1.
Municipalities of Portugal
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The municipality is the second-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution. As a general rule, each municipality is subdivided into parishes. Six municipalities are composed of one parish, and Barcelos is the municipality with most parishes. Corvo is, by law, the municipality with no parishes. Since the creation of a local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese municipalities have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body. The municipal chamber is the body and is composed of the president of the municipality. Both bodies are elected for four years, Portugal has an entirely separate system of cities and towns. Cities and towns are located in municipalities but often do not have the same boundaries, there are around twice as many cities and towns as there are municipalities. The municipality has been the most stable subdivision of Portugal since the foundation of the country in the 12th century and they have their origin in the foral, a legal document, issued by the King of Portugal, which assigned privileges to a town or a region. The present subdivisions have their origins in the 19th century after the administrative reforms conducted by the middle of 19th century by the governments of the constitutional monarchy, the concelhos probably formed after the expulsion of the Visigothic rulers by the Moors during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Towns were thus free to govern themselves, and the population started to organize in councils in order to govern the town. These were also a reminder of Roman municipalities, there are 308 municipalities in Portugal,278 in mainland Portugal and 30 in the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. They are usually named for their biggest city, or at least, however, the municipality is not synonymous with the city, and can include various towns or cities. In Portugal, cities/towns are a distinction based on population size and associated services. Before the 2013 local government reforms, Portugal was divided into 18 continental districts, the municipalities with the lowest population densities are also found in these inland regions, with smaller populations distributed over a greater area. This chart gives the number of inhabitants in the municipality area, municipality List of municipalities of Portugal Subdivisions of Portugal
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
4.
Administrative divisions of Portugal
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Administratively, Portugal is a unitary and decentralized State. Nonetheless, operationally, it is highly centralized system with administrative divisions organized into three tiers, the State is organized under the principles of subsidiarity, local government autonomy, and democratic decentralization of the public service. The government structure is based on the 1976 Constitution, adopted after the 1975 Carnation Revolution, in law 75/2013 of September 2013 the two types of administrative regions were defined, metropolitan areas and intermunicipal communities. Also, the powers and duties of the parishes, municipalities, metropolitan areas. In addition, the Portuguese territory was redefined during European integration and these NUTS definitions, used for collecting statistical information, follow many of the countries border definitions. Although utilized by the Portuguese government, they do not have a status in law. Since 1978, Portugal conceded political autonomy to its North Atlantic archipelagos due to their distance, isolation, geographical context, the Azores is an archipelago of nine islands and several islets that were discovered and settled by the Portuguese in the late 15th century. The Azores lies a third of the distance between Europe and North America, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Madeira is an archipelago that includes two principal islands, Madeira and Porto Santo, plus two uninhabited natural group of islands, the Desertas and Savage Islands. The archipelago is located closer to Africa than Europe, is commercial and urbanized. A plan to divide mainland Portugal in eight regions was defeated in a referendum in 1998, the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto were created in 1991. Finally in law 75/2013 of September 2013 the current two types of regions were defined, metropolitan areas and intermunicipal communities. The Metropolitan Areas are territorial units formed by grouping municipalities, in order to economize on municipal investments, the territories of the intermunicipal communities are based on the NUTS III statistical regions. Preceding the nations independence, the oldest of the municipalities still in existence Coimbra and Santarém were founded in 1085 e 1095. São João da Pesqueira is the oldest Portuguese municipality, founded in 1055, since the creation of a democratic local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese municipalities have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body and a deliberative body. The municipal chamber is the body, and is composed of a president of the municipality. There are 308 municipalities in Portugal and they are usually named for their biggest city, or at least, their historically most important city or town. However, the municipality is usually larger than the city or town after which it is named. The largest in area is Odemira with 1720.60 km², nearly all municipalities are subdivided into civil parishes
5.
Centro Region, Portugal
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The Centro Region is a region in central Portugal, and its capital is Coimbra. Other local cities with major administrative status inside this region are Aveiro, Viseu, Leiria, Castelo Branco, Covilhã, Figueira da Foz and it is one of seven Regions of Portugal. This is one of the regions of Europe, considered by the European Union for statistical and geographical purposes and its population in 2011 totalled 2,327,026 inhabitants, and its area is 28,462 km². Inhabited by the Lusitanians, an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula, the Roman town of Conímbriga, near Coimbra, is among the most noted and well-preserved remains of that period. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Visigoths were the rulers and colonizers from the 5th to the 8th century. In the 8th century the Muslim conquest of Iberia turned the region a Muslim-dominated territory, in the earliest years of the Christian Reconquista, just before the arise of a Portuguese national identity, the region was a battleplace for Muslim Moors and Christian crusaders. Once the Moors were expelled, the Christian kings and landlords made the region a county and it was integrated into the newly created Condado Portucalensis, the early precursor of the modern nation of Portugal. The modern region matches roughly the boundaries of the older historical Beira Province plus the Oeste in former Estremadura, Beira was an historical province of Portugal and its name was used by the heirs to the Portuguese throne during the monarchy regime, before 1910. The princes were known as the Princes of Beira, along this region’s mountainous border with Spain are a series of fortresses and castles that once protected the country from its many invaders. Over the centuries, Moors and Christians, Spaniards and Portuguese have all tried to take these villages, each village has a fascinating tale of its own to tell. All of their valiant efforts paid off, today Portugal boasts the longest-standing border in all of Europe. In these rural villages, ancient rituals and religious festivals remain popular, visitors can sample them and partake in traditional foods such as cheese, sausages and mountain honey. In the fortress town of Almeida, a walk through the cobbled streets can lead a visitor to the ruins of a once mighty 12-pointed fortress here. One of Portugal’s many Pousadas—an historic property turned into an inn—is located in Almeida, in the town of Castelo Rodrigo, a memorial stone marks the place of a fierce battle in 1664, and visitors can view the remains of the castle, its tower and a palace here. The town has a small, Gothic church, just near Castelo Mendo stands a beautiful bridge built by the Romans. Most of the castles in this region of Centro are classified as national monuments. These stone fortresses date back to the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries, castles or parts of castles still stand at Alfaiates, Sortelha, Vilar Maior, Sabugal, Castelo Mendo, Castelo Bom, Castelo Rodrigo, Penamacor, Monsanto, Pinhel and Almeida. A 20-castle route has been delineated by the Portugal government, Sortelha, Castelo Mendo, Castelo Rodrigo and the fortified town of Almeida are considered gems among them all
6.
NUTS statistical regions of Portugal
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The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics is developed by Eurostat, and employed in Portugal for statistical purposes. The NUTS branch extends from NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions, with the complementary LAU sub-categorization being used to differentiate the local areas, until 4 November 2002, the Sistema Estatístico Nacional used a NUTS codification system that was distinct from the Eurostat system. With the enactment of Decree Law 244/2002, published in the Diário da República, the NUTS system subdivides the nation into three levels, NUTS I, NUTS II and NUTS III. In some European partners, as is the case with Portugal, the LAU, or Local Administrative Units, in the Portuguese context pertains to the 308 municipalities and 3092 civil parishes respectively. In the broadest sense, the NUTS hierarchy, while they may follow some of the borders diverge in their delineation, the first and broadest subdivision of Portugal is between mainland Portugal and the two autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. Although the districts are still the most socially relevant subdivision, their function is being phased in favour of locally oriented regional units, and regions are growing in importance. The seven regions of Portugal are likewise subdivided into 25 subregions that, from 2015, represent the 2 metropolitan areas, the 21 intermunicipal communities, therefore, since the 2013 revision, the Portuguese subregions have a statutory and administrative relevance. The two autonomous regions in the Atlantic, correspond to their own NUTS I, II and III categories. com Municipalities of Portugal, Statoids. com Regiões de Portugal, LOCAL. PT
7.
Cova da Beira Subregion
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Cova da Beira is a NUTS3 subregion of Portugal integrated in the NUTS2 Centro region. It lies in the valley between the Serra da Estrela and Gardunha mountains. It covers an area of 1,373 km², with a population of 92,460 inhabitants for a density of 67 hab/km², the major cities are Covilhã, Fundão and Belmonte. The subregion has a significant economic output related mainly with textiles, food industry, agriculture, the most significant productions include woollen, fabrics, olive oil, wine, wood, cherries, peaches and other vegetables. Some of the most important wolframite mines in the world are explored within its limits, other important mines extract lead and tin. Mineral water is bottled from several sources, there is a state-run university in the city of Covilhã and a major state-run Hospital Center with buildings in Covilhã and Fundão. Cova da Beira subregion has 3 municipalities Belmonte Covilhã Fundão Cova da Beira IPR
8.
Districts of Portugal
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The Districts of Portugal, are the most important first-level administrative subdivisions of mainland Portugal. Currently, mainland Portugal is divided into 18 districts, the Portuguese autonomous regions of Açores and Madeira are no longer divided into districts. As an administrative division, each district served mainly as the area of jurisdiction of a civil governor, the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 specifies that Portugal has only, as first level divisions, the autonomous regions and the administrative regions. According to the Constitution, the districts shall be disestablished in the territories where an autonomous or administrative region has been created, so, the districts were abolished in Azores and Madeira when these autonomous regions were created, in 1976. In 1998, a proposal was submitted to referendum to create eight administrative regions in mainland Portugal and this proposal was rejected in the ballot and so the districts continued to exist in mainland Portugal. However, the importance of the districts has been decreasing, in recent years, some administrative, financial and political competencies have been delivered to the CCDRs and to the municipalities, to the detriment of the districts. In 2003, the Portuguese municipalities were allowed to organize themselves into communities and metropolitan areas. Besides, the abolition of the districts is a subject that came back for discussion in Portuguese society, other personalities support the creation of administrative regions and therefore the abolition of districts. In September 8,2011, a decree from the Portuguese Government de facto extinguished all the offices of civil governor, as the existence of the civil governors is still included in the Portuguese Constitution, its de jure extinction can only be done after a constitutional amendment. In mainland Portugal, for administrative purposes, the districts are used as the areas of jurisdiction of the local branches. In these territories, each district was headed by a district governor, in Angola and Mozambique, the former district areas mostly coincide with the modern province areas. In the former Portuguese India, the Damão and Diu districts are still divisions of the present union territory of Daman and Diu, constituição da República Portuguesa, VII Revisão Constitucionl
9.
Western European Time
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Western European Time is a time zone covering parts of western and northwestern Europe. WEST is called British Summer Time in the UK and is known as Irish Standard Time in Ireland. Conversely, Iceland and eastern Greenland are included although both are west of 7. 5°W, in September 2013, a Spanish parliamentary committee recommended switching to WET, a move being considered by MPs. However, the German occupation switched France to German time, two other occupied territories, Belgium and the Netherlands, did the same, and Spain also switched to CET in solidarity with Germany under the orders of General Franco. In the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 British Summer Time was used in winters, between 18 February 1968 and 31 October 1971, BST was used all year round. In Ireland, from 1940 to 1946 Irish Summer Time was used all year round, between 18 February 1968 and 31 October 1971, Irish Standard Time was used all year round. In Portugal, CET was used in the mainland from 1966 to 1976, the autonomous region of the Azores used WET from 1992 to 1993. Iceland Mykines, Faroe Islands Western Ireland Western Portugal Madeira Canary Islands These areas are located between 7°30′ W and 22°30′ W Areas using UTC+1, See Central European Time
10.
Western European Summer Time
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Western European Summer Time is a summer daylight saving time scheme,1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Also sometimes erroneously referred to as Irish Summer Time, the scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01,00 UTC, during the winter, Greenwich Mean Time is used. The asymmetry reflects temperature more than the length of daylight, Ireland observes Standard Time during the summer months and changes to UTC+0 in winter. As Irelands winter time period begins on the last Sunday in October and finishes on the last Sunday in March, the result is the same as if it observed summer time. The following countries and territories use Western European Summer Time during the summer, starting in 1916, the dates for the beginning and end of BST each year were mandated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In February 2002, the Summer Time Order 2002 changed the dates and times to match European rules for moving to, note, Until 1 October 1916 time in all of Ireland was based on Dublin Mean Time, GMT −25 minutes. BBC News report, Tundra time call in clocks debate, UK Government Report, Overview of the pros and cons of British Summer Time
11.
Concelho
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Concelho, is the Portuguese-language term for municipality, referring to the territorial division. In comparison, the word refers to the organs of State. After the civil parish, the Portuguese concelho is the most stable territorial subdivision within the country, founded in the royal charters attributed to parcels and territorial enclaves, in order to establish a presence by the Crown, rather than personal fiefdoms of the nobility and aristocracy. Today, the municipalities are governed by the municípios, constituted by the Câmara Municipal, its organ and by the Assembleia Municipal. The Câmara is the body that is charged with governing the territory. Owing to population, the chamber can comprise a number of alderman elected by lists, using direct, universal suffragan vote. The municipal assembly, sometimes parliament, is principally for auditing the activities of the executive branch
12.
Roman villa
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A Roman villa was a country house built for the upper class in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The villa rustica centered on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied, under the Empire a concentration of Imperial villas grew up near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium. Wealthy Romans escaped the heat in the hills round Rome. Cicero allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of them, Pliny the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions. The Empire contained many kinds of villas, not all of them lavishly appointed with mosaic floors, in the provinces, any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a villa by modern scholars. Some villas were more like the houses of England or Poland. These early suburban villas, such as the one at Romes Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and it is possible that these early, suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power of regional strongmen or heads of important families. A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large holdings called latifundia, by the first century BC, the classic villa took many architectural forms, with many examples employing atrium or peristyle, for enclosed spaces open to light and air. Upper class, wealthy Roman citizens in the countryside around Rome and throughout the Empire lived in villa complexes, the villa-complex consisted of three parts. The pars urbana where the owner and his family lived and this would be similar to the wealthy-persons in the city and would have painted walls. The pars rustica where the chef and slaves of the villa worked and lived and this was also the living quarters for the farms animals. There would usually be other rooms here that might be used as store rooms, the villa fructuaria would be the storage rooms. These would be where the products of the farm were stored ready for transport to buyers, storage rooms here would have been used for oil, wine, grain, grapes and any other produce of the villa. Other rooms in the villa might include an office, a temple for worship, several bedrooms, a dining room, Villas were often furnished with plumbed bathing facilities and many would have had an under-floor central heating known as the hypocaust. Smaller in the countryside, even non-commercial villas operated as largely self-supporting units, with associated farms, olive groves, Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their villas, where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil, a commonly used literary topos. The late Roman Republic witnessed an explosion of villa construction in Italy, especially in the following the dictatorship of Sulla. In Etruria, the villa at Settefinestre has been interpreted as being the centre of one of the latifundia that were involved in agricultural production. At Settefinestre and elsewhere, the housing of such villas was not richly appointed
13.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
14.
Zeca Afonso
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José Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos Santos, known as José Afonso, Zeca Afonso or just Zeca, was born in Aveiro, Portugal, the son of José Nepomuceno Afonso, a judge, and Maria das Dores. Zeca is among the most influential folk and political musicians in Portuguese history and his song Grândola, Vila Morena is closely associated with the revolution, since it was chosen to be the password transmitted by radio for the beginning of the movement that toppled the dictatorship. In the ensuing revolutionary process, Zeca was an active musician and continued composing political and folk songs. Years after his death, Zeca Afonso is still widely listened to, not only in Portugal, José Afonso was born in Aveiro on 2 August 1929, at 10,30 am. In 1930, his parents travelled to Angola, a Portuguese colony at the time, where his father had been placed as a judge in the city of Silva Porto. José Afonso stayed at Aveiro, in a house near the Fonte das Cinco Bicas, due to health problems with his aunt Gigé and his uncle Xico. In 1933 Zeca travelled to Angola at his mothers request, on the ship Zeca met a missionary who became his companion during the voyage. José Afonso stayed for three years in Angola, where he began his primary education and he returned to Portugal in 1938, this time to the house of his uncle Filomeno, mayor of the town of Belmonte. There he finished the fourth grade and he went to Coimbra in 1940 in order to continue his studies. He studied in the D. João III high school and lived with his aunt Avrilete and his family went from Mozambique to East Timor, also a Portuguese overseas territory at that time, where his father continued his job as a judge. Mariazinha went with them while his brother João returned to Portugal, with the occupation of Timor by the Japanese, José Afonso received no news from his parents for three years, until the end of World War II in 1945. In that year he started singing his first songs as a bicho and he was known as bicho-cantor, which granted him the right of not being rapado by the organized trupes of older students who were guardians of the universitys traditions. From 1946 to 1948, he worked to high school. He met Maria Amália de Oliveira, whom he married, secretly due to his parents opposition and he travelled with some of the most important university musical groups, as Orfeon Académico de Coimbra, and played football for the Associação Académica de Coimbra. In 1949 he started studying History and Philosophy at the University of Coimbra, in January 1953, his first son, José Manuel, was born. That year, he released his first recordings, of which no copies remain today, from 1953 to 1955, he underwent compulsory military service. He was sent to Macau, by then a Portuguese territory, after that he was stationed at Coimbra. He experienced many difficulties and divorced
15.
Marrano
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Marranos is a term used for those Jews living in Iberia who converted or were forced to convert to Christianity yet continued to practice Judaism in secret. Converts from both Judaism or Islam were referred to by the broader term New Christians. The term marrano came into use in 1492 with the Castilian Alhambra Decree. By then, the majority of Jews in Spain had converted to Catholicism. They remained under the eye of the Spanish Inquisition subject to suspicions of secret practice of Judaism by formal Catholics. The origin of the term marrano as applied to Crypto-Jews is debatable, one derives from Arabic مُحَرّمٌ muḥarram, meaning forbidden, anathematized. Marrano in this context means swine or pig, from the prohibition against eating pork. The numbers who converted and the effects of various migrations in and this percentage was suggested as representing the proportion of Sephardi in the population at the time of mass conversions in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, the authors concede that other historical population movements from the Near East such as Syrians and Phoenicians may also account for these results, some Portuguese conversos or cristãos-novos continued to practice as crypto-Jews. In the early 20th century, historian Samuel Schwartz wrote about crypto-Jewish communities discovered in northeastern Portugal and he claimed that members had managed to survive more than four centuries without being fully assimilated into the Old Christian population. The last remaining community in Belmonte officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s. In 2003, the American Sephardi Federation founded the Belmonte Project to raise funds to acquire Judaic educational material and services for the Belmonte community, two documentary films are known to have been made in north-eastern Portugal where present day descendants of Marranos were interviewed about their lives. In 1974 for The Marranos of Portugal, the Israel Broadcasting Authority sent reporter Ron Ben-Yishai to carry out interviews with families about their religious practice, the film was commended at the 1976 Jerusalem Jewish Film and TV Festival. Another documentary, The Last Marranos, was made by the New York Jewish Media Fund in 1997, after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain and Portugal, conversos continued to be suspect in times of social strain. In Lisbon in 1506, a plague caused people to look for scapegoats. Some became suspicious that conversos might be practicing Judaism and therefore be at fault, officials seized several, but released them after a few days. A New Christian who tried to explain the miracle as due to natural causes was dragged from the church, a Dominican roused the populace still more. Friar João Mocho and the Aragonese friar Bernardo, crucifix in hand, were said to have gone through the streets of the city, crying Heresy. and calling upon the people to destroy the conversos
16.
Judaism
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Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
17.
Synagogue
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A synagogue, also spelled synagog, is a Jewish house of prayer. Synagogues have a hall for prayer, and may also have smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall. Some have a room for Torah study, called the beith midrash beis medrash —בית מדרש. Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer, Tanakh reading, study and assembly, halakha holds that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews assemble. Worship can also be carried out alone or with fewer than ten people assembled together, however, halakha considers certain prayers as communal prayers and therefore they may be recited only by a minyan. The synagogue does not replace the long-since destroyed Temple in Jerusalem, israelis use the Hebrew term beyt knesset. Jews of Ashkenazi descent have traditionally used the Yiddish term shul in everyday speech, Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews generally use the term kal. Spanish Jews call the synagogue a sinagoga and Portuguese Jews call it an esnoga, persian Jews and some Karaite Jews also use the non-Hebrew term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Arab Jews use kenis. Reform and some Conservative Jews use the word temple, the Greek word synagogue is used in English, to cover the preceding possibilities. The all-day Yom Kippur service, in fact, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol as he offered the days sacrifices and prayed for his success. During the Babylonian captivity the Men of the Great Assembly formalized and standardized the language of the Jewish prayers, prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own way, and there were no standard prayers that were recited. Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, one of the leaders at the end of the Second Temple era and this contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable way of worship despite the destruction of the Temple, according to many historians. A synagogue dating from between 75 and 50 BCE has been uncovered at a Hasmonean-era winter palace near Jericho, more than a dozen Second Temple era synagogues have been identified by archaeologists. Any Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue, there is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from local religious buildings can often be seen in synagogue arches, domes. Historically, synagogues were built in the architectural style of their time. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, China looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall, the styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other sects of the eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork, the surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures
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American Sephardi Federation
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The federation also works to further awareness of the former existence of large Jewish communities in the Muslim and Arab world. S. and to aid the underprivileged population of the State of Israel. Its role in the Center for Jewish History is to serve as the only partner totally focused on the Jews of the Iberian Peninisula, North Africa, the Balkans, Middle East and Asia. In 2000, when the Center for Jewish History opened to the public, one of the most important functions of the federation was its role in the lives of Sephardic youth. The first National ASF Youth Convention was held in Atlanta in November 1973, the federations youth education programs also help to ensure the continued growth and vibrancy of the Sephardic culture. In connection with a number of other worldwide, the federation has been involved with efforts to obtain information from those affected. In 2002, the Sephardic House, which had been sharing space with the federation at the Center for Jewish History joined with the federation, the two now operate as one under the name, American Sephardi Federation/Sephardic House, as a national Jewish organization with local chapters. With this merger, ASF/SH has focused its activities on cultural events, scholarly endeavors, American Sephardi Federation Records of the American Sephardi Federation at the American Sephardi Federation, New York, NY
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Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
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Freguesia (Portugal)
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Freguesia, usually translated as parish or civil parish, is the third-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution. It is also an administrative unit in the former Portuguese overseas territories of Cape Verde. In the past, was also a division of the other Portuguese overseas territories. The parroquia in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia and Asturias is similar to a freguesia, a freguesia is a subdivision of a município. In cases where the seat is divided into more than one parish. Be it a city district or village, the parish is often based on an ecclesiastical parish. Since the creation of a local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese parishes have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body. The members of the assembleia de freguesia are publicly elected every four years, the presidents of the parish boards are also members of the municipal assembly. Freguesia, the traditional Portuguese word for parish, had its beginning in the filius ecclesiae and filius gregis, but, the power of the clergy built theses areas, accumulating immense wealth and power. The liberal government of Mouzinho da Silveira abolished the parishes in 1832, the freguesia began to refer to the civil/administrative entity, while the paróquia became affiliated with the religious entity. Before the 2013 local government reforms, the 308 municipalities were subdivided into 4,259 civil parishes, the government of Pedro Passos Coelho introduced a plan to reform the administrative divisions, in order to create efficiencies and save money. The plan envisioned the reform of the management, territorial geography and political form of how Portugal functioned at the level, including specifically at the freguesia. It was determined that these changes would then be formalized before the 2013 local government elections, as part of a process to reduce expenditures, a condition of the $110 Billion accord. In addition to the reduction of the number of representatives in the local boards, the plan also established criteria for the reduction, amalgamation or extinction of various civil parishes. The reform was implemented according to Law 11-A/2013 of 28 January 2013, which defined the reorganization of the parishes, This way. Barcelos is the municipality with the most civil parishes, list of parishes of Portugal Bairro Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau - replaced the former municipal councils during Portuguese rule of Macau, but retain the Freguesias model
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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Castelo Branco, Portugal
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The city of Castelo Branco is a municipality an former bishopric in Castelo Branco District, in Centro Region, Portugal. The city of Castelo Branco is made up of one parish with a population of 30,649 in 2001. The municipality has a total of 19 parishes, the population in 2011 was 56,109, in an area of 1,438.19 square kilometres, making it one of the largest municipalities in Portugal. It is bounded in the north by the municipality of Fundão, in the east by Idanha-a-Nova, in the south by Spain, in the southwest by Vila Velha de Ródão, and in the west by Proença-a-Nova and Oleiros. Castelo Branco gets its name from the existence of a Luso-Roman castrum or fortified settlement called Castra Leuca. The population grew on the slopes of this hill, little is known of the history before 1182. There is, nevertheless, a document, from this date, mentioning the donation to the Templars of a piece of land called Vila Franca da Cardosa, in 1213 it received its autonomy or foral and the name Castel-Branco appears for the first time. Pope Innocent III confirmed this in 1215 giving it the name of Castelo Branco and it was around this time that the Templar Knights built the walls and the castle. In 1510 a new foral was conceded by Manuel I and in 1642 the town acquired the status of Vila de Castelo Branco, in 1771 Castelo Branco became a city and a bishopric until 1881. In 1858 a telegraph line was opened between Abrantes and Castelo Branco and in 1860 the city received its first public lighting, in 1959 it became capital of the district of the same name. Pope Clement XIV created the diocese of Castelo Branco on 1771.06.07 and it has had the following residential Bishops, José de Jesus Maria Caetano, Dominican Order Vicente Ferreira da Rocha, O. P. Maria sopra Minerva, previously Bishop of Leiria, Patriarch of Lisboa. vacancy, the most important monument in Castelo Branco is the Jardim do Paço Episcopal. It is one of the most beautiful gardens in Portugal and contains statues of allegories, kings and zodiacal signs, arranged around ponds. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 19 civil parishes, Castelo Branco has a mediterranean climate. Its summers are among the hottest of Portugal, influenced by its inland position, winters are mild with cool nights, but frosts are rare and never severe. Inland areas further south in the country have hotter temperature extremes, there is somewhat of a seasonal lag in summer since September is significantly warmer than May in spite of less daylight. Winter temperatures are consistent with the daylight cycle, since temperatures drop sharply in autumn months. The city is home to Centauro, a company produces industrial coolers, refrigerators and freezers
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Idanha-a-Nova
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Idanha-a-Nova is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco in east-central Portugal. The population in 2011 was 9,716, in an area of 1416.34 km², the municipal holiday is the Monday 15 days after Easter. Idanha-a-Nova has hosted the massive biannual Boom Festival since 2002, during which the population of the community temporarily increases more than fivefold, the present mayor is Álvaro José Cachucho Rocha, representing the Socialist Party
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Oleiros, Portugal
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Oleiros is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,721, in an area of 471.09 km², the present mayor is José Santos Marques, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is the Monday after the 2nd Sunday of August, built in 2006, a wind farm operates in Oleiros, comprising a 54 MW power generation capacity.0 MW wind turbines in Portugal
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Penamacor
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Penamacor is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,682, in an area of 563.71 square kilometres, the physician and encyclopédiste António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches was born in Penamacor. The mayor is António Luís Beites Soares, the municipal holiday is the Easter Monday
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Vila de Rei
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Vila de Rei is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,452, in an area of 191.55 km², in addition, the site offers a spectacular panoramic view over a vast territory and includes a small Geodesy Museum. The present mayor is Ricardo Jorge Martins Aires, elected by the Social Democratic Party, the municipal holiday is September 19. At the small town of Vila de Rei, it is worth admiring the 18th century Parish Church, a natural curiosity of Vila de Rei is the Penedo Furado, which has been adapted to shelter two belvederes, set on a rocky platform surrounded by woods and small water-falls. Vila de Rei is also on the route of shale villages having one of the most beautiful examples is the Água Formosa, typical gastronomy in the region includes dishes such as fish soup, roast kid or bucho recheado, besides typical honey cakes and rice pudding
Portugal
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