry under Venkatadri ploughed through the divisions of Barid Shah annihilating them, the assault was so vigorous that it looked like a Hindu victory was imminent. Qutb Shah was also in retreat, when Nizam Shah sent his forces to shore up the ranks of the Sultans, Nizam Shah himself was then pressed hard by the heavy cannonade from Rama Rayas division and was facing a Hindu infantry thrust with Ramaraya at the helm. At this point the Sultans signaled to the Muslim officers in the Vijayanagaran army to launch a subversive attack, suddenly Ramaraya found his rear surprised by the two Muslim divisions in his ranks turning against him
19.
Nayakas of Keladi
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Nayakas of Keladi, also known as Nayakas of Bednore and Kings of Ikkeri, were an Indian dynasty based from Keladi in Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. They were an important ruling dynasty in post-medieval Karnataka and they initially ruled as a vassal of the famous Vijayanagar Empire. In 1763 AD, with their defeat to Hyder Ali, they were absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore and they played an important part in the history of Karnataka, during a time of confusion and fragmentation that generally prevailed in South India after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Keladi rulers were Lingayats but they were tolerant towards followers of other faiths, the Haleri Kings of Kodagu who ruled over Coorg between 1600 A. D and 1834 A. D. were an offshoot of Keladi Nayaka dynasty. Chaudappa Nayaka, originally Chauda Gowda, was from a village called Pallibailu near Keladi and he was the son of Lingayat couple Basavappa and Basavamambe, who were into farming. He was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shimoga, rose through self capability, sadashiva Nayaka was an important chieftain in the Vijayanagar Empire and earned the title Kotekolahala from emperor Aliya Rama Raya for his heroics in the battle of Kalyani. The coastal provinces of Karnataka came under his direct rule and he moved the capital to Ikkeri some 20 km. from Keladi. Rama Raja Nayaka Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka is considered by scholars as ablest monarch of the clan and he completely freed himself from the overlordship of the relocated Vijayanagar rulers of Penugonda. Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, who visited his kingdom in 1623, called him an able soldier, in his reign the kingdom expanded so that it covered coastal regions, Malnad regions, and some regions to the east of the western Ghats of present-day Karnataka. He is also known to have defeated the Adilshahis of Bijapur in Hanagal, though a Virashaiva by faith, he built many temples for Vaishnavas and Jains and a mosque for Muslims. He defeated the Portuguese in 1618 and 1619, Virabhadra Nayaka faced many troubles from the start, including competition from rival Jain chieftains of Malenad for the throne of Ikkeri and invasion by the Sultanate armies of Bijapur. Ikkeri was plundered by the Bijapur army during his time, Shivappa Nayaka is widely considered as the ablest and greatest of the Keladi rulers. He was the uncle of Virabhadra Nayaka, Shivappa deposed his nephew to gain the throne of Keladi. He was not only an administrator, he also patronised literature. He gave importance to agriculture and developed new schemes for collection of taxes and revenues which earned him praise from later British officials. A statue of him and the built by him containing many artifacts of his times are reminders of the respect he has earned even from the present generation of people of the region. He destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region, Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka, ruled for a short span of time after Shivappa Nayaka. Bhadrappa Nayaka, succeeded Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka, somashekara Nayaka I The King who was once a good administrator, gave up his interest in administration after his associastion with a dancer named Kalavati
20.
Hyder Ali
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Hyder Ali Khan also known as Hyder Ali Sahib, Haidarālī was the Sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born as Sayyid walSharif Hyder Ali Khan, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysores rulers, rising to the post of Dalavayi to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the de facto ruler of Mysore as Sarvadhikari by 1761, though illiterate, Hyder Ali earned an important place in the history of southern India for his administrative acumen and military skills. He concluded an alliance with the French against the British and used the services of French workmen in raising his artillery and his rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time as much of the Indian subcontinent was then in turmoil. He was a leader and left his eldest son, Tipu Sultan, an extensive kingdom bordered by the Krishna River in the north, the Eastern Ghats in the east. The exact date of Hyder Alis birth is not known with certainty, various historical sources provide dates ranging between 1717 and 1722 for his birth. There are also variations in reports of his ancestry. According to some accounts, his grandfather was descended from a line of Sayyids tracing their lineage back to Persia, while another traces his lineage instead to the area of present-day Afghanistan. His father, Fath Muhammad, was born in Kolar, Fath Muhammad eventually entered the service of the Wodeyar Rajas of the Kingdom of Mysore, where he rose to become a powerful military commander. The Wodeyars awarded him Budikote as a jagir, where he served as Naik. Hyder Ali was born in Budikote, he was Fath Muhammads fifth child, and his early years are not well documented, he entered military service along with his brother Shahbaz after their father died in combat. After serving for a number of years under the rulers of Arcot, they came to Seringapatam and he introduced them to Devaraja, the dalwai of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, and his brother Nanjaraja, who also held important ministerial posts. Hyder and his brother were given commands in the Mysorean army, Hyder served under Shahbaz, commanding 100 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. In 1748, Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I, the longtime Nizam of Hyderabad, the struggle to succeed him is known as the Second Carnatic War, and pitted Asaf Jahs son Nasir Jung against a cousin, Muzaffar Jung. Both sides were supported by local leaders, and French. Devaraja had started vesting more military authority in his brother, the army went to Devanhalli, where the Mysoreans participated in the Siege of Devanahalli Fort. The fort was held by Muzaffar Jungs forces and the siege was conducted by the Marquis de Bussy, during the successful eight-month siege, the Naik brothers distinguished themselves, and were rewarded by the dalwai with enlarged commands
21.
Kingdom of Mysore
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The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the kingdom became independent, the kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. During this time, it came into conflict with the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Kingdom of Travancore, success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. Following Tipus death in the war of 1799, large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British. The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance, the Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore acceded to the Union of India. Even as a state, Mysore came to be counted among the more developed and urbanized regions of India. This period also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centers of art, the Mysore kings were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters, they were enthusiastic patrons as well, and their legacies continue to influence music and art even today. According to traditional accounts, the kingdom originated as a state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers, Yaduraya and Krishnaraya. Their origins are mired in legend and are still a matter of debate, while some historians posit a northern origin at Dwaraka, Yaduraya is said to have married Chikkadevarasi, the local princess and assumed the feudal title Wodeyar, which the ensuing dynasty retained. The kings who followed ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara empire until the decline of the latter in 1565, by this time, the kingdom had expanded to thirty-three villages protected by a force of 300 soldiers. Raja Wodeyar Is reign also saw expansion with the annexation of Channapatna to the north from Jaggadeva Raya – a development which made Mysore a regional political factor to reckon with. This was in marked contrast to the chiefs of Tamil country who continued to pay off Chandragiri well into the 1630s. The invasion of the Keladi Nayakas of Malnad was also dealt with successfully and this period was followed by one of complex geo-political changes, when in the 1670s, the Marathas and the Mughals pressed into the Deccan. Chikka Devaraja, the most notable of Mysores early kings, who ruled during much of period, managed to not only survive the exigencies. He achieved this by forging alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals. The kingdom soon grew to include Salem and Bangalore to the east, Hassan to the west, Chikkamagaluru and Tumkur to the north, the conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing Periyapatna but suffering a reversal at Palupare. According to historians Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Sethu Madhava Rao, Mysore was now formally a tributary of the Mughal empire, mughul records claim a regular tribute was paid by Mysore
22.
Malabar Coast
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The Malabar Coast is a long and narrow coastline on the south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. Geographically, it comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, the term Malabar Coast is also sometimes used to refer to the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Kanyakumari. The coast runs south of Goa to Kanyakumari on Indias southern tip. Indias southeastern coast is called the Coromandel Coast, the Malabar Coast is also sometimes used as an all-encompassing term for the entire Indian coast from Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Kanyakumari. It is flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Western Ghats on the east, the southern part of this narrow coast is referred to as the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests. The Malabar Coast, throughout recorded history from about 3000 BC, had been a trading center in commerce with Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Jerusalem. Its most famous ports were Naura, Balita, Kochi, Calicut, and Mangalore, the Oddeway Torre settlement, which have served as centers of the Indian Ocean trade, for centuries. During Ming Chinas treasure voyages in the early 15th century, Admiral Zheng Hes fleet often landed at the Malabar Coast, Malabar Portuguese Empire Portuguese India Dutch Malabar Coromandel Coast
23.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
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The Fourth Anglo–Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company. This was the conflict of the four Anglo–Mysore Wars. The British captured the capital of Mysore, the ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne, Tipu Sultans young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a state in a subsidiary alliance with British occupied India and ceded Coimbatore, Dakshina Kannada. The war, specifically the Battle of Mallavelly and the Siege of Seringapatam, additionally, General Malarctic, French Governor of Mauritius, issued the Malarctic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu. Horatio Nelson crushed any help from Napoleon after the Battle of the Nile, however, Lord Wellesley had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France. Three armies – one from Bombay and two British, marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, Srirangapatnam, after some engagements with Tipu, on 8 March, a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the Battle of Seedaseer. On 4 May, in the Battle of Seringapatam, broke through the defending walls, Tipu Sultan, rushing to the breach, was shot and killed. Today, the spot where Tipus body was discovered under the gate has been fenced off by the Archaeological Survey of India. The gate itself was demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road. One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of attacks with iron-cased rocket brigades in the army. The effect of the Mysorean rockets on the British during the Third, during the war, rockets were again used on several occasions. One of these involved Colonel Arthur Wellesley, later famous as the First Duke of Wellington, Wellesley was defeated by Tipus Diwan, Purnaiya, at the Battle of Sultanpet Tope. The commander chosen for this operation was Col, the following day, Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force, and took the whole position without losing a single man. The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards, some burst in the air like shells. Others, called ground rockets, would again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent. According to one British observer, a young English officer named Bayly and he continued, The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant
24.
East India Company
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The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the Companys shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control, during its first century of operation the focus of the Company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own armies, exercising military power. Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances, the official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies. Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean, one of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594. In 1596, three ships sailed east, however, these were all lost at sea. Two days later, on 24 September, the Adventurers reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project, the Adventurers convened again a year later. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Anybody who traded in breach of the charter without a licence from the Company was liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo, the governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or committees, who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolphs church in Bishopsgate. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601, in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the Companys Ascension, thereafter two ships, Ascension and Union sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–8. Initially, the company struggled in the trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, the factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat. In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal
25.
Dakshina Kannada
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Dakshina Kannada is a coastal district in the state of Karnataka in India. Sheltered by the Western Ghats on the east and surrounded by the Lakshadweep Sea on the west, Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi District to the north, Chikkamagaluru district to the northeast, Hassan District to the east, Kodagu to the southeast, and Kasaragod District in Kerala to the south. The district has 2 agroclimatic divisions namely Coastal region - consists of Mangalore and Bantwal taluks Malnad region - consists of Puttur, Belthangady, the district has 2 revenue subdivisions - Mangalore and Puttur. Mangalore city is the headquarters of Dakshina Kannada. The district is divided into five talukas namely Mangalore, Bantwal, Puttur, Sullia and it used to include 4 northern talukas, Udupi, Kundapur, Karkala and Byndoor, but these were separated in August 1997 to form Udupi district. Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kasaragod are often called Tulu Nadu, important towns in Dakshina Kannada include Mangalore, Bantwal, Vittal, Puttur, Sullia, Surathkal, Moodabidri, Uppinangady, Venur, Mulki, Dharmasthala, Ujire, Belthangady and Subramanya. The district is known for beaches, red clay roof tiles, cashew nut and its products, banking, education, healthcare. According to 2011 Indian Census, the district ranks second in per capita income, second in HDI, first in literacy, before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called Kanara, which was under a single administration in the Madras Presidency. In 1860, the British split the area into South Kanara and North Kanara, Kundapur taluk was earlier included in North Kanara, but was re-included in South Kanara later. During the Reorganisation of States in 1956, Kasaragod was split and transferred to the newly created Kerala state, South Canara was a district under the British empire which included the present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and Aminidivi islands. Canara district was bifurcated in 1859 to form North Canara and South Canara, Dakshina Kannada became a district of Mysore State in 1956 which later was renamed Karnataka in 1973. Kasaragod became a district of Kerala during the Re-organization of States, the Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997. Later, the Karnataka Government, for the purpose of administration, split the greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi, three taluks of the former district namely Udupi, Karkala and Kundapura formed the new Udupi district. According to the 2011 census Dakshina Kannada has a population of 2,089,649 and this gives it a ranking of 220th in India. The district has a density of 457 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9. 8%, Dakshina Kannada has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 88. 62%. The literacy rate of Mangalore city is 94%, tuluvas, distributed among the Billava, Mogaveera, Bunt, Koraga, Kulala, and Devadiga communities, are the largest ethnic group in the district
26.
Hanuman
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Hanuman is an ardent devotee of Rama. He is one of the figures in the Hindu epic Ramayana. As one of the Chiranjivi, he is mentioned in several other texts, including the Mahabharata. Hanuman participated in Ramas war against the demon king Ravana, several later texts also present him as an incarnation of Shiva. He is the son of Anjana and Kesari and is described as the son of the wind-god Pawan. The Sanskrit texts mention several legends about how Hanuman got his name, one legend is that Indra, the king of the gods, struck Hanumans jaw during his childhood. The child received his name from the Sanskrit words Hanu and -man, the name thus means one with prominent or disfigured jaw. Another theory says the name derives from the Sanskrit words Han and maana, some Jain texts mention that Hanuman spent his childhood on an island called Hanuruha, which is the origin of his name. According to another theory, the name Hanuman derives from the word for male monkey. Linguistic variations of Hanuman include Hanumat, Anuman, Hanumantha, Hanumanthudu, other names of Hanuman include, Anjaneya, Anjaniputra, Anjaneyar, Anjaneyudu, Anjanisuta all meaning the son of Anjana. Similar in meaning to - Vaanaraanaamadheesham, shreeraamadootam, the one who is the messenger of Rama. Atulita Bala Dhaamam, the one who is the repository of incomparable strength, hemshailaabha Deham, the one whose body resembles a golden mountain. Danujvana Krushanum, the one who is the destroyer of forces of demons, gyaaninaam Agraganyam, the one who is considered foremost among knowledgeable beings. Sakala Guna Nidhaanam, the one who is the repository of all the virtues, raghupati Priya Bhaktam, the one who is the dearest of all devotees to Rama. Sankata Mochana, the one who liberates from dangers In the 3rd chapter of Kishkindha Kaanda of Valmiki Ramayana, summarized as follows, Ablest sentence maker. The knower of all Vedas and Scriptures, scholar in nine schools of grammars. Possessing faultless speech and facial features Hanuman is mentioned in both the Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, the word Vrsakapi or Vrishakapi, later used as an epithet for Hanuman, is mentioned in the Rigveda. Some writers, such as Nilakantha believe that the Vrishakapi of Rigveda alludes to Hanuman, however, other scholars believe that Hanuman is not mentioned in the Vedic mythology, the Vrsakapi of Rigveda refers to another deity or is a common name for the monkeys
27.
Bombay (film)
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Bombay is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Mani Ratnam, starring Arvind Swamy and Manisha Koirala in the lead, and featuring music composed by A. R. Rahman. It is the second in Ratnams trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including Roja and Dil Se. The films soundtrack sold 15 million units, becoming one of the film soundtracks of all time. However, the film caused controversy upon release in India and abroad for its depiction of inter-religious relations. The film was banned in Singapore and Malaysia upon release, the film was ranked among the top 20 Indian films in the British Film Institutes rankings. The film was dubbed in Hindi and Telugu. The film is loosely inspired by the 1990 movie Come See the Paradise. The soundtrack of the film by Academy Award winner A. R. Rahman is hailed as a masterpiece, Shekhar is the son of an orthodox Hindu Narayana Pillai living in a coastal village in Tamil Nadu. A journalism student studying in Bombay, Shekhar visits home to be with his family, on one of his return trips, he notices Shaila Banu, a Muslim schoolgirl in the village and loses his heart to her. Initially shy, Shaila seeks to distance herself from Shekhar, but after frequent run-ins, eventually, they both fall in love. Shekhar meets Shailas father Basheer Ahmed and reveals he wants to marry her, Basheer throws him out, citing difference in religions. Shekhar reveals his interest to his father Pillai, who becomes angry, meets Basheer, upset with rejection from both families, Shekhar leaves the village and returns to Bombay. Through Shailas friend, he sends her a letter and a ticket for her to travel to Bombay, however, she is undecided, Basheer comes to know of her regular letters from Shekhar and plans to get her married immediately to stop this relation growing further. Left with no choice, Shaila leaves the village with the ticket sent by Shekhar and they get married and lead a happy life. Shaila conceives and delivers twins who are named Kabir Narayan and Kamal Basheer, the twins are raised in both religions. Shekhar continues to work as a journalist, while Shaila takes care of home, after six years, Shekhar and Shaila settle down in their life and begin the process of re-establishing relationship with their respective families. When the Babri Masjid is demolished by Hindu fundamentalists on 6 December 1992, Kabir and Kamal, who have gone to buy groceries, get caught in the riots, eventually, Shekhar and Shaila save them and reach home safely. Narayana Pillai, who receives the news of the riots, rushes to Bombay to meet his son, everyone is happy with his arrival, and he stays with them. Soon, Basheer also comes with his wife and all of them live happily for a few days
28.
Kozhikode
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Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the largest urban area in the state and 195th largest urban area in the world, the city lies about 275 km west of Bangalore. On 7 June 2012, Kozhikode was given the tag of City of Sculptures because of the architectural sculptures located in parts of the city. According to data compiled by research firm Indicus Analytics on residences, earnings and investments. It was ranked eleventh among Tier-II Indian cities in job creation by a study conducted by ASSOCHAM in 2007, Kozhikode city continues to be a centre of flourishing domestic and international trade. Its contribution to all development of the district in trade, commerce. While the city has known in history under different names. Kozhikode is thought to be derived from Koyilkota, which meant fortified palace, Koyilkota evolved into Koliykode and Kalikat, the latter which was anglicised into Calicut. Koyilkode evolved into present day Kozhikode, Arab merchants called it قَالِقُوط Qāliqūṭ. Tamils called it Kallikkottai while for the Chinese it was Kalifo, in Kannada it was known as Kallikote. Although the citys name is Kozhikode, in English it is sometimes known by its anglicised version. The word calico, a variety of hand-woven cotton cloth that was exported from the port of Kozhikode, is thought to have been derived from Calicut. It is the capital of Kerala as the history dates back to 1498 AD when Vasco da Gama landed in Kappad. Kozhikode is a town with a recorded history. From time immemorial, the city has attracted travellers with its prosperity and it has traded in spices like black pepper and cardamom with Jews, Arabs, Phoenicians, and Chinese for more than 500 years. During classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the City of Spices for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the Samoothiris in the Middle Ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar District under British rule. Arab merchants traded with the region as early as 7th century, a Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period, the English landed in 1615, followed by the French and the Dutch
29.
Bekal Fort railway station
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Bekal Fort Railway Station is one of the important railway station in Kasaragod district which serves thousands of people per day. It comes under the Southern Railway Zone of Indian Railways, Bekal Fort Railway Station handles over 10 trains and serves about 5000 of people per day. It is situated next to the Bekal Fort Beach and near to the Bekal Fort, the older name of this railway station was Pallikkere Railway Station. But later, it was named after the Bekal Fort as Bekal Fort Railway Station, the Indian Railway has about 13 acres of land in the surrounding of the Bekal Fort Railway Station. The following trains serve this station
30.
Palakkad
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In earlier times, Palakkad was known as Palakkattussery. Palakkad is the seventh most populous town in Kerala and lies near the Palghat Gap, Malayalam is the generally spoken language in Palakkad. The commonly held belief is that the name Palakkad is a fusion of two Malayalam words, Pala, which was the name given for barren land during the Sangam period, and Kadu, which means forest. Palakkad is the gateway to Kerala due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap, Malayalam is the generally spoken language in Palakkad as it is the official language. The town is blessed with many small and medium rivers, which are tributaries of the Bharathapuzha River, of the number of dams in Palakkad district, the largest Malampuzha dam is 12 km from Palakkad town. Palakkad has a wet and dry climate. Temperatures remain moderate throughout the year, with exception in March, a very high amount of precipitation is received in Palakkad, mainly due to the South-West monsoon. July is the wettest month, and the annual rainfall is around 83 inches. The nearest international airport is Coimbatore International Airport, which is about 62 km from Palakkad, there has been a proposal for a mini domestic airport at East Yakkara with respect to setting up domestic airports for enhanced air connectivity by the civil aviation ministry of India. 60 acres has been identified for the project at East Yakkara Palakkad, there are two railway stations serving Palakkad - Palakkad Junction is a broad gauge railway junction and Palakkad Town railway station located in the heart of the Palakkad town. Close to Palakkad Junction is the office of Palakkad Railway Division, the cities of Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kozhikode and Ernakulam are connected by the broad gauge line. Train services to Pollachi, Dindigul and Madurai are through the broad gauge line through Palakkad Town station, Palakkad is well connected by roads. As per Census 2011, population of Palakkad in 2011 is 130,955, total literates in Palakkad city are 112,479 of which 56,065 are males while 56,414 are females. Average literacy rate of Palakkad city is 94.20 percent of male and female literacy was 96.83 and 91.73 percent. Hindus form 68% of the population with 89098 members, muslims constitute 27. 9% of the population with 36620 members. Christians constitute 3. 8% of the population with 5006 members, the metropolitan area of Palakkad includes Hemambikanagar, Marutharode, Palakkad municipality, Pirayiri, Pudussery Central, Pudussery West, and Puthuppariyaram. Its urban / metropolitan population is 293,566 of which 143,650 are males and 149,916 are females, the literacy rate of Palakkad Metropolitan Area is 92. 14%, much higher than the national average of 59. 5%. Malayalam is the most spoken language, Palakkad Fort – Fort dating from 1766, built by Hyder Ali of Mysore
31.
Mangaluru Airport
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Mangaluru Airport, also known as the Bajpe airport, is an international airport serving the coastal city of Mangalore, India. It is one of the only two International airports in Karnataka, the one being Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore. Several daily flights connect Mangalore with most major cities in southern and western India as well as major cities in the Middle East. The airport, then the Bajpe Aerodrome, was opened on 25 December 1951 when then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru arrived on a DC-3 Dakota aircraft. As of 2014, Mangaluru Airport has one of highest year-over-year passenger growth rates in India, the airport is near Bajpe, around 13 km northeast of Mangalore city centre. It is on top of a hill, with two tabletop runways, only two other airports in India have tabletop runways – Kozhikode and Lengpui. The terminal was small and had basic facilities, it was renovated in the early 2000s. New seats were added, parking controls were introduced, and additional cafes were opened, the airport was initially used for limited domestic flights, mainly Mumbai and Bangalore. The operation of flights started in 2006 with Air India Express flying to Dubai. Mangaluru Airport was an airport for six years, from 3 October 2006 to 3 October 2012. Until 2005, the small 1,600 m runway meant the airport could only handle Boeing 737-400 size aircraft, the longer runway now handles slightly larger aircraft. On 10 January 2006 an Airbus A319 of Kingfisher Airlines was the first aircraft in that class to land on the new runway, on 28 September 2012 an Airbus A310 landed for the first time at Mangalore. It was a flight for the Hajj pilgrims to Mecca. Airport has seen double digit growth in traffic after introducing international flights. As of 2014, the airport had a growth of 21.51 per cent in passenger handling during 2013–14 and it has handled 1,255,000 passengers in 2013–14 against 1,032,000 in 2012–13. The airport is expected to handle 900,000 passengers in 2025, in 2011–12 the airport had a revenue of ₹42.64 crores and an operating profit of ₹87.6 million, up from ₹8.3 million in 2006–07. In 2012–13 the airport handled a landmark 1.02 million passengers with 11,940 aircraft movements, the revenue for the same period was Rs 506.6 million, and it recorded an operating profit of Rs 164.9 million during 2012–13. In 2013–14 it handled a 1.25 million passengers with revenues of Rs 638.9 million, the first runway,1,615 m long, was opened in 1951
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Kannur International Airport
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KIAL intends Kannur International Airport to become a major airport. The airport is expected to begin operations in mid 2017 The airport project was initiated in 1996. Ibrahim was the Union minister for Civil Aviation, nayanar-led state government pursued the project in 1997 with the proposal of a Greenfield Airport at Kannur. The Government of Kerala appointed Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation as a Nodal agency in January 1998 for implementation of the project, the latter was appointed to undertake feasibility studies which were submitted to the Government of India in 2005. The proposal for the development of the ‘Kannur International Airport’ received ‘in principle’ approval from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in February 2008, Kannur International Airport Limited was founded in December 2009. The foundation stone for the Airport was laid on 17 December 2010, the airport will be built on 2,061 acres acres 25 km from Kannur. The Cochin International Airport Limited submitted the project report in May 2012. On November 2013, L&T was chosen to construct the runway, passenger terminal buildings, the construction work commenced in November 2013 and the completion target date is 31 December 2016 with commercial operations expected to begin by Mid 2017. The airport is expected to act as a cargo hub for the Malabar region. The runway length of Kannur International Airport will be 4000 m which is expected to be completed in Phase 1 of the project, the current length of the runway is 3050 m which was completed on 29 April 2016. The orientation of the runway is 07/25 which permits obstacle free approach, the parallel taxi way will be extended to full length of the runway including 2 rapid exits. Construction of the 3050 m runway started in Q42013 and was completed on 29 April 2016. Once the extension to 4000 m extension is completed, Kannur will be the fourth airport in India to have a length of 4000 m after Delhi, Hyderabad. The official date for trial landing was planned for 31 December 2015 but was delayed due to incessant non-seasonal rains that delayed runway work, in February 2016, The airport had obtained mandatory DGCA clearance for test flight on the 2400 m runway. Only 75% of the total 4000 m of the runway was complete at the time of test, the Government announced that it will conduct a test flight from the airport on 29 February 2016 with an aircraft belonging to the defence ministry. On 29 February 2016 at 0906 hrs, the landing operation was successfully completed at Kannur International Airport by a Dornier 228 aircraft from the Indian Air force. This 10 seater aircraft is capable of landing on unprepared land, Air Marshal R. Nambiar, a native of Kannur and co-pilot Wing Commander Vipin Neni from Pune were at the controls. The then Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy and Ministers K. Babu, K. C. Joseph, mohanan received the pilots after the landing
33.
Calicut International Airport
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Calicut International Airport, also known as Karipur Airport, is an international airport serving the cities of Kozhikode and Malappuram in Kerala, India. It is located in Karipur, about 25 km from Malappuram and 28 km from Kozhikode, the airport serves as an operating base for Air India Express. It was the twelfth busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic. It is the third busiest airport in Kerala after Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram and it was given international airport status on 2 February 2006. The airport was inaugurated in April 1988, Calicut airport gained its sanction after a long period of struggle, which began in 1977, under the leadership of freedom fighter late K. P. In the 1990s, Gulf Malayalis played an important part in the development of the airport - they collected funds for the purpose and this led to the inception of, the Malabar International Airport Development Society, which helped raise funds for the airports development. Consequently, major developments of facilities, such as extension of runway from 6,000 feet to 9,000 feet to facilitate operation of big-bodied aircraft, were carried out, with loans from HUDCO. It received the status of an airport on February 2,2006. It holds the distinction of being the 12th busiest airport in India, runway Re carpeting completed and 24 hour operation started on 01/03/2017. A15,000 m2 international terminal has opened to passengers. Five conveyor belts have been installed at the arrival terminal, the approach to Calicut airport runway is surrounded with hills and valleys. The approach funnel area of the runway 28 is a 30 m to 70 m deep undulated valley up to a distance of 6,000 m, immediately following the tabletop runway of 2,860 m long. This terrain needs a special type of approach lighting system to enhance safety for aircraft operations both during night and poor visibility conditions. Airports Authority of India have provided runway lead-in lighting system for the first time in India at Calicut airport as per the recommendations of the DGCA. As a result, Emirates, Saudia and 2 Air India 747 flight operations had to move temporarily to Cochin International Airport during this time, AAI had earlier instructed all airports using widebody aircraft must have 240m of RESA on each direction vs Calicut airports 75m. The major hurdle in extending the runway is the delay in acquiring the land which require a total of 385 acres of land for extending the runway, the state government has been finding the task difficult as it requires evacuation of 1500 families living around the airport. As of June 10,2016, not much action has taken for land acquisition to help increase the runway length. On 17 January 1969, Douglas C-47A VT-DTH of Hindu Publications crashed on take-off, the aircraft was operating a cargo flight
34.
Panathur
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Panathur is a small village in the Kasaragod district, state of Kerala. Mayathi Devi temple is located in Balanathode village near Panathur, according to the legends, this temple is one of the most sacred places of India. This shrine is dedicated to the Adhiparasakthi or Santhasworoopini or Ohmkaram, the temple is built in an area of 36 acres of land. Lots of ancient stories are surrounded in that place. Navarathri pooja is the celebration of the temple. Balanthode is a small near Panathur in Kasaragod district, Kerala province and it is 21 km from Kasaragod. The town lies in the road from Kanhangad to Madikeri in Karnataka province and this village is very shaded and silent. The people were friendly and talkative. They explained that a kind of refined culture prevails in that village because most of the people belongs to upper caste Nair Hindus, the village is dominated by Nair schools and community organizations. A small number of lower caste Hindus, Christians and Muslims are also around, Thuloorvanath Bhagavathi Temple at Kizhakekoolom is another visitor attraction. The main deities here are Thuloorvanath Bhagavathi and Munnayariswaran, there is a Kaliyattam festival on Shivarathri night every year. It is celebrated for eight days with 101 Theyyam performances, there is a 20 km road from Panathur to Sullia in Karnataka from where Bangalore and Mysore can be easily accessed. Locations in Kerala can be accessed by driving towards the western side, the nearest railway station is Kanhangad railway station on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Mangalore and Calicut
35.
St. Angelo Fort
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St. Angelo Fort is a fort facing the Arabian Sea, situated 3 km from Kannur, a city in Kerala state, south India. St. Angelos Fort was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida and it was attacked in vain by the local Indian ruler Zamorin and kolathiri in the Siege of Cannanore. In August 1509 Almeida, refusing to recognize Afonso de Albuquerques as the new Portuguese governor to supersede himself, Afonso de Albuquerque was released after six months confinement, and become governor on the arrival of the grand-marshal of Portugal with a large fleet, in October 1509. The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663 and they modernised the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later, a painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772, in 1790 the British seized it and used it as their chief military station in Malabar until 1947. The fort is in the Cannanore Cantonment area and it is fairly well preserved as a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. St Angelos fort is a most important historical monument and a popular tourist attraction, six Tourism Policeman are posted here for protection duty. In 2015, thousands of cannonballs weighing several kilos were discovered from the Fort premises, the Archaeological Survey of India, which led the excavation, believes these were buried as part of military preparedness. The Moppila Bay Harbor and Arakkal Mosque are near the fort, the fort is now well-maintained under the supervision of the Archaeological Survey of India. Tourists are allowed entry to the every day of the week between 8 AM to 6 PM. Arakkal Museum Cannanore Lighthouse Cannanore Cantonment Payyambalam Beach Meenkunnu Beach Muzhappilangad Beach Parassinikkadavu Snake Park Muthappan temple Kannur Thalassery Fort
36.
Tellicherry Fort
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Tellicherry Fort is in Thalassery a town in Kannur District of Kerala state in south India. Tellicherry was one of the most important European trading centers of Kerala, the Fort lies on the group of low wooden hill running down to sea and protected by natural waters. It has been the opening for the rich spices, hill products. The French came first to Tellicherry for trading, they got a grip at Mahé. Towards end of the 17th century the British opened a factory north of Tellicherry, later they obtained a site from Vadakkelamkur, the de facto ruler of Kolathunad and established a factory at Tellicherry in 1708. But the Udayamangalam branch of Kolathiri family and Korangoth Nair, the local chieftain resented this action, in order to safe guard their trade activities with the support of the Kolathiri Raja they build a fort around the out laying hills of Tellicherry. The French occupation of Mahé, Puducherry in 1725 compelled the British Company to sthrengthen the fortification to establish a stronghold on the Malabar Coast, in 1736, the British took the possession of Dharmadam Island. The British sustained strong military establishment at Tellicherry, from 1776 to 1784, in 1781 Hyder Ali, ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, was unsuccessful in capturing the Fort in his campaign to control Malabar. His successor, Tipu Sultan, was forced to cede Malabar District to the British in 1792, the Tellicherry fort over looking the sea, raises to height of 10m and it is oblong on pian. It was built out of blocks with high round holed walls. The small redoubts on most of the out playing hills have long since disappeared, the square fort, with its massive walls, strong flanking bastions, secret tunnels to the sea and intricately carved huge doors, is an imposing structure. A light house marks the site of an old redoubt, the fort was once the nucleus of Thalasserys development. This is a protected monument under the control of Archaeological Survey of India since 1921. Mysore invasion of Kerala Overburys folly Thalassery Pier Payyambalam Beach Meenkunnu Beach Parassinikkadavu Snake Park Muthappan temple Kannur Sacred Heart Girls High School Kannur Fort -
37.
Mysorean invasion of Kerala
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The Mysorean invasion of Kerala was the military invasion of Malabar, including the territories of the Zamorin of Calicut, by the Muslim de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore Hyder Ali. After completing the occupation, Kingdom of Cochin, situated south of Malabar, was made a state of Mysore. The major reason for the occupation of Malabar was the desire to have access to the Indian ocean ports, Kingdom of Mysore, nominally ruled by the Wodeyar family, rose to prominence in India after the decline of the Mughal empire. In 1761, Hyder Ali seized control of all of the reins of power in Mysore by overthrowing a powerful minister and he turned his attention towards expansion which included the capture of the Kingdoms of Bednur, Sunda, Sera, and Canara. Faruqabad, near Calicut, was the capital of the Mysore-ruled Kerala. Hyder Alis attempt to defeat Travancore, a British ally state south of Cochin, failed in 1767, moreover, Tipu Sultan provoked British invasion in the form of Third Anglo-Mysore War by attacking the Kingdom of Travancore. Thus Travancore was only part of present-day Kerala state that stood outside Mysore authority, by the treaty of Seringapatam, Tipu ceded half of his territories including Malabar to the English East India Company and their allies and paid 33 million of rupees as indemnity. By 1801, the Madras Presidency was created by Lord Wellesley, Travancore was asked by the Company to meet the entire expenditure of the Third Anglo-Mysore war on the plea that the war was undertaken in defence of Travancore. The new treaty of 1795 reduced Travancore from a friend and ally of the English East India Company to that of a protected ally, the King was forced to entertain a subsidiary force far beyond his capacity to subsidise. The Company also claimed a monopoly in the pepper trade of the country. Canara forces invaded northern Malabar in 1732 at the invitation of the Arakkal, under the command of Gopalaji,30000 strong Canara soldiers, easily overran prince Kunhi Ambus forts in northern Kolathunad. By early 1734 the Canara soldiers captured Kudali and Dharmapatnam, by 1736, the Canara army was driven out of the whole of northern Malabar with assistance from the English East India Company. However, the Prince Regent incurred a debt with the Company factors at Tellichery as a result. The Nayaks of the Kingdom of Bednur planned another attack on Kolathunad in 1737, Prince Kunhi Ambu agreed to sign a peace treaty with the Canara which fixed the northern border of Kolathunad on the Madayi. Hyder Ali first marched to present day Kerala in 1757 as per request of King of Palghat who was a long-time military foe of the Zamorin of nearby Kingdom of Calicut. Hyder Ali, who at time was the Faujdar of Dindigul under Kingdom of Mysore, with a force of 2,500 horses and 7,500 men supported by Palghat troops. The army defeated the Calicut army and reached as far as Arabian Sea, the main intention of this movement to Malabar was to capture the vast treasuries of the rulers of Malabar. Malabar Coast was famous for its spice trade from ancient times
38.
Vijayanagara
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Vijaya Nagara was the capital city of the historic Vijayanagara Empire which extended over South India. The citys ruins, surrounding the village of Hampi, are in Ballari district. Most of the city lies on the bank of the Tungabhadra River. The city was built around the center of the Virupaksha temple complex at Hampi. Other holy places lie within its environs, including the site that legend calls as Kishkindha, which includes the historically important Hanuman temple and it is known to house the cave home of Sugriva, the monkey king in the Hindu epic Ramayana. The city at its greatest extent was considerably larger than the described here. The central areas of the city, which include what are now called the Royal Centre and it includes the modern village of Hampi. Another village, Kamalapura, lies just outside the old walled city, surrounded by ruins, the nearest town and railway is in Hospet, about 13 kilometres by road. Hosapete lies within the extents of the old city, though most of the items of interest are walking distance of Hampi. The natural setting for the city is a landscape, dotted with granite boulders. The Tungabhadra river runs through it and provides protection from the north, beyond the hills, on the south bank on which the city was built, a plain extended further the south. Large walls and fortifications of hewn granite defended the centre of the city, the name translates as City of Victory, from vijaya and nagara. As the prosperous capital of the largest and most powerful kingdom of its time in all of India, after Timurs sack of Delhi, North India remained weak and divided up. South India was better off, and the largest and most powerful of the kingdoms was Vijayanagar. This state and city attracted many of the Hindu refugees from the north, the whole city was full of gardens, and because of them, as an Italian visitor in 1420, Nicolo Conti writes, the circumference of the city was sixty miles. A later visitor was Paes, a Portuguese who came in 1522 after having visited the Italian cities of the Renaissance. The city of Vijayanagar, he says, is as large as Rome and very beautiful to the sight, it is full of charm and wonder with its lakes and waterways. It is the city in the world and everything abounds
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Gingee Fort
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Gingee Fort or Senji Fort in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District,160 kilometres from the capital, Chennai. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the most impregnable fortress in India, the nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai, located 150 kilometres away. Originally the site of a fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD. As per one account, the fort was built during the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lieutenants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot. The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks, Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast, the three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres and it was built at a height of 800 feet and protected by a 80 feet wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal, granaries, prison cells, the fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications, the fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district, the Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A. D. named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung, later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey, as per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan, who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays and he was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawabs territory in 1714, the main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the Complete History of the Carnatic Kings among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a village called Melacerri, located 3 mi away from Gingee is called Old Gingee has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the community, accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep
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Bangalore Fort
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Bangalore Fort began in 1537 as a mud fort. The builder was Kempe Gowda I, a vassal of the Vijaynagar Empire, haider Ali in 1761 replaced the mud fort with a stone fort. The army of the British East India Company, led by Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 captured the fort in the siege of Bangalore during the Third Mysore War, at the time the fort was a stronghold for Tipu Sultan. Today, the forts Delhi gate, on Krishnarajendra Road, a marble plaque commemorates the spot where the British breached forts wall, leading to its capture. The old fort area also includes Tipu Sultans Summer Palace, the fort has provided the setting for the treasure hunt in the book Riddle of the Seventh Stone. He persevered with his vision and got permission from the King Achutaraya, the King gifted 12 hoblis with an annual income of 30,000 varahas to Kempe Gowda to meet the expenses of his venture of building a new city. Kempe Gowda moved from his land of Yelahanka to establish his new principality. Thereafter, he constructed a mud fort, with a moat surrounding it, the building of the mud fort is also steeped in a legend. During the construction of the Fort it was said that the gate would collapse no sooner than it was built. Thereafter, the fort was completed without any mishap, in her memory, Kempe Gowda built a temple in her name in Koramangala. Thus, Kempe Gowdas dream fructified and the Bengaluru Pete evolved around the Mud fort called the Bangalore Fort, in 1637-38, the Bangalore Fort under Kempe Gowda’s rule was very prosperous. Rustam i Zaman, the commander under the Bijapur Sultanate who was on a war campaign, and after he had captured the Sira Fort close to Bangalore, wanted to capture the Bangalore Fort, Kempe Gowda managed to get Nayak withdraw the troops. Soon enough he prevailed on Kempe Gowda to surrender the fort with all its riches without any battle, rustom-i-Zaman then took over the fort and handed over its management to Shahji along with other territories, which he had recently conquered, with Bangalore as his headquarters. This mud fort was enlarged during Chikkadeva Raya Wodeyars rule between 1673 AD –1704 AD, in 1761, it was renovated by Hyder Ali, who made it strong with stones. A part of the fort was subject to bombardment by the British when they fought a battle against Tipu Sultan, Tipu Sultan repaired the fort later. Inside the fort, there is dedicated to Lord Ganapathy. In March 1791 the army of the British East India Company led by Lord Cornwallis laid siege to the Bangalore fort during the Third Mysore War. In the words of the British chronicler Mark Wilks “Resistance was everywhere respectable. ”With the capture of the Bangalore Fort the Army of British East India Company replenished supplies and obtained a base from where it could attack Srirangapatna
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Udayagiri Fort
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There are two forts named Udayagiri Fort in South India. The fort in Tamil Nadu is located 14 kilometres from Nagercoil in Thuckalay Town and this was the most important military barracks of the Travancore rulers, when Padmanabhapuram was their capital. Originally built in the 17th century, the fort was rebuilt by Maharaja Marthanda Varma of Travancore in the 18th century, enclosing an area of about 90 acres, including an isolated 260 feet, the fort contains an old foundry which was used for casting guns. In the early days, the fort was of strategic importance, prisoners captured in the campaign against Tippu Sultan were confined in the fort for some time. In 1810, the East India Companys Army under Colonel Leger marched into Travancore through the Aramboly Pass to quell a rebellion under the leadership of Velu Thambi Dalava, in later years, English East India Company troops were stationed at the fort until the middle of the 19th century. A foundry for the manufacture of guns, mortars and cannonballs was established within the fort under the supervision of the resident General, the fort is built of massive granite blocks around an isolated hillock. The tombs of the Dutch Admiral Eustachius De Lannoy, and of his wife, De Lannoys body was buried within the fort and a chapel was built at his burial site. De Lannoys tombstone lies within the walls of the ruined chapel, the inscriptions on his stone are both in Tamil and in Latin. His wife and son were buried by his side, recently, officials of the Department of Archaeology found an underground tunnel within the fort
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Vellore Fort
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Vellore Fort is a large 16th-century fort situated in heart of the Vellore city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India built by Vijayanagara kings. The fort was at one time the headquarters of the Aravidu Dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire, the fort is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat and robust masonry. The forts ownership passed from Vijayanagara kings, to the Bijapur sultans, to the Marathas, to the Carnatic Nawabs and finally to the British, the Indian government maintains the fort with the Archaeological Department. During British rule, the Tipu Sultans family and the last king of Sri Lanka, the fort houses the Jalakanteswarar Hindu temple, the Christian St. Johns Church and a Muslim mosque, of which the Jalakanteswarar Temple is famous for its magnificent carvings. The first significant military rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, Vellore Fort was built by Chinna Bommi Reddy and Thimma Reddy, subordinate chieftains under Sadasiva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire in the year of 1566 AD. Vellore Fort gained strategic prominence following the re-establishment of Vijayanagar rule with Chandragiri as their 4th capital after the Talikota battle. The Aravidu Dynasty that held the title of Rayas in 17th century resided in this fort and this major battle took place for the claiming of the Raya title between two factions of the Raya family. Each faction included their respective subordinates, the Nayaks of Tanjore, the Gingee, the Rayas also had long-running battles with their longtime rivals, the Bijapur Sultans, and with the Nayaks of Madurai and the Gingee over non-remittance of annual tributes. In the 1640s, during the reign of Sriranga Raya III, the fort was captured by the Bijapur army. These events led to the Battle of Toppur in 1616, one of the largest South Indian wars of the century, in the 1650s, Sriranga allied with the Mysore and Tanjore Nayaks and marched south to attack Gingee and Madurai. His first stop was the capture of Gingee Fort, but Thirumalai Nayak of Madurai responded by requesting the Sultan of Bijapur to attack Vellore from the north to divert Srirangas attention, the Bijapur sultan promptly dispatched a large army and captured Vellore Fort. Subsequently, both the Madurai-Bijapur armies converged on Gingee, defeating the Vellore-Tanjore forces, after a melee, both the forts ended up in the hands of the sultan of Bijapur. The defeat also marked the end of the last direct line of Vijayanagara emperors, within 20 years after this incident, the Marathas seized the fort from the Bijapur sultans. In 1676, the Marathas under Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj marched south to the Tanjore country, in 1688, after a prolonged fourteen-month siege, the fort passed on to the Marathas. Shivajis representative strengthened the forts fortifications and ruled the area in relative peace, in 1707, the year that Aurangazeb died, the Delhi Army under Daud Khan captured Vellore Fort after defeating the Marathas. The struggle for the Delhi throne empowered the Deccan Muslim governors to declare independence, in 1710 the recently established Nawab of Arcot under Sadat Ullah Khan followed suit. Dost Ali, the successor in 1733, gifted the fort to one of his sons-in-law. Following the decline of Madurai Nayaks, and coinciding with the emergence of the British on the Madras coast, the Nawab was supported by the British and the rival claimants by the French, resulting in the Carnatic Wars
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