1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Manufacturing
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Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
3.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
4.
Wheeling, Illinois
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Wheeling is a village in Cook and Lake counties in the U. S. state of Illinois. A suburb of Chicago, it is primarily in Cook County, the population was 37,648 at the 2010 census. Wheeling is named for Wheeling, WV, Wheeling is located at 42°7′53″N 87°55′47″W. According to the 2010 census, the village has an area of 8.74 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 34,496 people,13,280 households, the population density was 4,106.5 people per square mile. There were 13,697 housing units at a density of 1,630.5 per square mile. The racial make-up of the village was 76. 68% White,2. 44% African American,0. 23% Native American,9. 26% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,9. 18% from other races, and 2. 13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 68% of the population,30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.26. In the village, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,35. 2% from 25 to 44,21. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males, the median income for a household in the village was $55,491, and the median income for a family was $63,088. Males had an income of $41,586 versus $32,262 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,989, about 2. 7% of families and 5. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 3% of those under age 18 and 7. 9% of those age 65 or over. Wheeling has a station on Metras North Central Service, which provides commuter rail service between Antioch and Chicago Union Station Monday through Friday. Chicago Executive Airport, a general aviation airport, is located in Wheeling and Prospect Heights. Formerly known as Palwaukee Municipal Airport, it is the third busiest airport in Illinois, after Chicagos OHare, the climate in Wheeling can be classified as temperate. Winters are usually cold and snowy
5.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry, and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the best known figures in the world, in 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times. Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin, there is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London
6.
Filmo
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Filmo is a series of 16-mm and 8-mm movie equipment made by the Bell & Howell Company. The line included cameras, projectors and accessories, the Filmo camera series started with the 1923 Filmo 70, beginning a series of models built on the same basic body that was to continued for more than half a century. It was based on Bell & Howells brilliantly designed 1917 prototype for a 17. 5mm camera intended for amateur use. When invited into Kodaks 16mm plans in 1920, the company was quick to see the advantages, the Filmo 70 was the first spring motor-driven 16mm camera. In 1925 the Eyemo, a hand-held 35mm camera based on the design of the Filmo 70 was offered and it was also spring driven, but could be hand-cranked as well. Bell & Howell introduced the first 16mm turret camera with its Model C in 1927. When Kodak introduced 8mm film in 1932, Bell & Howell was slow to take up the new format, the first 8mm Filmo was offered in 1935 as a single run 8mm film camera, the Filmo 127-A called STRAIGHT EIGHT. However, STRAIGHT EIGHT did not appeal to the market as well as double-8, production of Filmos around this body type continued into the 1950s. The 16mm Filmo cameras all take 16-mm film on a 100 ft Daylight spool although some versions can also take 400 ft external magazines, spring wind is standard, although some Filmos have provisions for attachment of a 12V DC or AC motor. A crystal-sync motor was developed for the Eyemo and later adapted to the Filmo, the Camera is configured for C mount lenses and starting in 1927, was equipped with a three lens turret. Early turret models used a variable drum finder or sets of separate finder lenses matched to each focal length on later cameras. Early versions were designed for two speeds, either 8 and 16 frame/s, or 16 and 32 frame/s, with one option for a 12-16-24 frame/s 3-speed camera and this produced an extreme slow-motion effect and was used for motion analysis. The Model 70-E was a version of the Model D. The camera was built to the most precise standards in the industry, durable and ruggedly built, it was standard equipment for U. S. Filmo Operating and Repair Manuals Filmo History Bell & Howell movie cameras
7.
Eyemo
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The Eyemo is a 35 mm motion picture film camera which was manufactured by the Bell & Howell Co. of Chicago. Designed and first manufactured in 1925, it was for years the most compact 35 mm motion picture film camera. The Eyemo is still in use by some filmmakers and it is often used these days as a crash-cam for filming dangerous stunts and explosions, and shots in which the camera must be dropped from a building or other elevation. The Eyemo is a camera, viewing while filming is through an optical viewfinder incorporated into the camera lid. Some models take one lens only, in 1929 there was the first three-port Eyemo, while the spider model features a rotating three-lens turret and a focusing viewfinder on the side opposite the optical viewfinder. Eyemos feature a 1½ diameter lens mount except the 71-k model, the camera can be hand-cranked with a manual crank accessory. Several optional electric motors are available, some use DC battery power while others use household AC current, there is currently a synchronized motor available for sync sound filming, but no commercially available camera blimp to reduce the cameras noise. The Eyemo takes an internal load of 100 feet of film, some models also accept a 400 ft or 1000 ft magazine that is attached to the back, and can hold 4⅓ and 11 minutes of film respectively. When used with a 400 ft magazine, the Eyemo is cumbersome to operate without the use of a tripod, while the use of a 1000-ft magazine requires tripod support. Some camera shops have modified Eyemos for reflex viewing, attached video taps and motors to them, Bell & Howell also built the successful 16 mm Filmo which became first available at the end of 1923. In the 1930s this camera was marketed as a professional camera while the Filmo 127 was introduced as an amateur camera using 8 mm film
8.
Canon Inc.
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It is headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Canon has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. At the beginning of 2015, Canon was the tenth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization, the company was originally named Seikikōgaku kenkyūsho. In 1934 it produced the Kwanon, a prototype for Japan’s first-ever 35 mm camera with a plane based shutter. In 1947 the company name was changed to Canon Camera Co. Inc. shortened to Canon Inc. in 1969, the name Canon comes from Buddhist bodhisattva Guan Yin, previously transliterated as Kuanyin, Kwannon, or Kwanon in English. The origins of Canon date back to the founding of Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in Japan in 1937 by Takeshi Mitarai, Goro Yoshida, Saburo Uchida and Takeo Maeda. During its early years the company did not have any facilities to produce its own optical glass, between 1933 and 1936 ‘The Kwanon’, a copy of the Leica design, Japan’s first 35 mm focal plane-shutter camera, was developed in prototype form. In 1940 Canon developed Japans first indirect X-ray camera, Canon introduced a field zoom lens for television broadcasting in 1958 and in 1959 introduced the Reflex Zoom 8, the world’s first movie camera with a zoom lens, and the Canonflex. In 1961 Canon introduced the Rangefinder camera, Canon 7, in 1965 Canon introduced the Canon Pellix, a single lens reflex camera with a semi-transparent stationary mirror which enabled the taking of pictures through the mirror. In 1971 Canon introduced the F-1, a high-end SLR camera, in 1976 Canon launched the AE-1, the world’s first camera with an embedded micro-computer. In 1982 Wildlife as Canon Sees It print ads first appeared in National Geographic magazine, Canon introduced the world’s first Inkjet printer using bubble jet technology in 1985. Canon introduced Canon Electro-Optical System in 1987, named after the goddess of the dawn, EOS650 autofocus SLR camera is introduced. Also in 1987 the Canon Foundation was established, in 1988 Canon introduced Kyosei philosophy. The EOS1 Flagship Professional SLR line was launched in 1989, in the same year the EOS RT, the worlds first AF SLR with a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror, was unveiled. In 1992 Canon launched the EOS5, the camera with eye-controlled AF. In 1995 Canon introduced the first commercially available SLR lens with image stabilization. EOS-1N RS, the worlds fastest AF SLR camera with a shooting speed of 10 frame/s at the time
9.
Movie camera
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The movie camera, film camera or cine-camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film. In contrast to a camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time. This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism, the frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the frame rate. While viewing at a frame rate, a persons eyes. Since 2010s, film-based movie cameras have been replaced by digital movie cameras. An interesting forerunner to the camera was the machine invented by Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory in 1845. A photosensitive surface was drawn slowly past the diaphragm of the camera by a clockwork mechanism to enable continuous recording over a 12- or 24-hour period. Ronalds applied his cameras to trace the ongoing variations of scientific instruments, the very first patented film camera was the one devised by Wordsworth Donisthorpe in 1876. Another film camera was designed in England by Frenchman Louis Le Prince in 1888 and he built and patented an earlier 16 lens camera in 1887 at his workshop in Leeds. The first 8 lenses would be triggered in rapid succession by an electromagnetic shutter on the sensitive film, according to Adolphe Le Prince, who assisted his father at Leeds, Roundhay Garden was shot at 12 frame/s and Leeds Bridge at 20 frame/s. His camera still exists with the National Media Museum in Bradford and he shot the film on celluloid with 1¾ inch width. Another early pioneer was the British inventor William Friese-Greene and he began to experiment with the use of oiled paper as a medium for displaying motion pictures in 1885 and by 1887 he was experimenting with the use of celluloid. In 1889, Friese-Greene took out a patent for a chronophotographic camera and this was capable of taking up to ten photographs per second using perforated celluloid film. A report on the camera was published in the British Photographic News on February 28,1890 and he gave a public demonstration in 1890 of his device, but the low frame rate combined with the devices apparent unreliability made an unfavourable impression. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, a Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Edison, the camera was powered by an electric motor and was capable of shooting with the new sprocketed film. The Lumière Domitor camera was created by Charles Moisson, the mechanic at the Lumière works in Lyon in 1894. The camera used paper film of 35 millimeter width, but in 1895 the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film and this they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated. In 1894 the Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński constructed a projector and camera in one, due to the work of Le Prince, Friese-Greene, Edison and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the mid 1890s
10.
ProQuest
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ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor, Michigan-based global information-content and technology company founded in 1938 as University Microfilms by Eugene B. ProQuest provides solutions, applications, and products for libraries and its resources and tools support research and learning, publishing and dissemination, and the acquisition, management and discovery of library collections. From its founding as a producer of products and then as an electronic publisher. Today, the company provides tools for discovery and citation management and platforms that allow users to discover, manage, use. Content is accessed most commonly through library Internet gateways, the current chief executive officer is Kurt P. Sanford. ProQuest is part of Cambridge Information Group, ProQuest was founded as a microfilm publisher. These are made available through a variety of Web-based interfaces, a recent offering, ProQuest Video Preservation and Discovery Service, allows libraries to preserve and provide access to their proprietary audio and video collections. Ebrary offers access to collections, by subscription or a perpetual archive model, in subject packages tailored for academic, corporate, government, public. Serials Solutions delivers discovery and e-resource access and management services, using a Software-as-a-Service model, Eugene Power, a 1930 M. B. A. graduate of the University of Michigan, founded the company as University Microfilms in 1938, preserving works from the British Museum on microfilm. By June 1938, Power worked in two rented rooms from a downtown Ann Arbor funeral parlor, specializing in microphotography to preserve library collections. In his autobiography Edition of One, Power details the development of the company and this work mainly involved filming maps and European newspapers so they could be shipped back and forth overseas more cheaply and discreetly. Power also noticed a market in dissertations publishing. Students were often forced to publish their own works in order to finish their doctoral degree, Dissertations could be published more cheaply as microfilm than as books. ProQuest still publishes so many dissertations that its Dissertations and Theses collection has been declared the official U. S. off-site repository of the Library of Congress, vaughn Davis Bornet seized on the idea and published Doctoral Dissertations and the Stream of Scholarship and Microfilm Publication of Doctoral Dissertations. As the dissertations market grew, the company expanded into filming newspapers, the companys main newspaper database is ProQuest NewsStand. In 1985 it was purchased from Xerox by Bell & Howell, in the 1980s, UMI began producing CD-ROMs that stored databases of periodicals abstracts and indexes. At a time when modem connections were slow and expensive, it was efficient to mail database CD-ROMs regularly to subscribing libraries. The ProQuest brand name was first used for databases on CD-ROM, an online service called ProQuest Direct was launched in 1995, its name was later shortened to just ProQuest
11.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
12.
Pitney Bowes
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Pitney Bowes Inc. is an American provider of global eCommerce solutions, shipping and mailing products, location intelligence, customer engagement and customer information management solutions. Based in Stamford, Connecticut, the company has approximately 16,100 employees worldwide and it was one of 86 existing firms that had been members of the S&P500 since its creation in 1957. Other major U. S. centers of operation include Danbury, Connecticut, Shelton, Connecticut, Troy, New York, and Lanham, Maryland. In 1902, Arthur Pitney patented his first double-locking hand-cranked postage-stamping machine, in 1908, English emigrant and founder of the Universal Stamping Machine Company Walter Bowes began providing stamp-canceling machines to the United States Postal Service. Bowes moved his operations to Stamford in 1917, a rapid increase in mail volume in 1919 made the Post Office more receptive to metered mail, and Pitney subsequently traveled to meet Bowes. The United States Post Office approved their postage meter on August 25,1920, between 1922 and 1923, the government collected $4,359,070 in postage from the first commercial installations of 400 meters. Pitney Bowes also began to sell their products internationally, in 1938, Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. was named President and Chairman of the Board and would lead the company over the next three decades. During the 1950s, The National Urban League recognized Pitney Bowes for its leadership in providing job opportunities to African Americans, during World War II, Pitney-Bowes received an Army-Navy ‘E’ Award denoting excellence in production of crucially needed instruments of war. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1950, subsequently, Pitney Bowes was named to the S&P500 when this benchmark index was created in 1957 and joined the Fortune 500 in 1962. In 1968 Pitney Bowes acquired the Monarch Marking System Company, which would produce the first barcode equipment for retail trade use, to better provide financing options for their existing and prospective customers, the Pitney Bowes Credit Corporation was formed in 1976. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the expanded, offering copy machines and facsimile machines. During this period, Pitney Bowes acquired Dictaphone and kept the machine manufacturer as a wholly owned. Since 2000, Pitney Bowes invested $2.5 billion in 83 acquisitions, primarily in software and services businesses including MapInfo, Group 1 Software, PSI Group, the Software Portfolio has been largely grouped into an operating division called Pitney Bowes Software. In August 2013, the announced that it sold its world headquarters building in Stamford, CT but it would remain in the same city. The relocation is expected to be complete by the summer of 2014, PBMS has since been renamed Novitex Enterprise Solutions. The Intellectual Property Owners Association has consistently ranked Pitney Bowes in the top 200 companies receiving U. S. patents, six of these patents are held by retired Executive Chairman Michael J. Critelli. Murray D. Martin, a former Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, is named on two, since 2000, Pitney Bowes has invested $2.5 billion in 83 acquisitions, primarily in software and services businesses. 2010, Portrait Software plc, Henley-on-Thames, England, provides customer-centric solutions that combine advanced customer analytics with inbound and outbound campaign management,2007, MapInfo, Troy, NY, provides location intelligence solutions
13.
Basingstoke
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Basingstoke is the largest town in Hampshire. It is situated in south central England, and lies across a valley at the source of the River Loddon and it is located 30 miles northeast of Southampton,48 miles southwest of London, and 19 miles northeast of the county town and former capital Winchester. According to the 2011 census the town had a population of 107,355 and it is part of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane and part of the parliamentary constituency of Basingstoke. Basingstoke is often nicknamed Doughnut City or Roundabout City because of the number of large roundabouts, Basingstoke is an old market town expanded in the mid 1960s as a result of an agreement between London County Council and Hampshire County Council. Basingstoke market was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, at the start of World War II the population was little more than 13,000. It still has a market, but is now larger than Hampshire County Councils definition of a market town. It is also the location of the European headquarters of the TaylorMade-Adidas Golf Company, other industries include publishing, IT, telecommunications, insurance and electronics. The name Basingstoke is believed to have derived from the towns position as the outlying. The ending -stoke means outlying settlement or possibly refers to a stockade that surrounded the settlement in early medieval times. Basing, now Old Basing, a village 2 miles to the east, is thought to have the same etymology and it remained the main settlement until changes in the local church moved the religious base from St Marys Church, Basing, to the church in Basingstoke. The site of Winklebury camp is now home to Fort Hill Community School, nearby, to the west, Roman Road marks the course of a Roman road that ran from Winchester to Silchester. Further to the east, another Roman road ran from Chichester through the villages of Upton Grey. The Harrow Way is an Iron-age ancient route that runs to the south of the town, the first recorded historical event here was the victory gained by Æthelred of Wessex and Alfred the Great over the Danes in 871. Again, in 904, Basingstoke saw a battle between Edward the Elder, Alfreds only son, and his cousin Æthelwald. Basingstoke is recorded as being a site in the Domesday Book. During the Civil War, and the siege of Basing House between 1643 and 1645, the town played host to large numbers of Parliamentarians. During this time, St. Michaels Church was damaged whilst being used as a store and lead was stripped from the roof of the Chapel of the Holy Ghost. It had been incorporated in 1524, but was out of use after the Civil War
14.
Apple II
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The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak. It was introduced in 1977 at the West Coast Computer Faire by Jobs and was the first consumer product sold by Apple Computer and it is the first model in a series of computers which were produced until Apple IIe production ceased in November 1993. The Apple II marks Apples first launch of a computer aimed at a consumer market – branded towards American households rather than businessmen or computer hobbyists. Along with the PET2001 and the TRS-80, Byte magazine referred to these as the 1977 Trinity of personal computing. The Apple II had the feature of being able to display color graphics. By 1976, Steve Jobs had convinced the product designer Jerry Manock to create the shell for the Apple II – a smooth case inspired by kitchen appliances that would conceal the internal mechanics. The earliest Apple IIs were assembled in Silicon Valley, and later in Texas, printed circuit boards were manufactured in Ireland, the original retail price of the computer was $1,298 and $2,638. To reflect the color graphics capability, the Apple logo on the casing has rainbow stripes. Perhaps most significantly, the Apple II was a catalyst for personal computers across many industries, the Apple II used a multiplicity of idiosyncratic engineering shortcuts to save hardware and reduce costs. This arrangement simultaneously eliminated the need for a separate circuit for the DRAM chips. Similarly, in the graphics mode, color is determined by pixel position and can thus be implemented in software. This also allows for subpixel font rendering since orange and blue pixels appear half a pixel-width farther to the right on the screen than green, the Apple II at first used data cassette storage like most other microcomputers of the time. In 1978 the company introduced an external 5 1⁄4-inch floppy disk drive, the Disk II interface, created by Wozniak, is regarded as an engineering masterpiece for its economy of electronic components. The approach taken in the Disk II controller is typical of Wozniaks designs, with a few small-scale logic chips and a cheap PROM, he created a functional floppy-disk interface at a fraction of the component cost of standard circuit configurations. The cost of such terminals could easily exceed the price of the computer itself, the Apple IIs PCB underwent several revisions as Steve Wozniak made modifications to it. The earliest version was known as Revision 0, and the first 6000 units shipped used it, later revisions added a color killer circuit to prevent color fringing when the computer was in text mode, as well as modifications to improve the reliability of cassette I/O. Revision 0 Apple IIs powered up in a mode and had garbage on screen. This was eliminated on the later board revisions, Revision 0 Apple IIs could display only four colors, but Wozniak was later able to generate 16 in low-res mode
15.
DeVry Institute of Technology
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DeVry University is an American for-profit college. The school was founded in 1931 as DeForest Training School, DeVry Education Group is headquartered in Downers Grove, Illinois, and Lisa Wardell is the companys CEO. DeVry University is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, as of early 2017, DeVry had total enrollment of 45,633 at more than 55 campuses throughout North America. Allegations have included that DeVry used deceptive recruiting tactics, mislead students about their career prospects, DeVry was founded in 1931 as DeForest Training School in Chicago, Illinois. School founder Herman A. DeVry, who had invented a motion picture projector and produced educational and training films. De Forest Training School originally taught projector and radio repair, the school was renamed DeVry Technical Institute in 1953 and gained accreditation to confer associate degrees in electronics in 1957. Bell & Howell completed its acquisition of DeVry Technical Institute in 1967, a year later, the company acquired the Ohio Institute of Technology and DeVry was renamed DeVry Institute of Technology, which was accredited to confer bachelors degrees in electronics in 1969. Dennis Keller and Ronald Taylor met one another in the early 1970s when the two were teachers at DeVry. Keller and Taylor learned the economics of education while at DeVry and, in 1973. The school was conceived as a day school that granted certificates. The Keller School later became a program offering MBAs, focused on working adults by 1976. The school was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools in 1977. DeVry first received accreditation in 1981. The Keller Graduate School of Management acquired DeVry from Bell & Howell in 1987, the leveraged buyout was worth $147.4 million. The two schools were combined as DeVry Inc. with Keller acting as chairman and CEO and Taylor president, DeVry Inc. successfully completed its initial public offering in June 1991. In 1995, its stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The university acquired Becker CPA Review, a firm that prepared students for the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination, DeVry acquired Ross University, a medical and veterinary school based in the Caribbean, for $310 million in 2003. Deaconess College of Nursing was later renamed Chamberlain College of Nursing, DeVry Inc. entered Brazil with its 2009 acquisition of Faculdade Nordeste, Ruy Barbosa and ÁREA1, which are universities located in the Northeast of Brazil
16.
DeVry University
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DeVry University is an American for-profit college. The school was founded in 1931 as DeForest Training School, DeVry Education Group is headquartered in Downers Grove, Illinois, and Lisa Wardell is the companys CEO. DeVry University is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, as of early 2017, DeVry had total enrollment of 45,633 at more than 55 campuses throughout North America. Allegations have included that DeVry used deceptive recruiting tactics, mislead students about their career prospects, DeVry was founded in 1931 as DeForest Training School in Chicago, Illinois. School founder Herman A. DeVry, who had invented a motion picture projector and produced educational and training films. De Forest Training School originally taught projector and radio repair, the school was renamed DeVry Technical Institute in 1953 and gained accreditation to confer associate degrees in electronics in 1957. Bell & Howell completed its acquisition of DeVry Technical Institute in 1967, a year later, the company acquired the Ohio Institute of Technology and DeVry was renamed DeVry Institute of Technology, which was accredited to confer bachelors degrees in electronics in 1969. Dennis Keller and Ronald Taylor met one another in the early 1970s when the two were teachers at DeVry. Keller and Taylor learned the economics of education while at DeVry and, in 1973. The school was conceived as a day school that granted certificates. The Keller School later became a program offering MBAs, focused on working adults by 1976. The school was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools in 1977. DeVry first received accreditation in 1981. The Keller Graduate School of Management acquired DeVry from Bell & Howell in 1987, the leveraged buyout was worth $147.4 million. The two schools were combined as DeVry Inc. with Keller acting as chairman and CEO and Taylor president, DeVry Inc. successfully completed its initial public offering in June 1991. In 1995, its stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The university acquired Becker CPA Review, a firm that prepared students for the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination, DeVry acquired Ross University, a medical and veterinary school based in the Caribbean, for $310 million in 2003. Deaconess College of Nursing was later renamed Chamberlain College of Nursing, DeVry Inc. entered Brazil with its 2009 acquisition of Faculdade Nordeste, Ruy Barbosa and ÁREA1, which are universities located in the Northeast of Brazil
17.
Zapruder film
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It was an important part of the Warren Commission hearings and all subsequent investigations of the assassination, and is one of the most studied pieces of film in history. Of greatest notoriety is the capture of the fatal shot to President Kennedys head when his presidential limousine was almost exactly in front of. Abraham Zapruder stood on a pedestal along Elm Street in Dealey Plaza holding a high-end Model 414 PD Bell & Howell Zoomatic Director Series Camera. He filmed from the time the presidential limousine turned onto Elm Street for a total of 26.6 seconds, exposing 486 frames of standard 8 mm Kodachrome II safety film, running at 18.3 frames/second. After Secret Service agent Forrest Sorrels promised Zapruder that the film would only be used for an official investigation, as television station WFAAs equipment was incompatible with the format, Eastman Kodaks Dallas film processing facility developed the film and Jamieson Film Company produced three copies. Zapruder gave two of the copies to the Secret Service, on the morning of November 23, CBS lost the bidding for the footage to Life magazines $150,000 offer. According to Hewitt, he realized his mistake after ending their telephone conversation, in a 2015 interview on Opie with Jim Norton, Rather stated that the story was a myth. Frame 313 of the film depicts the fatal shot to the Presidents head, after having a nightmare in which he saw a sign in Times Square, New York City, with the phrase See the Presidents head explode. Zapruder insisted that frame 313 be excluded from publication, the November 29,1963 issue of Life—which featured the LIFE logo in a black box instead of the usual red box—published about 30 frames of the Zapruder film in black and white. Frames were also published in color in the December 6,1963 special John F. Kennedy Memorial Edition, and in issues dated October 2,1964, November 25,1966, and November 24,1967. Zapruder was one of at least 32 people in Dealey Plaza known to have made film or still photographs at or around the time of the shooting. The Zapruder frames used by the Warren Commission were published in black and white as Commission Exhibit 885 in volume XVIII of the Hearings, frames of the film have also been published in several magazines, and the film was featured in several movies. Copies of the film are available on the Internet. One of the first-generation Secret Service copies was lent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington, after study of that copy in January 1964, the Warren Commission judged the quality to be inadequate, and requested the original. Life brought the original to Washington in February for the Commissions viewing, from those slides, the FBI made a series of black-and-white prints, which were given to the commission for its use. In October 1964, the U. S. Government Printing Office released 26 volumes of testimony, volume 18 of the commissions hearings reproduced 158 frames of the Zapruder film in black and white. However, frames 208–211 were missing, a splice was visible in frames 207 and 212, frames 314 and 315 were switched, and frame 284 was a repeat of 283. In reply to an inquiry, the FBIs J. Edgar Hoover wrote in 1965 that 314 and 315 were switched due to an error
18.
West Coast of the United States
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The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
19.
Glendale, California
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Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,167, making it the third largest city in Los Angeles County and it is located about 8 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Glendale lies on the end of the San Fernando Valley, bisected by the Verdugo Mountains. The Golden State, Ventura, Glendale, and Foothill freeways run through the city, Glendale has one of the largest communities of Armenian descent in the United States. In 2013, Glendale was named LAs Neighborhood of the Year by the readers and editors of Curbed. com, Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery contains the remains of many noted celebrities and local residents. Grand Central Airport was the point for the first commercial west-to-east transcontinental flight flown by Charles Lindbergh. The area was inhabited by the Tongva people, who were later renamed the Gabrieleños by the Spanish missionaries. Rancho San Rafael was a Spanish concession, of which 25 were made in California, unlike the later Mexican land grants, the concessions were similar to grazing permits, with the title remaining with the Spanish crown. In 1860, his grandson Teodoro Verdugo built the Verdugo Adobe, the property is the location of the Oak of Peace, where early Californio leaders including Pio Pico met in 1847 and decided to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel John C. Verdugos descendants sold the ranch in various parcels, some of which are included in present-day Atwater Village, Eagle Rock, in 1884, residents gathered to form a townsite and chose the name Glendale. Residents to the southwest formed Tropico in 1887, the Pacific Electric Railway brought streetcar service in 1904. Glendale incorporated in 1906, and annexed Tropico 12 years later, Brand loved to fly, and built a private airstrip in 1919 and hosted fly-in parties, providing a direct link to the soon-to-be-built nearby Grand Central Airport. The grounds of El Miradero are now city-owned Brand Park and the mansion is the Brand Library, Brand partnered with Henry E. Huntington to bring the Pacific Electric Railway, or the Red Cars, to the area. Today, he is memorialized by one of the main thoroughfares. The citys population rose from 13,756 in 1920 to 62,736 in 1930, the Forest Lawn Cemetery opened in 1906 and was renamed Forest Lawn Memorial-Park in 1917. Pioneering endocrinologist and entrepreneur Henry R. Harrower opened his clinic in Glendale in 1920, the American Green Cross, an early conservation and tree preservation society, was formed in 1926. In 1964, Glendale was selected by George Lincoln Rockwell to be the West Coast headquarters of the American Nazi Party and its offices, on Colorado Street in the downtown section of the city, remained open until the early 1980s. In 1977 and 1978,10 murdered women were found in, the murders were the work of Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, the latter of whom resided at 703 East Colorado Street, where most of the murders took place
20.
Charles H. Percy
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Charles Harting Percy, known as Chuck Percy, was an American businessman and politician. He was president of the Bell & Howell Corporation from 1949 to 1964, in 1966, he was elected to the United States Senate from Illinois as a Republican, he served for three terms until 1985, when he was defeated by Paul Simon. He was mentioned as a GOP presidential hopeful from 1968 through 1988, during his Senate career, Percy concentrated on business and foreign relations. One of his daughters, Valerie Percy, was murdered at age 21 in her bedroom in the family home in Kenilworth, Illinois, near Chicago. Percy died the day before the 45th anniversary of her death, Charles Harting Percy was born in Pensacola, the seat of Escambia County in far northwestern Florida, the son of Edward H. Percy and the former Elizabeth Harting. His father, an Alabama native descended from illustrious colonial-era Mississippians and Virginians, was at times an automobile salesman. His Illinois-born mother was a concert violinist, Edward was a son of Charles Brown Percy and Helen Leila Herndon of the powerful Herndon family of Virginia. Elizabeth Harting was a daughter of Phineas Fredrick Harting and Belle Aschenbach, the family moved to Chicago when Percy was an infant. As a child, he was notable for his entrepreneurial energy, in the mid-1930s, his pluck brought him to the attention of his Sunday school teacher, Joseph McNabb, the president of Bell & Howell, then a small camera company. Percy completed high school at New Trier High School and he entered the University of Chicago on a half tuition scholarship, and worked his way through college with several part-time jobs. He completed his degree in Economics in 1941, Percy started at Bell & Howell in 1938 as an apprentice and sales trainee while he was still in college. In 1939 he worked at Crowell Collier and he returned to Bell & Howell in 1941 to work full-time after graduating from the University of Chicago. Astute at business, within a year he was appointed a director of the company, Percy served three years in the United States Navy during World War II and returned to the company in 1945. In 1949, the Jaycees named Percy one of the Outstanding Young Men in America, along with Gerald R. Ford Jr. of Michigan, future U. S. President, after Joseph McNabb died in 1949, Percy was made the president of Bell & Howell. He was instrumental in leading the company during a period of financial success, during his leadership, Percy expanded Bell & Howell, raising revenues 32-fold and the number of employees 12-fold, and listing the company on the New York Stock Exchange. While continuing to manufacture movie cameras and movie and sound projectors for military, commercial and it later entered the rapidly expanding markets of information services as well. In the late 1950s, Percy decided to enter politics, with the encouragement of then U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Percy helped to write Decisions for a Better America, which proposed a set of long-range goals for the Republican Party. He belonged to the moderate and liberal wing of the Republican party, led by Eisenhower during his presidency, Percy hoped to broaden the base of the party
21.
Abraham Zapruder
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Abraham Zapruder was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a movie while filming the presidential limousine. Zapruder was born into a Russian Jewish family in the city of Kovel and he received only four years of formal education in Russia. In 1920, amid the turmoil of the Russian Civil War, his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Brooklyn, studying English at night, he found work as a clothing pattern maker in Manhattans garment district. In 1933, he married Lillian Sapovnik, with whom he had two children, Zapruder was a Freemason and an Inspector-General of the Scottish Rite. In 1941, Zapruder moved to Dallas, Texas, to work for Nardis, in 1949 he co-founded Jennifer Juniors, Inc. producing the Chalet and Jennifer Juniors brands. His offices were on the floor of the Dal-Tex Building. At the time of the assassination, Zapruder was an admirer of President Kennedy, Zapruder had originally planned to film the motorcade carrying President Kennedy through downtown Dallas on November 22, but decided not to film the event as it had been raining that morning. When he arrived at work that morning without his camera, Zapruders assistant insisted that he retrieve it from home before going to Dealey Plaza because the weather had cleared. Zapruders movie camera was an 8 mm Bell & Howell Zoomatic Director Series Model 414 PD—top of the line when it was purchased in 1962. Zapruder had planned to film the motorcade from his office window, Zapruders secretary, Marilyn Sitzman, offered to assist Zapruder as he suffered from vertigo and was apprehensive about standing on the abutment alone. While Sitzman stood behind Zapruder and held his coat to steady him, Zapruders film captured 26.6 seconds of the traveling motorcade carrying President Kennedy on 486 frames of Kodak Kodachrome II safety film. Zapruders film captured the head shot that struck President Kennedy as his limousine passed almost directly in front of Zapruder. Zapruder would later recall that he knew that President Kennedys wound was fatal as he saw the presidents head. explode like a firecracker. McCormick was acquainted with Agent Forrest Sorrels of the Secret Services Dallas office, Zapruder agreed and returned to his office. McCormick later found Sorrels outside the Sheriffs office at Main and Houston, Zapruder agreed to give the film to Sorrels on the condition it would be used only for investigation of the assassination. The three then took the film to the television station WFAA to be developed, after it was realized that WFAA was unable to develop Zapruders footage, film was taken to Eastman Kodaks Dallas processing plant where it was immediately developed later that afternoon. As the Kodachrome process requires different equipment for duplication than for simple development, the original developed film was taken to the Jamieson Film Company, where three additional copies were exposed, these were returned to Kodak around 8 p. m. for processing
22.
Film perforations
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Film perforations, also known as perfs, are the holes placed in the film stock during manufacturing and used for transporting and steadying the film. Films may have different types of perforations depending on film gauge, film format, perforations are also used as a standard measuring reference within certain camera systems to refer to the size of the frame. Some formats are referred to in terms of the ratio perforations per frame/gauge size to provide a way of denoting size. For instance, 35mm Academy is also known as 4 perf-35mm, VistaVision is 8 perf-35mm, the long-time standard Todd-AO70 mm film is 5 perf-70mm, one of the characteristics of perforations is their pitch. This is the measurement of the distance between the tops of two sequential perforations, for motion picture 35 mm film and 16 mm film, there are two different pitches—short pitch and long pitch. For 35 mm film these are 0.1866 and 0.1870, when cellulose acetate film was developed, which does not shrink, two forms were produced for compatibility with existing equipment. Additionally, for 35 mm film only, there are different shapes for these perforations. BH perforations are used on negative film and have straight tops and bottoms with outward curving sides. The BH perforation is a circle of approximately diameter 0.110, the corners used to be sharp, but were slightly rounded in 1989 by 0.005 to give them greater strength. The BH1866 perforation, or BH perforation with a pitch of 0.1866, is the standard for negative. The BH1870 perforation, or BH perforation with a pitch of 0.1870, was the standard for positive prints intended for direct projection. KS perfs are rectangular with rounded corners, and measure 0.0780 in height by 0.1100 in width, KS perforations were once recommended for negative and intermediate films, too, but only the Eastern Bloc countries adopted KS for these uses. The Western Bloc countries maintained BH perforations for negative and intermediate films and this was one of the very few instances where a Western Bloc recommendation and standard was adopted by the Eastern Bloc, but was wholly rejected by the very bloc which proposed its adoption. To this day, all Western Bloc professional cameras employ BH perforations, the increased height also means that the image registration was considerably less accurate than with BH perfs, which remain the standard for negatives. The KS1870 perforation, or KS perforation with a pitch of 0.1870, is the standard for release prints as well as for 135 still camera film. 65/70 mm, the professional standard, was created many years after KS perforations had been recommended for negative as well as positive applications. Consequently, 65/70 mm uses only KS perforations for all applications, negative, intermediate and positive.1100 and this gave it longer projection life and also improved registration. One of its applications was usage in Technicolors dye imbibition printing
23.
TeleMation Inc.
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TeleMation Inc was a company specializing in products for the television industry, post production and film industry, located in Salt Lake City, Utah. TeleMation started with a line of Black-and-white video equipment and later manufactured Color Video Products, Lyle Keys was the founder and President of TeleMation, Inc started in the late 1960s. Early equipment was for the B&W broadcast, cable television, in 1954, Lyle Oscar Keys was an itinerant equipment salesman from Wibaux, Montana. Shortly after Keys was married, John F. Fitzpatrick was president of The Salt Lake Tribune at the time, fitzpatricks assistant John W. Gallivan hired Keys as an engineer for KUTV Channel 2 which the Tribune was part owner. In a time when the industry was burgeoning, Keys knew how to get much needed essential parts fast in a time when these parts were unavailable or slow to get. By 1962, the Tribunes owner, Kearns-Tribune Corporation and their partners in KUTV organized Electronic Sales Corporation to help meet these needs, Keys was installed as president with an office in the Kearns Building in Salt Lake City. Within eight years the company, which had incorporated as Telemation, had 420 employees. It became the nations largest supplier of closed circuit TV systems and developed scores of proprietary items for cable television, Keys personally dreamed up many of the firms products, helped engineer them, produced millions of dollars in sales and even wrote Telemations news releases and advertising copy. Keys also laid out the blueprint for the development of 84,000 square feet of space in southwest Salt Lake Countys technological park. The Kearns-Tribune Corporation interest in this publicly owned enterprise as of early 1971 was twenty-four, in 1977 TeleMation inc. became a Division of Bell and Howell. In October 1979 Bell and Howell entered a joint venture with Robert Bosch GmbH, the new joint venture was call Fernseh Inc. In April 1982 Bosch fully acquired Fernseh Inc. renaming the company Robert Bosch Corporation, in 1986 Bosch enter into a new joint venture with Philips Broadcast in Breda, Netherlands. This new Company was called Broadcast Television Systems Inc. or BTS inc, Philips had been in the Broadcast market of many years with a line of Norelco professional video cameras and other products. In 1995 Philips Electronics North America Corp. fully acquired BTS Inc. renaming it Philips Broadcast - Philips Digital Video Systems, in March 2001 this division was sold to Thomson SA, the current owner, the Division was called Thomson Multimedia. In 2002, the French electronics giant Thomson SA also acquired the Grass Valley Group from Tektronix in Beaverton, Oregon, Grass Valley was sold to Belden on February 6,2014, Belden also owns Miranda. A. T. V. Character Generators A line of Character Generators Automation Equipment, in German the words fern and seh literally mean far and see. Because of all the mergers customers sometimes fondly called these company, 1966-1967 PLUMBICON TUBE - N. V. Philips 1987-1888 FGS4000 computer animation system - BTS -SLC, UT 1992-1993 Prism Technology for Color Television Cameras -N. V. Philips 1993-1994 Controlled Edge Enhancement Utilizing Skin Hue KeyingBTS and Ikegami (Joint Award 1997-1998 Development of a High Resolution Digital Film Scanner Eastman Kodak, Fernseh post production Telecine TV Video camera Hard disk recorder Professional video camera Was a Post Productions house in Seattle Wa
24.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
25.
Adtalem Global Education
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DeVry Education Group is a successor to two separate entities, DeVry Institutes and the Keller-Taylor Corporation. DeVry Technical Institute was acquired by the Bell & Howell company in 1966, the school was renamed to DeVry Institute of Technology in 1968. In 1984, the division was renamed DeVry, Inc. The Keller-Taylor Corporation was formed in 1973 by Dennis Keller and Ronald Taylor, Keller-Taylor was the holding company of CBA Institute in Chicago, which later became Keller Graduate School of Management. In 1987 Keller-Taylor acquired the DeVry Institutes from Bell & Howell, the holding companys name changed to DeVry, Inc. In 1991, DeVry became the first publicly traded education provider with a public offering on the NASDAQ stock exchange. Today, its stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol DV, in 1996 DeVry acquired Becker CPA Review, now Becker Professional Education. In 2002 DeVry Institute of Technology and Keller Graduate School of Management became DeVry University, the company diversified into healthcare in 2003 with the acquisition of Ross University and added Chamberlain College of Nursing in 2005. Carrington College, formerly known as Apollo College and Western Career College, in 2009, DeVry acquired a majority stake in Fanor, now known as DeVry Brasil, a provider of post-secondary education with campuses located in northeastern Brazil. In June 2009, Standard and Poors added Devry Inc. to its index of stocks, in November 2013, DeVry Inc. was renamed to DeVry Education Group. Daniel Hamburger resigned in 2016 as CEO of DeVry with a payout of 5.3 million dollars, eight-year board member, Lisa Wardell was appointed president and CEO of DeVry Education Group. DeVry Brazils enrollment in 2016 was 79,280 students, the for-profit education industry has been the subject of hearings by the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Specifically with regard to DeVry Inc. the Committee found that half of the students who enrolled at DeVry in 2008-2009 withdrew by mid-2010. DeVry spends more on marketing than on student instruction, approximately 80% of DeVrys revenue is Federal education funds. As of 2013, DeVry Inc. is under investigation by the Attorneys General of the states of Illinois, a lawsuit has been filed against DeVry alleging deceptive recruiting practices in violation of federal law. In January 2016, The Federal Trade Commission filed a lawsuit against DeVry Education Group alleging false or misleading advertising, in May 2016, a shareholder class action lawsuit was filed against DeVry Group, in the US District Court, Northern District of Illinois. DeVry Education Group Becker Professional Education
26.
American University of the Caribbean
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The United States Department of Education has determined that the commission’s accreditation standards are comparable to those applicable to U. S. medical schools. The first class, with 107 students, started on 14 August 1978, the government of Montserrat granted AUC a 25-acre parcel of land near Plymouth, where a new campus of 17 buildings was built. AUC began conducting classes at its new campus in Montserrat in January 1980, on 17 September 1989, Hurricane Hugo hit the island, severely damaging the campus. While the Montserrat campus was being rebuilt, AUC operated at a location in Plainview, Texas. The Montserrat campus was rebuilt and AUC reopened it for classes in September 1990, long thought to be dormant, the Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat erupted on 18 July 1995, rendering much of the island uninhabitable, including the entire city of Plymouth. Students and faculty were evacuated, and the campus was buried under volcanic ash, AUC reopened its operations in September 1995. 250 students were sent to a location in Belize and 280 students were sent to a temporary location in St. Maarten. However, on 5 September 1995, Hurricane Luis hit St. Maarten, destroyed much of its infrastructure, in September 1996, AUC transferred all students and faculty in Belize to its temporary facilities on St. Maarten. AUC purchased a parcel of land in the village of Cupecoy on the Dutch side of St. Martin, the new campus opened on 1 May 1998. AUCs new campus consists of teaching and learning facilities featuring classrooms and laboratories, an anatomy lab, a microbiology lab. After completing the initial 5 semesters of study in the Medical Sciences portion on AUCs St. Maarten campus, both the required core rotations and elective rotations in any specialty may be taken at one or several different clinical sites. After a total of four years of training, students are awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine, some states have their own approval processes for medical schools, all of which have approved AUC. In addition, New York and Florida have approved AUC to allow students to do clinical rotations in their states. AUC graduates may apply to the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom for registration in the UK without prejudice, the only stipulation associated with AUC graduates are for students who. Transferred to the American University of the Caribbean following a period of study at medical school. Medical school International medical graduate List of medical schools in the Caribbean Official website
27.
Carrington College (US)
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Carrington College is a network of for-profit private colleges. Established in 1967, the college is based out of Sacramento, Carrington College has a student enrollment of over 7,300 and 90,000 alumni. Carrington College offers career training in medical, dental, veterinary, the company is a division of DeVry Education Group. The schools colors are blue and gold and the Carrington College mascots are two animated birds named Blue and Goldie, the institution was founded in 1967 in Sacramento, California, as the Northwest College of Medical Assistants and Dental Assistants. The college was established to meet the needs of the local healthcare community. In 1969, the College was purchased and underwent its first name change, the Education Corporation of America purchased the college in 1983 and changed its name to Western Career College. In 1986, WCC opened a campus in the Bayfair Center in San Leandro. The third campus opened in 1997 in Pleasant Hill, California, WCC earned regional accreditation by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in June 2001. Education Corporation, a California-based company, acquired Western Career College, Education Corporation also acquired Apollo College, which was founded by Margaret M Carlson in 1975 in Phoenix, Arizona to prepare graduates for careers in skilled professions. Education Corporation was led by president and chief executive officer George Montgomery from 2002 to 2011, the college expanded in August 2005 by incorporating the operations and programs of Silicon Valley College. Education Corporation became a division of DeVry, Inc, in 2010, Western Career College changed its name to Carrington College California and Apollo College changed its name to Carrington College. President Montgomery retired at the end of 2011 and was succeeded as president of the group by Robert Paul, in 2012, under Pauls leadership, the institutions mascots, Blue and Goldie, were developed. In 2014, Paul succeeded David Pauldine as president of DeVry University and was succeeded as president of Carrington College Group by Jeff Akens, previously, Akens had served as president of Carrington College California from 2007 to 2014 and had been with the institution since 1993. In 2016, Dr. Donna M. Lorraine was appointed president of Carrington College, Carrington College campuses offer programs that lead to a Certificate of Achievement or Associate of Science Degree. Carrington College offers 18 programs through five areas of focus including medicine, health studies, dentistry, administration, some of the programs include health care administration, pharmacy technology, practical nursing, criminal justice, veterinary assisting, and dental assisting. S. Carrington College is based in Sacramento, California, the college has 21 campuses and centers in eight states including California, Arizona, Idaho, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington
28.
Chamberlain University
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Chamberlain College of Nursing is a for-profit nursing school that offers bachelor, master and doctoral degree programs in nursing. It is a subsidiary of DeVry Education Group, Chamberlain College of Nursing was first established in St. Louis in 1889, under the name Deaconess School of Nursing. The Deaconess tradition began in 19th-Century Europe when Theodor Fliedner of Kaiserswerth, Germany, established the first Deaconess Home, the word deaconess means “one who is devoted to service, ” being the feminine gender of the word deacon. Their headquarters is located in Downers Grove, IL at the address,3005 Highland Parkway Downers Grove. Chamberlain College of Nursing offers undergraduate programs enabling students to earn a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. The BSN degree program does not require any prior experience and allows students to complete their degree in as few as three years, instead of the four years with summers off. Chamberlain also offers an RN to BSN online degree completion option for registered nurses and this online option allows registered nurses to earn a BSN degree in as few as 3 semesters. The option offers the flexibility of learning, with 24/7 access to courses. The RN-BSN to MSN Online Bridge Option is for RNs who wish to earn both a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree and Master of Science in Nursing degree, the program allows students to earn a MSN degree in one less semester total. Chamberlain also offers a Master of Science in Nursing online degree program with five tracks, Educator, Executive, Healthcare Policy, each track allows registered nurses to earn an MSN degree in as few as two and a half years. The Educator Specialty Track prepares students to teach in academic and clinical-practice settings, coursework includes educational foundations, instructional methods, program assessment and evaluation and curriculum development. Students complete a 100-hour practicum in their own location, allowing them to further develop their skills with the support of an experienced nurse educator. The Executive Specialty Track promotes the skills and knowledge essential to nurse leaders, the Executive Specialty Track allows registered nurses to earn an MSN degree in as few as six semesters. It helps build the skills essential to nurse leaders, courses in the MSN Executive track include the foundations of organizational leadership, including managerial communication, organizational change, and decision-making. All MSN students are required to complete a 100-hour practicum in their own geographic location, graduates of the MSN Executive Track have the option to apply to DeVry University’s Keller Graduate School of Management Master of Business Administration degree program. Qualifying Chamberlain credits transfer so students can earn their MBA with six additional courses, the Informatics Specialty Track prepares students for a variety of roles that leverage technology to aid patient care. The Informatics curriculum teaches students to interpret, analyze and use electronic health record technology, as well as students to be more efficient. Coursework includes the practice of nursing informatics, management of data and information, healthcare information workflow, students also complete a 200-hour informatics practicum with the support of an experienced informatics nurse, allowing them to strengthen and apply the knowledge and skills acquired from coursework
29.
Ross University School of Medicine
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Ross University School of Medicine is a private for-profit medical school. It was founded in 1978 and its campus is in Dominica, with administrative bases in the U. S. cities of Iselin, New Jersey and Miramar. The medical school was founded in 1978 as The University of Dominica School of Medicine by Robert Ross, at the time, it was housed in leased facilities at The Castaways Hotel, with an inaugural class of 11 students. In 1982, the University Of Dominica School of Medicine formally changed its name to Ross University School of Medicine at the request of the government of Dominica, in 1985 California state medical licensing officials, began investigating RUSM, along with other medical schools located in the Caribbean. The officials released a report stating that RUSM at that time had nearly no admissions standards, however, RUSM agreed to implement a number of changes recommended by the board and has since graduated over 11,000 practicing physicians. Some local individuals welcomed the impact of a new medical school on the town. In 2003, RUSM was acquired by DeVry Education Group, the Ross University School of Medicine pre-clinical campus is located in Portsmouth, Dominica. The campus features a medical and anatomical imaging laboratory, a simulation center, in May 2015, Ross officially opened a new Student Center, a 50,000 square foot facility housing a new library, student study spaces, student services departments, and other spaces. The cost of the project was estimated at $18 million, the building itself is designed to withstand category five hurricanes. The university does not offer traditional dormitory housing options, most students typically live in off-campus university-approved apartment buildings and complexes, selected from an internal housing database. The university also oversees a housing complex known as Ross University Housing, the university accepts students for three different entering classes per year, September, January and May. The fall entering class is typically the largest each year, since September 2010, the university has followed an organ systems-based curriculum for its basic sciences. This is divided two different tracks, known as Accelerated Curriculum and Curriculum as of May 2013. The accelerated curriculum track covers the basic sciences in 60 weeks of study, both tracks share identical first semesters, allowing students more time to decide on the track they wish to pursue. Unlike many American medical schools, Ross University does not own or affiliate with any particular primary teaching hospital, the university contracts with hospitals throughout the U. S. to accept and place students in clinical rotations. The Bakersfield Californian reported that Ross and Kern County in California agreed to a $35 million deal to enable Ross students to complete clinical rotations at Kern Medical Center, successful completion of this pre-clinical program is required prior to entry into a clerkship. The university requires students to enter into track programs for clerkships, the clerkship component of the program is currently composed of 48 weeks of required core rotations and 30 weeks of electives. Students have to option to enter clerkships in the United States, like other Caribbean medical schools, the attrition rate at Ross University is significantly worse than most U. S. medical schools
30.
Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine
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Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1982, is a college offering the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree. As of 2014, RUSVM began offering Master of Science and PhD degrees in health, global animal health, conservation medicine. The school is located in St. Kitts, administrative offices are located in Iselin, NJ. RUSVM is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education, RUSVM students are almost all citizens or permanent residents of the United States, who are eligible to apply for financial assistance under Title IV of the Higher Education Act. As of 2015, the school has graduated nearly 4,000 physicians. RUSVM enrolls students three times per year, RUSVM was founded in 1982 by entrepreneur Robert Ross, who also founded a separate institution, Ross University School of Medicine, in 1978. Ross had a friend whose son was unable to secure admission to schools in the United States. In 2003, RUSVM was purchased by DeVry Education Group, in 2014, RUSVM officially launched four distinct Research Centers, the goal being to give students a research-informed learning experience and to expand RUSVM’s overall scientific research focus. RUSVM is also accredited by the St. Christopher & Nevis Accreditation Board Ministry of Education to confer the DVM to students who complete the course of the program. In July 2014, RUSVM received accreditation for its Postgraduate Studies program from the St. Christopher & Nevis Accreditation Board, the Postgraduate Studies program offers Master of Science and Doctoral degrees in all research areas supported by RUSVM. Areas of emphasis are guided by RUSVMs themed Research Centers, in addition, many faculty are top researchers in their specific fields and disciplines. The university’s DVM curriculum follows models used in U. S. veterinary schools, leadership has brought a renewed focus on research to RUSVM. The school has established four distinct Research Centers, each strategically relevant to the concept of One Health in developing or tropical countries, faculty authored nearly 100 scientific papers in 2014 alone. Now, approximately 400 RUSVM students participate in research projects annually, recently, the university has expanded efforts to extend its global reach from both recruitment and research standpoints. On the enrollment side, RUSVM recently has begun recruiting students in Singapore for special international research internship programs, international medical graduate List of schools of veterinary medicine Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine official site
31.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
32.
Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
33.
Shirley Temple
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Shirley Temple Black was an American actress, singer, dancer, businesswoman and diplomat who was most notable as Hollywoods number one box-office star from 1935 to 1938. As an adult, she was named United States ambassador to Ghana and to Czechoslovakia, Shirley Temple began her film career in 1932 at age 3. In 1934, she found fame in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her image included dolls, dishes. Her box-office popularity waned as she reached adolescence and she appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid-to-late teens, and retired from films in 1950 at the age of 22. Temple returned to business in 1958 with a two-season television anthology series of fairy tale adaptations. She made guest appearances on shows in the early 1960s. She sat on the boards of corporations and organizations including The Walt Disney Company, Del Monte Foods, in 1988, she published her autobiography, Child Star. Temple was the recipient of awards and honors, including the Kennedy Center Honors. She is 18th on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest female American screen legends of Classic Hollywood cinema, Shirley Temple was born on April 23,1928, in Santa Monica, California. She was the child of Gertrude Amelia Temple, a homemaker, and George Francis Temple. The family was of English, German, and Dutch ancestry and she had two brothers, George Francis, Jr. and John Stanley. The family moved to Brentwood, Los Angeles and her mother supported her young daughters singing, dancing, and acting talents, and in September 1931, enrolled her in Meglins Dance School in Los Angeles. About this time, her mother began styling her daughters hair in ringlets, while at Meglins, she was spotted by Charles Lamont, a casting director for Educational Pictures. Although Shirley hid behind the piano while in the studio, Lamont took a shine to her, invited her to audition, Educational Pictures were about to launch their Baby Burlesks, multiple short films satirizing recent film and political events, using preschool children in every role. Baby Burlesks was a series of one-reelers, another series of two-reelers called Frolics of Youth followed, with Shirley playing Mary Lou Rogers, to underwrite production costs at Educational, she and her child co-stars modeled for breakfast cereals and other products. She was lent to Tower Productions for a role in her first feature film in 1932 and, in 1933, to Universal, Paramount. After Educational Pictures declared bankruptcy in 1933, her father purchased her contract for $25, while walking out of the viewing of her last Frolics of Youth picture, Fox Film songwriter Jay Gorney saw the little girl dancing in the movie theater lobby
34.
D. W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
35.
The March of Time
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The March of Time is an American short film series sponsored by Time Inc. and shown in movie theaters from 1935 to 1951. It was based on a news series broadcast from 1931 to 1945. The voice of series was Westbrook Van Voorhis. Produced and written by Louis de Rochemont and his brother Richard de Rochemont, the March of Time organization also produced four feature films for theatrical release, and created documentary series for early television. Its first TV series, Crusade in Europe, received a Peabody Award, the March of Time was based on a news documentary and dramatization series, also called The March of Time, that was first broadcast on CBS Radio. Usually called a series, The March of Time was actually a monthly series of short feature films twice the length of standard newsreels. The films were didactic, with a point of view. The editors of Time described it as pictorial journalism, like its radio namesake, The March of Time included reporting, on-location shots, and dramatic reenactments. The March of Times relationship to the newsreel was compared to the weekly news magazines relationship to the daily newspaper. The March of Time was launched February 1,1935, in over 500 theaters, each entry in the series was either a two- or three-reel film. Westbrook Van Voorhis, who hosted the program, served as narrator of the film series. The series, which finally totalled close to 200 segments, was a success with audiences. Because of its high production costs—estimated at $50,000 per episode, however, it remained in production for six years beyond the cancellation of the radio show on which it was based. At its peak The March of Time was seen by 25 million U. S. moviegoers a month, for them, fascism, communism, and native demagogues seemed foreign to the American ethic, and they exposed and attacked them accordingly. … A cinematic agent provocateur, the March of Time turned over a lot of rocks, the demagogues and quacks whom they attacked in the 1930s may seem like obvious targets now, but they didnt seem so then. They were popular, powerful, frightening people, and the March of Time stood entirely alone in theatrical motion picture circles as a muckraker. In late 1936, producer Roy E. Larsen reluctantly left The March of Time to serve as publisher of Life, Larsen proposed that the new magazine be named The March of Time, but the name Life was purchased from the owners of a declining periodical. Life magazine was a success and notable influence on photojournalism throughout its 36-year history
36.
Edgar Bergen
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Edgar John Bergen was an American actor, comedian and radio performer, best known for his proficiency in ventriloquism and his characters Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd. He is also the father of actress Candice Bergen, Bergen was born in Chicago, Illinois, one of five children and the youngest of two sons of Swedish immigrants Nilla Svensdotter and Johan Henriksson Berggren. He lived on a farm near Decatur, Michigan until he was 4 when his family returned to Sweden where he learned the language and he taught himself ventriloquism from a pamphlet called The Wizards Manual when he was 11 after his family returned to Chicago. He attended Lake View High School, after his father died when he was just 16, he went out to work as an apprentice accountant, a furnace stoke, a player piano operator, and a projectionist in a silent-movie house. The famous ventriloquist Harry Lester was so impressed by Edgar that he gave the teenager almost daily lessons for three months in the fundamentals of ventriloquism. In the fall of 1919, Edgar paid Chicago woodcarver Theodore Mack $36 to sculpt a likeness of a rascally red-headed Irish newspaperboy he knew, the head went on a dummy named Charlie McCarthy, which became Bergens lifelong sidekick. He had created the body himself, using a length of broomstick for the backbone. For college he attended Northwestern University where he was enrolled in the program to please his mother. He switched to Speech & Drama but never completed his degree and he gave his first public performance at Waveland Avenue Congregational Church located on the northeast corner of Waveland and Janssen. He lived across the street from the church and he cut out an R and a G from his family name and went from Berggren to Bergen on the showbills. Between June 1922 and August 1925, he performed every summer on the professional Chautauqua circuit, Bergen had an interest in aviation, becoming a private pilot. His first performances were in vaudeville, at which point he changed his last name to the easier-to-pronounce Bergen. He worked in one-reel movie shorts, but his success was on the radio. He and Charlie were seen at a New York party by Elsa Maxwell for Noël Coward and it was there that two producers saw Bergen and Charlie perform. They then recommended them for a guest appearance on Rudy Vallées program and their initial appearance was so successful that the following year they were given regular cast rolls as part of The Chase and Sanborn Hour. Under various sponsors, they were on the air from May 9,1937 to July 1,1956, the popularity of a ventriloquist on radio, when one could see neither the dummies nor his skill, surprised and puzzled many critics, then and now. Even knowing that Bergen provided the voice, listeners perceived Charlie as a genuine person, thus, in 1947, Sam Berman caricatured Bergen and McCarthy for the networks glossy promotional book, NBC Parade of Stars, As Heard Over Your Favorite NBC Station. Bergens skill as an entertainer, especially his characterization of Charlie, Bergens success on radio was paralleled in the United Kingdom by Peter Brough and his dummy Archie Andrews
37.
Mack Sennett
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Mack Sennett was a Canadian-born American director and actor and was known as an innovator of slapstick comedy in film. During his lifetime he was known at times as the King of Comedy and his short Wrestling Swordfish was awarded the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1932 and he earned an Academy Honorary Award in 1937. Born Michael Sinnott in Richmond Ste-Bibiane Parish, Quebec, Canada, he was the son of Irish Catholic John Sinnott and Catherine Foy, the newlyweds moved the same year to Richmond, where John Sinnott was hired as a laborer. By 1883, when Michaels brother George was born, John Sinnott was working in Richmond as an innkeeper, John Sinnott and Catherine Foy had all their children and raised their family in Richmond, then a small Eastern Townships village. At that time, Michaels grandparents were living in Danville, Québec, Michael Sinnott moved to Connecticut when he was 17 years old. He lived for a while in Northampton, Massachusetts, where, according to his autobiography and he claimed that the most respected lawyer in town, Northampton mayor Calvin Coolidge, as well as Sennetts own mother, tried to talk him out of his musical ambitions. In New York City, Sennett became an actor, singer, dancer, clown, set designer, a major distinction in his acting career, often overlooked, is the fact that Sennett played Sherlock Holmes eleven times, albeit as a parody, between 1911 and 1913. With financial backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Bauman of the New York Motion Picture Company, Michael Mack Sennett founded Keystone Studios in Edendale, the original main building which was the first totally enclosed film stage and studio ever constructed, is still there today. Mack Sennetts slapstick comedies were noted for their wild car chases, additionally, Sennetts first female comedian was Mabel Normand, who became a major star under his direction and with whom he embarked on a tumultuous romantic relationship. Sennett also developed the Kid Comedies, a forerunner of the Our Gang films, two of those often named as Bathing Beauties do not belong on the list, Mabel Normand and Gloria Swanson. Mabel Normand was a player, and her 1912 8-minute film The Water Nymph may have been the direct inspiration for the Bathing Beauties. Although Gloria Swanson worked for Sennett in 1916 and was photographed in a suit, she was also a star. Not individually featured or named, many of young women ascended to significant careers of their own. They included Juanita Hansen, Claire Anderson, Marie Prevost, Phyllis Haver, in the 1920s Sennetts Bathing Beauties remained popular enough to provoke imitators like the Christie Studios Bathing Beauties and Fox Film Corporations Sunshine Girls. The Sennett Bathing Beauties would continue to appear through 1928, in 1917, Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Mack Sennett Comedies Corporation. Sennett went on to more ambitious comedy short films and a few feature-length films. During the 1920s, his subjects were in much demand, featuring stars like Billy Bevan, Andy Clyde, Harry Gribbon, Vernon Dent, Alice Day, Ralph Graves, Charlie Murray. He produced several features with his brightest stars such as Ben Turpin, many of Sennetts films of the early 1920s were inherited by Warner Bros
38.
Deanna Durbin
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Edna Mae Durbin, known professionally as Deanna Durbin, was a Canadian actress and singer, who appeared in musical films in the 1930s and 1940s. With the technical skill and vocal range of a lyric soprano. Durbin made her first film appearance with Judy Garland in Every Sunday and her success as the ideal teenaged daughter in films such as Three Smart Girls was credited with saving the studio from bankruptcy. In 1938, at the age of 17, Durbin was awarded the Academy Juvenile Award, as she matured, Durbin grew dissatisfied with the girl-next-door roles assigned to her, and attempted to portray a more womanly and sophisticated style. The film noir Christmas Holiday and the whodunit Lady on a Train were, however, Durbin retired from acting and singing in 1949, and withdrew from public life. She married film producer-director Charles Henri David in 1950, and the moved to a farmhouse near Paris. Edna Mae Durbin was born on December 4,1921, at Grace Hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the daughter of James Allen Durbin and his wife Ada, who were originally from Manchester, England. When she was an infant, her moved from Winnipeg to Southern California. At the age of one, Edna Mae was singing childrens songs, by the time she was 10, her parents recognized that she had definite talent and enrolled her in voice lessons at the Ralph Thomas Academy. Durbin soon became Thomass prize pupil, and he showcased her talent at local clubs. In early 1935, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was planning a film on the life of opera star Ernestine Schumann-Heink and was having difficulty finding an actress to play the young opera singer. MGM casting director Rufus LeMaire heard about a young soloist performing with the Ralph Thomas Academy. Durbin sang Il Bacio for the vocal coach, who was stunned by her mature soprano voice. She sang the number again for Louis B, Mayer, who signed her to a six-month contract. Durbin made her first film appearance in the short Every Sunday with a young Judy Garland, the film helped to prove the pair, as studio executives had questioned the wisdom of casting two female singers together. Louis B. Mayer decided to both girls, but by the time that decision was made, Durbins contract option had lapsed. Durbin signed a contract with Universal Studios, where she was given the professional name Deanna and she was 14 years old when she made her first feature-length film, Three Smart Girls. When producer Joe Pasternak cast the film, he wanted to borrow Garland from MGM, when Pasternak learned that Durbin was no longer with MGM, he cast her in the film instead
39.
Mickey Rooney
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Mickey Rooney was an American actor, producer, vaudevillian, comedian and radio personality. In a career spanning nine decades and continuing until shortly before his death, a versatile performer, he became a celebrated character actor later in his career. Laurence Olivier once said he considered Rooney the best there has ever been, clarence Brown, who directed him in two of his earliest dramatic roles, National Velvet and The Human Comedy, said he was the closest thing to a genius I ever worked with. Rooney first performed in vaudeville as a child and made his debut at the age of six. At thirteen he played Puck in the play and later the 1935 film adaptation of A Midsummer Nights Dream, critic David Thomson hailed his performance as one of cinemas most arresting pieces of magic. In 1938, he co-starred in Boys Town, at nineteen he was the first teenager to be nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Babes in Arms, and he was awarded a special Academy Juvenile Award in 1939. At the peak of his career between the ages of 15 and 25, he made films, which made him one of MGMs most consistently successful actors. Rooney was the top box office attraction from 1939 to 1941, and one of the actors of that era. Drafted into the Army during World War II, he served two years entertaining over two million troops on stage and radio and was awarded a Bronze Star for performing in combat zones. Returning from the war in 1945, he was too old for juvenile roles but too short to be a movie star. Nevertheless, Rooneys popularity was renewed with well-received supporting roles in such as Requiem for a Heavyweight, Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. In the early 1980s, he returned to Broadway in Sugar Babies, Rooney made hundreds of appearances on TV, including dramas, variety programs, and talk shows, and won an Emmy in 1964, with another Emmy plus a Golden Globe for his role in Bill. At his death, Vanity Fair called him the original Hollywood train wreck and he struggled with alcohol and pill addiction and married eight times, the first time to Ava Gardner. Despite earning millions during his career, he had to file for bankruptcy in 1962 due to mismanagement of his finances. Shortly before his death in 2014 at age 93, he alleged mistreatment by some members and testified before Congress about what he alleged was physical abuse. By the end of his life, his millions in earnings had dwindled to an estate that was valued at only $18,000 and he died owing medical bills and back taxes, and contributions were solicited from the public. His mother was a chorus girl and a burlesque performer. When Rooney was born, they were appearing in a Brooklyn production of A Gaiety Girl, Rooney later recounted in his memoirs that he began performing at the age of 17 months as part of his parents routine, wearing a specially tailored tuxedo
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