1.
Bell MTS Place
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The MTS Centre is an indoor sports arena and entertainment venue located at 300 Portage Avenue in downtown Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The arena is the home of the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League and the Jets American Hockey League affiliate, the MTS Centre stands on the former Eatons site and is owned and operated by True North Sports & Entertainment. The 440,000 square feet building was constructed at a cost of $133.5 million CAD and it opened on November 16,2004, replacing the since-demolished Winnipeg Arena. It has a capacity of 15,294 for hockey and 16,345 for concerts, originally known as the True North Centre during its planning and construction stages, its naming rights are owned by Bell MTS. With the bankruptcy of the iconic Eatons retailer, the store that was originally constructed in Winnipeg was emptied in late 2001. The MTS Centre officially opened on November 16,2004, replacing the aging Winnipeg Arena, in an effort to recognize the stores history, red bricks were incorporated into the design of the arena façade, evoking the memory of the Eaton’s store that had once graced Portage Avenue. An original store window and Tyndall stone surround is mounted in the concourse to house a collection of Eatons memorabilia. In addition, two war memorials were incorporated into the building, the Timothy Eaton statue that was once a main feature of the store is also housed in the MTS Centre, near the spot where it stood in the Eatons building. The AHLs Manitoba Moose were the arenas first tenant, from its opening in 2004 to 2011, the team relocated to St. Johns prior to the 2011–12 AHL season to make way for the arrival of the Winnipeg Jets. The Moose returned to the MTS Centre for the 2015–16 season, only the lower bowl, which has a capacity of 8,812, is used for the majority of Moose home games. The arena hosted the AHL All-Star Classic on February 1,2006, in which Team Canada defeated Team PlanetUSA, from 1972 to 1996, the original Winnipeg Jets played home games out of the now-demolished Winnipeg Arena. Facing mounting financial troubles, the relocated to Arizona after the 1995–96 NHL season. The idea of Winnipeg one day returning to the NHL gained momentum after the MTS Centre opened, david Thomson and Mark Chipman were floated as potential owners of an NHL team, although many questions were raised about the MTS Centres potential suitability as an NHL venue. The arenas capacity was well below that of the next-smallest NHL arena at that time, the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Chipman stated that the arenas current size was sufficient for an NHL team due to the unique economics of the local market. On May 19,2011, The Globe and Mail reported that Mark Chipman and True North were finalizing the purchase of the Atlanta Thrashers, further improvements were made over the next few years, including concourse expansion and the installation of a new high-definition scoreboard. A total of 278 premium seats were added to the level in 2015. Prior to the return of the Jets, the MTS Centre hosted a number of NHL preseason games, the first was held on September 17,2006 between the Edmonton Oilers and the Phoenix Coyotes, in front of a sold-out crowd, which the Oilers won 5–0. In international hockey, the MTS Centre hosted the 2007 IIHF Womens World Championship, which was won by the host country
2.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
3.
Bell Center, Wisconsin
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Bell Center is a village in Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census, bell Center is located at 43°17′31″N 90°49′50″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 5.59 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 117 people,45 households, the population density was 21.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 64 housing units at a density of 11.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 3% White,0. 9% African American,26. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 2.97. The median age in the village was 40.5 years. 29. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,2. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,20. 4% were from 25 to 44,27. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54. 7% male and 45. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 116 people,45 households, and 32 families residing in the village. The population density was 21.0 people per square mile, there were 60 housing units at an average density of 10.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 99. 14% White and 0. 86% Asian,22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the family size was 3.06. In the village, the population was out with 26. 7% under the age of 18,3. 4% from 18 to 24,25. 9% from 25 to 44,28. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 107.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $39,167, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had an income of $30,000 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,177, there were 19. 4% of families and 19. 7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 21. 6% of under eighteens and 33. 3% of those over 64
4.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
5.
Barrie Molson Centre
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The Barrie Molson Centre is a 4, 195-seat multi-purpose arena in Barrie, Ontario, Canada. The Barrie Molson Centre, also known as the BMC, held its first ever OHL game on December 31,1995 when the Barrie Colts hosted the Sudbury Wolves. It is home to the Barrie Colts ice hockey team and the home of the Barrie Lakeshores MSL Lacrosse Team. The Colts played the first half of their season at the old Dunlop Arena while the BMC was under construction. The BMC was one of the first modern arenas built in the OHL and was the blueprint from which a lot of the arenas were modeled. There is a full concourse so you can all the way around the arena. In the west end the concourse goes through the Horsepower Grill, the BMC has a standard four-sided scoreboard and a scoreboard at the west end. There are time of day clocks and shot clocks at each end, the BMC added 4 video screens in the arena bowl for replays and to watch the game. The ice surface at the Barrie Molson Centre is regulation size of 200 by 85
6.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
7.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Montreal Metro
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The Montreal Metro is a rubber-tired, underground rapid transit system and the main form of public transport in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Metro, operated by the Montreal Transit Corporation, was inaugurated on October 14,1966, in 2013,356.1 million trips on the Metro were completed. According to the STM, the Metro system had transported over 7 billion passengers as of 2010, with the Metro, Montreal has built one of North Americas largest urban rapid transit schemes, attracting the second-highest ridership per capita behind New York City. The Montreal Metro was inspired by the Paris Métro, which is seen in the Metros station design. Urban transit began in Montreal in 1861 when a line of cars started to operate on Craig. Eventually, as the then Canadian metropolis grew, a network of streetcar lines provided service almost everywhere. But urban congestion started to take its toll on streetcar punctuality, in 1902, as European and American cities were inaugurating their first subway systems, the federal government created the Montreal Subway Company to promote the idea in Canada. Starting in 1910, many proposals were tabled but the Montreal Metro would prove to be an elusive goal, first, the Montreal Street Railway Company, the Montreal Central Terminal Company and the Montreal Underground and Elevated Railway Company undertook fruitless negotiations with the city. The Montreal Tramways Company was the first to receive the approval of the government in 1913. The reluctance of elected city officials to advance funds foiled this first attempt, the issue of a subway remained present in the newspapers but World War I and the following recession hitting Montreal prevented any execution. The gradual return of the financial health during the 1920s brought the MTC project back, World War II and the war effort in Montreal resurrected trams crowding. In 1944, the MTC proposed a network, one line running underneath Saint Catherine Street. By this point, construction was well underway on Canadas first subway line in Toronto under Yonge Street. Still, Montreal councillors remained cautious and no work was initiated, for some of them, including Jean Drapeau during its first municipal term, public transit was a thing of the past. In 1959, a company, the Société dexpansion métropolitaine, offered to build a rubber-tired metro but the Transportation Commission wanted its own network. This was the last missed opportunity, for the re-election of Jean Drapeau as mayor, in the early 1960s, the western world experienced an economic boom and Quebec underwent its Quiet Revolution. The 1961 plan reused several previous studies and planned three lines carved into the rock under the city centre to the most populated areas of the city. The main line, or number 1 was to pass between the two most important arteries, Sainte-Catherine and Sherbrooke streets, more or less under the De Maisonneuve Boulevard and it would extend between the English-speaking west at Atwater station and French-speaking east at Frontenac
10.
Orange Line (Montreal Metro)
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The Orange Line, is the longest and first-planned of the four lines of the Montreal Metro in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It formed part of the network, and was extended from 1980 to 1986. On April 28,2007, three new stations in Laval opened making it the line to leave Montreal Island. The Orange Line measures 30 kilometres in length and counts 31 stations and it is the longest subway line in Montreal and the second-longest in Canada after the Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway. Like the rest of the Metro network, it is entirely underground, the line runs in a U-shape from Côte-Vertu in northwestern Montreal to Montmorency in Laval, northeast of Montreal. The line was planned to run between Crémazie and Place-dArmes, work on the Orange Line began on May 23,1962 on Berri Street just south of Jarry Street. In November 1962, the city of Montreal learned that it had awarded the 1967 International and Universal Exposition. On October 14,1966, the section between Henri-Bourassa and Place-dArmes opened, forming part of the original Metro network, completion of smaller sections were delayed by several months. On February 6,1967, the segment from Place-dArmes to Square-Victoria-OACI opened, followed on February 13,1967, prior to the inauguration of the initial network, extensions were proposed in all directions, including the West Island. In its 1967 Urban Plan, entitled Horizon 2000, the city of Montreal planned to build a network of almost 100 miles by the end of the twentieth century. On February 12,1971, the council of the Montreal Urban Community authorized the borrowing of C$430 million to extend the Metro and this amount increased to C$665 million in 1973, and to C$1.6 billion in 1975. This expansion plan included the costs of extending the Orange Line westward, the terminus station, Salaberry, would have been an intermodal station with Bois-Franc commuter rail station. To cut costs, three planned stations and a workshop at the end of the track were eliminated. In 1979, the Minister of Transport, Denis de Belleval, proposed to complete the extension to Du Collège. This transportation plan was rejected by the mayors of the Montreal Urban Community, the moratorium was lifted in February 1981, with a new agreement that approved the construction of one additional station, Côte-Vertu. Du Collège was considered inappropriate to play the role of a terminus, the western segment was constructed in the 1980s and was opened in several stages. On April 28,1980, it was extended from Bonaventure to Place-Saint-Henri, after a break of more than two decades of expansion, the eastern segment was extended from Henri-Bourassa by three stations into the city of Laval. This 5.2 kilometres long section required digging a tunnel underneath the Rivière des Prairies, the three stations were, in order, Cartier, De la Concorde and Montmorency
11.
Lucien-L'Allier station (Montreal Metro)
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Lucien-LAllier is a station on the Orange Line of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal. It is located in the borough of Ville-Marie in downtown Montreal, Quebec, the station, planned under the name Aqueduc, was designed by the firm of David, Boulva & Cleve. A sculptural grille by Jean-Jacques Besner covering a ventilation shaft is the only artwork, the station is a normal side platform station, with a mezzanine on its eastern end, this is connected to the exit by an extremely deep open shaft. It is also connected to Montreals underground city and he had died while the station was under construction. A plaque in the station commemorates him. com - photos, information, and trivia 2011 STM system map 2011 Downtown System Map Metro Map
12.
Bonaventure station
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Bonaventure is a station on the Orange Line of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal. It is located in the borough of Ville-Marie in downtown Montreal, Quebec and it opened on February 13,1967, four months after most of the initial network. It served as the terminus of the Orange Line for 14 years until the extension to Place-Saint-Henri was opened in 1981. Designed by Victor Prus, the station is a side platform station. As a key part of the city, the mezzanine has ticket barriers on either side. Bridges over the tracks below the level allow passengers to cross from one platform to the other. There is also access to the Lucien-LAllier train station as well as the Lucien-LAllier Metro station. Elevators were added between the mezzanine and the platforms in November 2009, making the more accessible to people with reduced mobility. However, there is currently no access to the surface. An existing elevator connecting the station to Place du Canada and the Château Champlain, an elevator link between the station and the AMT bus terminus and thence to the surface is planned. The station is equipped with the MétroVision information screens which displays news, commercials, and this station is named for Place Bonaventure, a major commercial complex containing businesses, the Hôtel Bonaventure, and the Société de transport de Montréals headquarters. This was named for Bonaventure Station, a station on the Grand Trunk Railway. All derive their name from St. Bonaventure, a 13th-century Italian philosopher and mystic. com - photos, information, and trivia 2011 STM system map 2011 Downtown System Map Metro Map
13.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
14.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
15.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
16.
Concert
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A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment
17.
Amphitheatre
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An amphitheatre or amphitheater /ˈæmfᵻˌθiːətər/ is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον, from ἀμφί, ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. In modern usage, amphitheatre is used to describe theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round. Natural formations of similar shape are known as natural amphitheatres. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were major public venues, circular or oval in plan and they were used for events such as gladiator combats, chariot races, venationes and executions. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across the area of the Roman Empire, the earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the 1st century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire, the largest could accommodate 40, the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble, stucco and statuary. After the end of games in the 5th century and of staged animal hunts in the 6th. Their materials were mined or recycled, some were razed, and others were converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places, in some of these, in modern usage, an amphitheatre is a circular, semicircular or curved, acoustically vibrant performance space, particularly one located outdoors. Small-scale amphitheatres can serve to host outdoor local community performances, notable modern amphitheatres include the Shoreline Amphitheatre and the Hollywood Bowl. The term amphitheatre is used for some indoor venues such as the Gibson Amphitheatre. The term amphitheatre can also be used to naturally occurring formations which would be ideal for this purpose. Arena Stadium Thingplatz List of Roman amphitheatres List of contemporary amphitheatres List of indoor arenas List of ancient Greek theatres Roman theatre Bomgardner, the Story of the Roman Amphitheatre
18.
Theatre
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
19.
Hemicycle
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In legislatures, a hemicycle is a semicircular, or horseshoe-shaped, debating chamber, where deputies sit to discuss and pass legislation. Though composed of Greek roots, the term is French in origin, the design is used in most European countries and the United States. The United Kingdom, as the originator of the Westminster system, however, two of the three devolved legislatures, the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly, use hemicycles. The Northern Ireland Assembly does not use a hemicycle format, in the case of Australia, the two largest parties are still facing each other, whereas in the Scottish Parliaments hemicycle, the largest party sits in the middle. However, some follow a strict left-right arrangement with, for example, a left wing governing party sitting on the left. In these cases results are often portrayed in the hemicycle to show the results of left wing or right wing coalitions for forming a majority. Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg § Hemicycle
20.
Mixed martial arts
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Mixed martial arts is a full-contact combat sport that allows both striking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts. The first documented use of the mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. The term gained popularity when newfullcontact. com, then one of the largest websites covering the sport, the question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate. During the early 20th century, various mixed-style contests took place throughout Japan, in 1980 CV Productions, Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States, named Tough Guy Contest, later renamed Battle of the Superfighters. The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania, however, in 1983 the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill prohibiting the sport. In 1993, the Gracie family brought vale tudo, developed in Brazil from the 1920s, later, individual fighters employed multiple martial arts into their style. MMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase safety, to comply with sport regulations. Following these changes, the sport has increased popularity with a pay-per-view business that rivals boxing. In Ancient Greece there was a sport called pankration, which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to found in modern MMA. Pankration was formed by a combination of the already established wrestling and boxing traditions and, in Olympic terms, All strikes and holds were allowed with the exception of biting and gouging, which were banned. Fighters, also known as pankratists, fought until a fighter submitted, according to E. Norman Gardiner, No branch of athletics was more popular than the pankration. From its origins in Ancient Greece, pankration was later passed on to the Romans, the mid nineteenth century saw the prominence of the new sport savate in the combat sports circle. At that time, French fighters wanted to test out the sport against the traditional styles of its time. However, the English team still won the four other match-ups during the contest, since then other similar contest also occurred by the late 19th to mid-20th century between French Savateurs and other combat styles. The next publicized encounter occurred in the late 1890s when future heavyweight boxing champion Bob Fitzsimmons took on European Greco-Roman Wrestling champion Ernest Roeber. In September 1901, Frank Paddy Slavin, who had been a contender for Sullivans boxing title, knocked out future world wrestling champion Frank Gotch in Dawson City, Canada. The judo-practitioner Ren-nierand who gained fame after defeating George Dubois, would again in another similar contest against Ukrainian wrestler Ivan Poddubny. Another early example of mixed martial arts was Bartitsu, which Edward William Barton-Wright founded in London in 1899, merikan contests were fought under a variety of rules, including points decision, best of three throws or knockdowns, and victory via knockout or submission
21.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
22.
Dessau (engineering)
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Dessau is an engineering consulting firm. It is the fifth-largest engineering-construction firm in Canada and is ranked 57th in the world, the company traces its origins to 1957, when Jean-Claude Desjardins and Paul-Aimé Sauriol founded an engineering consulting firm by the name of Desjardins & Sauriol. Active in both national and international markets, the firm currently employs 4,800 people and posts annual revenues of $750 million, the company has offices in North Africa, Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Dessau is one of Canada’s 50 Best Managed Companies, by the end of that year, the two men founded Desjardins & Sauriol, ingénieurs-conseils. With a generating capacity of 16,000 MW and spanning an area the size of New York State, headquartered in Matagami, Dessau’s team oversaw soil studies, layout verification, logistics and the building of a strategic road through forests and other unforgiving landscape elements. In 1975, Dessau was mandated to build a new highway in Zaire. The 1980s saw Dessau’s international experience expand but also witnessed the company’s first tangible steps in the field of environmental sustainability, the 1990s were marked by a series of strategic mergers and acquisitions. 2012, Bridge design for a structure spanning the Magdalena River – Colombia 2011, on 24 September 2014 Stantec announced that they would acquire the engineering assests of Dessau. The acquisition was completed in January 2015
23.
SNC-Lavalin
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In many cases, SNC-Lavalin combines these services with its financing and operations and maintenance capabilities to provide end-to-end project solutions. Surveyer, Nenniger & Chenevert Consulting Engineers was established by Swiss-born Arthur Surveyer in 1911 in Montréal and he had a tough beginning, and he was struggling financially. He partnered with companies, but they came and left. However, his continued to grow. Surveyer’s private practice at first specialized in hydraulics, but soon branched out into the industrial sector, Surveyer formed a first 10-year partnership with Emil Nenniger and Georges Chênevert in 1937. A second partnership agreement was signed in 1946, and the name was changed to Surveyer, Nenniger. The name would eventually be abbreviated to SNC, as stated by SNC, in the 1960s Surveyer, Nenniger & Chênevert completed the Manic-5 dam on the Manicouagan River, which is the highest multiple-arch dam in the world. The completion of this won the firm acclaim. Their first international contract was awarded in 1963, to design and build the 780 MW Idukki power station in Kerala State, Lavalin was formed in 1936 by engineers Jean-Paul Lalonde and Romeo Valois. Bernard Lamarre was named President and CEO in 1962, and led the company for the next 29 years, during that time Lavalin grew to become SNC’s main rival in Canada. Lavalin also branched out in other industries, such as cable television—Canadas The Weather Network and MétéoMédia were founded by Lavalin in 1988, in 1991, SNC merged with Lavalin to become SNC-Lavalin. According to Ingram, to increase their reach, SNC-Lavalin partnered with Bombardier in the 1990s to build projects in Malaysia. To increase their profits, they bought a 27 percent share in Ontarios Highway 407 toll road for $175 million, in 2011, they sold part of their share of Highway 407 at a significant profit. In June 2011, SNC-Lavalin agreed to purchase the commercial division of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited from the Government of Canada for C$15 million. SNC-Lavalin established a company named Candu Energy Inc. to market the design. On 23 June 2014, SNC-Lavalin agreed to acquire Kentz for approximately C$2.1 billion, Kentz is an Irish engineering and construction business serving clients primarily in the oil and gas, petrochemical and mining and metals sectors. It is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index, the James Bay Project for the James Bay Energy Corporation The Brun-way project to twin Route 2, the New Brunswick portion of the Trans-Canada Highway. This project saw existing sections of highway twinned as well as extensive new alignments built The William R, both lines have since been transferred to Metrolinx ownership
24.
Montreal Canadiens
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The Montreal Canadiens are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal, Quebec. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the clubs official name is le Club de hockey Canadien. The team is referred to in English and French as the Habs. French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens, Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge, La Sainte-Flanelle, Le Tricolore, Les Glorieux, Les Habitants, Le CH and Le Grand Club. Founded in 1909, the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide, the franchise is one of the Original Six teams, a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion. The teams championship season in 1992–93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup, the Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise. They have won 24 Stanley Cups,22 of them since 1927, on a percentage basis, as of 2014, the franchise has won 25. Since 1996, the Canadiens have played their games at Centre Bell. The team previously played at the Montreal Forum which housed the team for seven decades and all, the Canadiens were founded by J. Ambrose OBrien on December 4,1909, as a charter member of the National Hockey Association, the forerunner to the National Hockey League. It was to be the team of the community in Montreal, composed of francophone players. The teams first season was not a success, as they placed last, after the first year, ownership was transferred to George Kennedy of Montreal and the teams fortunes improved over the next seasons. The team won its first Stanley Cup championship in the 1915–16 season, in 1917, with four other NHA teams, the Canadiens formed the NHL, and they won their first NHL Stanley Cup during the 1923–24 season, led by Howie Morenz. The team moved from the Mount Royal Arena to the Montreal Forum for the 1926–27 season, the club began the 1930s decade successfully, with Stanley Cup wins in 1930 and 1931. The Canadiens and its rival, the Montreal Maroons, declined both on the ice and economically during the Great Depression. Losses grew to the point where the team owners considering selling the team to interests in Cleveland, Ohio, the Maroons still suspended operations, and several of their players moved to the Canadiens. Led by the Punch Line of Maurice Rocket Richard, Toe Blake and Elmer Lach in the 1940s, the Canadiens added ten more championships in 15 seasons from 1965 to 1979, with another dynastic run of four-straight Cups from 1976 to 1979. In the 1976–77 season, the Canadiens set two still-standing team records — for most points, with 132, and fewest losses, by losing eight games in an 80-game season. The next season, 1977–78, the team had a 28-game unbeaten streak, scotty Bowman, who would later set a record for most NHL victories by a coach, was the teams head coach for its last five Stanley Cup victories in the 1970s
25.
National Hockey League
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Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
26.
Montreal Impact
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The Montreal Impact is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer, the team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league, being the leagues third Canadian club, and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name. The Impact had won the Canadian Championship in 2013 and 2014, the club plays its home games at Saputo Stadium and is coached by Mauro Biello. Toward the end of 2007, much speculation had made about a possible franchise move for the lower division Impact to Major League Soccer. The construction of the expandable Saputo Stadium further suggested an interest on the part of the group to move up to the top level North American league. Although Toronto FC held a three-year Canadian exclusivity deal that did not expire until 2009, chairman Joey Saputo held talks with George Gillett regarding possible joint ownership of a franchise. On July 24,2008, MLS announced they were seeking to add two teams for the 2011 season, of which Montreal was listed as a potential candidate. On November 22,2008, the bid for an MLS franchise was not retained by commissioner Don Garber. In response to Vancouvers successful bid in March 2009, Impact GM Nick De Santis commented that he expected chairman Saputo to pursue, by May 16,2009, the Montreal Gazette reported Garber and Saputo had resumed talks for an expansion team to begin play in 2011. On May 7,2010, Garber and Saputo announced Montreal as the club in Major League Soccer. The MLS franchise is owned by the Saputo family. On June 14,2011, the Montreal Impact announced an agreement with the Bank of Montreal to become their lead sponsor. On March 10,2012, the Impact played their first MLS game, a 2–0 loss against Vancouver Whitecaps FC. On May 12,2012, the Impact played in front of a crowd of 60,860 spectators during a game against the Los Angeles Galaxy, establishing a record attendance for a professional soccer match in Canada. In the 2012 regular season, Montreal had finished in seventh in the Eastern conference with a record of 12 wins,16 losses, and 6 ties. On February 23,2013, Montreal won the 2013 Walt Disney World Pro Soccer Classic, Montreal Impact also have won the 2013 Canadian Championship on May 29, being their first major trophy as an expansion team in MLS, second in the clubs existence. This victory also gave the Impact its 8th Voyageurs Cup, in the 2013 MLS season, they had finished the regular season with a record of 14 wins,13 losses, and 7 ties. Montreal Impact earned their first ever berth in the playoffs by clinching fifth seed in the Eastern Conference, during the playoffs, Montreal were eliminated by the Houston Dynamo in the knockout round
27.
Montreal Rocket
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The Montreal Rocket were a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League for four seasons from 1999 to 2003, based out of Montreal, Quebec. The team was named in honor of Montreal Canadiens great Maurice Rocket Richard, the smoke from the rocket in the logo forms the number 9, which was Maurice Richards jersey number. In 1999-2000, Daniele Sauvageau became an assistant coach for the Montreal Rocket of the QMJHL and she was the first female coach in QMJHL history. The team played its games at both the Maurice Richard Arena and the Bell Centre. In 2003, faced with dwindling fan support and massive financial losses, in 2013 the name was changed to the Charlottetown Islanders. Maxim Lapierre Ryane Clowe Pascal Leclaire
28.
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
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The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues which constitute the Canadian Hockey League. The league is often referred to as The Q. The league comprises teams across the provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Since the departure of the Lewiston Maineiacs from Lewiston, Maine, the current Commissioner of the QMJHL is Gilles Courteau. The Presidents Cup is the trophy of the league. The QMJHL champion then goes on to compete in the Memorial Cup against the OHL and WHL champions, the QMJHL had traditionally adopted a rapid and offensive style of hockey. Former QMJHL players hold many of the Canadian Hockey Leagues career, Hockey Hall of Fame alumni of the QMJHL include Mario Lemieux, Guy Lafleur, Ray Bourque, Pat LaFontaine, Mike Bossy, Denis Savard, Michel Goulet, Luc Robitaille, and goaltender Patrick Roy. The Rosemont National and Laval Saints transferred from the MMJHL, most of the teams were within a few hours drive of Montreal. From the first season in 1969–70, only Shawinigan remains in the city with an uninterrupted history. In 1972 the QMJHL had been in operation for three years, and wanted a team in the provinces largest city and it threatened a lawsuit to force the Montreal Junior Canadiens of the Ontario Hockey Association into the Quebec-based league. The OHA then reactivated the suspended franchise for the 1973–74 season in Kingston, Ontario, under new ownership and with new players, starting in 1994, the QMJHL began to expand further east, outside of Quebec. Teams in Atlantic Canada comprise the entire Eastern Division of the QMJHL, in recent seasons, the QMJHL has been scouting players from the Atlantic Canada region along with a surge in players coming out of the New England area. This is a list of Canadian Hockey League career and single season records accomplished by QMJHL players, East, Quebec City Remparts, Shawinigan Bruins, Drummondville Rangers, Sorel Éperviers, Trois-Rivières Ducs, and Sherbrooke Castors. West, Saint-Jérôme Alouettes, Cornwall Royals, Rosemont National, Verdun Maple Leafs, 1971- Rosemont National move to Laval. 1972- The Saint-Jérôme Alouettes and the Verdun Maple Leafs fold, the Montreal Junior Canadiens franchise of the OHA transfers to QMJHL, becoming the Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge. 1973- League split into two divisions, East, Sorel, Quebec, Shawinigan, Trois-Rivières, Chicoutimi, West, Cornwall, Montreal, Sherbrooke, Laval, Drummondville, Hull. Chicoutimi Saguenéens, and the Hull Festivals granted franchises, 1974- Drummondville Rangers fold, Trois-Rivières Ducs become Trois-Rivières Draveurs. 1975- Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge became Montreal Juniors, 1976- Hull Festivals became Hull Olympiques
29.
National Lacrosse League
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The National Lacrosse League is a mens professional box lacrosse league in North America. Headquartered in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, the NLL currently has 9 teams with 5 in the United States and 4 in Canada, unlike other lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from January to June. Each year, the teams battle for the Champions Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,400 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004, the version of lacrosse played in the NLL is box lacrosse otherwise known as indoor lacrosse. The NLL plays four 15-minute quarters with 2-minute breaks between the 1st and 2nd quarters and between the 3rd and 4th quarters, the clock does not run when play is stopped. The team that has scored the most goals at the end of time is declared the winner. If a game is tied after regulation, the two teams play sudden death overtime periods of up to 15 minutes each where the team to score wins the game. Each team dresses 18 players of whom 2 are goaltenders, the remaining 16 are called runners, each team in the NLL plays 18 games during the regular season,9 at home and 9 away. The teams are divided into 2 divisions, the East Division, each team plays at least 12 of its 18 regular season games against division opponents. The regular season begins in late December and ends in April, at the end of the regular season, the top 3 teams in each of the East Division and West Division make the playoffs to compete for the Champions Cup. The 2 regular season division champions earn a bye as top seeds. The 2nd seed hosts the 3rd seed in their division for the single-game elimination Division Semifinal in the 1st round. In 2014, the Division Finals and Championship expanded to a 2-game series from the previous single-game elimination setup, whoever won both games would win the 2-game series. In the event of a split with both teams winning one game, a 10-minute mini-game period would be played, if still tied, multiple 10-minute overtime periods thereafter. The mini-game was played following the conclusion of the second contest to determine the winner of the playoff series. In 2015, the format changed once again, expanding the Finals to a best-of-3 series. The first two playoff rounds remained the same, with the Division Semi-finals as an elimination. All NLL games are played on weekends, save for the occasional Friday night game, the National Lacrosse League currently plays an 18-game regular season with three teams from each division qualifying for postseason play
30.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
31.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
32.
Los Angeles Kings
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The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles. They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League, the Kings called The Forum in Inglewood, California, their home for thirty-two years until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles to start the 1999–2000 season. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the season only to be washed out by early playoff exits. In 1988, the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky, Gretzky, fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchises sole division title in 1990–91, and the Kings first Stanley Cup Final in 1993. After the 1993 Finals, the Kings entered financial problems, with a bankruptcy in 1995 that was solved after the franchise was acquired by Philip Anschutz. Under coach Darryl Sutter, who was hired early in the 2011–12 season, Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs. The same color scheme was worn by the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, frustrated by his dealings with the Coliseum Commission, Cooke said, I am going to build my own arena. Ive had enough of this balderdash. The Fabulous Forum finally opened its doors on December 30,1967, with the Kings being shut out by the Flyers, while the first two seasons had the Kings qualifying for the playoffs, afterwards poor management led the Kings into hard times. The general managers established a history of trading away first-round draft picks, usually for veteran players, eventually the Kings made two key acquisitions to resurge as a contender. Bob Pulford left the Kings after the 1976–77 season after constant feuding with then owner Jack Kent Cooke and this led to struggles in the 1977–78 season, where the Kings finished below.500 and were easily swept out of the first round by the Maple Leafs. Afterwards Vachon would become an agent and sign with the Detroit Red Wings. Each player benefited from other, with Simmer being the gritty player who battled along the boards, Taylor being the play maker. This line combination, known as the Triple Crown Line, would go on to one of the highest-scoring line combinations in NHL history. During the first three seasons of the Triple Crown Line, a period where Dr. Jerry Buss purchased the Kings, the Lakers, and the Forum for $67.5 million, despite Dionnes leadership, the Kings missed the playoffs in the next two seasons. A post-season return occurred in 1984–85 under coach Pat Quinn, where the Kings were quickly out of the playoffs by the Oilers in their second-straight Stanley Cup championship. In all, the Kings faced either the Oilers or the Flames in the four times during the 1980s. However, the 1988–89 season would be a big turning point for the franchise, in 1987, coin collector Bruce McNall purchased the Kings from Buss and turned the team into a Stanley Cup contender almost overnight. On August 9,1988, McNall acquired the leagues best player, Wayne Gretzky, the trade rocked the hockey world, especially north of the border where Canadians mourned the loss of a player they considered a national treasure
33.
Montreal Forum
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Montreal Forum was an indoor arena located facing Cabot Square in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Called the most storied building in history by Sporting News, it was the home of the National Hockey Leagues Montreal Maroons from 1924 to 1938. The Forum was built by the Canadian Arena Company in 159 days, located at the northeast corner of Atwater and Ste-Catherine West, the building was historically significant as it was home to 24 Stanley Cup championships. It was also home to the Montreal Roadrunners and Montreal Junior Canadiens, the Forum opened on November 29,1924, at a total cost of C$1,500,000 with an original seating capacity of 9,300. It underwent two renovations, in 1949 and 1968, when the Forum closed in 1996 it had a capacity of 17,959, which included approximately 1,600 in standing room. A new centre-hung scoreclock, designed by Daktronics, was installed in the mid-1980s, a Rainforest Cafe was supposed to open, but never got built since the building closed. The idea to build the Forum in 1923 is credited to Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty, at the suggestion of Senator Donat Raymond, William Northey developed a plan for a 12,500 seat capacity rink. Plans were scaled back for financial reasons to a rink of 9,300 seats, even at the reduced size, the rink could not immediately find financing. The Forum would eventually be financed by H. L. Timmins, the site selected was the site of a roller skating rink named the Forum, and the name was kept. The site had previously been the site of an ice hockey rink, used by Frank and Lester Patrick, Art Ross. The Quebec Junior Hockey League played on Monday nights, the Bank League on Tuesdays, the Montreal Forum hosted Memorial Cup games in 1950,1968,1969,1970,1973 &1976, with the Junior Canadiens winning on home ice in 1970. In 1972, the Forum hosted game one of the famous Summit Series between Team Canada and the USSR, the USSR won the game 7-3, the 1980 NHL Entry Draft was hosted at the Forum. It would mark the first time that an NHL Arena hosted the event, only two visiting teams have ever won the Stanley Cup on Forum ice, the New York Rangers did so in 1928, defeating the Maroons, while the Calgary Flames defeated the Canadiens in 1989. On March 11,1996, the Montreal Canadiens played their last game at the Montreal Forum, the game was televised on TSN and TQS in Canada, and on ESPN2 in the United States. The Stars Guy Carbonneau, who had captained the Canadiens from 1989 to 1994, after the game, many previous hockey greats were presented to the crowd, most notably Maurice Richard, who received a sixteen-minute standing ovation from the crowd as he broke down in tears. The flaming torch was passed on to each of the former Canadiens captains, the next day, a parade was organized in which the torch was carried down the route to the Molson Centre. Their first game at the new venue was against the New York Rangers, the Forum also hosted other sports, including indoor soccer, boxing, lacrosse and tennis. The Forum was a site of five events in the 1976 Summer Olympics, gymnastics, handball, basketball, volleyball, the gymnastics event included Nadia Comanecis famous perfect 10, the first in Olympic history
34.
Stanley Cup
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The Stanley Cup is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League playoff winner. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC, and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games, Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. After a series of mergers and folds, it was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926. There are actually three Stanley Cups, the bowl of the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the authenticated Presentation Cup. The NHL has maintained control over both the trophy itself and its associated trademarks. Nevertheless, the NHL does not actually own the trophy, the original bowl was made of silver and is 18.5 centimetres in height and 29 centimetres in diameter. The current Stanley Cup, topped with a copy of the bowl, is made of a silver and nickel alloy, it has a height of 89.54 centimetres. Unlike the trophies awarded by the major professional sports leagues of North America. Originally, the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned, currently, winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season. It is unusual among trophies to include winning members names, every year since 1924, a select portion of the winning players, coaches, management, and club staff names are engraved on its bands. However, there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players, initially a new band added each year, though this caused the trophy to grow in size, earning the nickname Stovepipe Cup. In 1958 the modern one-piece Cup was designed with a barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band. To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing, when the band is full, the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame. It has been referred to as The Cup, Lord Stanleys Cup, The Holy Grail, the Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions, the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team. Since the 1914–15 season, the Cup has been won a combined 100 times by 18 active NHL teams, prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine different teams. The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian-based team to win the cup, the Stanley Cup was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic, and in 2005, as a consequence of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11,1888, he, Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreals 1889 Winter Carnival, where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club. The Montreal Gazette reported that he expressed his delight with the game of hockey
35.
Molson Brewery
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The Molson Brewery was formed in Montreal in 1786. In 2005 Molson merged with US-based Coors to form Molson Coors Brewing Company, the Canadian division of the Molson Coors Brewing Company is Molson-Coors Canada Inc. Molsons first brewery was located on the Saint Lawrence River in Montreal where the Molson family continues to maintain its operations today, founded in Montreal in 1786, the Molson Brewery is the oldest brewery in North America and continues to produce beer on the site of the original brewery. The company brews and markets a number of the most popular brands of beer in Canada, domestic labels include Molson Canadian, Molson M, Molson Export, Molson Dry, Molson Exel De-Alcoholized beer, Old Style Pilsner, Rickard’s, Creemore Springs and Granville Island Brewing. Molson employs 3,000 people in Canada and operates five breweries in locations across the country, as well as the Creemore micro-brewery in Ontario, Molson Coors Canada is part of the Molson Coors Brewing Company. The Montreal facility is the oldest brewery in North America, with operations ongoing on the site of the brewery since the time of founding. On May 2,1782, at the age of 18, John Molson left England for Canada, shortly after his arrival, he began working at the Thomas Loyd brewery. He went on to purchase it in an auction in 1784, not long after his arrival in Montreal in 1782, Molson sensed the market potential for beer in the then British colony. Prices for wine, rum and port were rising and an influx of English and Irish immigrants were particularly partial to beer, in 1785 he temporarily closed his business to cross the Atlantic in search of the modern equipment and ingredients. Upon his return, he offered the free of charge to neighbouring Montreal farmers who agreed to grow them to satisfy the brewerys need for malt. Molson delivered his first brew, an ale in 1786, only six weeks after taking the helm, priced at five cents a bottle, his brew sold well. Molson took advantage of the business opportunities of the time. He quickly diversified his investments, opened a yard and began issuing loans to local Montreal merchants. In 1816, the enterprise began to take shape when founder John Molson entered into an association with his three sons, John junior, Thomas and William. Although brewing proved to be Molsons most sustainable field of endeavour, Molson was the first company to own and operate a fleet of steamboats which were used to transport people and goods between Quebec and Ontario. John Molson and his sons founded the Molson Bank which later merged with Bank of Montreal. In 1816 John Molson formed a partnership with his three sons – John, Thomas and William and it was Thomas who would eventually follow in his father’s footsteps by continuing the Molson brewing tradition and upholding the high standards of quality. Molson Brewery considerably expanded the breadth of activities throughout the 20th century
36.
Beer
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Beer is the worlds oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink, it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, the fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect, although this is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Beer is sold in bottles and cans, it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume, archaeologists speculate that beer was instrumental in the formation of civilisations. Approximately 5000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk were paid by their employers in beer, the earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, a fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice, almost any substance containing sugar can naturally undergo alcoholic fermentation. It is likely that many cultures, on observing that a liquid could be obtained from a source of starch. Bread and beer increased prosperity to a level that allowed time for development of other technologies, Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today, alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was an addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, the development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies. As of 2006, more than 133 billion litres, the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side, of beer are sold per year, the process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, a company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, however, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby
37.
Naming rights
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For properties like a multi-purpose arena, performing arts venue or an athletic field, the term ranges from three to 20 years. Longer terms are common for higher profile venues such as a professional sports facility. The distinctive characteristic for this type of naming rights is that the buyer gets a marketing property to promote products and services, there are several forms of corporate sponsored names. A presenting sponsor attaches the name of the corporation or brand at the end of a generic, usually traditional, a title sponsor replaces the original name of the property with a corporate-sponsored one, with no reference to the previous name. In a few cases, naming rights contracts have been terminated prematurely, such terminations may be the result of contractual options, sponsor bankruptcy, or scandals. Stadium naming may have shifted in recent years to promoting corporate trade names, the record for the highest amount paid for naming rights belongs to Citi Field and Barclays Center, both located in New York City, US. Each garnered deals of $20 million per year for at least 20 years and it ultimately fell short of that benchmark, with MetLife Stadium earning $17 million annually from its naming rights deal with MetLife. Naming rights in United States may have traced back to 1912 with the opening of Fenway Park in Boston. The stadiums owner had owned a realty company called Fenway Realty, despite this, it is more widely believed to have begun in 1926 when William Wrigley, the chewing gum magnate and owner of the Chicago Cubs, named his teams stadium Wrigley Field. In 1953, Anheuser-Busch head and St. Louis Cardinals owner August Busch, Jr. proposed renaming Sportsmans Park, occupied by the Cardinals, Budweiser Stadium. When this idea was rejected by Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball at that time, the name was readily approved, and Anheuser-Busch subsequently released a new product called Busch Bavarian Beer. The name would later be shifted to the Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, shortened in the 1970s to Busch Stadium, the public reaction to this practice is mixed. Selling the naming rights to a venue has been notably less successful. The general public continued to call the facility what it had known as for over three decades–i. e. After the agreement with 3Com expired, the rights were resold to Monster Cable, the initiative proved largely ceremonial, however, and it was overturned by the passage of Proposition C in 2009 in response to desperate economic times. The naming rights to the park were never resold and the closed in 2014. Sports stadiums with naming rights deals are not limited to the United States, in cricket, the most famous example is The Oval, home of Surrey County Cricket Club. It has had several sponsors over the years, and is known as The Kia Oval, having originally been known as the Kennington Oval
38.
Bell Canada
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Bell Canada is a Canadian telecommunications and media company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. Its subsidiary Bell Mobility is one of Canadas big three mobile telecommunications providers, while Bell TV provides direct-to-home satellite TV service, Bell Canadas principal competitors are Rogers Communications Canada in Ontario and Vidéotron General Partnership and Telus in Quebec. The company serves over 13 million phone lines and is headquartered at the Campus Bell complex in Montreal, Bell Canada is one of the main assets of the conglomerate BCE Inc. formerly known as Bell Canada Enterprises, Inc. BCE ranked number 262 on the 2011 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list, Bell Canada operated as the Canadian subsidiary of the Bell System from 1880 to 1975. However, unlike the other regional Bell operating companies, Bell Canada had its own research, in March 1876 he successfully patented his invention in the United States under the title of Improvement In Telegraphy. His device later adopted the now used worldwide, the telephone. In exchange for 1,000 telephones to be provided to the Canadian market, the first supplier of telephones to Bell was a company established by Thomas C. Cowherd and his son James H. Cowherd, in a brick building in Brantford, Ontario. With a government-granted monopoly on Canadian long-distance telephone service, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada was serving 237,000 subscribers by 1914, since its early years The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, Ltd. had been known colloquially as The Bell or Bell Telephone. On March 7,1968, Canadian federal legislation renamed The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, Bell Canada extended lines from Nova Scotia to the foot of the Rocky Mountains in what is now Alberta. However, most of the given to meeting demand for service focused on major cities in Ontario, Quebec. Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada with several companies, and a government operation that was transferred to the control of Canadian National Railways. Bell acquired interests in all Atlantic companies during the early 1960s, Bell acquired controlling interest in Maritime Telephone and Telegraph Company, later known as MT&T, which also owned PEI-based Island Telephone, and in Bruncorp, the parent company of NBTel in 1966. The purchase of MT&T was made despite efforts of the Nova Scotia legislature on September 10,1966, bell-owned MT&T absorbed some 120 independent companies, most serving fewer than 50 customers each. Bell-owned NewTel purchased the CNR-owned Terra Nova Tel in 1988, newtel, Bruncorp, MT&T and Island Tel later merged into Aliant in the late 1990s, in which Bell Canada now owns. On January 1,2011, Bell purchased the technology services company xwave. Independent companies appeared in areas of Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces without adequate Bell Canada service. Alongside the acquisition of Charon Systems, Nexxlink now operates today as Bell Business Solutions—a division of Bell Canada, Quebec, however, still has large swaths of relatively rural areas served by Telus Québec and Télébec and by some 20 small independent companies
39.
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players, Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point. Such an access point has a range of about 20 meters indoors, hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands, having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network, ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE802.11 protocols, respectively. A1985 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use and these frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, the first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. They are the credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method used in Wi-Fi to unsmear the signal. The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997 and this was updated in 1999 with 802. 11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as an association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009,14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents and this led to Australia labeling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. In 2016, the local area network Test Bed was chosen as Australias contribution to the exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia. The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand, the Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was a little catchier than IEEE802. 11b Direct Sequence. Phil Belanger, a member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo, the yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability
40.
Downtown Montreal
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Downtown Montreal is the central business district of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Located in the borough of Ville-Marie, the district is situated on the southernmost slope of Mount Royal. According to the strictest definition, it is bounded by Sherbrooke Street to the north, Saint Hubert Street to the east, Guy Street to the west, and Notre-Dame Street to the south. Wider definitions may extend to Atwater Street to the west, Papineau Avenue to the east, the two tallest of these are the 1000 de La Gauchetière and 1250 René-Lévesque, both of which were built in 1992. The Tour de la Bourse is also a significant high-rise and is home to the Montreal Exchange that trades in derivatives, the Montreal Exchange was originally a stock exchange and was the first in Canada. In 1999, all trades were transferred to Toronto in exchange for an exclusivity in the derivative trading market. The central axis for downtown is Saint Catherine Street, Canadas busiest commercial avenue, the area includes high end retail such as the Holt Renfrew and Ogilvy department stores as well as Les Cours Mont-Royal shopping centre. Other major streets include Sherbrooke Street, Peel, de la Montagne, de Maisonneuve, the skyline may be observed from one of two lookouts on Mount Royal. The lookout at the Belvedere takes in downtown, the river, on clear days the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York are visible, as are the Green Mountains of Vermont. The eastern lookout has a view of The Plateau neighbourhood, Olympic Stadium, Downtown Montreal is also home to the main campuses of McGill University and UQAM and the Sir George Williams campus of Concordia University. The Bell Centre, used for ice hockey and other events, percival Molson Memorial Stadium lies just to the North of Pine Avenue at the edge of Downtown Montreal. Pointe-à-Callière Museum is more strictly in Old Montreal, two railway stations are in Downtown Montreal, Central Station serves both intercity and commuter services. Additional commuter services use Lucien-LAllier Station, Downtown Montreal also contains two bus stations, Gare dautocars de Montréal serves mainly longer distance services, while Terminus Centre-Ville is mainly a terminus for services operated by RTL. Two lines of the Montreal Metro run east–west through Downtown Montreal, Line 1 is aligned with De Maisonneuve Boulevard, serving, Atwater, Guy-Concordia, Peel, McGill, Place-des-Arts, Saint-Laurent, Berri-UQAM and Beaudry stations. Line 2 runs some blocks south of the Green Line, serving Lucien-LAllier, Bonaventure, Square-Victoria-OACI, Place-dArmes, Champ-de-Mars, Berri-UQAM, Place-dArmes and Champ-de-Mars stations would usually be considered as in Old Montreal. Berri-UQAM is also the terminus for Line 4, air Canada was formerly headquartered in Downtown Montreal. In 1990, the announced that it was moving its headquarters from Downtown Montreal to Montreal-Trudeau Airport to cut costs. Underground City, Montreal Old Montreal Old Port of Montreal Downtown Montreal travel guide from Wikivoyage
41.
Lucien-L'Allier station (RTM)
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Lucien-LAllier is the commuter rail terminal for the AMT Vaudreuil-Hudson, Saint-Jérôme, and Candiac lines in the Greater Montreal area in Quebec, Canada. Lucien-LAllier is in Fare Zone 1 and it is one of the two downtown terminals for Montreal commuter trains, the other being Central Station. Lucien LAllier station takes its name from the nearby Metro station, originally, the terminus of the commuter rail line was the monumental Windsor Station, which was also the headquarters of Canadian Pacific Railway until it moved to Calgary in 1996. This station was separated from the rails by the construction of the Molson Centre, originally called Terminus Windsor, this new terminal was renamed Gare Lucien-LAllier to reduce confusion with the original Windsor Station, which still exists but is no longer a train station. The station is located at 1290 Avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, near the historic Windsor Station, Terminus Lucien-LAllier is the eastern end of the Canadian Pacific Railways Westmount Subdivision
at Lucien-L'Allier
