1.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
2.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
3.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
4.
Crocodile Cafe
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The Crocodile is a music club at 2200 2nd Avenue at Blanchard Street in the neighborhood of Belltown in Seattle, Washington, United States. Opened as the Crocodile Cafe on April 30,1991 by Stephanie Dorgan and it closed on December 15,2007, and reopened on March 18,2009. The venues first show featured The Posies and Love Battery, the last, Robin Pecknold, J. Tillman, scenes from the 1995 Jennifer Jason Leigh film Georgia were shot at the venue. After opening the Crocodile Cafe, owner Stephanie Dorgan later married R. E. M, guitarist Peter Buck, who became a partner in the Crocodile. Buck often played there with his band, The Minus 5. Dorgan and Buck divorced in 2006 and the Croc closed unexpectedly in December 2007, re-opening The closing of the Crocodile Cafe, a fixture of the local music scene, caused widespread speculation in regard to the future of the establishment. After months of speculation, a group of people and musicians including Alice in Chains Sean Kinney. The new owners renamed it The Crocodile and reopened it in March 2009 after much-needed renovation, on October 9,2013, R&B singer JoJo performed Smells Like Teen Spirit during the final stop of her West Coast promotional tour. Official website The Stranger, The Crocodile Opens This Thurs
5.
Alaska Airlines
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Alaska Airlines is an American airline based in the Seattle metropolitan area of the state of Washington. The company was founded in 1932 as McGee Airways, offering flights from Anchorage, Alaska Airlines has flights to more than one hundred destinations in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba and Mexico. The airline is an air carrier and, along with its sister airlines Horizon Air. The airline has been ranked by J. D. Power, the airline operates its largest hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. It also operates secondary hubs in Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Anchorage, although most of its revenue and traffic comes from locations outside of Alaska, the airline plays a major role in air transportation in the state. It operates many flights linking small towns to major transportation hubs, Alaska Airlines is not a member of any of the three major airline alliances. Delta, which used to cooperate through codeshares with Alaska Airlines until December 19,2017, is a competitor to Alaska Air in its Sea-Tac market. The Alaska Air Group has been a part of the Dow Jones Transportation Average since 2011, the airline traces its roots to McGee Airways, which was started by Linious Mac McGee in 1932. The airline flew its inaugural service between Anchorage and Bristol Bay with a Stinson single-engined, three-passenger aircraft, at the time, there were no scheduled flights, a flight took place when there were passengers or a load of cargo or mail. It was the middle of the Great Depression and the airline was struggling financially, there were too many airlines in Anchorage at the time, and not enough demand to support them. In the next few years the airline performed many mergers and acquisitions that produced changes in the name, the first of these mergers was in 1934, when McGee sold his namesake airline for US$50,000 to Star Air Service, an airline also located in Anchorage. This allowed McGee to enter the mining industry, with a fleet of fifteen aircraft, Star Air Service was a dominant airline in Alaska. But Star continued to struggle financially because of maintenance costs for its wooden planes. In 1937, McGee came back to the airline and opened a store. That year, Star Air Service purchased Alaska Interior Airlines and was incorporated as Star Air Lines, Star was again sold later that year to a group of miners. In 1938, federal regulation began when Congress created the Civil Aeronautics Board, the CAB awarded the airline most of the routes that it wanted in Alaska, but the coveted route between Seattle and Anchorage was awarded to Pan American Airways. In 1941, Star Air Service was purchased by Raymond Marshall, in 1942, the airline purchased three other airlines in Alaska, Lavery Air Service, Mirow Air Service, and Pollack Flying Service as well as a hangar at the Anchorage airport. That year, the name was changed to Alaska Star Airlines
6.
Seattle Center
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Originally built for the 1962 Worlds Fair, the 74-acre Seattle Center is an arts, educational, tourism and entertainment center in Seattle. Its landmark feature is the 605-foot tall Space Needle, a building that was, at its completion. Seattle Center is located just north of Belltown in the Uptown neighborhood, an unparalleled public gathering place, unique in the world, the 74-acre Seattle Center campus offers 40 acres of open space. It provides a home for over 30 cultural, educational and entertainment entities – and it provides rental spaces for a spectrum of commercial and community functions and serves as the largest live touring concert venue in the city. Seattle Center counted over 2.2 million visitors in 2016, International Fountain, located in the middle of the campus, operates all year round. Built for the 1962 Worlds Fair, the fountain was built as a modernist water sculpture, with over 20 spouts, the fountain goes through programmed cycles of shooting water patterns, accompanied by recorded world music. The music is changed twice a month, chosen to coordinate with the water patterns, before the 1962 Worlds Fair, the building was an armory. Seattle Center Armory is a city landmark. The large, flexible space can accommodate a range of commercial. The outdoor Mural Amphitheatre, featuring a mural by Paul Horiuchi. The Northwest Rooms, once a small center, now houses SIFF Film Center, The VERA Project. Seattle Center Skatepark aka Sea Sk8 Park, at the entrance at Thomas St. a piece of the Berlin Wall stands inconspicuously in the Seattle Center Armory Food Atrium. Seattle Center Productions, the programming arm of Seattle Center, presents over 500 free and affordable events throughout the year. The programming helps SCP to live into its mission to present programs, events and environments filled with art, entertainment and enrichment for all people. KEXP and Seattle Present Center Concerts at the Mural, the series, on Friday evenings in August,2017 marks the 10th year of the series, which offers free, all-ages shows tailored to the culturally curious who seek to discover the best of the area’s independent music scene. Seattle Center Armory transforms into a lively, colorful hub of child-sized entertainment during the spring school break period. Offers a variety of rides, balloon artists, face painters, caricaturists, an assortment of Student Showcases. Whirligig. is suitable for children 12 and under, a Toddler’s Zone is also available
7.
Queen Anne, Seattle
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Queen Anne Hill is a neighborhood and geographic feature in Seattle, northwest of downtown. The neighborhood sits on the highest named hill in the city and it covers an area of 7.3 square kilometers, and has a population of about 28,000. Queen Anne is bordered by Belltown to the south, Lake Union to the east, the hill became a popular spot for the citys early economic and cultural elite to build their mansions, and the name derives from the architectural style typical of many of the early homes. As a neighborhood toponym, Queen Anne may include Lower Queen Anne, also known as Uptown, whether or not Lower Queen Anne is considered a separate neighborhood matters in setting Queen Annes southern boundary, which is either West Mercer Street or Denny Way. Queen Anne can be reached from Interstate 5 via the Mercer Street Exit, the design was never fully executed, but it remains part of the Seattle Parks System. While Queen Anne stands out in Seattle geography due to its proximity to downtown, Queen Anne slopes are home to seven of the twenty steepest streets in the city and 120 pedestrian staircases. Including the sub-neighborhoods of North Queen Anne, West Queen Anne, East Queen Anne and Lower Queen Anne, Queen Anne has approximately 19,000 households, Queen Anne is disproportionately populated by unmarried, young adults. The population is racially homogeneous and better educated than Seattle as a whole. The Vashon Glacier carved Queen Anne Hills topography more than 13,000 years ago, when White settlers arrived in the mid-19th century, the Duwamish tribe maintained a seasonal presence in and around Queen Anne. White settlement of Queen Anne stemmed from the arrival of the Denny Party at West Seattles Alki Point in November 1851, Denny called the area Potlach Meadows. Development of the hill, called at various times North Seattle, Galer Hill, then an 1875 windstorm flattened thousands of trees on Queen Anne, making the previously dense forest more appealing for settlement. The hill began to be called Queen Anne by 1885, after the Queen Anne style houses that dominated the area. On the south side of the hill, the 1927 completion of a Civic Center on David Dennys Potlach Meadows land brought residents from all over the city to Queen Anne for concerts and sporting events. The first television broadcast in the Pacific Northwest originated from KRSCs facilities at 3rd Avenue N. at Galer Street in 1948, in 1949, KING-TV bought KRSC, this was the first such transaction in the countrys history. Three years later, KOMO-TV installed its own tower, and KIRO followed suit in 1958, the 1962 Seattle Worlds Fair was perhaps the most transformational single event in the history of Queen Anne, according to historians Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan. Named the Century 21 Exposition, the fair expanded on existing Civic Center infrastructure on the old babakwoh swale, the Seattle SuperSonics began playing at the then-Seattle Center Coliseum in 1967. The Seattle Thunderbirds hockey team began play next door at the Mercer Street Arena in 1977, the Seattle Storm basketball team began play at KeyArena in 2000. Assistant United States Attorney Thomas C, wales was shot in his home in the Queen Anne neighborhood on October 11,2001, dying the next day of his wounds
8.
Elliott Bay
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Elliott Bay is a part of the Central Basin region of Puget Sound in the U. S. state of Washington that extends southeastward between West Point in the north and Alki Point in the south. Seattle was founded on this body of water in the 1850s and has grown to encompass it completely. The waterway it provides to the Pacific Ocean has served as a key element of the citys economy, the bay was named during the Wilkes expedition in 1841, however it is not known for whom the bay is named. Candidates include members of the expedition, ships chaplain Jared Elliott, ships boy George Elliott, the last has been deemed the most likely namesake. Commodore Jesse Elliott has also proposed as a possible source of the name. The bay has been referred to as Duwamish Bay and Seattle Harbor, the Duwamish people lived in the vicinity of Elliott Bay and the Duwamish River for thousands of years and had established at least 17 settlements by the time white settlers came in the 1850s. Over the years the city expanded to all of the waterfront on Elliott Bay. Two notable sinkings related to the Mosquito Fleet occurred in the bay, the Dix in 1906, taking with it dozens of lives, eventually these commercial passenger services faded as automobiles and ferries rose in popularity. The last remaining model of the Boeing 307 ditched into Elliott Bay in 2002 during a final test flight from Boeing Field to Everett. The craft, named the Flying Cloud, had been the subject of a restoration project meant to ready it for display at the National Air. Despite the incident, the aircraft was restored, flew to the Smithsonian. West Point and Alki Point are the headlands into Puget Sound recognized as the northern and southern entrances of Elliott Bay respectively, a line drawn between these two points demarcates the bay to the east from the open sound to the west. More precisely, the bay has been defined as being east from a line drawn from Duwamish Head north to Magnolia Bluff, the Duwamish River empties into the southeastern part of the bay. This area was modified by human development in the 20th century to channelize the river and fill in tideflats to create Harbor Island. West of the river delta the land juts north into the bay at Duwamish Head, to the east running north and northwest is the heart of Seattle, the Alaskan Way Seawall, the Central Waterfront, and Smith Cove. Elliott Bay is home to the Port of Seattle, which, in 2002, was the 9th busiest port in the United States by TEUs of container traffic, cruise ship business, serving Alaskan cruises, became increasingly important in the 2000s. The bay is home to Colman Dock, the main Seattle terminal of the states ferry system. Sailings regularly depart from Seattle to Bainbridge Island and Bremerton, the Seattle–Winslow route is the most heavily used in the state ferry system in terms of number of vehicles and passengers transported
9.
Pike Place Market
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Pike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, Washington, United States. The Market opened August 17,1907, and is one of the oldest continuously operated public farmers markets in the United States and it is a place of business for many small farmers, craftspeople and merchants. Named after the street, Pike Place runs northwest from Pike Street to Virginia Street. With more than 10 million visitors annually, Pike Place Market is Seattles most popular tourist destination and is the 33rd most visited tourist attraction in the world. The Market is built on the edge of a steep hill, each features a variety of unique shops such as antique dealers, comic book and collectible shops, small family-owned restaurants, and one of the oldest head shops in Seattle. The upper street level contains fishmongers, fresh produce stands and craft stalls operating in the covered arcades, Pike Place Market is home to nearly 500 residents who live in 8 different buildings throughout the Market. Most of these buildings have low income housing in the past, however, some of them no longer are. The Market is run by the quasi-government Pike Place Market Preservation, the Market is located roughly in the northwest corner of Seattles central business district. To its southwest are the waterfront and Elliott Bay. Boundaries are diagonal to the compass since the street grid is roughly parallel to the Elliott Bay shoreline, as is common with Seattle neighborhoods and districts, different people and organizations draw different boundaries for the Market. Despite coming from the City Clerks office, this definition has no official status. The smaller Pike Place Public Market Historic District listed on the U. S, to some extent, these different definitions of the market district result from struggles between preservationists and developers. For example, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 created the Washington Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Victor Steinbrueck at one point in the late 1960s convinced the Advisory Council to recommend designating 17 acres as a historical district. Pressure by developers and the Seattle establishment soon got that reduced to a tenth of that area, the present-day historic district designations lie between these extremes. Part of the market sits on what was originally mudflats below the bluffs west of Pike Place, in the late 19th century, West Street was already a through street running more or less parallel to the shore. Railroad Avenue was built out on pilings, it was not filled in until the 1930s. Nearby piers with warehouses for convenient stevedoring had already completed by 1905. Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street
10.
Washington State Route 99
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A 2-mile gap divides the highway into two segments, between the interchanges of SR518 and SR599 in Tukwila. The southern segment of SR99 travels north from Fife through the cities of Federal Way, Des Moines, Kent, the northern segment of SR99 continues north from Tukwila through Seattle, Shoreline, Edmonds, Lynnwood, to the Broadway Interchange in Everett. SR99 originates at Interstate 5 in Fife, near its own intersection with 54th Avenue E, from there, it heads eastward to Federal Way where it becomes Pacific Highway South and intersects SR18 just west of its interchange with I-5. It then begins to travel north, through Des Moines, overlapping SR509 for a few miles, the route becomes a little difficult to identify for several miles, as there are no reassurance signs until entering SeaTac. Once there, it becomes International Boulevard and forms the boundary of the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport until crossing SR518. The northern division begins where the freeway carrying SR599 northward passes over International Boulevard South, SR599 terminates at that point, north of there, it becomes SR99. SR99 continues north to an interchange with SR509 and West Marginal Way at the end of the First Avenue South Bridge. SR99 crosses over the bridge and onto East Marginal Way, near Spokane Street and the eastern end of the West Seattle Bridge, SR99 again becomes a freeway. A portion travels on the surface before the route rises onto the Alaskan Way Viaduct, the viaduct terminates at the Battery Street Tunnel. The Battery Street Tunnel runs for 3,140 feet underneath Battery Street, the tunnel carries SR99 underneath the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle and onto Aurora Avenue North. The tunnel was built in 1952 using the cut-and-cover method and it carries two traffic lanes in each direction, and connects the Alaskan Way Viaduct to Aurora Avenue N. providing continuity for State Route 99. There are no sidewalks or other provisions for pedestrians or bicyclists in the Tunnel, when an incident blocking traffic takes place within the tunnel, warning lights advise motorists to exit SR-99 at Western Avenue and Denny Way. Emergency exits are placed behind sliding doors, with stairways leading up to Battery Street on the surface, the tunnel is scheduled to be replaced by the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel, which is under construction, in 2017. The tunnel will be closed and filled in after the replacement tunnel opens, Aurora Avenue at this point is lined with businesses, residences, side streets and sidewalks. There is a barrier, so cross traffic and left turns are not available. There are also several pedestrian overpasses and underpasses along this route, as Aurora Avenue nears and passes along the east flank of Queen Anne Hill, the median barrier ends, although access remains RIRO. Aurora Avenue then crosses the Lake Washington Ship Canal on the George Washington Memorial Bridge, at the interchange for Bridge Way, a very low median barrier begins, rising to a higher wall a bit north of North 38th Street. The barrier lowers again just beyond North 49th Street, Aurora Avenue then bisects Woodland Park, with the barrier replaced by paint stripes until the next side street, North 59th
