1.
Belvoir Fortress
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Belvoir Fortress is a Crusader fortress in northern Israel, on a hill 20 kilometres south of the Sea of Galilee. Gilbert of Assailly, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, began construction of the castle in 1168, the restored fortress is located in Belvoir National Park. It is the best-preserved Crusader fortress in Israel, the Knights Hospitaller purchased the site from Velos, a French nobleman, in 1168. Standing 500 metres above the Jordan River Valley, the plateau commanded the route from Gilead into the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to the north is the Sea of Galilee and west are hills. The site of Belvoir Castle dominated the area, and in the words of Abu Shama the castle is, set admidst the stars like an eagles nest. As soon as the Knights Hospitaller purchased the land they began construction of Belvoir Castle, while Gilbert of Assailly was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller the order gained around thirteen new castles, among which Belvoir was the most important. The fortress of Belvoir served as an obstacle to the Muslim goal of invading the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from the east. It withstood an attack by Muslim forces in 1180, during the campaign of 1182, the Battle of Belvoir Castle was fought nearby between King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Saladin. Following Saladins victory over the Crusaders at the battle of the Horns of Hattin, the siege lasted a year and a half, until the defenders surrendered on 5 January 1189. An Arab governor occupied it until 1219 when the Ayyubid ruler in Damascus had slighted, in 1241 Belvoir was ceded to the Franks, who controlled it until 1263. In modern times it became an Arab village, Kawkab al-Hawa, the Arab buildings on the site were demolished by the Israeli authorities between 1963 and 1968. The Hebrew name, Kochav Hayarden, meaning Star of the Jordan, preserves the name of Kochava – a Jewish village which existed nearby during the Roman, after the end of the Second World War, the study of Crusader castles experienced a lull. Syria, for instance, declared independence in 1946 and had money to spare for archaeology. In Israel, the study of Crusader castles developed under Joshua Prawer and its most significant discovery was made at Belvoir. Between 1963 and 1968 the Israel Department of Antiquities carried out excavations at the castle, before the investigations, it had been assumed that Belvoir was a simple castle, with just a single enclosure. Excavations in the 1960s demonstrated the complex nature of military architecture in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Belvoirs design bore similarities to that of a Roman castra, the enclosure was rectangular with towers at the corners. Belvoir is an example of the concentric castle plan, which was widely used in later crusader castles
2.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland
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David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland, styled as the Marquess of Granby until 1999, is a British peer and landowner. Rutland is the son of the 10th Duke of Rutland by his second wife. He was educated at Stanbridge Earls School and he succeeded his father in the titles on 4 January 1999. The family also includes the dukes mother The Dowager Duchess, his brother, Lord Edward Manners, a half-sister, Lady Charlotte Manners. Rutlands ancestral home is Belvoir Castle in the part of Leicestershire. In the summer of 2005, the Duke purchased the Manners Arms Country Hotel, the Manners Arms was built for the 6th Duke of Rutland as a hunting lodge during the 1880s. The Duchess was heavily involved with the work they carried out on the property. The Dukes holdings also include Haddon Hall, which is occupied by his brother Edward, the Sunday Times Rich List 2013 estimated his personal fortune at £125m, but he had to sell a painting to keep Belvoir Castle maintained. The Duke is a supporter of the UK Independence Party and has hosted fundraising events at Belvoir Castle. In 1999, he stood for UKIP when the House of Lords had to elect 92 hereditary peers and he stood in a House of Lords by-election in 2005 and again in 2015. Rutland married Emma Watkins, daughter of a Welsh farmer from Knighton, Powys, in 2012, it was reported that the Duke and Duchess had separated, although both were continuing to live at Belvoir Castle with their new partners. The Duke also carries the subsidiary titles of Marquess of Granby, Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby was created in 1679. These titles are all found in the Peerage of England, Baron Roos of Belvoir, of Belvoir in the County of Leicester was established in 1896 in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, but have a longer ancestry in the titles of Baron de Ros. The most senior title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Dukes eldest son. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Rutland Belvoir Castle Manners Arms Entry at Burkes Peerage David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland
5.
James Wyatt
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James Wyatt RA was an English architect, a rival of Robert Adam in the neoclassical style and neo-Gothic style. Wyatt spent six years in Italy, 1762–68, in company with Richard Bagot of Staffordshire, in Venice, Wyatt studied with Antonio Visentini as an architectural draughtsman and painter. Back in England, his selection as architect of the proposed Pantheon or Winter Ranelagh in Oxford Street, London, brought him almost unparalleled instant success. His brother Samuel was one of the promoters of the scheme. When the Pantheon was opened in 1772, their choice was at once endorsed by the fashionable public, externally it was unremarkable, but the classicising domed hall surrounded by galleried aisles and apsidal ends, was something new in assembly rooms, and brought its architect immediate celebrity. On the 15 February 1785 Wyatt was elected an Academician of the Royal Academy, in later years, he carried out alterations at Frogmore for Queen Charlotte, and was made Surveyor-General of the Works. Between 1805 and 1808 Wyatt remodelled West Dean House in West Dean, wyatt’s work was remarkable because it is built entirely of flint, even to the door and window openings, which would normally be lined with stone. In 1776, Wyatt succeeded Henry Keene as Surveyor to Westminster Abbey, in 1782 he became, in addition, Architect of the Ordnance. The death of Sir William Chambers brought him the post of Surveyor General, Wyatt was now the principal architect of the day, the recipient of more commissions than he could well fulfil. His widespread practice and the duties of his official posts left him time to give proper attention to the individual needs of his clients. In 1804, Jeffry Wyatt told Farington that his uncle had lost many great commissions by such neglect, Wyatt was a brilliant but facile designer, whose work is not characterized by any markedly individual style. It was not until towards the end of his life that he and his brother Samuel developed the severe, meanwhile, Wyatts reputation as a rival to Robert Adam had been eclipsed by his celebrity as a Gothic architect. Every Georgian architect was called upon from time to time to designs in the medieval style. In the following year, however, he was permitted to add F. S. A. to his name by a majority of one hundred, Wyatt was elected to the Royal Academy in 1785, and took an active part in the politics of the Academy. But his election was never approved by the King. Wyatt was one of the founders of the Architects Club in 1791, in 1802 Wyatt built a new house for the 7th Earl of Bridgewater on the Ashridge estate in Hertfordshire which is now a Grade I listed building. In 1803 Thomas Johnes hired Wyatt to design Saint Michels Hafod Church, Eglwys Newydd, in Ceredigion, Wales. He died on 4 September 1813 as the result of an accident to the carriage in which he was travelling over the Marlborough Downs with his friend and employer, Christopher Codrington of Dodington Park
6.
Stately home
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An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses. With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff, country houses were important as places of employment for rural communities. In turn, until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s, the estates, of country houses were the hub. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle, increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses, those that remained had to adapt to survive. While a château or a schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building, if fortified, it is called a castle, but not all buildings with the name castle are fortified. The term stately home is subject to debate, and avoided by historians, as a description of a country house, the term was first used in a poem by Felicia Hemans, The Homes of England, originally published in Blackwoods Magazine in 1827. In the 20th century, the term was popularised in a song by Noël Coward. The books collection of homes also includes George IVs Brighton town palace. The country houses of England have evolved over the last five hundred years, before this time, larger houses were usually fortified, reflecting the position of their owners as feudal lords, de facto overlords of their manors. The Tudor period of stability in the saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses. Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries saw many former ecclesiastical properties granted to the Kings favourites, woburn Abbey, Forde Abbey and many other mansions with abbey or priory in their name became private houses during this period. Other terms used in the names of houses to describe their origin or importance include palace, castle, court, hall, mansion, park, house, manor, and place. Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known examples of the prodigy house. Some of the best known of Englands country houses were built by one architect at one time, Montacute House, Chatsworth House. They finally ran out of funds in the early 20th century, an example of this is Brympton dEvercy in Somerset, a house of many periods that is unified architecturally by the continuing use of the same mellow, local Ham Hill stone
7.
Leicestershire
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Leicestershire is a landlocked county in the English Midlands. The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street, the county has a population of just under 1 million with over half the population living in Leicesters built-up area. Leicestershire was recorded in the Domesday Book in four wapentakes, Guthlaxton, Framland, Goscote and these later became hundreds, with the division of Goscote into West Goscote and East Goscote, and the addition of Sparkenhoe hundred. In 1087, the first recorded use of the name was as Laegrecastrescir, Leicestershires external boundaries have changed little since the Domesday Survey. These actions were reversed on 1 April 1997, when Rutland, Rutland became a distinct Ceremonial County once again, although it continues to be policed by Leicestershire Constabulary. The symbol of the county council, Leicestershire County Cricket Club, Leicestershire is considered to be the birthplace of fox hunting as it is known today. Hugo Meynell, who lived in Quorn, is known as the father of fox hunting, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough have associations with fox hunting, as has neighbouring Rutland. A large part of the north-west of the county, around Coalville, the highest point of the county is Bardon Hill at 278 metres, which is also a Marilyn. The lowest point is about 24. 8m, north of Bottesford where the River Devon leaves Leicestershire, the population of Leicestershire is 609,578 people. The county covers an area of 2,084 km2 and its largest population centre is the city of Leicester, followed by the town of Loughborough. Other large towns include Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coalville, Hinckley, Market Harborough, Melton Mowbray, Oadby, Wigston, some of the larger of villages are, Burbage Birstall, Broughton Astley, Castle Donington, Kibworth Beauchamp, Great Glen, Ibstock, Countesthorpe and Kegworth. One of the most rapidly expanding villages is Anstey, which has seen a large number of development schemes. The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a resident population for Leicester of 279,921. Approximately 62,000 were aged under 16,199,000 were aged 16–74,76. 9% of Leicesters population claim they have been born in the UK, according to the 2001 UK Census. Mid-year estimates for 2006 indicate that the population of the City of Leicester stood at 289,700 making Leicester the most populous city in East Midlands, the population density is 3, 814/km2 and for every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Leicester,38. 5% had no academic qualifications,23. 0% of Leicesters residents were born outside of the United Kingdom, more than double than the English average of 9. 2%. Engineering has long been an important part of the economy of Leicestershire, John Taylor Bellfounders continues a history of bellfounding in Loughborough since the 14th century. In 1881 John Taylors cast the largest bell in Britain, Great Paul, snibston Discovery Park is built on one of three coal mines that operated in Coalville from the 1820s until 1986
8.
Vale of Belvoir
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The Vale of Belvoir is an area of natural beauty on the borders of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire in England. The name derives from the Norman-French for beautiful view, the vale is an east-north-east trending tract of low ground of somewhat ill-defined area. Its vale-like form can be viewed from either its southern flank or from the north-west along the A46 from which it is less conspicuous. As described above its south-eastern margin is the most clearly defined, as it is formed by a scarp slope, about 330 feet higher than the valley floor. Its resistance to erosion is due to a capping of relatively thick Jurassic Ironstone, the vale-like form is further constrained by cappings of ancient glacial till that form the higher ground along its western margin. In the Pliocene epoch the Vale of Belvoir was occupied by the Proto-Trent River, at the end of the Wolstonian Stage a mass of stagnant ice left in the Vale of Belvoir caused the river to divert north along the old Lincoln river, through the Lincoln gap. Belvoir Castle, which occupies a dominant position overlooking the vale, is the home of the family of the Dukes of Rutland. The castle saw significant damage in both the Wars of the Roses and the English Civil War and has consequently been rebuilt a number of times in its history. It is now open to the public, whilst still remaining a family home, two other local specialities dominate the world reputation of the vale, Stilton cheese and pork pies. Of the six dairies currently allowed to produce true Stilton cheese under the terms of its protected origin status, only one is not located in the area. The vale is the centre for the production of this king of English cheeses. However, the cheese took its name from the Huntingdonshire village of Stilton, Melton is also the home of the Melton Mowbray pork pie, produced by traditional methods using uncured pork and hand-formed pastry and served cold. Both Stilton cheese and Melton Mowbray pies are covered by European Protected Designation of Origin orders, Belvoir Angels are a type of early 18th century Swithland slate tombstone found in the district. A comprehensive account of the history of the Vale was compiled in 1790 by the poet George Crabbe. It includes a list of more than 70 beetle species, the vale is renowned fox hunting country and has many historical ties to the sport. A controversial coalfield development was proposed in the 1970s and it became the subject of a public enquiry in 1979. The requisite planning applications were ultimately quashed by the secretary of state for the environment in 1982, the most populous places in the Vale of Belvoir include Bingham, Cotgrave, Keyworth and Bottesford. The Vale of Belvoir has its own award-winning radio station,103 The Eye which was the first community station in the UK to go on air and has been broadcasting since 2005
9.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
10.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
11.
Duke of Rutland
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Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England, derived from Rutland, a county in the East Midlands of England. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created twice in history, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 25 February 1390 for Edward of Norwich, son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and grandson of King Edward III. Upon the Dukes death in 1402 Edward became Duke of York, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 29 January 1446 for Edmund, second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. Thomas Manners, son of the 11th Baron de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and he was the great-grandson of Richard Plantagenet. The barony of de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir was created by Simon de Montfort with a writ of summons to the House of Lords for Robert de Ros in 1264, the 3rd Earl was succeeded as 4th Earl by his brother John. The barony of Ros was restored to the Manners family when Francis Manners, however, Francis died without male issue and the assumption of the courtesy title of Lord Ros for the eldest son of subsequent earls appears to have had no legal basis. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1641 the Earldom passed to his distant cousin John Manners of Haddon Hall, in 1703, the ninth Earl of Rutland was created Duke of Rutland and Marquess of Granby by Queen Anne. The most notable Marquess of Granby was John Manners, eldest son of the third Duke and he was an accomplished soldier and highly popular figure of his time, in 1745 he became a colonel, his military career flourished during the Seven Years War. At the Battle of Minden, although his role was small, in 1760, at the Battle of Warburg, he led a cavalry charge which routed the French, losing his hat and wig in the process. In recognition of this, soldiers of the Blues and Royals have the privilege in the British Army of being permitted to salute while not wearing headgear. Granbys losing his helmet and wig in the charge gave rise to the expression going bald-headed at something, in 1758, the King made him Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and in 1766, as Lieutenant-General, he became Commander-in-Chief. His title was honoured by being used by a number of pubs throughout Britain. The towns of Granby, Quebec in Canada and Granby, Massachusetts in the United States as well as Granby Street in Norfolk, Virginia and he died before his father, and therefore did not become Duke. The subsidiary titles of the dukedom are, Marquess of Granby, Earl of Rutland, Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby, the title Baron Roos of Belvoir is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the remaining titles being in the Peerage of England. The most senior title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Dukes eldest son. The Manners family own medieval Haddon Hall, Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire that were successively extended, some rooms in both buildings are open to the public. They are Grade I in architecture, set in listed parks, woodland and gardens and span a central water feature, which acted as models for other landscaped estates. In 2009, to mark 500 years of the occupancy of Belvoir Castle by the two aircraft from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, bore the Duke of Rutlands Coat of Arms
12.
Mausoleum
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A mausoleuma is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A monument without the interment is a cenotaph, a mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum. A Christian mausoleum sometimes includes a chapel, the word derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large, however, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire, these were often ranged in necropoles or along roadsides, however, when Christianity became dominant, mausoleums were out of use. Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed, a mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches, modern mausolea may also act as columbaria with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land, in the United States, the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and it is known as the crypt mausoleum. In Europe, these vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs. Mausoleum of Mohammed V Bourguiba mausoleum The Dr. John Garang De Mabior mausoleum in Juba, agostinho Netos Mausoleum in Luanda, Angola. Omar Bongos Mausoleum in Franceville, Gabon, kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum Marien Ngouabis mausoleum and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzas mausoleum in Brazzaville, The Republic of Congo. Mausoleum of the late president Felix Houphouet-Boigny in Yamoussoukro, Côte dIvoire, laurent Kabilas mausoleum in Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo. The pyramids of ancient Egypt and Nubian pyramids are also types of mausolea, Abdel Nasser Mosque, is the Mausoleum of Gamal Abdel Nasser, in Cairo, Egypt. Unknown Soldier Memorial Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania Al Hussein Mosque, Cairo – Holy Shrine and mausoleum, Qalawun Mausoleum is the Mausoleum of Qalawun, Located in Cairo, Egypt, it was regarded by scholars as the second most beautiful medieval mausoleum ever to be built. Jedars - thirteen ancient monumental Berber mausoleums located south of Tiaret, Late President Eyademas Family Mausoleum in Kara, Togo. Kamuzu Banda Mausoleum, in Lilongwe, Malawi, Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi built a mausoleum in which his late first wife and Bingu himself are buried
13.
Redmile
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Redmile is a village and civil parish in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England, about 10 miles north of Melton Mowbray and 7 miles west of Grantham. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 921. The parish lies in the Vale of Belvoir close to the county boundary with Nottinghamshire to the west, other nearby places are Bottesford, Belvoir, and Stathern. In 1936 the adjoining parishes of Barkestone and Plungar were merged into Redmile. Redmile has a Church of England primary school with about 70 pupils, the original national school opened in 1839. It was rebuilt on the site in 1871, then extended with new classrooms in 1999 and 2001. The most recent Ofsted report, in October 2013, found the school outstanding in all five of the criteria of assessment. The parish is now served by the Vale of Belvoir Team, the building is Grade II* listed. It dates mainly from the 14th century, with additions and restorations in the 15th century, three of the gravestones in the churchyard are also listed. Dating from the late 17th century, they are examples of a type known as Belvoir Angels. One of them is dated 1690, making it the oldest such stone in the Vale itself, the former Methodist Chapel, built in 1869, is now a private residence. There are ten listed buildings in the village, some dating back to the 17th century. Redmile has two pub/restaurants, the Peacock Inn and the Windmill Inn, the 18th-century Peacock also has bed-and-breakfast accommodation. The Windmill featured as the Kings Oak in a number of scenes for the 2001 revival of a television soap Crossroads. It also appeared as a location in the BBC1 TV sitcom series Kiss Me Kate, the village has a weekday daytime bus service to Melton Mowbray and Bottesford. Redmile and Belvoir railway station opened in 1879 but closed to passengers in 1951, the Grantham Canal to Nottingham opened in 1797 and closed in 1936. Short sections have reopened for leisure craft. Thomas Daffy, who became rector of Redmile in 1666, was the inventor of the patent medicine Daffys Elixir in about 1647, the Leicestershire cricketer Frederic Geeson was born in Redmile
14.
Woolsthorpe-by-Belvoir
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Woolsthorpe, also known as Woolsthorpe-by-Belvoir, is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 415. It is situated approximately 5 miles west from Grantham, and adjoins the county border with Leicestershire, the neighbouring village of Belvoir lies on the other side of the border. Grantham Canal is situated 1 mile to the north-east at its closest point, according to A Dictionary of British Place Names, the name Woolsthorpe means an outlying farmstead or hamlet of a man called Wulfstan. In the 1086 Domesday account Woolsthorpe is referred to as Ulestanestorp, in the Kesteven Hundred of Winnibriggs and it comprised 29 households,6 villagers,3 smallholders and 8 freemen, with 4 ploughlands and 3 mills. In 1066 Leofric of Bottesford was Lord of the Manor, this transferred in 1086 to Robert of Tosny, approximately 1 mile north from Woolsthorpe is the deserted medieval village of Stenwith, defined by moat, ditch, enclosure, hollow way and croft earthworks. Stenwith is recorded in the Domesday account as Stanwald or Stanwalt. in the Lincolnshire Hundred of Winnibriggs and it was part of the manor of Barrowby and comprised 21 households,2 smallholders and 19 freemen, with 4 ploughlands,15 acres of meadow and one mill. In 1066 Godwin of Barrowby was Lord of the Manor, this transferred in 1086 to Robert Malet, in 1885 Kellys describes Woolsthorpe as situated on the River Devon, close to the borders of Leicestershire. It was in the wapentake of Winnibriggs and Threo, the petty sessional division of Spittlegate, the union and county district of South Grantham. The nearest railway station was noted as 3.5 miles away at Sedgebrook, parts of the plantations and pleasure grounds of Belvoir Castle. are in this parish, Belvoir castle was supplied with water from the parishs Holywell spring. There were ironstone quarries worked by the Stanton Iron Company, the parish area of 2,600 acres had a rateable value of £2,983. Crops grown were wheat, barley and oats. Parish population in 1881 was 598, in 1879 the Stanton Iron Company began quarrying for marlstone rock at Woolsthorpe, on land leased from the Duke of Rutland. At that tme the ore was taken by horse and cart to the Grantham Canal, quarrying was supported by the building of the Great Northern Railway Woolsthorpe branch line in 1883, on which Stantons rolling stock took the ironstone to the main Grantham to Nottingham line. Later this line was operated by the Great Northern, the quarries at Woolsthorpe were worked out some time between 1917 and 1923 but quarrying carried on at Harston and later Knipton and Denton for many years. Another tramway linked the southernmost Woolsthope quarries to the new branch terminus, the mainline branch was still used to carry ironstone until the closure of the Denton quarries in 1974. The quarrying at Woolsthorpe was done by hand with the help of explosives until 1917 when a steam shovel was introduced to mechanise part of the work, Kellys in 1885 also recorded the Duke of Rutland KG as lord of the manor and chief landowner. There were two houses, the Rutland Arms and the Chequers, and a ladies boarding and day school
15.
Knipton
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Knipton, is a small village in the civil parish of Belvoir, in the county of Leicestershire, England. It is situated approximately 6 miles from the town of Grantham just off the A607, despite having a Nottinghamshire postcode, and Lincolnshire STD code, the village is located in the postal county of Leicestershire and borders on to the Duke of Rutlands estate of Belvoir Castle. The parish church of All Saints is a Grade II* listed building, with a 13th-century tower at the west and chancel at the east, separated by a 14th-century nave, a south aisle was added in 1869 by W. Thompson of Grantham. The churchyard includes two listed table tombs, Knipton has a village hall, which was built as a Church of England primary school in 1850-4 in a Tudorish style on the orders of the Duke of Rutland, and extended to the rear in 1868. The slate roof carries a tall spire on top of a bell turret. The building has been Grade II listed since 1979, and ceased to be used as a school in the late 20th century, iron Ore was quarried in two areas of Knipton. Both quarrying areas have now been smoothed over and the fields are at a lower level than the roads and these were an extension of the quarries at Woolsthorpe and Harston. Quarrying began east of the road from Knipton to Croxton Kerrial in 1924, a quarry on the west side of the road operated between 1941 and 1946. The quarries used steam and diesel quarrying machines, the ore was taken away by steam operated narrow gauge tramway to a tipping dock on the standard gauge railway at Harston where it was tipped into standard gauge wagons for transport. In 1956 quarrying began again where it had finished in 1946, from 1960 onwards the ore from some of the quarries was loaded into lorries and taken either to the tramway or the sidings at Harston. The tramway was lifted in early 1964 but the lorry worked quarries continued for some while, however production at Knipton had finished by the end of 1964. Quarrying began at High Leys close to the Belvoir Road in 1949 and that quarry closed in 1951 when another quarry opened closer to the village on the east side of the road. That closed in 1955 when quarrying began on the side of the road. The village public house is now the Manners Arms, named after the Duke of Rutland, formerly it had been The Marquis of Granby, now long since closed, on the village street. The Manners Arms is housed in a late 18th-century brick building, known throughout its existence as the Red House and it retains its slate roof and 19th-century plate glass sash windows and shutters, while internally it features an original closed string staircase with a ramped handrail and turned balusters. The current building was built between 1774-1790 as a home for Rev Robert Jones, the 5th Dukes Chaplain. On his death the house passed to his son and upon his death to his wife and her son who was the estates clerk, mortgaged the building in 1802 for £350. Unable to service the debt, he sold the building and mortgage to the 5th Duke for £750, the house was modified in the late 1920s as the intended Dower house for Violet the 8th Duchess, but the Dowager decided to live at Eastwell Hall
16.
Harston, Leicestershire
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Harston is a crossroads village in Leicestershire, England. Harston is near to the border with Lincolnshire, the nearest town is Grantham, approximately 6 miles to the north-east. Harston forms part of the parish of Belvoir which, in turn, is part of the district of Melton. The church is dedicated to St Michael. The oldest part appears to be the tower probably dates from the first half of the 14th Century. The chancel dates from 1871. Iron ore was quarried extensively to the north, east and south of the village from 1889 to 1972 and it was the last place in Leicestershire where iron ore was quarried. The ore was taken by a narrow gauge tramway to a standard gauge mineral branch of the Great Northern Railway just over the Lincolnshire border in the parish of Denton. The GNR then took it to the Stanton Companys ironworks in Derbyshire and they opened another quarry to the south of the road in 1888 and the tramway was extended to serve it. From 1901 the company was quarrying to the north of the village on either side of the Woolsthorpe Road, at first the ore from here was taken by another tramway leading to the GNR branch further down the line near the Grantham Canal. This tramway passed the original Woolsthorpe quarries and the last part of it was a rope worked incline, however, later on when quarrying west of Woolsthorpe Road was finished the quarries east of the road used an extension of the other tramway. The Harston quarries north of the Denton Road were worked out by 1923, south of the Denton Road the active quarries were all in Denton, just to the east of Sewstern Lane between 1918 and 1930. However new quarries were opened to the south of the village in that year which were extended into Knipton. The tramway was extended to serve these. In 1947/8 it was converted to standard gauge, quarrying ceased at Harston in 1972 but the tramway was still used by trains to and from the quarries at Denton which continued for another two years. Until 1948 the ore was tipped from the narrow gauge wagons into standard gauge ones at the terminus of the standard gauge branch, after that the standard gauge wagons from the quarries were left at that point for a British Railways locomotive to take them away. Between 1951 and 1955 there was a quarry to the north west of the village which was not served by the tramway, ore from it was loaded into lorries which took it to a tipping dock at the start of the BR branch. In the early part of the 1960s a small part of the quarry to the south of the village was worked in that way, until 1967 the tramway was worked by steam locomotives. A diesel locomotive replaced the two steam loconotives in that year. The quarrying was done by hand at first, steam quarry machines were introduced from 1917 onwards and diesel machines replaced them from 1936. There were also some electric machines used from 1940, the quarries were owned by Stewarts and Lloyds Minerals Ltd from 1950 and British Steel from 1970
17.
Harlaxton Manor
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Harlaxton Manor, built in 1837, is a manor house located in Harlaxton, Lincolnshire, England. Its architecture, which elements of Jacobean and Elizabethan styles with symmetrical Baroque massing. The manor is a location for filming. Exterior and interior shots have been featured in the films The Ruling Class, The Last Days of Patton, The Lady, more recently, the building was used as a site in the reality television series Australian Princess. The manor currently serves as the British campus for the University of Evansville and partners with Eastern Illinois University, Harlaxton Manor is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England, as is its forecourt gateway and screen. The surrounding park and gardens are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks, Harlaxton is first recorded in the Domesday Book as Harleston. The current mansion is the second Harlaxton Manor, the first was built on a different site during the 14th century and was used as a hunting lodge by John of Gaunt. By 1619, Sir Daniel de Ligne purchased the manor, the original house was deserted after 1780, it was inherited by Gregory Gregory, and was torn down in 1857. The current house was built by Gregory from 1837 to 1845, the original architect, Anthony Salvin, was replaced by William Burn, who is responsible for its interior detailing. Upon Gregorys death, the passed to his cousin George Gregory and then in 1860 to a distant relative. Upon the death of Sherwins wife in 1892, it passed to his godson Thomas Pearson-Gregory, the manor passed through several sets of disparate hands in the twentieth century. She restored the house and had it wired for electricity, during the Second World War it was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force as the officers mess for RAF Harlaxton and later to house a company of the 1st Airborne Division. In 1948, Harlaxton was purchased by The Society of Jesus and they in turn sold the manor, while retaining rights to some of the lands, to Stanford University in 1965. The University of Evansville began using the property in 1971 as its British campus, but it was owned by William Ridgway, immediately after the purchase, the University of Evansville began renovating the entire facility. Since 1984, Harlaxton Manor has also been the site of the annual Harlaxton Medieval Symposium, a symposium on medieval art, literature. It also serves as a study abroad university for English majors from Eastern Illinois University and Western Kentucky University, Gregory Gregory was born Gregory Williams and only adopted the surname Gregory when he inherited his uncle’s estates. His father was William Gregory Williams who owned Rempstone Hall in Leicestershire, in 1822 Gregory inherited Harlaxton Manor and other property from his uncle George de Ligne Gregory. At this stage Harlaxton Manor was an ancient building in need of repair so Gregory did not move to the house, instead he lived at Hungerton Hall which is nearby
18.
Croxton Kerrial
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Croxton Kerrial is a village and civil parish in the Melton borough of Leicestershire, England. It is 6.6 miles to the south-west of Grantham and 7.9 miles north-east of Melton Mowbray –0.5 miles west of Leicestershires boundary with Lincolnshire. The civil parish of Croxton Kerrial, which includes the hamlet of Branston, had a population of 490 in 2001. In medieval times, Croxton Abbey, a Premonstratensian house, lay within the locality, lying across the historic county boundaries of Leicestershire and Lincolnshire from a very early time, Croxton Kerrial once formed an ancient parish within the hundred of Framland. Croxton Kerrial can be described as an area, with the highest point within the locality being 500 ft above sea level. Much of the land surrounding Croxton Kerrial is arable, and has used as farmland for centuries. Nearby places are Knipton and Harston, Belvoir Castle, Hungerton, Eaton and Sproxton, south Croxton is a separate village and civil parish in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, named with reference to its situation south of Croxton Kerrial. Croxton Kerrial Church of England Primary School converted to academy status in 2013 under the Leicester Diocese Charitable Trust, an Ofsted report in June 2015 graded the school as good. A local landmark is the Croxton Water Spout, part of an old water system sourced from a spring which was refurbished in 2003 as part of the Millennium celebrations. The local Anglican church – part of the Diocese of Leicester – is dedicated to both Saint Botolph and Saint John the Baptist, there is a former Methodist chapel in the village. South-west of the village at grid reference SK814265 is the disused Croxton Park racecourse and its last meeting was held on 2 April 1914. Croxton Kerrial currently has one football team, CK Dons. Croxton also has a Sunday cricket team, which plays in the GMCA Division 3, Croxton Kerrial, a Leicestershirevillages. com community forum
19.
Bottesford, Leicestershire
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Bottesford is a village and civil parish. It lies in the Vale of Belvoir and forms part of the Borough of Melton in Leicestershire, Bottesford is about 20 miles east of Nottingham and 16 miles north of Melton Mowbray. The village is the largest in the Vale of Belvoir and is near to Belvoir Castle, home to the Duke and it had a population of 3587 at the time of the 2011 census. It borders parishes in Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, such as Redmile, Sedgebrook, the local amenities include a post office, railway station, library, church and convenience store, and also three restaurants and four pubs. Bottesford derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon Ford belonging to the botl, historically, Bottesford was closely associated with the Counts, Earls and Dukes of Rutland. The village was built around the river Devon and was named because of the ford at the centre of the village, St Mary the Virgins Church, Bottesford, sometimes known as the Lady of the Vale, is a large medieval church at the centre of the village. As with many churches this is a building with a mixture of architecture added over the centuries, the lower part of the chancel dates from the 12th century with the remainder added during the next three hundred years. The nave roof was completed in 1740. The octagonal crocketed spire is considered to be the tallest in the County at 210 feet, a headstone to Thomas Parker and a table tomb are both grade II listed within the grounds along with the gate piers and gates to the churchyard to the north. The Church is also the place of several earls of Rutland, one of the Rutland tombs is famous for its inscription. Most of the church is 15th century, but the chancel was rebuilt in the 17th century to accommodate the Rutland monuments and these completely fill the chancel and offer a view of changing aristocratic taste in the 16th and 17th centuries. After the Manners family were elevated to the dukedom of Rutland in 1703, they built a mausoleum in the grounds of Belvoir Castle, All the dukes have been buried there. There is a website that covers many sides of Bottesfords local history, including mounting evidence of occupation in Roman times. Bottesford was the venue of one of the countrys early friendly societies and it provided members with sickness and funeral benefits for over 200 years. Eleven contributors from the group produced in 2009 a book on the local history since 1850. During World War II, from December 1941, there was an RAF Bomber Command airfield located to the north near Long Bennington called RAF Bottesford. Initially it hosted No.3 Group RAF, then after being used by USAAFs IX Troop Carrier Command for D-Day, was used by No.5 Group from late 1944 and it is no longer used as an airfield, but the runways can be seen. Entertainers Laurel and Hardy stayed for Christmas 1952 at the Bull Inn and they were appearing at the Empire Theatre in Nottingham
20.
Grantham
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Grantham is a market town within the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It bestrides the London to Edinburgh East Coast Main Line railway and the River Witham, Grantham is about 26 miles south of the city and county town of Lincoln, and about 24 miles east of the city of Nottingham. The resident population in 2014 was estimated as 43,117, the town is best known as the birthplace of former prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and the place where Isaac Newton went to school, at The Kings School. It is close to an ancient Roman road, and was the scene of Oliver Cromwells first advantage over Royalists during the English Civil War at Gonerby Moor, the origin of Grantham is uncertain, although the name is said probably to be Old English Granta+ham, meaning Grantas homestead. It appeared as early as 1086 in the Domesday Book in its present form of Grantham, the place name element grand could possibly mean gravel. The name of the town is the origin of the Scottish surname, now used as a given name. Late neolithic vessels from a burial were found at Little Gonerby, in the north of the town, a number of flint blades have been found, including from near Welham Street to the south-east of the town centre and from near Barrowby where a macehead has also been found. At Little Gonerby a neolithic settlement site was discovered with finds of pottery, Bronze Age flint scatters have also been found in several places, particularly on the higher ground near Barrowby. At Saltersford a Bronze Age ingot and a rapier were found, there are also several ring ditches on the higher ground above Saltersford. According to the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed, Gorbonianus, a legendary King of the Britons built Grantham between 292 and 282 BC, the Domesday account notes Queen Edith having 12 carucates to the geld, with no arable land outside the village. She had a hall, two carucates and land for three ploughs without geld, and 111 burgesses, ivo had one church and four mills rendering 12 shillings, and eight acres of meadow without geld. The lands of Bishop Osmond were described, In Londonthorpe. is land for two ploughs and this land belongs to the church of Grantham. In Spittlegate, St Wulfram of Grantham has half a carucate of land to the geld, in Great Gonerby, St Wulfram of Grantham has 1 carucate of land. There is land for twelve oxen, on 4 December 1290, the funeral cortège of Eleanor of Castile, accompanied by her husband King Edward I, stopped at Grantham on its way from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey. An Eleanor Cross was later erected in the town, although its location has not been identified. In 1363 The Castles, Manors and towns of Stamford and Grantham were granted to Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the question has been raised as to whether Grantham House was the site of a castle, however, no such site has been reliably identified. The street name Castlegate cannot be traced further back than the 17th century, there are references to a Hospital in Grantham as early as the 1330s. Grantham received its Charter of Incorporation in 1463, the town developed when the railway came to the town
21.
Antiquarian
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An antiquarian or antiquary is an aficionado or student of antiquities or things of the past. More specifically, the term is used for those who study history with attention to ancient artifacts, archaeological and historic sites, or historic archives. Today the term is used in a pejorative sense, to refer to an excessively narrow focus on factual historical trivia. The Kaogutu or Illustrated Catalogue of Examined Antiquity compiled by Lü Dalin is one of the oldest known catalogues to systematically describe and classify ancient artifacts which were unearthed. Interests in antiquarian studies of ancient inscriptions and artifacts waned after the Song Dynasty, Books on antiquarian topics covered such subjects as the origin of customs, religious rituals, and political institutions, genealogy, topography and landmarks, and etymology. By contrast, antiquarian works as a form are organized by topic. Major antiquarian Latin writers with surviving works include Varro, Pliny the Elder, Aulus Gellius, the Roman emperor Claudius published antiquarian works, none of which is extant. Some of Ciceros treatises, particularly his work on divination, show strong antiquarian interests, roman-era Greek writers also dealt with antiquarian material, such as Plutarch in his Roman Questions and the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus. The aim of Latin antiquarian works is to collect a number of possible explanations. The antiquarians are often used as sources by the ancient historians, despite the importance of antiquarian writing in the literature of ancient Rome, some scholars view antiquarianism as emerging only in the Middle Ages. Antiquarianisms wider flowering is more associated with the Renaissance, and with the critical assessment. The development of genealogy as a scientific discipline went hand-in-hand with the development of antiquarianism, genealogical antiquaries recognised the evidential value for their researches of non-textual sources, including seals and church monuments. Many early modern antiquaries were also chorographers, that is to say, they recorded landscapes, in England, some of the most important of these took the form of county histories. They increasingly argued that empirical evidence could be used to refine. Antiquaries had always attracted a degree of ridicule, and since the century the term has tended to be used most commonly in negative or derogatory contexts. Nevertheless, many practising antiquaries continue to claim the title with pride, Antiquary was the usual term in English from the 16th to the mid-18th centuries to describe a person interested in antiquities. From the second half of the 18th century, however, antiquarian began to be used widely as a noun. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, a distinction was perceived to exist between the interests and activities of the antiquary and the historian
22.
John Leland (antiquary)
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John Leland or Leyland was an English poet and antiquary. Leland has been described as the father of English local history, most evidence for Lelands life and career comes from his own writings, especially his poetry. He was born in London on 13 September, most probably in about 1503, having lost both his parents at an early age, he and his brother were raised by Thomas Myles. Leland was educated at St Pauls School, London, under its first headmaster and it was here that he already met some of his future benefactors, notably William Paget. Leland was subsequently sent to Christs College, Cambridge, graduating in 1522, while studying there, he was for a short time imprisoned, having accused a certain knight of collaborating with Richard de la Pole, the Yorkist claimant to the throne. He proceeded to Lambeth, London, serving Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, when the duke died in 1524, the king sent Leland to Oxford, where as Anthony Wood later claimed from tradition, he became a fellow of All Souls College. He would later deplore the state of education at Oxford, which he felt was too conservative in its approach to classical studies, between 1526 and 1528, Leland proceeded to Paris, studying along with many fellow expatriates, both English and German. His original plan to study in Italy, too, never succeeded, Leland honed his skills at composing Latin poetry and sought the acquaintance of humanist scholars whom he much admired, such as Guillaume Budé and Jacques Lefèvre dÉtaples. A scholar of particular importance for Leland was François Dubois, professor at the Collège de Tournai, who had a profound effect on his poetic as well as antiquarian interests. While in France, Leland kept in touch with his friends and sponsors in England, probably including Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal and Lord Chancellor, by 1529, Leland had returned to England. He was appointed one of the chaplains to King Henry VIII, in 1533, Leland received papal dispensation for four benefices, on condition that he became subdeacon within two years and priest within seven. He was appointed prebendary of Wilton Abbey in 1535 and received two adjacent benefices, Leland and Nicholas Udall composed verses to be read or recited at the pageant of Anne Boleyns arrival in London in 1533, which was staged for the occasion of her coronation. Their common patron was probably Thomas, Duke of Norfolk and Cornwall, the poets worked together again during 1533 and 1534, when Leland contributed verses for Udalls Floures for Latine Spekynge. In 1533, the king appears to have entrusted Leland with a document, a moste gratius commission, which authorized him to examine and use the libraries of all religious houses in England. Leland spent the few years travelling from house to house, for the most part shortly before they were dissolved. About 1535, he met the ex-Carmelite churchman and fellow antiquary John Bale, in the 1530s and 1540s, the royal library was reorganised to accommodate hundreds of books that were previously kept in monastic collections. Leland himself describes how Henrys palaces at Greenwich, Hampton Court, Lelands part in this is uncertain. There is no evidence that he oversaw the relocation of the books to their new home or received a librarians wages
23.
Charles Manners, 10th Duke of Rutland
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Charles John Robert Manners, 10th Duke of Rutland CBE, JP, DL, styled as the Marquess of Granby until 1940, was a British peer and landowner. He was the son of John Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland by his wife Kathleen, granddaughter of Sir Charles Tennant, Rutland was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He served in the Army during World War II, becoming a captain in the Grenadier Guards and he inherited the title in 1940, remaining in that estate until his death in 1999. A lifelong Conservative, the Duke served on Leicestershire County Council as the County Councillor for the Vale of Belvoir Division from 1945 until 1985 and he was Chairman of Leicestershire County Council from 1974 until 1977. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1962 New Year Honours for political, Rutland married Anne Bairstow Cunning Bell on 27 April 1946. They had four children, David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland Lord Robert George Manners Lady Theresa Manners, the former lead singer of the short-lived 1980s British rock band The Business Connection, which was founded by the Marquess of Worcester. She is married to Dr John Chipman, director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies
24.
Allan Warren
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Michael Allan Warren is an English portrait photographer, primarily known for his images of members of high society. After growing up in post-war London with his mother, Warren attended Terrys Juveniles and it was during this period that he attended auditions through which he received several assignments. Warren started his career at the age of 17 when he was acting in Alan Bennetts play Forty Years On with John Gielgud in the West End at the Apollo Theatre. Around this time Warren bought his first second-hand camera and began to take photographs of his fellow actors and his first major assignment was when his friend Mickey Deans asked him to cover his wedding to Judy Garland, which marked the beginning of Warrens work as a professional photographer. When in New York for personal reasons, he attended an audition for the Broadway production of Minnies Boys, however, he later declined the role offered to him in favour of returning to London and pursuing photography as his vocation. In the early 1980s Warren embarked on a quest to photograph all 26 non-royal, together with the 12th Duke of Manchester he set up the Dukes Trust, a charity for children in need. Warren has uploaded many pictures from his archive to Wikimedia Commons, in the early 90s Warren embarked on writing plays. One of his works, The Lady of Phillimore Walk, was directed by Frank Dunlop and critics went as far as comparing it to Sleuth, the cast of The Lady of Phillimore Walk consisted of Zena Walker and Philip Lowrie, and saw productions in the United States. Warren invented the Hankybreathe, a handkerchief which allows the user to inhale air through a filter at the mouth. The invention, which is meant to be dabbed in eucalyptus oil, harks back to the nosegay and stems from Warrens experience with asthma in heavily polluted London
25.
Norman architecture
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The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries. In particular the term is used for English Romanesque architecture. Ancient Romes invention of the arch is the basis of all Norman architecture, the more inclusive term romanesque was used of the Romance languages in English by 1715, and was applied to architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries from 1819. The Norman arch is a point of Norman architecture. Grand archways are designed to evoke feelings of awe and are commonly seen as the entrance to large religious buildings such as cathedrals. Viking invaders arrived at the mouth of the river Seine in 911, at a time when Franks were fighting on horseback and Frankish lords were building castles. Over the next century the population of the territory ceded to the Vikings, now called Normans, adopted these customs as well as Christianity and the langue doïl. Norman Barons built timber castles on earthen mounds, beginning the development of motte-and-bailey castles, by 950 they were building stone keeps. The Normans were among the most travelled peoples of Europe, exposed to a variety of cultural influences including the Near East, some of which became incorporated in their art. In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the Norman Conquest of 1066, edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy, and in 1042 brought masons to work on Westminster Abbey, the first Romanesque building in England. In 1051 he brought in Norman knights who built castles as a defence against the Welsh. The Norman arch is the round arch, Norman mouldings are carved or incised with geometric ornament, such as chevron patterns, frequently termed zig-zag mouldings, around arches. The cruciform churches often had deep chancels and a crossing tower which has remained a feature of English ecclesiastical architecture. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083, after a fire damaged Canterbury Cathedral in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new Gothic architecture. Around 1191 Wells Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral brought in the English Gothic style, nicholas Church, Pyrford, Surrey Southwell Minster St. Mary the Virgin, Iffley, Oxfordshire St. Swithuns in Nately Scures, Hampshire, an example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church. His successor Máel Coluim III overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, the Benedictine order founded a monastery at Dunfermline. Her sixth and youngest son who became King David built St. Margarets Chapel at the start of the 12th century, Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline grid reference NT089872 St Andrew Cathedral grid reference NO516166 St. With rare examples of late 12th century Norman Transitional architecture[3 The Normans first landed in Ireland in 1169, within five years earthwork castles were springing up, and in a further five, work was beginning on some of the earliest of the great stone castles
26.
Hundred (county division)
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It is still used in other places, including South Australia. Other terms for the hundred in English and other languages include wapentake, herred, herad, hérað, härad or hundare, Harde, Satakunta or kihlakunta, kihelkond and cantref. In Ireland, a subdivision of counties is referred to as a barony. The name hundred may be derived from the number 100, it may once have referred to an area liable to provide 100 men under arms and it was a traditional Germanic system described as early as AD98 by Tacitus. Similar systems were used in the traditional administrative regimes of China, the term hundred is first recorded in the laws of Edmund I as a measure of land and the area served by a hundred court. The Hundred Ordinance, which dates to the middle of the century, provides that the court is to meet monthly, the name of the hundred was normally that of its meeting-place. During Norman times, the hundred would pay geld based on the number of hides. To assess how much everyone had to pay, a clerk and a knight were sent by the king to each county, they sat with the shire-reeve, of the county, there would be two knights from each hundred. After it was determined what geld had to be paid, the bailiff and knights of the hundred were responsible for getting the money to the sheriff, above the hundred was the shire, under the control of a sheriff. Hundred boundaries were independent of both parish and county boundaries, although often aligned, meaning that a hundred could be split between counties, or a parish could be split between hundreds. Exceptionally, in the counties of Kent and Sussex, there was a sub-division between that of the hundred and the shire, several hundreds were grouped together to form lathes in Kent and rapes in Sussex. At the time of the Norman conquest of England, Kent was divided into seven lathes, the system of hundreds was not as stable as the system of counties being established at the time, and lists frequently differ on how many hundreds a county had. In many parts of the country, the Domesday Book contained a different set of hundreds from that which later became established. The numbers of hundreds in each county varied wildly, Leicestershire had six, whereas Devon, nearly three times the size, had 32. Over time, the functions of the hundred became the administration of law. By the 12th century, the court was held twelve times a year. This was later increased to fortnightly, although an ordinance of 1234 reduced the frequency to every three weeks. In some hundreds, courts were held at a place, while in others
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Domesday Book
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Domesday Book is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states, Then, at the midwinter, was the king in Glocester with his council. After this had the king a large meeting, and very deep consultation with his council, about this land, how it was occupied and it was written in Medieval Latin, was highly abbreviated, and included some vernacular native terms without Latin equivalents. The assessors reckoning of a mans holdings and their values, as recorded in Domesday Book, was dispositive, the name Domesday Book came into use in the 12th century. As Richard FitzNeal wrote in the Dialogus de Scaccario, for as the sentence of that strict and terrible last account cannot be evaded by any skilful subterfuge and its sentence cannot be quashed or set aside with impunity. That is why we have called the book the Book of Judgement, because its decisions, like those of the Last Judgement, are unalterable. The manuscript is held at The National Archives at Kew, London, in 2011, the Open Domesday site made the manuscript available online. The book is a primary source for modern historians and historical economists. Domesday Book encompasses two independent works, Little Domesday and Great Domesday, no surveys were made of the City of London, Winchester, or some other towns, probably due to their tax-exempt status. Most of Cumberland and Westmorland are missing, the omission of the other counties and towns is not fully explained, although in particular Cumberland and Westmorland had yet to be fully conquered. Little Domesday – so named because its format is smaller than its companions – is the more detailed survey. It may have represented the first attempt, resulting in a decision to avoid such level of detail in Great Domesday, some of the largest such magnates held several hundred fees, in a few cases in more than one county. For example, the chapter of the Domesday Book Devonshire section concerning Baldwin the Sheriff lists 176 holdings held in-chief by him, as a review of taxes owed, it was highly unpopular. Each countys list opened with the demesne lands. It should be borne in mind that under the system the king was the only true owner of land in England. He was thus the ultimate overlord and even the greatest magnate could do no more than hold land from him as a tenant under one of the contracts of feudal land tenure. In some counties, one or more principal towns formed the subject of a separate section and this principle applies more specially to the larger volume, in the smaller one, the system is more confused, the execution less perfect. Domesday names a total of 13,418 places and these include fragments of custumals, records of the military service due, of markets, mints, and so forth
28.
William d'Aubigny (rebel)
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William dAubigny or DAubeney or dAlbini, Lord of Belvoir was a prominent member of the baronial rebellions against King John of England, and a prominent member of the Daubeney family. DAubigny was the son of William dAubigny of Belvoir and grandson of William dAubigny, and was heir to Domesday Book landholder Robert de Todeni, amongst them was one in Leicestershire, where he built Belvoir Castle, which was the familys home for many generations. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicester and High Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire in 1199, dAubigny stayed neutral at the beginning of the troubles of King Johns reign, only joining the rebels after the early success in taking London in 1215. He was one of the twenty-five sureties or guarantors of the Magna Carta, in the war that followed the sealing of the charter, he held Rochester Castle for the barons, and was imprisoned after John captured it. He became a loyalist on the accession of Henry III in October 1216 and he died on 1 May 1236, at Offington, Leicestershire, and was buried at Newstead Abbey and his heart under the wall, opposite the altar at Belvoir Castle. He was succeeded by his son, another William dAubigny, who died in 1247, one of them was Isabel, a co-heiress, who married Robert de Ros
29.
George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros
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George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros of Helmsley was an English peer. He had a brother and two sisters, Edward Manners and their daughter, Mary Fairfax, married George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, whose mother, Katherine, was the daughter of Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland. Cecily Manners, who married Thomas Fairfax, Manners was enrolled at Lincolns Inn on 12 May 1490. In 1508 he was coheir to his uncle, Edmund de Ros, Edmund de Ros died 23 October 1508, and was buried in the parish church at Elsing in Enfield, Middlesex. In about 1509 Manners was sole heir to his aunt, Isabel Lovell, Manners was with Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey, in the Scottish campaign of 1497, and was knighted by him on or before 30 September of that year. He was in attendance in 1500 when King Henry VII met Archduke Philip near Calais, in November 1501 he was among those who received Catherine of Aragon at St. Georges Field. He was nominated to the Order of the Garter on 27 April 1510, in 1513 Manners campaigned in France. He was a commander at the siege of Thérouanne, and was present at the siege of Tournai and he fell ill about the time Tournai surrendered on 23 September 1513. Manners died 27 October 1513, either in France or at Holywell in Shoreditch and he may have been first buried at Holywell, and his body later removed to St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. His effigy is in the Rutland Chapel and his widow, Anne, died 21 April 1526, and was buried at St. Georges, Windsor. Manners owned a manuscript copy of a chanson de geste, Les Voeux du Paon, by Jacques de Longuyon. Manners wrote his name on a flyleaf of the manuscript, folio i verso and their son, Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, married Margaret Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland by Katherine Stafford. Anne Manners, who married Sir Henry Capell, eleanor Manners, who married John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath. Elizabeth Manners, who married Thomas Sandys, 2nd Baron Sandys, Katherine Manners, also known as Catherine Manners, who married Sir Robert Constable. Margaret Manners, who married firstly, Sir Henry Strangeways, and secondly and his monument, consisting of a grand chest tomb with sculpted effigies of himself and his wife, survives in the Rutland Chantry forming the north transept of St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. The base of the monument and the glass windows display much heraldry of the Manners. The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White, magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ISBN 144996639X Images from manuscript of Les Voeux du Paon owned by George Manners, New York Public Library Description of Manners copy of Les Voeux du Paon at Digital Scriptorium
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John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland
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John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and 9th Earl of Rutland was a British MP, and Whig politician. He was the son of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and his maternal grandparents were Sir Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton and his wife Elizabeth Jeffries. He was styled Lord Roos from 1641 until 1679 and he served, rather passively, as Member of Parliament for Leicestershire from 1661 until 1679. Politically he was a Whig, but did not attend court after 1689, Lord Roos succeeded his father as Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire in 1677, and proved an effective deputy of the crown. His invitation to Lord Sherard to stand with him for Leicestershire instead of a gentry candidate upset the Leicestershire gentry, and the Commons disallowed Roos election. He was created Baron Manners of Haddon on 30 April 1679 and sent to the House of Lords instead and he retained his lord lieutenancy in 1681, despite supporting the Exclusion Bill, but was turned out by James II in 1687. Reappointed in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution, he resigned in 1702 and he was briefly Custos Rotulorum of Leicestershire thereafter. On 29 March 1703, his support of Whig government was rewarded by his creation as Duke of Rutland. Rutland was reappointed to the lord lieutenancy in 1706, which he retained until his death on 10 January 1711 and he married, firstly, Lady Anne Pierrepont, daughter of Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, on 15 July 1658. The failure of their marriage attracted considerable attention, as divorce was not generally available at the time and this process required considerable expenditure and trouble. The divorce proceedings aroused enormous public interest and had political significance since among the regular attenders in the House of Lords was King Charles himself. In the event the rumour came to nothing, although the King, peers became accustomed to speaking to the fireside. He married, secondly, Lady Diana Bruce, daughter of Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin and she died on 15 July 1672 in childbed. Lady Dorothy Manners, married Baptist Noel, 3rd Earl of Gainsborough and had issue, list of deserters from James II to William of Orange Archbold, William Arthur Jobson. Manners, John, first duke of Rutland
31.
Croxton Abbey
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Croxton Abbey, near Croxton Kerrial, Leicestershire, was a Premonstratensian monastery founded by William I, Count of Boulogne. The donation of the land must have happened before the Counts death in 1159, however, Croxton was under the control of their motherhouse, Newhouse Abbey in Lincolnshire. Later donations brought Croxton the advowsons of the church of Sproxton and one half of the church of South Croxton, the abbey also gained the advowsons of the churches of Mellinge and Tunstall in Lancashire. In the early 13th century Philip DAubigny donated the manor of Waltham-on-the-Wolds in Leicestershire, for a short time the abbey also controlled several daughter houses, acquiring Blanchland Priory in Northumberland, Cockersand Priory in Lancashire, and Hornby Priory in Lancashire. Cockersand was only under the Abbeys control for around 8 years until it was elevated to abbey status itself in 1192, Blanchland remained a daughter house until the 13th century, when it too became an independent abbey. Hornby Priory was the exception, and remained under Croxton until dissolution, in 1216 the Abbot of Croxton Abbey was summoned to Newark Castle where King John lay dying. The abbot heard the confession and, following his death. King Johns heart was buried in Croxton Abbey church and his son, King Henry III, later made a number of donations to the abbey in memory of his father. The abbey suffered heavily in the 14th century, in June 1326 the abbey church, cloisters and some other buildings were burnt down, killing one canon. This, coupled with the devastation of the possessions in the North of England by Scottish raiders. Further misfortune was brought by the Black Death which killed all of the senior canons, except for the abbot. There were also gains during the 14th century, with the acquisition of the manor of Croxton Kerrial around 1335, around 1362 Sir Andrew Louterel donated the manors of Bescaby and Saltby, both in Leicestershire. The election was allowed to occur, despite the refusal to pay this money. The new abbot of Croxton was however forced to pay £160, the abbey was dissolved in 1538, with the abbot and eighteen canons in residence. A private house on the site contains elements of a monastic building, otherwise, there are no visible remains. The abbey church was a cruciform shape without aisles,209 feet in length. In the 13th century a presbytery was added at the east end, the abbey had a small cloister, a chapterhouse, kitchen, a refectory and a dormitory. A guest house was added in the 14th century, alan, transferred to Blanchland in 1165
32.
Belvoir Priory
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Belvoir Priory was a Benedictine priory near to Belvoir Castle. Although once described as within Lincolnshire, it is located in Leicestershire. The Priory was established in 1076 by Robert de Todeni, Lord of Belvoir, unable to complete the building work due to his secular employments, following the advice of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, he handed the priory to the Abbot of St Albans Abbey. Belvoir priory was then developed as a cell for the abbey, in return for his gift, Robert de Todeni was buried within the priorys chapter house and the monks were to pray for his soul. The priory was fairly small in size, housing only 4 monks and it did, however, attract gifts and patronage, many of those making donations were, similar to its founder, buried within the priorys church or chapter house. Among these gifts were the advowsons of the churches at Redmile, gifted by William dAlbini, the priorys small size meant it struggled to support itself and was frequently in debt and facing poverty. As the dissolution approached the priory was no longer in debt but did not have the revenues to support any monks, Belvoir Priory was dissolved with its motherhouse in 1539, as part of the Dissolution of the monasteries. John de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros
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Witches of Belvoir
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The Witches of Belvoir were three women, a mother and her two daughters, accused of witchcraft in England around 1618. The mother, Joan Flower, died while in prison, Joan, Margaret and Philippa Flowers were known to be herbal healers and came from a local family which had fallen on hard times. They accepted employment as servants with the 6th Earl and Countess of Rutland, at Belvoir Castle near Grantham, Lincolnshire, but the sisters, and their mother, were unpopular with the other staff, and there were suggestions of theft, and misdemeanors. All three were dismissed and only Joan was given a payment of severance amounting to 40 shillings, a bolster, after the sisters were dismissed, the Earl and Countess fell ill, suffering from vomiting and convulsions. Their son and heir, Henry, Baron de Ros, died, when arrested Joan Flower professed her innocence. She was not known to be a Church-goer, but at Ancaster, en route to the prison at Lincoln and she claimed that something so blessed could not be consumed by a witch but she was to choke and die, after the first bite. At Lincoln, Margaret was to accuse her mother of witchcraft, while Phillipa admitted to witchcraft on behalf of herself, Margaret, the sisters said they had entered into communion with familiar spirits that had assisted them with their schemes. The mothers familiar was a cat named Rutterkin, the women admitted that they stole the glove of Lord Ross and gave it to their mother, who had dipped it in boiling water, stroked it along Rutterkins back, and pricked it. Combined with some incantations this supposedly caused Lord Ross to become ill, an attempt to harm Lady Katherine, the Earls daughter, had failed when it was found that Rutterkin had no power over her. The women had taken some feathers from the quilt of Rutlands bed. By boiling these in water mixed with blood they cast spells to prevent the Earl, both women admitted to experiencing visions of devils and that their familiar spirits visited them and sucked at their bodies. During the examination, they revealed the names of women who had aided them, Anne Baker of Bottesford, Joan Willimot of Goadby. All three women were taken for examination and revealed that they too had visions and consorted with familiar spirits, Greene sent these familiars to kill a man and woman with whom she had argued and both died within a fortnight. Baker also confessed to possessing a familiar in the form of a white dog, Margaret and Philippa Flowers were tried before Henry Hobart, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Edward Bromley, a Baron of the Exchequer, and found guilty. They were hanged in Lincoln castle on 11 March 1619, later that year a ballad, Damnable Practises of Three Lincolnshire Witches Joane Flower and Her Two Daughters, printed by G. Eld for John Barnes appeared. The Earl and Countess remained so convinced that their son had killed by the effects of witchcraft that they had it inscribed on their monument at Bottesford church. Watsons theory is that Villiers had plans to marry the Rutlands daughter Katherine and, watson argues he had them poisoned - then framed Joan Flower and her two daughters as witches to create a smokescreen to cover up his own guilt. After the execution of the Flowers sisters, Villiers went on to marry the Rutlands sole heir Katherine on 16 May 1620, narratives of Sorcery and Magic, from the Most Authentic Sources
34.
Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland
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Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland, KG was an English nobleman. Despite a brief imprisonment for his involvement in the Essex Rebellion of 1601 and he lived at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire. In 1618 three women, the Witches of Belvoir, were accused of witchcraft for having caused the deaths of his two young sons. Francis Manners was the son of John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland, and Elizabeth Charlton. In 1598, he went abroad, traveling through France, Germany and he was fined a thousand marks and committed to the custody of his uncle Roger at Enfield. Sir Robert Cecil, however, obtained a remission of the fine, as he was free he wrote a penitent letter to his uncle Sir John Manners of Haddon. In November 1601, he became a member of the Inner Temple, on 28 June 1603 Francis Manners travelled with his brother to Denmark to present the Order of the Garter to Christian IV, accompanied by picture maker Inigo Jones among others. He was prominent at the court of James I, and was created a Knight of the Bath on 4 January 1605 at the time as Prince Charles. On 26 June 1612 he succeeded Roger as the 6th earl of Rutland, on 7 August he entertained James I at Belvoir, and the king repeated the visit five times in after years. Manners was made a Knight of the Garter on 24 April 1616, on 6 April 1617 Manners became a member of the Privy Council and accompanied the king into Scotland the same year. He was created warden and chief justice of the forests north of the Trent on 13 November 1619. At the coronation of Charles he bore the rod with the dove, Rutland died 17 December 1632 at an inn in Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, and was buried on 20 February 1633 in the parish church at Bottesford, Leicestershire. He was succeeded by his brother, George, who became the 7th Earl. A discovery was made by W. H and this decorative emblem was to be used at a festive tournament later that month at Whitehall in London, which was to celebrate the accession of James I ten years earlier. Rutland married firstly, on 6 May 1602, Frances, and widow of Sir William Bevill of Killigarth or Kilkhampton and they had a daughter, Katherine, who on 16 May 1620 married George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. After Buckinghams death, Katherine married Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim and he married secondly, before 26 October 1608, Cecily, eldest daughter of Sir John Tufton, 1st Baronet, Hothfield, Kent, and widow of Sir Edward Hungerford. Stumpe, Sir James, of Malmesbury and Bromham, Wiltshire, published in The History of Parliament, the House of Commons 1509-1558. The History of Parliament, the House of Commons 1558-1603, the Evolution of the Grand Tour
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Witchcraft
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Witchcraft broadly means the practice of, and belief in, magical skills and abilities that are able to be exercised by individuals and certain social groups. Witchcraft often occupies a religious, divinatory or medicinal role, and is present within societies. The concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence have existed throughout recorded history and it posits a theosophical conflict between good and evil, where witchcraft was generally evil and often associated with the Devil and Devil worship. Christian views in the day are diverse and cover the gamut of views from intense belief and opposition to non-belief. From the mid-20th century, witchcraft – sometimes called contemporary witchcraft to clearly distinguish it from older beliefs – became the name of a branch of modern paganism and it is most notably practiced in the Wiccan and modern witchcraft traditions, and no longer practices in secrecy. The Western mainstream Christian view is far from the only societal perspective about witchcraft, Beliefs related to witchcraft and magic in these cultures were at times influenced by the prevailing Western concepts. Suspicion of modern medicine due to beliefs about illness being due to witchcraft also continues in countries to this day. HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease are two examples of infectious disease epidemics whose medical care and containment has been severely hampered by regional beliefs in witchcraft. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is hampered in this way include tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy, the word witchcraft derives from the Old English wiccecræft, a compound of wicce and cræft. This definition was pioneered in a study of central African magical beliefs by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, European witchcraft is seen by historians and anthropologists as an ideology for explaining misfortune, however, this ideology has manifested in diverse ways, as described below. Some modern commentators believe the malefic nature of witchcraft is a Christian projection, many examples appear in early texts, such as those from ancient Egypt and Babylonia. Malicious magic users can become a cause for disease, sickness in animals, bad luck, sudden death, impotence. Witchcraft of a benign and socially acceptable sort may then be employed to turn the malevolence aside. The folk magic used to identify or protect against malicious magic users is often indistinguishable from that used by the witches themselves, there has also existed in popular belief the concept of white witches and white witchcraft, which is strictly benevolent. Many neopagan witches strongly identify with this concept, and profess ethical codes that prevent them from performing magic on a person without their request. Probably the most obvious characteristic of a witch was the ability to cast a spell, spell being the word used to signify the means employed to carry out a magical action. A spell could consist of a set of words, a formula or verse, or a ritual action, or any combination of these. Strictly speaking, necromancy is the practice of conjuring the spirits of the dead for divination or prophecy – although the term has also applied to raising the dead for other purposes
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English Civil War
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of Englands government. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular form, the war in all these countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, the two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, on the other hand, all the cathedral cities sided with Parliament. All the industrial centers, the ports, and the advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds. Lacey Baldwin Smith says, the words populist, rich, at times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet and 18 feet long, whose purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. The Royalist cavaliers skill and speed on horseback led to early victories. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired, Cromwells cavalry, on the other hand, trained to operate as a single unit, which led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out fewer than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, in spite of this, James personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his fathers position on the power of the crown, at the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as an advisory committee and was summoned only if. Once summoned, a continued existence was at the kings pleasure. Yet in spite of this role, Parliament had, over the preceding centuries. Without question, for a monarch, Parliaments most indispensable power was its ability to tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crowns disposal
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Charles I of England
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Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead, after his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent and he supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years War. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War, after his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors demands for a constitutional monarchy, re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwells New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a called the Commonwealth of England was declared. The monarchy was restored to Charless son, Charles II, in 1660, the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen Elizabeth I of England, in mid-July 1604, Charles left Dunfermline for England where he was to spend most of the rest of his life. His speech development was slow, and he retained a stammer, or hesitant speech. In January 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, as is customary in the case of the English sovereigns second son, Thomas Murray, a Presbyterian Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics, in 1611, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by rickets and he became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his stronger and taller elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. However, in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been typhoid, Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became heir apparent
38.
John Webb (architect)
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John Webb was an English architect and scholar. He was born in Little Britain, Smithfield London and died in Butleigh in Somerset and he had a close association with fellow architect and theatre designer Inigo Jones for whom he worked as an assistant from 1628. Jones and Webbs jointly designed Wilton House with its distinctive Single and Double Cube rooms, at the beginning of the English Civil War, Inigo Jones left London to attend the King at Oxford. He was later in Basing House and captured at the end of the siege, Webb stayed in London, having been appointed Deputy Surveyor by Inigo Jones. He acted as a spy for Charles I, probably out of rather than by appointment. Upon Jones death in 1652, Webb inherited a fortune as well as a library of drawings and designs. In 1654 Webb designed the first classical portico on an English country house, in the Corinthian style, this portico stamps this older house as Palladian,50 years before the birth of Lord Burlington. In the early 1660s Charles II commissioned Webb to rebuild Greenwich Palace in a more contemporary Baroque style and his plan was for three ranges around a courtyard, open on the north side towards the Thames. The buildings were to be aligned with Inigo Jones Queens House, the old buildings were demolished, but only one block of Webbs design was built. Webb also designed the enlargement of the Queens House in 1662, further afield they also share a connection with Kingston Lacy, a stately home in Dorset where Webb supervised early works on the building, following designs originally prepared by Jones. Webb also designed the rebuild of Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire between 1654 and 1668, and made alterations to Northumberland House and he also designed Gunnersbury House in Ealing. An unconstructed design for a theatre attributed to Webb, discovered in the library of Worcester College, Oxford, was used as the basis for the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse in London, opened in 2014. Webb was a scholar who collaborated with Inigo Jones and Walter Charleton to produce a book about Stonehenge. Ten years later, he published his own Vindication of Stone-henge Restored, having never visited China or mastered the language, he based his essay on the travelogues of the Jesuit missionaries. The National Trusts history of The Vyne
39.
Windsor Castle
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Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its association with the English and later British royal family. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror, since the time of Henry I, it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St Georges Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be one of the achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic design. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a siege during the First Barons War at the start of the 13th century. Edwards core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Windsor Castle survived the period of the English Civil War, when it was used as a military headquarters for Parliamentary forces. At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May, Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. Windsor Castle was used as a refuge for the family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War. It is a popular tourist attraction, a venue for hosting state visits, today, more than 500 people live and work in Windsor Castle, making it the largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor Castle occupies 13 acres, and combines the features of a fortification, a palace, the present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating in the reconstruction work after a fire in 1992. It is in essence a Georgian and Victorian design based on a medieval structure, since the 14th century, architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions, repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles. Although there has some criticism, the castles architecture and history lends it a place amongst the greatest European palaces. At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a formed around the motte or artificial hill in the centre of the ward. The motte is 50 feet high and is made from chalk originally excavated from the surrounding ditch, the Round Tower is in reality far from cylindrical, due to the shape and structure of the motte beneath it. The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open, the eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse. Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse, and the interior was later converted in the 19th century for residential use. The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the bailey wall
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Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford
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Anna Maria Russell, Duchess of Bedford was a lifelong friend of Queen Victoria, whom she served as a Lady of the Bedchamber between 1837 and 1841. She was also the originator of the British meal afternoon tea, anna was the daughter of Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington and Jane Fleming. She was the wife of Francis Russell, 7th Duke of Bedford and she was also the mother of William Russell, 8th Duke of Bedford. She became Duchess of Bedford in 1839 when her husband acceded to the dukedom, the Duchess and her husband entertained the Queen at their country house Woburn Abbey in 1841. The Duchess was also the chief mourner at the funeral of The Princess Augusta Sophia in 1840, the Duchess became involved in a scandal regarding Lady Flora Hastings. When Lady Flora complained of pain, the court physician initially stated that she was pregnant. As Lady Flora was unmarried this suspicion was covered up, but the Duchess and Baroness Lehzen who disliked her spread the rumor anyway, naming Sir John Conroy as the likely father. The Duchess is best remembered as the creator of the British meal afternoon tea whilst visiting the 5th Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in the mid-1840s. During the 18th century, dinner came to be served later and later in the day until, by the early 19th century and she found a light meal of tea and cakes or sandwiches was the perfect balance. The Duchess found taking an afternoon snack to be such a perfect refreshment that she soon began inviting her friends to join her, afternoon tea quickly became an established and convivial repast in many middle and upper class households. She died in 1857 and is buried in the Bedford chapel at Chenies in Buckinghamshire
41.
17th Lancers
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The 17th Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1759 and notable for its participation in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War. The regiment was amalgamated with the 21st Lancers to form the 17th/21st Lancers in 1922, in 1759, Colonel John Hale of the 47th Foot was ordered back to Britain with General James Wolfes final dispatches and news of his victory in the Battle of Quebec in September 1759. After his return, he was rewarded with land in Canada and he formed the regiment in Hertfordshire on 7 November 1759 as the 18th Regiment of Dragoons, which also went by the name of Hales Light Horse. The admiration of his men for General Wolfe was evident in the cap badge Colonel Hale chose for the regiment, the regiment saw service in Germany in 1761 and was renumbered the 17th Regiment of Dragoons in April 1763 In 1764 the regiment went to Ireland. In May 1766 it was renumbered again, this time as the 3rd Regiment of Light Dragoons and it regained the 17th numeral in 1769 as the 17th Regiment of Dragoons. The regiment was sent to North America in 1775, arriving in Boston and it fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill, a costly British victory, in June 1775. The regiment was withdrawn to Halifax and it fought at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776 at the Battle of White Plains in October 1776 and at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776. It was in action again at the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery in October 1777, the Battle of Crooked Billet in May 1778 and the Battle of Barren Hill later that month. The regiment provided a detachment for operations in the colonies as part of Tarletons Legion, a mixture of infantry and cavalry. The legion, commanded by Banastre Tarleton, was founded in 1778 by Loyalist contingents from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. As the attached regular cavalry, the 17th Light Dragoons clung on to an identity separate from the provincials and they sustained heavy losses in the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781 after being ordered by Tarleton to charge a formation of American militia. The American War of Independence officially ended in 1783, an officer of the regiment, Captain Stapleton, had the distinction of delivering to George Washington the despatch confirming the declaration of the cessation of hostilities. The regiment returned to Ireland, where it remained until 1795, two troops were used to suppress an uprising by Maroons in Jamaica soon after arriving in the Caribbean. Other detachments were embarked aboard HMS Success as supernumeraries and their experience at sea has been suggested by regimental historians to have gained the regiment the nickname Horse Marines. The regiment returned to England in August 1797 and it was based in Ireland again from May 1803 to winter 1805. In 1806, the regiment took part in the expeditions to Spanish-controlled South America. Sir Home Riggs Popham had orchestrated an expedition against South America without the British governments sanction and this invasion failed, but a second invasion was launched. The regiment was part of this force, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty
42.
21st Lancers
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The 21st Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1858 and amalgamated with the 17th Lancers in 1922 to form the 17th/21st Lancers. Perhaps its most famous engagement was the Battle of Omdurman, where Winston Churchill and it amalgamated with the 17th Lancers, to form the 17th/21st Lancers in 1922. The regiment was raised in Bengal by the East India Company in 1858 as the 3rd Bengal European Light Cavalry. A detachment saw service in the 1884–5 expedition to the Sudan, in 1897 it was re-designated as a lancer regiment, becoming the 21st Lancers. In 1898 the regiment served in Sudan during the Mahdist War and it was there that the full regiment charged with lances in the classic cavalry style during the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898. Of less than 400 men involved in the charge 70 were killed and wounded and these three were Private Thomas Byrne, Lieutenant Raymond de Montmorency and Captain Paul Kenna. Winston Churchill, rode with the unit, Omdurman was the regiments only battle honour, giving rise to the satirical regimental motto of thou shalt not kill. That same year, the regiment was given the title 21st Lancers, the regiment was moved to Dublin in 1899, and served in Ireland for several years. In 1912 it was posted to India. The 21st Lancers did not see service on the Western Front during the First World War, the regiment did however see action on the North-West Frontier during 1915–16, with one trooper, Charles Hull, receiving the Victoria Cross. A single squadron made up of reservists served in France in 1916–17, William Pattle, CB 21st Regiment of Hussars Transferred to British Army,1852 1862–1865, Lt-Gen. Sir John Bennett Hearsey, KCB 1865–1880, Gen. William Parlby 21st Hussars 1880–1882, Gen. Hon. James William Bosville Macdonald, CB 1882–1886, sir Charles John Foster, KCB 1886–1902, Gen. Sir Robert White, KCB 21st Lancers 1902–1909, Maj-Gen, sir Alexander James Hardy Elliot, KCB 1909–1916, Maj-Gen. Sir Frederick William Benson, KCB 1916–1919, Maj-Gen, arthur Henry Taylor 1919–1921, Gen. Hon. The Victorians at War, 1815-1914, An Encyclopedia of British Military History, forgotten Heroes, The Charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdurman. The Last Charge, the 21st Lancers and the Battle of Omdurman
43.
St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford
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St Mary the Virgins Church is in the village of Bottesford, Leicestershire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Framland, the archdeaconry of Leicester and its benefice is united with those of eight local parishes. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, sometimes known as the Lady of the Vale, it is a large church which has the 2nd highest spire in Leicestershire. The oldest part of the dates from the 12th century. The chancel was rebuilt in the 17th century to accommodate the monuments of the Manners family, earls of Rutland, the monuments include work by Caius Gabriel Cibber and Gerard Johnson the elder. One of the Rutland tombs is famous for its inscription, which attributes a death to witchcraft by the Witches of Belvoir, a number of restorations were carried out during the 19th century. The restoration in 1847–48 was carried out by the Lancaster partnership of Sharpe and Paley. This cost £2,235, towards which the Duke of Rutland gave £600, the Revd F. J. Norman gave £550, the churchyard contains war graves of fifteen Commonwealth service personnel, five from the First World War and ten from the Second World War. List of works by Sharpe and Paley
44.
John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland
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He was the grandson of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, and the brother of Lord Charles Manners and Lord Robert Manners. He became known as the Marquess of Granby when his father succeeded to the dukedom in 1779, in 1787 he himself succeeded to the dukedom on the death of his father. Rutland was Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire between 1799 and 1857 and he was also a prominent owner and breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses. His most successful horse was Cadland, which won the Epsom Derby in 1828, Rutland married Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle, on 22 April 1799. They had ten children, Lady Caroline Isabella Manners Lady Elizabeth Frederica Manners, Lady Emmeline Charlotte Elizabeth Manners, married Charles Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie on 17 February 1831. George John Henry Manners, Marquess of Granby Lady Katherine Isabella Manners, married Frederick Hervey, Lady Adeliza Elizabeth Gertrude Manners, married Reverend F. J. Norman on 22 February 1848. George John Frederick Manners, Marquess of Granby Charles Cecil John Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland and he remarried Janetta Hughan on 15 May 1862. Lord George John Manners, married Adeliza Fitzalan-Howard on 4 Oct 1855, the Duchess oversaw landscaping works at Belvoir Castle grounds and took an active interest in managing the estate, including designing a model farm. She also made improvements to Cheveley Park and oversaw the works at York House on the Mall for the Duke of York. She was also credited with designing a new palace for George IV, the Duchess of Rutland died in November 1825, aged 45. Rutland remained a widower until his death at Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, in January 1857, media related to John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland at Wikimedia Commons
45.
Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle
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Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle KG PC was a British peer, statesman, diplomat, and author. He was the son of Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle and his mother was a daughter of William Byron, 4th Baron Byron and his wife Hon. Frances Berkeley, a descendant of John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. She was also a sister of William Byron, 5th Baron Byron and a great-aunt of George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, in 1798, Carlisle was appointed guardian to Lord Byron who later lampooned him in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. During his youth Carlisle was mentored by George Selwyn and was known as a man of pleasure. He was created a Knight of the Thistle in 1767, the failure of the embassy was not due to any incapacity on the part of the earl, but to the unpopularity of the government from which it received its authority. He was, indeed, considered to have displayed so much ability that he was entrusted with the viceroyalty of Ireland in 1780, in 1789, in the discussions as to the regency, Carlisle took a prominent part on the side of the prince of Wales. He resigned from the Order of the Thistle and was created a Knight of the Garter in 1793, in 1815 he opposed the enactment of the Corn Laws, but from this time till his death, he took no important part in public life. In 1798 he was one of the syndicate who bought the Orleans Collection of paintings, london, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 14–17. Frederick Howard, Fifth Earl of Carlisle, Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed. Vol. V, New York, Charles Scribners Sons,1878, p.110. Earls of Carlisle § Frederick Howard, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. Vol. V, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1911, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Carlisle
listen) BEE-vər[1]) is a stately home in the English county of Leicestershire, overlooking the Vale of Belvoir (grid reference SK820337). It is a Grade I listed building.[2] A corner of the castle is still used as the family home of the Manners family and remains the seat of the Dukes of Rutland, most of whom are buried in the grounds of the mausoleum there. The castle remains privately owned and is open to visitors.
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