1.
Wedding (Berlin)
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At the same time the eastern half of the former borough of Wedding—on the other side of Reinickendorfer Straße—was separated as the new locality of Gesundbrunnen. In the 12th century, the manor of the nobleman Rudolf de Weddinge was located on the small Panke River in the vicinity of todays Nettelbeckplatz. The farmstead, which burned more than once, remained abandoned in the forest until the 18th century. In the mid-18th century, while Gesundbrunnen was being built up as a resort and spa town, gambling. In 1864, Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering established the Schering pharmaceutical company on Müllerstraße, a large hospital at the western rim of the locality was built between 1898 and 1906 on the initiative of Rudolf Virchow. The Rotaprint plant was initiated in Wedding in 1904 and became one of the largest empoyers locally with about 1,000 staff at its height, the constant migration of country-dwellers into the city at the end of the 19th century converted Wedding into a working-class district. The labourers lived in cramped tenement blocks, many in the Wilhelmine Ring, after World War II, Wedding and Reinickendorf together made up the French sector of Berlin. The buildings on the side of Weddings Bernauer Straße and the street, including sidewalks, were in the French sector. When the Berlin Wall was being built in August 1961, many who lived in these buildings frantically jumped from their windows before the buildings could be evacuated, Wedding was also the western terminus of one of the first refugee tunnels dug underneath the Berlin wall. It extended from the basement of a factory on Schönholzer Straße in the Soviet sector underneath Bernauer Straße to another building in the west. Though marvellously well constructed and kept secret, the tunnel was plagued by water from leaking pipes, a section of the wall has been reconstructed near the spot on Bernauer Straße where the tunnel ended. Two sections of wall run parallel to one another down the street with a strip in the middle. A nearby museum documents the history of the wall, today, Wedding is one of the poorest areas of Berlin, with a high unemployment rate. Almost 17% of the live on social welfare, 27% live below the poverty line. Foreigners make up 30% of the population, low rental costs accompany the poverty in Wedding. Therefore, like many areas in large cities, it is home to a vibrant artists community. Many galleries have been founded by artists to provide a space for themselves, Wedding has so far not experienced the boom and development of the 1990s in Berlin. Unlike many other 19th-century working class districts like Prenzlauer Berg, the character of Wedding has been mostly preserved
2.
S-train
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The S-train is a type of hybrid urban-suburban rail serving a metropolitan region. Some of the larger S-train systems provide service similar to transit systems. There is no definition of an S-train system. S-trains are, where they exist, the most local type of railway stopping at all existing stations inside and they are slower than mainline railways but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. Most S-train systems are built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches can be purpose built S-train lines, S-trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg the S-trains use both the methods, depending on which line is powered. Busy S-train corridors sometimes have sections of exclusive trackage of their own, a good example of this is the part of Berlins S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction and has a special name, Berliner Stadtbahn. However, in more lightly used sections outside the city center, the S-trains stop at all stations, while other mainline trains only stop at the largest stations. S-trains are generally service the hinterland of a city, rather than connecting different cities. The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland constitutes the main railway system for Leipzig but also connects to Halle. The Rostock S-Bahn is an example of a smaller S-Bahn system, many of the larger S-train systems also have central sections that individual suburban branches feed into, creating high frequency corridors. For instance, on weekdays, the section of the Copenhagen S-train has five services connecting to. Further out from the parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines with distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-train to serve a dual purpose, local transport within a city center. The rolling stock used in S-Trains reflect its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers but may have space allocated to larger. Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other system like metros is typical for S-trains
3.
Rapid transit in Germany
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Rapid transit in Germany consists of five U-Bahn systems and fourteen S-Bahn systems. There are also eighteen premetro or Stadtbahn systems that are rapid transit in the city center, the U-Bahn consists of five systems, in Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich and Nuremberg, these are all run by the transit authorities in the city. The thirteen S-Bahn systems are in Berlin, Dresden, Hamburg, Hanover, Magdeburg, Mitteldeutschland, Munich, Nuremberg, Rhein-Main, Rhein-Neckar, Rhein-Ruhr, Rostock and Stuttgart. The S-Bahn systems are all franchised to the incumbent train operating company Deutsche Bahn, normal headway is 20 minutes and use dedicated tracks running alongside mainline routes. Ticketing is governed by the transport authority and connectivity is integrated into the city public transport system. In 1882, the number of steam-powered trains around Berlin prompted the Prussian State Railways to construct separate rail tracks for suburban traffic. The Berliner Stadtbahn connected Berlins eight intercity rail stations which were spread throughout the city, a lower rate for the newly founded Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn was introduced on 1 October 1891. This rate and the succession of trains made the short-distance service stand out from other railroads. The second suburban railroad was the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn connecting Hamburg with Altona, the Altona office of the Prussian State Railroad established the steam powered railroad in 1906. The beginning of the 20th century saw the first electric trains, as the steam powered trains came to be nuisances to more and more people, the Berliner Stadt-, Ring- und Vorortbahn switched to direct current wagons running on 750 V from a third rail. In 1924, the first electrified route went into service, the third rail was chosen because it made both the modifications of the rail tracks and the side-by-side use of electric and steam trains easier. To set it apart from its competitor, the subterranean U-Bahn, the Hamburg service had established an experimental alternating current line in 1907. The whole network still used steam power until 1940, when the old locomotives were replaced by 1200 V DC electric ones, in 1934, the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn was renamed as S-Bahn. The name was adopted for Hamburgs city-owned independent mass transit tram lines. Nuremberg and Munich decided on a full U-Bahn independent from their existing tramways and those systems of tram in tunnels in city centre areas do not meet the criteria of a metro, they are instead light rail systems. Nonetheless, they are referred to as U-Bahn. Officially, they are called Stadtbahn or U-Stadtbahn, during the 1990s, when, according to original planning, the tramways of Nuremberg and Munich were scheduled to disappear, a reorientation process set in. In Nuremberg and Munich, after 30 years new rolling stock was purchased, existing lines were modernised, today, Berlin, Munich and Nuremberg not only have buses, but also trams, S-Bahn, and U-Bahn systems, each with non-shared tracks and different vehicles
4.
Mitte
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Mitte is the first and most central borough of Berlin. It was created in Berlins 2001 administrative reform by the merger of the districts of Mitte proper, Tiergarten and Wedding. It is one of the two boroughs which comprises former West and East Berlin districts, note that when Berliners speak of Mitte, they usually refer to the smaller locality and not to the larger borough. Mitte is located in the part of Berlin along the Spree River. It borders on Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf in the west, Reinickendorf in the north, Pankow in the east, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in the southeast, in the middle of the Spree lies Museum Island with its museums and Berlin Cathedral. The central square in Mitte is Alexanderplatz with the prominent Fernsehturm, Germanys highest building, juni to the Victory Column and the centre of former West Berlin in Charlottenburg, or Karl-Marx-Allee from Alexanderplatz to Friedrichshain and the eastern suburbs. The former Mitte district had established by the 1920 Greater Berlin Act and comprised large parts of the historic city around Alt-Berlin. Brandenburg Gate was the exit at the Berlin city boundary until 1861. Between 1961 and 1990, Mitte was the part of East Berlin, however at the same time it was surrounded by the Berlin Wall at its north, south. The immigrant community is diverse, however, Turks, Africans, Eastern Europeans. Kerület, Budapest, Hungary since 2005 Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia since 2006 Berlin Mitte Official homepage Official homepage of Berlin
5.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
6.
Berlin Ringbahn
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The Ringbahn is a 37.5 km long railway line of the Berlin S-Bahn network in Germany, around the city centre. The circle route is made up of the double tracked S-Bahn ring, S-Bahn service on the line is provided by lines S41 and S42, carrying 400,000 passengers a day. Due to its shape, the line is often referred to as Hundekopf. These four sections served as tariff zones of the railway Berlin suburban fare structure before the world war. It was laid in the streets, disrupting traffic and disturbing residents, in order to minimise disruption of traffic, trains ran at night, with the train bell being rung constantly. Plans were soon developed to build a ring line primarily for freight, funding for construction was possible only after the victory in the war with Austria of 1866. The Lower Silesia-March Railway Company was commissioned to construct and manage the line, the first section opened on 17 July 1871 from Moabit through Gesundbrunnen, Central-Viehhof, Stralau-Rummelsburg, Rixdorf and Schöneberg to Potsdamer ring station, an annex of Potsdamer station. From there, trains returned in the opposite direction, the line crossed the Anhalt Railway on bridges. This section from the ring into the Potsdamer ring station became known as the Südringspitzkehre. Passengers could change at the Kolonnenstraße station across the platform to continue to ride on the Ring without going all the way to the Potsdamer Ringbahnhof, from 1 January 1872, freight was carried on the line to freight yards separate from the passenger stations. The line was electrified in 1926, in 1930, ring line operation was combined with the Stadtbahn and suburban services as the Berlin S-Bahn. Since the trains were pulled by locomotives, they had to be refilled with water and coal and serviced at relatively short intervals. Originally, there were not even the necessary rails for continuing on the Ring between Schöneberg and Papestraße stations, in World War II, the Potsdamer and Anhalter stations were heavily bombed, the Südringspitzkehre was closed in 1944 and was never reopened. From 1944 until the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, with the building of the Wall, the line was broken in two places, In West Berlin a separate line on a three-quarter ring ran between Gesundbrunnen and Sonnenallee or Köllnische Heide. In East Berlin the remaining section ran between Schönhauser Allee and Treptower Park, on the lines to Bernau and Königs Wusterhausen or Schönefeld Airport. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 prevented continuous operation, after passenger numbers on the West Berlin side. This was caused partly by a politically motivated call for a boycott, because revenue from the West Berlin S-Bahn, the East Berlin section, from Schönhauser Allee to Treptower Park, remained in operation as it formed part of a major north-south tangent. After the 1980 S-Bahn strike, service on the part of the ring was suspended for about 13 years
7.
U6 (Berlin U-Bahn)
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U6 is a Berlin U-Bahn line,19.9 km long line with 29 stations. It runs in a direction from the Berlin locality of Tegel in the north via Friedrichstraße to Mariendorf. It is a large profile line. During the Cold War, both U6 termini were in the former West Berlin but the line passed under East Berlin for a section of its route. It was formerly named G1 from 1923 to 1928, just after the Scharnweberstraße station it enters a tunnel and continues under Müllerstraße. From this point it runs in a southerly direction. U6 crosses this canal in an attached to and immediately below the road-traffic bridge. The line ends at the intersection of Reisseckstraße, Friedenstraße and Mariendorfer Damm at its terminus, as early as 1901 the city of Berlin had plans for a subway running from north to south under Friedrichstraße. This work was delayed and finally abandoned due to associated with World War I. In 1919 work was resumed, but during the hyperinflation period the filling in of the already existing tunnel was proposed in 1921. However it was decided to continued construction after all, and on 30 January 1923 the first tunnel section was opened between Hallesches Tor and Stettiner Bahnhof. A northwest extension was opened on 8 March 1923 between Stettiner Bahnhof and Seestraße, with a workshop being built at the Seestraße station. At the junction Mohrenstraße and Friedrichstraße two subway lines intersected for the first time, the city’s North-South Line, renamed Line C, and the private Central Line. But as the concept of a station was not well known. The result is that passengers transferring between the two lines still today have to walk through a long connecting tunnel, popularly known by Berliners as the “mouse route”. At Belle-Alliance Straße where the line separated into two branches, three tracks were built, in the course of constructing the U7 line, the station was completely redesigned and is now called Mehringdamm. Due to disputes with the district of Tempelhof, the first route to be built was the branch to Neukölln. Work on the branch only began in 1924, but just two years later, on 14 February 1926, the stretch from Belle-Alliance-Straße to Kreuzberg was opened
8.
German railway station categories
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Their assignment into the categories also influences the amount of money railway companies need to pay to DB Station&Service for using the facilities at the stations. The 21 stations of Category 1 are considered traffic hubs and they are permanently staffed and carry all sorts of railway-related facilities as well as usually featuring a shopping mall in the station. Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne, the four biggest cities in Germany, have more than one Category 1 station, interCity and EuroCity trains generally call at these stations. All railway-related services, like a hall and a service desk, are present at the station. The service is similar to Category 1 stations and these stations will usually feature a station hall where travellers can buy tickets and groceries, but these stations are usually not permanently staffed. They are often main stations of cities with about 50,000 inhabitants, examples are Görlitz station, Reutlingen, Lichtenfels, Passau Hbf or Mülheim Hbf. Category 4 includes around 630 stations, most of these stations have frequent connections with RegionalExpress and RegionalBahn trains. Their service level is comparable to a bus station and they offer services to commuters and this category also includes stations situated in major cities that see high usage of S-Bahn or RE/RB services. Examples are Balingen, Bautzen, Montabaur or Coburg,1070 stations make up Category 5. These stations either belong to smaller, rural towns or to outlying areas of major cities. Their inventory normally is vandal-proofed due to the number of passengers. They normally only have local trains calling at the station, examples are Sigmaringen, Köln-Holweide or Bremerhaven-Lehe. Category 6 includes over 2500 stations and these stations have low passenger numbers and only the most basic equipment needed is present at the station. They are akin to bus stops, examples of this category are Bad Wimpfen, Loxstedt or Hagen-Vorhalle. Most of the 870 stations of the lowest category 7 are in rural areas, only several local trains call at these stops, which usually have not more than one platform. An example of this category is Duisburg-Entenfang or Beuron, archived from the original on 2013-04-17
9.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
10.
Berlin S-Bahn
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The Berlin S-Bahn is a rapid transit railway system in and around Berlin, the capital city of Germany. It has been in operation under this name since December 1930, having previously called the special tariff area Berliner Stadt-. It complements the Berlin U-Bahn and is the link to many outer-Berlin areas, in other parts of Germany and other German-speaking countries, the brand name S-Bahn is used without those Berlin specific features. The Hamburg S-Bahn is the other system using third-rail electrification. The Berlin S-Bahn consists today of 15 lines serving 166 stations, the S-Bahn carried 395 million passengers in 2012. It is integrated with the mostly underground U-Bahn to form the backbone of Berlins rapid transport system, unlike the U-Bahn, the S-Bahn crosses Berlin city limits into the surrounding state of Brandenburg, e. g. to Potsdam. Although the S- and U-Bahn are part of a fare system. The S-Bahn is operated by S-Bahn Berlin GmbH, a subsidiary of the Deutsche Bahn, whereas the U-Bahn is run by BVG, the main public transit company for the city of Berlin. The S-Bahn routes all feed into one of three lines, a central, elevated east-west line, a central, mostly underground north-south line. Outside the Ringbahn, suburban routes radiate in all directions, lines S1, S2 and S25 are north-south lines that use the North-South tunnel as their midsection. They were equally distributed into Oranienburg, Bernau and Hennigsdorf in the north, lines S3, S5, S7 and S75 are east-west lines using the Stadtbahn cross-city railway. The western termini are located at Potsdam and Spandau, the eastern termini are Erkner, Strausberg Nord, Ahrensfelde and Wartenberg. Before 2009 and after 2017, the S9 used and will use a curve at Ostkreuz to change from Stadtbahn to the South-Western leg of the Ringbahn. Lines S41 and S42 continuously circle around the Ringbahn, the former clockwise, lines S45, S46 and S47 link destinations in the southeast with the southern section of the Ringbahn via the tangential link from the Görlitzer Bahn to the Ring via Köllnische Heide. Lines S8, S85, and S9 are north-south lines using the section of the Ringbahn between Bornholmer Straße and Treptower Park via Ostkreuz, using the Görlitzer Bahn in the South. Generally speaking, the first digit of a number denotes the main route or a group of routes. Thus, S25 is a branch of S2, while S41, S42, S45, S46, so S41, S42, S45, S46 and S47 are together S4. However, the S4 does not exist as an independent entity, since 9 January 1984, all the West Berlin S-Bahn routes are labelled with an S followed by a number
11.
Berlin U-Bahn
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The Berlin U-Bahn is a rapid transit railway in Berlin, the capital city of Germany, and a major part of the citys public transport system. Together with the S-Bahn, a network of train lines. In addition, a tram network operates in the parts of the city. Opened in 1902, the U-Bahn serves 173 stations spread across ten lines, with a track length of 151.7 kilometres. Trains run every two to five minutes during peak hours, every five minutes for the rest of the day, over the course of a year, U-Bahn trains travel 132 million km, and carry over 400 million passengers. In 2015,534.5 million passengers rode the U-Bahn, the entire system is maintained and operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, commonly known as the BVG. Designed to alleviate traffic flowing into and out of central Berlin, the East Berlin U-Bahn lines from West Berlin were severed, except for two West Berlin lines that ran through East Berlin. These were allowed to pass through East Berlin without stopping at any of the stations, Friedrichstraße was the exception because it was used as a transfer point between U6 and the West Berlin S-Bahn system, and a border crossing into East Berlin. The system was reopened following the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Berlin U-Bahn is the most extensive network in Germany. In 2006, travel on the U-Bahn was equivalent to 122.2 million km of car journeys, at the end of the 19th century, city planners in Berlin were looking for solutions to the increasing traffic problems facing the city. As potential solutions, industrialist and inventor Ernst Werner von Siemens suggested the construction of elevated railways, while AEG proposed an underground system. Years of negotiations followed until, on 10 September 1896, work began on an elevated railway to run between Stralauer Tor and Zoologischer Garten, with a short spur to Potsdamer Platz. Known as the Stammstrecke, the route was inaugurated on 15 February 1902, before the year ended, the railway had been extended, by 17 August, east to Warschauer Brücke, and, by 14 December, west to Knie. In a bid to secure its own improvement, Schöneberg also wanted a connection to Berlin, the elevated railway company did not believe such a line would be profitable, so the city built the first locally financed underground in Germany. It was opened on 1 December 1910, just a few months earlier, work began on a fourth line to link Wilmersdorf in the south-west to the growing Berlin U-Bahn. The early network ran mostly east to west, connecting the areas in and around Berlin. In order to open up the network to more of the workers of Berlin, in 1920, the surrounding areas were annexed to form Groß-Berlin, removing the need for many negotiations, and giving the city much greater bargaining power over the private Hochbahngesellschaft
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reopened: 15 June 2002
