1.
Roubaix
–
Roubaix is a city in Northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area. As regards towns boundaries, Roubaix is encompassed by seven cities which constitute its immediate neighbouring environment, Roubaix, alongside those municipalities and twenty-one other communes, belongs to the land of Ferrain, a little district of the former Castellany of Lille between the Lys and Escaut rivers. As the crow flies, the distance between Roubaix and the cities is some odd,16 kilometres to Tournai,18 kilometres to Kortrijk,84 kilometres to Brussels and 213 kilometres to Paris. This area consists predominantly of Holocene deposits of alluvial origin and it is flat and low, with an elevation drop of only 35 m over its 13.23 square kilometres. The lowest altitude of this stands at 17 m, while its highest altitude is 52 m meters above the sea level. Opened in 1877, the Canal de Roubaix crosses the town from its northern neighbourhoods to its eastern neighbourhoods, the Canal de Roubaix closed in 1985, after more than a century in use. Thank to the European funded project Blue Links, the waterway has been reopened to navigation since 2011, despite some American statements that weather conditions in Roubaix were bad during the 19th century, the area of the city is not known for undergoing unusual weather events. The current citys name is most likely derived from two Frankish words, raus meaning reed and baki meaning brook, thence the sense of Roubaix can probably find its origin on the banks of the three following historical brooks, Espierre, Trichon and Favreuil. The place was mentioned for the first time in a Latinised form in the 9th century, thereafter, the following names were in use,1047 and 1106 Rubais,1122 Rosbays,1166 Rusbais,1156 and 1202 Robais,1223 Roubais. Over the span of centuries, the name evolved to Roubaix as shown on Mercators map of Flanders published at Leuven in 1540, parallel to the official and usual name Roubaix, some translations are worth a mention. Firstly, though the city has never belonged to the Flemish-speaking area, furthermore, the Dutch Language Union established Robaais as the citys proper Dutch name. Inhabitants of Roubaix are known in English as Roubaisians and in French as Roubaisiens or in the feminine form Roubaisiennes, also natively called Roubaignos or in the feminine form Roubaignoses. From the 21st century, communes with more than 10,000 population have sample surveys held every year, by the late 18th century, the city began to emerge as regional textile manufacturing centre and its population increased, reaching a level of 8,091 in 1800. As a result of the process of the 19th century. Belgian settlement was a feature of the Roubaisian life at that time, nonetheless, the rate of natural increase shew to be a more important component of the population growth in that period. At the 20th century threshold, the Roubaisian population reached a peak of 124,661, the population of the city was 95,866 at the January 2013 census. This enables Roubaix to remain the third largest municipality in the region Hauts-de-France, after Lille and this spoken vernacular is locally known as Roubaignot. Until the early 20th century this patois prevailed, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, many Jews left their homes and emigrated
Roubaix
–
The city hall
Roubaix
–
Drawing of the city of the year 1699. On the left, surrounded by a moat, the castle can be seen. To its right appears the hospital Sainte-Elisabeth and in the centre of the image the church Saint-Martin marks the towns centre.
Roubaix
–
Barbieux health centre
Roubaix
–
ENSAIT
2.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
3.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
4.
LVMH
–
LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, better known as LVMH, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate, native of France and headquartered in Paris. It controls around 60 subsidiaries that each manage a number of prestigious brands. The subsidiaries are often managed independently, the oldest of the LVMH brands is wine producer Château dYquem, which dates its origins back to 1593. Christian Dior, the luxury group, is the main holding company of LVMH, owning 40. 9% of its shares. Bernard Arnault, majority shareholder of Dior, is Chairman of both companies and CEO of LVMH, arnaults successful integration of various famous aspirational brands into the group has inspired other luxury companies into doing the same. Thus, the French conglomerate Kering and the Swiss-based Richemont have also created extended portfolios of luxury brands, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. During the first half of 2015, LVMH recorded strong results in Europe, the revenue of the groupe increased of 19 per cent. LVMH is based in 20 avenue Foch in the 8th arrondissement, Paris, the company is listed on the Euronext Paris exchange, and is a constituent of the CAC40 index. As of 2010, the group had revenues of €20.3 billion with a net income of just over €3 billion, by the 29 February 2016 the company had a share value of 78,126 million euros, distributed in 506,980,299 shares. In 2013, with revenue of $21,7 billion, LVMH is ranked first luxury goods company in Deloittes Global Powers of Luxury Goods” report, the group currently employs more than 83,000 people. Thirty percent of LVMHs staff work in France, LVMH operates over 2,400 stores worldwide. Its current business plan aims to control the brands it manages in order to maintain. For example, Louis Vuitton products are only through Louis Vuitton boutiques found in upmarket locations in wealthy cities or in concessions in other luxury goods shops. At the end of 2010, the only declared major shareholder in LVMH was Groupe Arnault, the groups control amounted to 47. 64% of LVMHs stock and 63. 66% of its voting rights. A further 2. 43% of shares were declared as treasury stock, LVMH holds 66% of the drinks division, Moët Hennessy, with the remaining 34% held by Diageo. A partial list including some of LVMHs best-known brands and subsidiaries, on 7 March 2011, LVMH announced the acquisition of the 50. 4% family-owned shares of the Italian jeweller Bulgari and the intention to make a tender offer for the rest, which was publicly owned. The transaction was about $5.2 billion, in 2011, LVMH invested $640 million in establishing LCapitalAsia. In 2011, LVMH invested $640 million in establishing LCapitalAsia, LVMH sales decreased by about 10 percent from in 2011 in China, and LVMH stopped opening stores in second and third-tier cities in mainland China
LVMH
–
LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE
5.
Christian Dior S.A.
–
Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury goods company controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH – the worlds largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42. 36% shares of and 59. 01% voting rights within LVMH, while the Christian Dior label remains largely for womens offerings, the company also operates the Dior Homme division for men and the baby Dior label for childrens wear. Products are sold throughout its portfolio of retail stores worldwide, as well as through its online store, the House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946, in a private house at 30 Avenue Montaigne Paris B. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates 1947 as the opening year, Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac. Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, the new couture house became a part of a vertically integrated textile business already operated by Boussac. Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees, Diors creativity also negotiated him a good salary. On 12 February 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947, the show of 90 models of his first collection on six mannequins was presented in the salons of the companys headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne. Originally, the two lines were named Corolle and Huit, however, the new collection went down in fashion history as the New Look after the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar Carmel Snow exclaimed, Its such a New Look. At a time of post-war fabric restrictions, Dior used up to twenty yards of extravagant fabrics for his creations, as a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world after WWII, regained its preeminence. The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as an antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms. According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing, feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that the new designs with its return to corsets were restrictive and regressive, and that Diors designs took away womens independence. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, “Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable. ”Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume, Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named after Catherine Dior. Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue. The modern Dior corporation also notes that a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, in 1949, the Diorama perfume is released and by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million. Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City, by the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Pariss fashion exports and 5% of Frances total export revenue
Christian Dior S.A.
–
"Bar" suit, 1947. As displayed in Moscow, 2011.
Christian Dior S.A.
–
Christian Dior SE
Christian Dior S.A.
–
Eva Perón, the First Lady of Argentina, wearing a Dior Dress in 1950
Christian Dior S.A.
–
A Dior Haute Couture jacket designed by
Marc Bohan. The Haute Couture label is clearly visible in the enlarged photo.
6.
Vladimir Putin
–
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is a Russian politician. Putin is the current President of the Russian Federation, holding the office since 7 May 2012 and he was Prime Minister from 1999 to 2000, President from 2000 to 2008, and again Prime Minister from 2008 to 2012. During his second term as Prime Minister, he was the Chairman of the ruling United Russia Party, born in Leningrad, Putin studied German in high school and speaks the language fluently. He studied Law at the Saint Petersburg State University, graduating in 1975, Putin was a KGB Foreign Intelligence Officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before retiring in 1991 to enter politics in Saint Petersburg. He moved to Moscow in 1996 and joined President Boris Yeltsins administration, rising quickly through the ranks and becoming Acting President on 31 December 1999, when Yeltsin resigned. Putin won the subsequent 2000 Presidential election by a 53% to 30% margin, thus avoiding a runoff with his Communist Party of the Russian Federation opponent and he was re-elected President in 2004 with 72% of the vote. During Putins first presidency, the Russian economy grew for eight straight years, the growth was a result of the 2000s commodities boom, high oil prices, and prudent economic and fiscal policies. Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third presidential term in 2008. The 2008 Presidential election was won by Dmitry Medvedev, who appointed Putin Prime Minister, in September 2011, after presidential terms were extended from four to six years, Putin announced he would seek a third term as president. He won the March 2012 Presidential election with 64% of the vote, Putin has enjoyed high domestic approval ratings during his career, and received extensive international attention as one of the worlds most powerful leaders. In 2007, he was the Time Person of the Year, in 2015, he was #1 on the Times Most Influential People List. Forbes ranked him the Worlds Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was born on 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, the youngest of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin and Maria Ivanovna Putina. His birth was preceded by the death of two brothers, Viktor and Albert, born in the mid-1930s, Albert died in infancy and Viktor died of diphtheria during the Siege of Leningrad. Putins mother was a worker and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy. Early in World War II, his father served in the battalion of the NKVD. Later, he was transferred to the army and was severely wounded in 1942. On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No.193 at Baskov Lane and he was one of a few in the class of approximately 45 pupils who was not yet a member of the Young Pioneer organization. At age 12, he began to practice sambo and judo and he wished to emulate the intelligence officers portrayed in Soviet cinema
Vladimir Putin
–
Vladimir Putin Владимир Путин
Vladimir Putin
–
Putin's father, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin
Vladimir Putin
–
Maria Ivanovna Shelomova, the mother of Vladimir Putin.
Vladimir Putin
–
Putin with his mother, Maria Ivanovna, in July 1958
7.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chairman
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
8.
Civil engineering
–
Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering, Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence, during this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions, the Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. In the 18th century, the civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, in 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. The first private college to teach engineering in the United States was Norwich University. The first degree in engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design, after taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. In most countries, a degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification. After completing a degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a engineer, a chartered engineer
Civil engineering
–
A multi-level stack interchange, buildings, houses, and park in
Shanghai, China.
Civil engineering
–
Philadelphia City Hall in the United States is still the world's tallest masonry load bearing structure.
Civil engineering
–
Leonhard Euler developed the theory explaining the
buckling of columns
Civil engineering
–
John Smeaton, the "father of civil engineering"
9.
French francs
–
The franc, also commonly distinguished as the French franc, was a currency of France. Between 1450 and 1999, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it was revalued in 1960, with each new franc being worth 100 old francs. The French franc was a commonly held reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries. The first franc was a gold coin introduced in 1360 to pay the Ransom of King John II of France and this coin secured the kings freedom and showed him on a richly decorated horse earning it the name franc à cheval. The obverse legend, like other French coins, gives the title as Francorum Rex. Its value was set as one livre tournois, john’s son, Charles V, continued this type. It was copied exactly at Brabant and Cambrai and, with the arms on the horse cloth changed, conquests led by Joan of Arc allowed Charles VII to return to sound coinage and he revived the franc à cheval. John II, however, was not able to strike enough francs to pay his ransom, John II died as a prisoner in England and his son, Charles V was left to pick up the pieces. Charles V pursued a policy of reform, including stable coinage, an edict dated 20 April 1365 established the centerpiece of this policy, a gold coin officially called the denier d’or aux fleurs de lis which had a standing figure of the king on its obverse. Its value in money of account was one livre tournois, just like the franc à cheval, in accordance with the theories of the mathematician, economist and royal advisor Nicolas Oresme, Charles struck fewer coins of better gold than his predecessors. In the accompanying deflation both prices and wages fell, but wages fell faster and debtors had to settle up in better money than they had borrowed, the Mayor of Paris, Etienne Marcel, exploited their discontent to lead a revolt which forced Charles V out of the city. The States General which met at Blois in 1577 added to the pressure to stop currency manipulation. Henry III agreed to do this and he revived the franc and this coin and its fractions circulated until 1641 when Louis XIII of France replaced it with the silver Écu. Nevertheless, the franc continued in accounting as a synonym for the livre tournois. The decimal franc was established as the currency by the French Revolutionary Convention in 1795 as a decimal unit of 4.5 g of fine silver. This was slightly less than the livre of 4.505 g, silver coins now had their denomination clearly marked as “5 FRANCS” and it was made obligatory to quote prices in francs. e. Coinage with explicit denominations in decimal fractions of the franc also began in 1795, decimalization of the franc was mandated by an act of 7 April 1795, which also dealt with of weights and measures. France’s first decimal coinage used allegorical figures symbolizing revolutionary principles, like the designs the United States had adopted in 1793
French francs
–
Franc à cheval
French francs
–
50 and 100 francs
French francs
–
Franc à pied
French francs
–
1795 five centimes, the first year of decimal fractions for the franc.
10.
Luxury goods
–
Luxury goods are often synonymous with superior goods and Veblen goods. Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand, as people become wealthier and this also means, however, that should there be a decline in income its demand will drop. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income, although the technical term luxury good is independent of the goods quality, they are generally considered to be goods at the highest end of the market in terms of quality and price. Classic luxury goods include haute couture clothing, accessories, and luggage, many markets have a luxury segment including, for example, automobile, yacht, wine, bottled water, coffee, tea, foods, watches, clothes, jewelry, and high fidelity. The hiring of full-time or live-in domestic servants is a luxury reflecting disparities of income, some financial services, especially in some brokerage houses, can be considered luxury services by default because persons in lower-income brackets generally do not use them. The three dominant trends in the luxury goods market are globalization, consolidation, and diversification. Globalization is a result of the availability of these goods, additional luxury brands. Consolidation involves the growth of big companies and ownership of brands across many segments of luxury products, examples include LVMH, Richemont, and Kering, which dominate the market in areas ranging from luxury drinks to fashion and cosmetics. Leading global consumer companies, such as Procter & Gamble, are attracted to the industry. The luxury goods market has been on a climb for many years. Apart from the setback caused by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the industry has performed well, particularly in 2000. In that year, the luxury goods market – which includes drinks, fashion, cosmetics, fragrances, watches, jewelry, luggage, handbags – was worth close to $170 billion. The United States has been the largest regional market for goods and is estimated to continue to be the leading personal luxury goods market in 2013. The largest sector in this category was luxury drinks, including premium whisky, Champagne and this sector was the only one that suffered a decline in value. In 2012, China surpassed Japan as the worlds largest luxury market, chinas luxury consumption accounts for over 25% of the global market. The Economist Intelligence Unit published a report on the outlook for luxury goods in Asia which explores the trends and forecasts for the luxury goods market across key markets in Asia. In 2014, the sector is expected to grow over the next 10 years because of 440 million consumers spending a total of 880 billion euros. Secular luxury manuscripts were commissioned by the wealthy and differed in the same ways from cheaper books
Luxury goods
–
Rolls-Royce Phantom is a
luxury vehicle
Luxury goods
–
Hermès handbag
Luxury goods
–
Patek Philippe is a luxury watch brand
Luxury goods
–
Wine and
foie gras
11.
Dior
–
Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury goods company controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH – the worlds largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42. 36% shares of and 59. 01% voting rights within LVMH, while the Christian Dior label remains largely for womens offerings, the company also operates the Dior Homme division for men and the baby Dior label for childrens wear. Products are sold throughout its portfolio of retail stores worldwide, as well as through its online store, the House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946, in a private house at 30 Avenue Montaigne Paris B. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates 1947 as the opening year, Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac. Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, the new couture house became a part of a vertically integrated textile business already operated by Boussac. Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees, Diors creativity also negotiated him a good salary. On 12 February 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947, the show of 90 models of his first collection on six mannequins was presented in the salons of the companys headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne. Originally, the two lines were named Corolle and Huit, however, the new collection went down in fashion history as the New Look after the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar Carmel Snow exclaimed, Its such a New Look. At a time of post-war fabric restrictions, Dior used up to twenty yards of extravagant fabrics for his creations, as a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world after WWII, regained its preeminence. The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as an antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms. According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing, feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that the new designs with its return to corsets were restrictive and regressive, and that Diors designs took away womens independence. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, “Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable. ”Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume, Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named after Catherine Dior. Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue. The modern Dior corporation also notes that a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, in 1949, the Diorama perfume is released and by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million. Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City, by the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Pariss fashion exports and 5% of Frances total export revenue
Dior
–
"Bar" suit, 1947. As displayed in Moscow, 2011.
Dior
–
Christian Dior SE
Dior
–
Eva Perón, the First Lady of Argentina, wearing a Dior Dress in 1950
Dior
–
A Dior Haute Couture jacket designed by
Marc Bohan. The Haute Couture label is clearly visible in the enlarged photo.
12.
Guinness
–
Guinness is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. Jamess Gate brewery in the capital city of Dublin, Ireland. Guinness, produced by the Diageo beverages company, is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide and it is brewed in almost 50 countries and is available in over 120. Annual sales total of Guinness in 2011 was 850 million litres, Guinness features a burnt flavour that is derived from roasted, unmalted barley, although this is a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic flavour, although Guinnesss palate still features a characteristic tang, the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beers thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and it is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co, Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of the beverage annually. The company was started in 1759 in Dublin, but had to move its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932, in 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic drinks producer Diageo. Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. Jamess Gate Brewery, on 31 December 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery. Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale, there have been claims that Arthur Price, a Welshman, took the original recipe with him to Ireland where he hired a servant, Richard Guinness, whose son later opened the brewery. Stout originally referred to a strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body. Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778, the first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s. Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced only three variations of a beer type, porter or single stout, double or extra. Porter was also referred to as plain, as mentioned in the refrain of Flann OBriens poem The Workmans Friend. Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinnesss sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876, in October 1886 Guinness became a public company, and was averaging sales of 1,138,000 barrels a year. This was despite the refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts, by 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees. By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery £40,000 a year, the improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden. By 1914, Guinness was producing 2,652,000 barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, in the 1930s, Guinness became the seventh largest company in the world
Guinness
–
"You are the better for Guinness" Irish language advertisement.
Guinness
–
Guinness
Guinness
–
Sign at the Market Street entrance
Guinness
–
Crane Street Gate
13.
Richemont
–
Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is a Switzerland-based luxury goods holding company founded in 1988 by South African businessman Johann Rupert. Through its various subsidiaries, Richemont designs, manufactures, distributes and sells premium jewellery, watches, leather goods, writing instruments, firearms, clothing, Richemont is publicly traded as CFR on the SIX Swiss Exchange and the JSE Securities Exchange. The brands it owns include A, as of November 2012, Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is the sixth largest corporation by market capitalization in the Swiss Market Index. As of 2014, Richemont is the second-largest luxury goods company in the world after LVMH, the luxury goods investments of Rembrandt Group combined with Rothmans International formed the initial group of Richemont subsidiaries. The report claims Rembrandt should pay back roughly R2.2 billion for its involvement, in March 2007, Richemont and Polo Ralph Lauren Inc. announced the formation of a 50/50 joint venture, the Polo Ralph Lauren Watch and Jewelry Company SÀRL. In October 2008, the Group divested all of its interests in the tobacco industry. As of November 2012, Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is the sixth largest corporation by market capitalization in the Swiss Market Index, as of 2014, Richemont is the second-largest luxury goods company in the world after LVMH. Compagnie Financière Richemont SA organizes its business activities into three operating divisions, Jewellery Maisons, Specialist Watchmakers and Other Businesses, cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, and Giampiero Bodino constitute the Jewellery Maisons. The Other Businesses division includes Azzedine Alaïa, Chloé, Dunhill, Lancel, Montblanc, Peter Millar, Purdey, the largest significant shareholder of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA is Compagnie Financière Rupert, a Swiss company that holds shares controlled and principally owned by Johann Rupert. Compagnie Financière Rupert owns 522,000,000 Class B shares of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA, representing 9. 1% of the equity and 50% of the voting rights. Johann Rupert and Compagnie Financière Rupert also hold 2,836,664 class A shares or A share equivalents as of the end of March 2016, the following companies are wholly owned subsidiaries of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA unless otherwise noted. A. — watches, jewellery, based in Geneva, Switzerland, YOOX NET-A-PORTER GROUP — ecommerce, based in Milan, Italy. In 2000, the Group sold its minority stake in Vivendi, representing its exit from all previous media interests, Richemont acquired British clothing retailer Hackett Limited in 1992. On 2 June 2005, Richemont announced its sale to Spanish investment company Torreal S. C. R, S. A. Richemont and Mimi So formed a joint venture in 2004, Richemonts first investment in an American brand. In 2007, Richemont requested to become the majority partner of the joint venture, Mimi So declined and purchased Richemonts stake in the venture. C. A. In 2015, the Net-a-Porter Group was merged with the YOOX Group in an all-share transaction, Richemont is the largest shareholder in the enlarged Group
Richemont
–
Compagnie Financière Richemont SA
14.
Kering
–
The company was founded in 1963 by businessman François Pinault and is now run by his son François-Henri Pinault. It is quoted on Euronext Paris and is a constituent of the CAC40 index, on 22 March 2013, Pinault announced that the group would rename itself as Kering, and was approved by shareholders on 18 June 2013. On 2 June 1962, François Pinault officially opened the Etablissements Pinault, first specialized in timber trade, originally a company from Brittany, it grew organically and thanks to successive acquisitions, it became recognized nationally. Pinault SA was listed in the securities market of the Paris Stock Exchange in 1988. In March 1990, François Pinault was elected president of CFAO, in April 1991, Pinault SA entered the retail distribution market, with the takeover of Conforama. In 1992, the Group sold the Compagnie Industrielle d’Ameublement, of Ordo, the same year, the Pinault-Printemps Group was born out of the Au printemps SA takeover, which owned 54% of La Redoute and Finaref. In 1993, the Armand Thierry company, bought by Le Printemps, was sold, in 1994, La Redoute was absorbed by Pinault-Printemps, and renamed Pinault-Printemps-Redoute. In July, the group control of the Fnac, a French book music. In 1995, the Group launched its first online store, www. laredoute. fr, in 1996, CFAO bought SCOA, the main pharmaceutical distributor in West Africa. The same year, PPR created Orcanta, a lingerie distributor, over the following years, PPR continued to develop its activities in the retail and home shopping sectors. In 1997, Redcats took control of Ellos, Scandinavia’s home shopping leader, the same year, Fnac created Fnac Junior, a concept-store which targets young people under 12. In 1998, PPR continued its acquisitions in the shopping sector. PPR also took control of Guilbert, the same year, Guilbert’s home shopping activities were sold to Staples, and the following year its office furniture negotiation activities were sold to Office Depot. In 2003, PPR sold its Pinault Bois et Matériaux company to the British group Wolseley, in 2004, PPR sold the electrical material manufacturer Rexel. After a public bid, Pinault-Printemps-Redoute increased its shares to 99. 4% of Gucci Group’s capital, at its general assembly held on May 18,2005, Pinault-Printemps-Redoute simplified its name to PPR after having sold its distribution activities from 2002 to 2004. Serge Wienberg left the group and François-Henri Pinault was named CEO, in 2006, PPR made several transactions, for example the sale of 51% of France Printemps to RREEF and the Borletti Group. It also sold the lingerie company Orcanta to Chantelle, the Groups acquisitions included Redcats buying of The Sportman’s Guide Inc. In 2007, PPR acquired a 62. 1% share of Puma, PPR first invested in the luxury sector in 1999, with a 42% acquisition of Gucci Group NV
Kering
–
Logo of the company Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR).
15.
Market capitalization
–
Market capitalization is used by the investment community in ranking the size of companies, as opposed to sales or total asset figures. It is also used in ranking the size of stock exchanges. In performing such rankings, the market capitalizations are calculated at some significant date, the total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared with other economic indicators. In 2014 and 2015, global market capitalization was US$68 trillion and US$67 trillion, respectively. Market cap is given by the formula M C = N × P, where MC is the capitalization, N is the number of shares outstanding. For example, if company has 4 million shares outstanding. If the closing price per share rises to $21, the cap becomes $84 million. If it drops to $19 per share, the cap falls to $76 million. This is in contrast to mercantile pricing where purchase price, average price, traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have also come into common use. Different numbers are used by different indexes, there is no definition of, or full consensus agreement about. The cutoffs may be defined as rather than in nominal dollars. Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company and it is important to note that a firms choice of capital structure has a significant impact on how the total value of a company is allocated between equity and debt. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value, which gives effect to outstanding debt, preferred stock, for insurance firms, a value called the embedded value has been used
Market capitalization
–
The
New York Stock Exchange on
Wall Street, the world's largest
stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.
16.
Berluti
–
Berluti is a subsidiary brand of LVMH that manufactures and retails menswear. It is known for its unique leather finishing of calfskin, kangaroo leather and alligator skin, especially in its production of shoes and it also makes leather belts, bags, and wallets, as well as bespoke and ready-to-wear garments. Established in 1895 by Italian Alessandro Berluti of Marche, Berluti is based in Paris on rue Marbeuf, Alessandro Sartori was its artistic director for 5 years, ending his role in February 2016. Haider Ackermann is the current Creative Director, Berluti was founded in 1895 by Italian Alessandro Berluti, and later run by Olga Squeri, also known as Olga Berluti. The LVMH group acquired Berluti in 1993, in 2012, Berluti acquired Paris tailor house Arnys and launched its first prêt-à-porter menswear collections. Berluti is headed since 2012 by LVMHs CEO Bernard Arnaults son, Antoine Arnault, in March 2014, Isabella Capece Galeota became director of image and communications. Berluti patrons have included Pierre Bergé, Jean Cocteau, Alain Delon, Dean Martin, Andy Warhol, Frank Sinatra, Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcel Proust, the brand has limited distribution, just 46 boutiques worldwide and 20 wholesale accounts
Berluti
–
Berluti original store on rue Marbeuf in the
8th arrondissement of Paris
Berluti
–
Berluti
Berluti
–
Alessandro Sartori is Berluti's Creative Director
Berluti
–
Berluti,
Kobe
17.
Kenzo (brand)
–
Kenzo is a French luxury house founded in 1970 by Japanese designer Kenzo Takada. Kenzo Takada was born in Japan and moved to Paris in 1964 to start his fashion career and he then became known for using Asian and Japanese influenced style with the expert construction of European high fashion. He started out with a Jungle Jap boutique located in Paris and he began with handmade womens clothing, then in 1983 Kenzo started designing men and then kids and home collections in 1987. Today, it is a luxury goods brand owned by parent company LVMH. Since 2011, The founders of Opening Ceremony, Humberto Leon and Carol Lim, are the creative directors and their aim is to shake up the jungle world of fashion. Like Kenzo in the 1970s, Humberto and Carol decide to go up against the expectations of seasonal trends. They are said to be influenced by the environment of the 21st century. They collaborate with artists, musicians, actors, and designers each collection. Their most recent Fall 2014 collection, they collaborated with filmmaker David Lynch, “We were eager to partner with a visionary organization that spoke about how we could live in harmony with the ocean. As we researched different charitable associations, we discovered the Blue Marine Foundation to be the perfect match and we wholeheartedly support their mission creating sustainable fishing and creating marine reserves. We are extremely excited about this partnership between Kenzo and the Blue Marine Foundation and hope to create more and more awareness of this issue. They have also put up a pop up store in Paris for one week from March 21 to March 27. A screen will allow the customers to browse and buy the garments, also by taking a photo of the store and using the hashtag #NoFishNoNothing, will also support the cause and add a fish to the digital aquarium
Kenzo (brand)
–
Kenzo
18.
Guerlain
–
Guerlain is a French perfume and cosmetics and skincare house, among the oldest in the world. It has a large following, and has traditionally been held in high esteem in the perfume industry. Perfumes by Guerlain are often said to be characterized by a common olfactory accord known as the Guerlinade, a perfume by the same name was launched by Guerlain in 1921. The Parent company is LVMH. The House of Guerlain was owned and managed by members of the Guerlain family from its inception in 1828 to 1994 and it was acquired in 1994 by the LVMH group, a French multinational investment corporation specializing in luxury brands. The House of Guerlain was founded in 1828, when Pierre-François Pascal Guerlain opened his store at 42. As both the founder and first perfumer of the house, Pierre-François composed and manufactured custom fragrances with the help of his two sons, Aimé and Gabriel. Through continued success and the patronage of members in society, Guerlain opened its flagship store at 15, rue de la Paix in 1840. The success of the house under Pierre-François peaked in 1853 with the creation of Eau de Cologne Impériale for French Emperor Napoleon III and this perfume earned Pierre-François the prestigious title of being His Majestys Official Perfumer. Guerlain went on to create perfumes for Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Queen Isabella II of Spain, with the death of Pierre-François in 1864, the house was left to his sons Aimé Guerlain and Gabriel Guerlain. The roles of perfumer and manager were divided between the two brothers, with Gabriel managing and further expanding the house, and Aimé becoming the master perfumer, the House of Guerlain thus began a long tradition whereby the position of master perfumer was handed down through the Guerlain family. As Guerlains second generation in-house perfumer, Aimé was the creator of many compositions, including Fleur dItalie, Rococo. However, many would argue that his greatest composition was 1889s Jicky, the business was handed down to the sons of Gabriel Guerlain, Jacques Guerlain and Pierre Guerlain. Jacques, Aimés nephew, became Guerlains third master perfumer, he was the author of many of Guerlains most famous classics, many of his perfumes are still sold and marketed today. Among Jacques Guerlains most important creations are Mouchoir de Monsieur, Après LOndée, LHeure Bleue, Mitsouko, Guerlains flagship fragrance Shalimar, Jacques composed his final perfume, Ode, with the assistance of his grandson, the then-18-year-old Jean-Paul Guerlain. Jean-Paul Guerlain was the last family master perfumer and he created Guerlains classic mens fragrances Vétiver and Habit Rouge. He also created Chant dArômes, Chamade, Nahéma, Jardins de Bagatelle, with no heir from within the Guerlain family to take over, the role of master perfumer is no longer tied to family succession. In a decision seen as a break with tradition, the Guerlain family sold the company to the luxury goods conglomerate Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton in 1994. Fans of the house viewed the LVMH purchase as a step towards the cheapening, most were unhappy with the first post-LVMH release, the 1996 sweet mimosa floral Champs-Elysées, composed by Olivier Cresp, whose entry was selected over that of Jean-Paul Guerlain
Guerlain
–
Guerlain S.A.
Guerlain
–
Guerlain's L'Heure Bleue
Guerlain
–
A Guerlain boutique on the
Champs-Élysées, in
Paris.
Guerlain
–
Guerlain's Mitsouko
19.
Loewe, S.A.
–
Loewe, S. A. is a Spanish luxury fashion house based in Madrid and is owned by the LVMH Group. Jonathan Anderson was appointed director in 2013. The company deals primarily in leather products, the main item produced and sold by Loewe is bags for men and women. It was founded in 1846 in Madrid by a group of Spanish leather craftsmen, and the brand originated in 1876 when Enrique Loewe Roessberg, a German craftsman, joined the group. King Alfonso XIII of Spain granted Enrique Loewe Hinton, a descendant of the original brand founder and his wife, Queen Victoria Eugenie, frequently visited the store on Príncipe de Madrid street. The current King of Spains mother, Queen Sofía, has seen several times with Loewe handbags. Jonathan Anderson, a 2005 College of Fashion graduate, became Loewe’s creative director in 2013 and he was born in Northern Ireland in 1984. Anderson’s first ready-to-wear collections for LOEWE were presented in 2014 and he also deployed a new publicity campaign by Steven Meisel. The company remains based in Spain, manufacture, particularly of leather goods, takes place in Madrid, and Loewe stores are located worldwide. In 2014, Anderson stated the company had plans to remodel Loewe stores using designs based on the 1960s Loewe stores, Anderson said in interviews that the Loewe Brand is bringing back styles and products from the 1950s, 60s and 70s. As part of this re-branding, Loewe produced a new logo, new models of their classic Flamenco and Amazona bags, in 1988, Enrique Loewe Lynch, great-grandchild of the firm’s creator, founded The Loewe Foundation, a private cultural foundation that supports cultural events and exhibitions. The Foundation receive a Gold Medal for Merit in the Fine Arts from the Spanish government in 2002, media related to LOEWE at Wikimedia Commons Official website LOEWE – brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory
Loewe, S.A.
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Loewe shop in Hong Kong
20.
Marc Jacobs
–
Marc Jacobs is an American fashion designer. He is the designer for his own fashion label, Marc Jacobs, as well as Marc by Marc Jacobs. He was the director of the French design house Louis Vuitton from 1997 to 2014. Jacobs was on Time magazines 2010 Time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in the world, Marc Jacobs was born to a non-observant Jewish family in New York City. When he was seven, his father, an agent at the William Morris Agency and his mother, who remarried three times, was “mentally ill” and “didn’t really take care of her kids”, according to Jacobs. As a teenager, he went to live with his grandmother on the Upper West Side. He attended the High School of Art and Design and studied at the Parsons School of Design in New York, while at Parsons in 1984, Jacobs won the Perry Ellis Gold Thimble Award, Chester Weinberg Gold Thimble Award, and Design Student of the Year Award. He also won an award in 1991 from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, at age 15, Jacobs worked as a stockboy at Charivari, a now-defunct avant-garde clothing boutique in New York City. While still at Parsons, Jacobs designed and sold his first line of hand-knit sweaters and he also designed his first collection for Reuben Thomas, Inc. under the Sketchbook label. With Robert Duffy, Jacobss creative collaborator, and business partner since the mid-1980s, in 1986, backed by Onward Kashiyama USA, Inc. Jacobs designed his first collection bearing the Marc Jacobs label. In 1987, Jacobs was the youngest designer to have ever awarded the fashion industrys highest tribute. In 1988, Jacobs and Duffy joined the womens unit of Perry Ellis as creative director/vice president and president, respectively, following the death of its namesake. In addition, Jacobs oversaw the design of the various womens licensees, in 1992, the Council of Fashion Designers of America awarded Jacobs with The Womens Designer of the Year Award. In the same year, he designed a collection for Perry Ellis. In the fall of 1993, Jacobs Duffy Designs Inc. launched their own licensing and design company, Marc Jacobs International Company, in 1994, Jacobs produced his first full collection of menswear. In 1997, Jacobs was appointed Louis Vuittons creative director, where he created the companys first ready-to-wear clothing line, in 2005, Look was the Marc by Marc Jacobs ready-to-wear license holder in Japan with retail value of €50 million. In 2006, Jacobs started a new line of fragrances in affordable huge ten-ounce bottles which are distributed by Coty. First only being sold in boutiques, they have become more and more popular during the recent years
Marc Jacobs
–
Marc Jacobs
Marc Jacobs
–
Marc by Marc Jacobs in
Porto.
Marc Jacobs
–
Marc Jacobs storefront in
New York City
21.
Sephora
–
Sephora is a French chain of cosmetics stores founded in 1969. Featuring nearly 300 brands, along with its own label, Sephora offers beauty products including makeup, skincare, body, fragrance, nail color. Sephora is owned by luxury conglomerate LVMH as of 1997, the Sephora logo is a white S-shaped flame against a black background. The name comes from the Greek spelling of Zipporah, the most beautiful wife of Moses, Sephora first launched in Paris in a partnership between the UKs Boots PLC and Nouvelles Galeries as a perfumery chain in 1970. It was purchased by Dominique Mandonnaud in 1993, who merged the purchase with his own perfume chain under the Sephora brand, Mandonnaud continued to expand the Sephora brand through the 1990s, opening up its flagship store in Champs Élysées in 1997. In July 1997, Mandonnaud and his partners sold Sephora to LVMH, Sephora opened its first United States store in New York City in 1998 and its first Canadian store in Toronto in 2004. Its North American headquarters is located in San Francisco, with offices in New York City. Sephora currently operates over 360 stores across North America, Sephora launched its online store to the U. S. in 1999 and into Canada in 2003. The Canadian head office was opened in February 2007 by Marie-Christine Marchives, Marie-Christine Marchives returned to France in July 2010 to become the general manager of Sephora France. She was replaced in Canada by Klaus Ryum-Larsen, Sephora currently operates over 1,700 stores in 30 countries worldwide generating over an estimated $4 billion in revenue as of 2013. As of September 2013, the Sephora at Champs Élysées in Paris, France, in 2006, Sephora. com purchased the assets of Eve. com for high six-figures. In 2010, Womens Wear Daily named Sephora the specialty retailer of the year, on 18 November 2014, four customers filed a class action lawsuit against Sephora. On 1 January 2014, Calvin McDonald replaced David Suliteanu as president, Suliteanu was named CEO of Kendo Brands, another business in the LVMH portfolio. In 26 August 2016, Sephora opened its 400th location on the Magnificent Mile in Chicago, the store is the citys new flagship location. In August 2015 it was announced that Sephora would launch a subscription service, the monthly subscription service offers boxes containing five deluxe sample size products and a bonus fragrance sample for $10 a month. Boston, Columbus, and Cincinnati were the three cities to test the initial service launch in September 2015. The service launched throughout the US in 2016, in January 2015 Sephora launched FLASH 2-DAY shipping as a $10 annual subscription service. Note, The service is a subscription service that automatically renews at the end of every 12 month subscription period unless you cancel
Sephora
–
Sephora
Sephora
–
Sephora,
Toronto Eaton Centre,
Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
22.
Thomas Pink
–
Thomas Pink is a modern British shirtmaker which was founded in London in 1984, by three Irish brothers James, Peter and John Mullen. It is now part of the LVMH group, Thomas Pink was founded by the Mullen brothers, who were inspired by Mr. Pink, the 18th-century tailor credited as the originator of hunting pink, used on the scarlet jackets of hunt staff. “The Mullen brothers appreciated the fundamental quirk of British humour that something so obviously red could be referred to as Pink. This quirk so appealed to them that saw it as a tension right at the heart of the brand they founded - namely a mens brand called PINK - an obviously feminine colour ”. In 2011, Thomas Pink announced they were to sponsor the awards for the Leading Rider, in 2012, Thomas Pink commissioned British car maker Morgan to create a four-seater classic sports car. In 2012, Thomas Pink was appointed official outfitter for The British and Irish Lions Tour to Australia 2013, Thomas Pink will provide the players of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales with the official formalwear looks for the tour including blazer, tie and evening wear. In 2014, the Which Shirt Are You campaign was launched, Thomas Pink aligned personalities to shirt fits to highlight the versatility of their shirt range. From 2014 –2016, Thomas Pink collaborated with London Collections, all presentations were held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts. In April 2016, it was announced that Thomas Pink will renew its partnership with the British & Irish Lions during their 2017 tour to New Zealand. They will provide the players with official formal outfits for the tour including the iconic blazer and tie. In October 2016, Thomas Pink launched the Lions Collection, inspired by the outfits that would be worn by the British & Irish Lions on their tour. It was also announced that a club would be established to provide their members with chances to attend events, news. Brian ODriscoll was named as the captain of the Pink Lion Rugby Club, Thomas Pink is sold in 125 locations around the world with its flagship stores in London’s Jermyn Street, Madison Avenue, New York and Rue Francois Premier, Paris. Other key stores include Selfridges London, all terminals at Heathrow Airport, Kings Cross St. Pancras Station, Waterloo Station and Paddington Station. Victorias Secret, which is owned by parent company L Brands, is making efforts to protect its PINK trademarks in the United States, where the British trademark ruling did not have any effect
Thomas Pink
–
Thomas Pink
23.
Fendi
–
Fendi is an Italian luxury fashion house whose specialities include fur, ready-to-wear, leather goods, shoes, fragrances, eyewear, timepieces and accessories. Founded in 1925 in Rome, Fendi is renowned for its fur and fur accessories, Fendi is also well known for its leather goods such as Baguette, 2jours, Peekaboo or Pequin handbags. The house of Fendi was launched in 1925 by Adele and Edoardo Fendi as a fur and leather shop in Via del Plebiscito, since 1946, the five sisters of second generation started entering the company and bought new wave of enthusiasm. Karl Lagerfeld joined Fendi in 1965 and became the Creative Director for Fur, silvia Venturini Fendi, daughter of Anna, joined in 1994 and is the Creative Director for Accessories and Mens lines. Since 2001, Fendi became a luxury fashion brand and member of LVMH group. In 2014, Fendi started making plans to use drones to show its catwalk fashions, Fendi invested more than 2 million euros to help restore the Trevi Fountain in Rome designed by Nicola Salvi in 18th century. The restoration works started June 2014, “It’s about tying us with a city that makes millions of people dream, ” Fendi CEO Pietro Beccari said. Official homepage Fendi – brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory
Fendi
–
Fendi boutique in
The Landmark,
Hong Kong
Fendi
–
Fendi
24.
DKNY
–
DKNY is a New York-based fashion house specializing in fashion goods for men and women, founded in 1984 by Donna Karan. Karan worked for 15 years at Anne Klein, including 10 as its head designer, in 1984 Karan and her late husband Stephan Weiss were offered the opportunity to start their own business by the owner of Anne Klein, Takihyo LLC. The company became a publicly traded venture in 1996, in 2001 it was purchased by the French conglomerate corporation LVMH. In 2015 Donna Karan left as chief designer at Donna Karan International, to focus on her Urban Zen brand, LVMH sold Donna Karan International, with the Donna Karan and DKNY brands, to the GIII Apparel Group in 2016 for $650 million. G-III, based in New York City, is a manufacturer and distributor of clothing and accessories under their brands, licensed brands. In July 1991 she launched her first menswear collection, the New York part on the label is there to set the pace, the attitude of the fashion houses offering. Inspired by her daughter Gaby, Donna Karan founded DKNY in 1989 as a younger, many labels and brands have branched off of the original DKNY brand/label including DKNY Jeans, DKNY Active, DKNY Underwear, DKNY Juniors, DKNY Kids, DKNY Pure. DKNY Men, launched in 1992, consists of tailored suits, dress wear, formalwear, casual wear, sportswear, the Donna Karan Beauty collection, which specializes in fragrances, was launched in 1992. In 2001, the Donna Karan Home collection, which includes traditional luxury bedding and accessories, and DKNY Home, cara Delevingne has been the face of DKNY for multiple seasons. Stores opened in London in 1997 and New York City in 1999, the DKNY headquarters is located at 550 Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, New York. DKNY has also opened stores in Denmark. Since 2005, Donna Karan has offered online shopping of its DKNY, products range from DKNY and DKNY Jeans womenswear, accessories, underwear, shoes, baby clothing, the PURE collection to DKNY menswear. The latter was available up until the spring 2002 season, since then only the DKNY Jeans label, underwear, eyewear and watches have been offered online for men. After Stanton learned of the use of his photography, he publicly asked DKNY to donate $100,000 to the YMCA to help with summer programs, amidst strong criticism on social media sites, DKNY apologized and donated $25,000 to the YMCA. Stanton then asked his followers on the HONY Facebook page to make up the difference to reach his goal of $100,000. Today she is looking to sell off its Donna Karan business, less than a year after the fashion designer stepped down from her namesake brand, negotiations are reported to be “ongoing, but a price has not yet been agreed, ” Official website Original Donna Karan website
DKNY
–
DKNY glasses with a black outer frame and blue inside the frame.
25.
La Samaritaine
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La Samaritaine was a large department store in Paris, France, located in the first arrondissement. The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf, directly in front at the quai du Louvre and it is currently owned by LVMH, a luxury-goods maker. The store, which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s, was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes. In 2010 it was announced that a Japanese firm had been chosen to redesign the building as a combination hotel/apartments/offices. The store was first opened in 1869 by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ, his wife and incidentally the first clothing vendor at Le Bon Marché, a rival department store. Cognacq began his trade selling ties under an umbrella on the Pont Neuf, then took a space on the rue de la Monnaie, starting out on a small scale with a very small boutique. By 1900, the couple had decided to expand their enterprise, giving birth to the edifice seen today. Inspired by the methods of Aristide Boucicaut to those of Le Bon Marché. Cognacq arranged La Samaritaine as a collection of individually owned stores, through the steady acquisition of neighboring buildings, Ernest Cognacq regularly expanded what could no longer be called a boutique. The surrounding city blocks were entirely reworked and reconstructed progressively from 1883 to 1933, further structural changes were successfully completed in 1933 by Henri Sauvage who, in his turn, reworked the architecture to reflect the aesthetic principles of Art Déco. The result was a department store, one that is today considered a historical monument. La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH, the company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché. On 15 June 2005, in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security, or for purposes of restructuring, as the labor unions believe, LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building. The name La Samaritaine comes from a used to draw river water for public use, adjacent to the Pont Neuf. On the front of the pump was a gilded bas-relief of the Samaritan Woman drawing water for Jesus as described in the Fourth Chapter of Johns Gospel. Cognacq began operating under a canopy in a stand he set up in one of the bridges characteristic corbeilles or semi-circular balconies, La Samaritaine was well known in the 20th century for its rooftop café, which afforded excellent views of the city. La Samaritaine featured in the 1991 film Les Amants du Pont-Neuf and part of the 2012 film Holy Motors is set in and around the shell of the building, both directed by Leos Carax. The rooftop café of La Samaritaine and a clip of Pont Neuf also feature in the 2002 movie The Bourne Identity, directed by Doug Liman
La Samaritaine
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La Samaritaine as seen from the
Pont Neuf
La Samaritaine
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Old signage above the entrance to La Samaritaine, 2010
La Samaritaine
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Health spa at La Samaritaine, April 1898
26.
Christian de Portzamparc
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Christian de Portzamparc is a French architect and urbanist. He won the Pritzker Prize in 1994, De Portzamparc was born in Casablanca, Morocco in 1944, when that country was a French protectorate, to a family of Breton noble descent. I also began to criticize my first influences like Le Corbusier, nevertheless, he returned to his studies in the 1967 academic year and would graduate from the Beaux-Arts in 1969. He created his agency in 1980, supported by Marie-Élisabeth Nicoleau, Étienne Pierrès and Bertrand Beau, and later welcomed Bruno Durbecq, Céline Barda, Léa Xu, André Terzibachian and Clovis Cunha. Based in Paris, the agency has ‘satellite’ offices near building sites, in addition to offices in New York and Rio de Janeiro, both an architect and urban planner, Christian de Portzamparc is implicated in the research of form and meaning, as well as being a constructer. His work focuses on research over speculation and concerns the quality of life, aesthetics are conditioned by ethics, the growth of Christian de Portzamparc’s urban projects through competitions and studies led to an evolution of methods, a practical result of theoretical research and analysis. Christian de Portzamparc’s iconic buildings, urban poles of attraction, create environments wherein the interior and exterior spaces interpenetrate, in 1994, Christian de Portzamparc became the first French architect to gain the prestigious “Pritzker Architectural Prize”, at the age of 50. In 1999, he created the twenty-three story LVMH Tower on East 57th Street in New York City and, later, in 2006, the Collège de France created a 53rd chair dedicated ‘artistic creation’, and called on Christian de Portzamparc to be its first occupant. La tour LVMH, entretien avec C. de Portzamparc «Portzamparc ou l’esprit des lieux». «Christian de Portzamparc The LVMH Tower», J. Giovannini, F. Rambert, De la danse - école du ballet de L’Opéra de Paris, C. de Portzamparc La cité de la musique, M. Bleuse, P. Boulez, S. Goldberg, J-C
Christian de Portzamparc
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2003-2008 Hotel Renaissance Wagram in
Paris
Christian de Portzamparc
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2001-2009 Hergé museum, Louvain-la-Neuve in
Belgium
Christian de Portzamparc
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1984-1995 The City of Music in
Paris Photo Nicolas Borel
Christian de Portzamparc
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Philharmonie Luxembourg (1997-2005)
27.
LVMH Tower
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The LVMH Tower is the United States headquarters of LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, which opened in 1999. It is a 24-story skyscraper on East 57th Street in Manhattan, near Madison Avenue, the building has received widespread praise from architecture critics. The building opened on December 8,1999, with a gala that included a model wearing a Galliano gown whose 60-foot train cascaded down the facade. The building occupies a site between a 1920s bank building and the 1995 American headquarters of Chanel S. A. and across the street from 590 Madison Avenue. In contrast to all of these, it is clad in glass, an eleven-story base includes ground-level store space for Christian Dior, designed by Peter Marino, with a metal strip above it that acts as a unifying element. A blue glass cube at the center of the fold on the 10th floor resembles a gem, the facade also uses ultra-clear low-iron glass. It has set a precedent for other buildings erected by manufacturers of luxury goods, at night, the white section of the building is lighted in pale green and violet and the other half recedes, neon tubes under the front fold provide a slash of changing colored light. Each business within the LVMH group has its own floor in the building, the interior design, by the Hillier Group, de Portzamparcs U. S. This is entered in dramatic fashion down a stairway from a mezzanine floor. A planned addition, including an obelisk echoing the IBM Building, the LMVH Tower has met with praise from architecture critics. Architecture called it one of the most serious and significant structures in the city in recent years, herbert Muschamp, writing in The New York Times, called it he most important building to be completed in New York in years. The spirit of Art Deco, but said that rather than merely imitating Art Deco skyscrapers of the past, the Architecture critic also called this the one great space and referred to the elevators and offices as cram, not glam and stuffed. Huxtable noted that the lobby was intended to seem larger by means of lighted white glass panels. LVMH Louis Vuitton-Moët Hennessy Tower at NYC Architecture. com
LVMH Tower
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LVMH Tower
LVMH Tower
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LVMH Tower seen from 57th Street
28.
Boo.com
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Boo. com was a British Internet company, founded by Swedes Ernst Malmsten, Kajsa Leander and Patrik Hedelin, which went out of business following the dot-com boom of the late 1990s. After several highly publicized delays, Boo. com launched in the autumn of 1999 selling branded fashion apparel over the Internet, the company spent $135 million of venture capital in just 18 months, and it was placed into receivership on 18 May 2000 and liquidated. In June 2008, CNET hailed Boo. com as one of the greatest dot-com busts in history, Ernst Malmsten wrote about the experience in a book called Boo Hoo, A dot. com Story from Concept to Catastrophe, published in 2001. The company had its headquarters along Carnaby Street in London in a building which it shared with the Erotic Review Magazine. The company initially had 40 employees, in October 1999, it had a total of eight offices and 400 employees in Amsterdam, Munich, New York City, Paris, and Stockholm. It relaunched in fall 2000 with Kate Buggeln, a salesperson and Internet consultant. She told Womens Wear Daily that they were working to expand beyond the business model into Boo products. Indeed, sales had grown rapidly and were around $500,000 for the prior to the site being shut down. The fundamental problem was that the company was following an extremely aggressive growth plan and this plan was founded on the assumption of the ready availability of venture capital money to see the company through the first few years of trading until sales caught up with operating expenses. Such capital ceased to be available for all purposes in the second quarter of 2000 following dramatic falls in the NASDAQ presaging the dot crash following the Dot-com bubble. Boo was only one of numerous similar Dot-com company failures over the subsequent two years, the boo. com website was widely criticized as poorly designed for its target audience, going against many usability conventions. The site relied heavily on JavaScript and Flash technology to display pseudo-3D views of wares as well as Miss Boo, the sites front page contained the warning, this site is designed for 56K modems and above. The complicated design required the site to be displayed in a fixed-size window, navigation techniques changed as the customer moved around the site. The same basic questions then had to be answered again until results were found, Boo. com spent £125 million in just six months. Boo. coms sales did not match expectations, due partly to a rate of product returns. Poor management and a lack of communication between departments resulted in growth in costs. The effectiveness of an ad campaign was limited because the website was not ready in time. Staff and contractors were recruited in large numbers, with a lack of direction and executive decision about how people were required
Boo.com
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The Boo.com Homepage as it appeared in May 2000.
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