1.
Camden, South Carolina
–
Camden is a city in, and the county seat of, Kershaw County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 6,838 in the 2010 census and it is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the United States Census Bureau, Camden has an area of 10.68 square miles. Camden is the oldest inland city and fourth oldest city in South Carolina and it is near the center of the Cofitachequi chiefdom that existed in the 1500s. In 1730, Camden became part of a township plan ordered by King George II, in 1758, Joseph Kershaw, from Yorkshire, England came into the township, established a store and renamed the town Pine Tree Hill. Camden became the main trade center in the colony. Kershaw suggested that the town be renamed Camden, in honor of Lord Camden, may 1780 brought the American Revolution to Charleston, South Carolina, when it fell under the Crowns control. Lord Charles Cornwallis and 2,500 of his Loyalist and British troops marched to Camden, the latter battle was a costly win for the British, and forced them to leave Camden and retreat to the coast. After the Revolution, Camdens prominence and wealth grew as a major trading town with direct ties to Charleston. Camden, although not involved directly with the Civil War, did send six generals who contributed significantly, richard Rowland Kirkland - The Angel of Maryes Heights - is interred in the Old Quaker Cemetery. At the end of the war, components of Shermans army burned Confederate, the last Federal officer killed in the Civil War died in a skirmish near Camden. Starting in the mid-1880s the Camden area became a popular destination for wealthy northern families to spend the winter. Eventually three resort hotels provided state of the art winter tourism activities well into the 1930s and beyond, the town became associated with many equestrian activities, and is now the home of the third oldest active polo field in America. In the winter, more than 1,500 thoroughbreds call the area home, according to Kershaw County’s web site, “Horse related activities became very popular. That interest in equine activities has continued and today the industry is a major part of the county economy. For that reason, the county is known as the ‘Steeplechase Capital of the World’, as of the census of 2010, there were 6,838 people residing in the city limits, in 2,967 households and 1,800 families. The population density was 692.2 people per square mile, there were 3,544 housing units at an average density of 331.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 62. 2% White,35. 1% African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 7% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander,2. 7% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races
Camden, South Carolina
–
Original Kershaw County courthouse in Camden
Camden, South Carolina
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The Kershaw House, Georgian mansion first built, 1775-1780, by Joseph Kershaw, merchant and leading citizen of Camden became the headquarters for the occupying British army, 1780-1781. It burned in 1865, and was the object of an
archaeological dig in 1968. Then it was rebuilt from 1974-1977.
2.
South Carolina
–
South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
South Carolina
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Released in 2000
South Carolina
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Flag
South Carolina
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Table Rock State Park in the mountains of South Carolina
South Carolina
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Francis Marion National Forest in
Berkeley County
3.
Manhattan, New York City
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan, New York City
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan, New York City
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan, New York City
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The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan, New York City
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J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
4.
City College of New York
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The City College of the City University of New York is a public senior college of the City University of New York in New York City. Located on a hill overlooking Harlem in Manhattan, City Colleges 35-acre Collegiate Gothic campus spans Convent Avenue from 130th to 141st Streets and it was initially designed by renowned architect George B. Post, and many of its buildings have achieved landmark status, affectionately known as the Harvard of the proletariat, the college has graduated more Nobel Prize winners than any other public university in the United States. Among these 10 alumni, the latest is a Bronx native, founded in 1847, City College was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States. It is the oldest of CUNYs 24 institutions of higher learning, the City College of New York was founded as the Free Academy of the City of New York in 1847 by wealthy businessman and president of the Board of Education Townsend Harris. A combination prep school and college, it would provide children of immigrants, in 1847, New York State Governor John Young had given permission to the Board of Education to found the Free Academy, which was ratified in a statewide referendum. Dr. Horace Webster, a West Point graduate, was the first president of the Free Academy. In 1847, a curriculum was adopted which had nine main fields, mathematics, history, language, literature, drawing, natural philosophy, experimental philosophy, law, and political economy. The Academys first graduation took place in 1853 in Niblos Garden Theatre, even in its early years, the Free Academy showed tolerance for diversity, especially in comparison to its urban neighbor, Columbia College, which was exclusive to the sons of wealthy families. The Free Academy had a framework of tolerance that extended beyond the admission of students from every social stratum, in 1854, Columbias trustees denied Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, a distinguished chemist and scientist, a faculty position because of Gibbss Unitarian religious beliefs. Gibbs was a professor and held an appointment at the Free Academy since 1848, later in the history of CCNY, in the early 1900s, President John H. Finley gave the College a more secular orientation by abolishing mandatory chapel attendance. This change occurred at a time when more Jewish students were enrolling in the College, in 1866, the Free Academy, a mens institution, was renamed the College of the City of New York. In 1929, the College of the City of New York became the City College of New York, the names City College of New York and City College, however, remain in general use. With the name change in 1866, lavender was chosen as the Colleges color, in 1867, the academic senate, the first student government in the nation, was formed. Having struggled over the issue for ten years, in 1895 the New York State legislature voted to let the College build a new campus. A four-square block site was chosen, located in Manhattanville, within the area which was enclosed by the North Campus Arches, like President Webster, the second president of City College was a West Point graduate. The second president, General Alexander S. Webb, assumed office in 1869, one of the Unions heroes at Gettysburg, General Webb was the commander of the Philadelphia Brigade. When the Union Army repulsed the Confederates at Cemetery Hill, General Webb played a role in the battle
City College of New York
–
The City College of New York
City College of New York
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Shepard Hall, rear entrance, looking east from Convent Avenue, City College of New York, 2010.
City College of New York
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City College of New York in 2010, North Campus, looking west. Wingate Hall on the left, Townsend Harris Hall in the background.
City College of New York
–
A view of the original entrance to Shepard Hall, the main building of City College of New York, in the early 1900s, on its new campus in
Hamilton Heights, from St. Nicholas Avenue looking up westward to St. Nicholas Terrace.
5.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
–
A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
6.
Saratoga Race Course
–
Saratoga Race Course is a thoroughbred horse racing track in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States, with a capacity of 50,000. Opened in 1863, it is the fourth oldest racetrack in the US, Saratoga Springs was the site of standardbred racing as early as 1847. On August 3,1863, casino operator and future congressman John Morrissey organized the first thoroughbred race card on the previously used for harness racing. The current course was opened across the street from the old standardbred track the following year, among those instrumental to the creation of the Saratoga Race Course were John Hunter, William R. Travers, John Morrissey, and Cornelius Vanderbilt. The Saratoga meet originally lasted four days. The meet has been lengthened gradually since that time, for many decades, the meet today lasts a total of 40 racing days, with races held six days per week, and traditionally ends on Labor Day. Saratoga Race Course has been in use almost every year since 1864, the course was closed in 1896 due to increasing competition among thoroughbred tracks, making the meet at Saratoga not viable that season. Anti-gambling legislation, which had passed in New York, resulted in a cessation in all thoroughbred racing in that state during 1911 and 1912, the tracks first parimutuel betting machines were installed in 1940. From 1943 to 1945, racing was curtailed at Saratoga due to restrictions during World War II. During those years, the stakes races held at Saratoga Race Course were instead contested at Belmont Park. The late 1800s were a period of decline for the Race Course, in 1892 it was purchased by notorious gambler Gottfried Dutch Fred Waldbaum, the operator of the notorious Guttenberg racetrack in North Bergen, New Jersey. Finally it was purchased in 1901 by a group of investors led by William Collins Whitney, in the 1960s, the grandstand was extended, doubling the tracks seating capacity. In 1999, Saratoga Race Course was rated as Sports Illustrateds #10 sports venue of the 20th Century, Saratoga Race Course has several nicknames, The Spa, the House of Upsets, and the Graveyard of Champions. Steeplechase races are run at Saratoga Race Course and take place on the inner turf course. The Oklahoma Training Track, which is across Union Avenue from the course, is used for warmups. The Oklahoma Training Track site was the location of the used for racing at the inaugural meet in 1863. On August 3,2013, the new Whitney Viewing Stand opened at the Oklahoma Track and it allows public viewing of workouts at the track, replicating a former stand from the 19th century. A former distinctive feature of Saratoga Race Courses dirt track was the Wilson Mile chute, which branched off from the clubhouse turn at a 90-degree angle
Saratoga Race Course
Saratoga Race Course
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The Main Track in 1907
Saratoga Race Course
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Race course from Union Avenue
Saratoga Race Course
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Winslow Homer drawing from August 1865
Harper's Weekly
7.
Stock investor
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A stock trader or equity trader or share trader is a person or company involved in trading equity securities. Stock traders may be an agent, hedger, arbitrageur, speculator, a stock investor is an individual or company who puts money to use by the purchase of equity securities, offering potential profitable returns, as interest, income, or appreciation in value. This buy-and-hold long term strategy is passive in nature, as opposed to speculation, many stock speculators will trade bonds as well. Stock speculators are often categorized as stock traders, if trading in that capacity. Individuals or firms trading equity on the markets as their principal capacity are often called stock traders. Stock speculators usually try to profit from price volatility with trades lasting anywhere from several seconds to several weeks. The stock speculator is usually a professional, persons can call themselves full or part-time stock traders/investors while maintaining other professions. When a stock speculator/investor has clients, and acts as a manager or adviser with the intention of adding value to their clients finances. In this case, the manager could be an independent professional or a large bank corporation employee. These organized investors, are referred to as institutional investors. Several different types of trading strategies or approaches exist including day trading, trend following, market making, scalping, momentum trading, trading the news. They rely primarily on fundamental analysis for their investment decisions and fully recognize stock shares as part-ownership in the company, however, during the 2001-2003 equity bear market, the buy-and-hold strategy lost some followers as broader market indexes like the NASDAQ saw their values decline by over 60%. Stock traders advise shareholders and help manage portfolios, traders engage in buying and selling bonds, stocks, futures and shares in hedge funds. A stock trader also conducts research and observation of how financial markets perform. Other duties of a stock trader include comparison of financial analysis to current, professional stock traders who work for a financial company, are required to complete an internship of up to four months before becoming established in their career field. In the United States, for example, internship is followed up by taking and passing a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority-administered Series 63 or 65 exam, Stock traders who pass demonstrate familiarity with U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission compliant practices and regulation. Stock traders with experience usually obtain a degree in a financial. Supervisory positions as a trader may usually require an MBA for advanced stock market analysis, the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that growth for stock and commodities traders was forecast to be greater than 21% between 2006 and 2016
Stock investor
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Historical photo of stock traders and
stockbrokers in the
trading floor of the
New York Stock Exchange (1963).
Stock investor
–
A view of a computerized
trading floor at the
Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
Stock investor
–
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission headquarters in
Washington, D.C..
Stock investor
–
Crowd gathering on
Wall Street after the
Wall Street Crash of 1929.
8.
Philanthropist
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Philanthropy means etymologically, the love of humanity, in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing, and enhancing what it means to be human. In this meaning, it both the benefactor in their identifying and exercising their values, and the beneficiary in their receipt. A person who practices philanthropy is called a philanthropist, Philanthropy has distinguishing features from charity, not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa, though there is a recognized degree of overlap in practice. The literal, classical definitions and understandings of the term philanthropy derive from its origins in the Greek φιλανθρωπία, the most conventional modern definition is private initiatives, for public good, focusing on quality of life. This combines the social scientific aspect developed in the century with the humanistic tradition. These distinctions have been analyzed by Olivier Zunz, and others, instances of philanthropy commonly overlap with instances of charity, though not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa. The difference commonly cited is that charity relieves the pains of social problems, the first use of the noun form philanthrôpía came shortly thereafter, in the early Platonic dialogue Euthyphro. Socrates is reported to have said that his out of his thoughts freely to his listeners was his philanthrôpía. In the second century CE, Plutarch used the concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings and this Classically synonymous troika, of philanthropy, the humanities, and liberal education, declined with the replacement of the classical world by Christianity. During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded by Caritas charity, selfless love, Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s, who is largely credited with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture. Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with goodness, which correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue, then in the 1700s, an influential lexical figurehead by the name of Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as love of mankind, good nature. This definition still survives today and is cited more gender-neutrally as the love of humanity. However, it was Noah Webster who would more accurately reflect the usage in American English. The precise meaning of philanthropy is still a matter of some contention, nevertheless, there are some working definitions to which the community associated with the field of philanthropic studies most commonly subscribes. The Greeks adopted the love of humanity as an ideal, whose goal was excellence —the fullest self-development, of a body, mind, and spirit. The Platonic Academys philosophical dictionary defined Philanthropy as a state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity, just as Prometheus human-empowering gifts rebelled against the tyranny of Zeus, philanthropic was also associated with freedom and democracy. Both Socrates and the laws of Athens were described as philanthropic and democratic, gradually there emerged a non-religious agricultural infrastructure based on peasant farming organized into manors, which were, in turn, organized for law and order by feudalism. Francis Bacon in 1592 wrote in a letter that his vast contemplative ends expressed his philanthropic, Henry Cockeram, in his English dictionary, cited philanthropy as a synonym for humanity—thus reaffirming the Classical formulation
Philanthropist
–
The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.
Philanthropist
–
Andrew Carnegie 's philanthropy.
Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903
Philanthropist
–
John D. Rockefeller in 1885
Philanthropist
–
Front building of the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in
Seattle
9.
Business
–
A business is an organizational entity involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers. Businesses may also be social non-profit enterprises or state-owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social, a business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organise as a partnership. Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the business entities. The word business can refer to an organization or to an entire market sector or to the sum of all economic activity. Compound forms such as agribusiness represent subsets of the broader meaning. Businesses aim to maximize sales to have their income exceed their expenditures, resulting in a profit, the owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, partnership, A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business, the three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are, general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships. Corporation, The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned and they can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, a privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange. Cooperative, Often referred to as a co-op, a cooperative is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit, a cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives, cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are not as protected. Franchises, A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open, franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business. Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties – including land, residential homes, retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers, they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers, transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee
Business
–
Offices in the
Los Angeles Downtown Financial District
Business
10.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
11.
Woodrow Wilson
–
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born in Staunton, Virginia, he spent his years in Augusta, Georgia and Columbia. In 1910, he was the New Jersey Democratic Partys gubernatorial candidate and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, while in office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. The Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes in the presidential election of 1916. By a narrow margin, he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms, Wilsons second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. On the home front, he raised taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the publics purchase of Liberty Bonds. In his 1915 State of the Union Address, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917, the crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury, Navy and he gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty. The treaty was met with concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power, forming a strategy for re-election, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third-term nomination was overlooked. Wilson was a devoted Presbyterian and Georgist, and he infused his views of morality into his domestic and he appointed several well known radically progressive single taxers to prominent positions in his administration. His ideology of internationalism is now referred to as Wilsonian, an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy and he was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilsons paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland and his mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow
Woodrow Wilson
–
President Wilson in 1919
Woodrow Wilson
–
Wilson c. mid 1870s
Woodrow Wilson
–
Ellen Axson Wilson (1883)
Woodrow Wilson
–
daughters Jessie and Margaret
12.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
–
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
Franklin D. Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt in 1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
–
The birthplace of FDR at Springwood.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt sailing with half-niece Helen and father James, 1899.
13.
Economics
–
Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system
Economics
–
Economists study trade, production and consumption decisions, such as those that occur in a traditional
marketplace.
Economics
–
World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2014)
Economics
–
In
Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured:
São Paulo Stock Exchange, Brazil.
Economics
–
A map showing the main
trade routes for goods within
late medieval Europe.
14.
American Jews
–
American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
American Jews
–
David René de Rothschild
American Jews
–
Betty Friedan
American Jews
–
Rashida Jones
American Jews
–
Joe Lieberman, he was the first Jewish Democratic Party vice-presidential candidate.
15.
Herman B. Baruch
–
Baruch was an American physician and diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to the Netherlands and Portugal. Herman Benjamin Baruch was born in Camden, South Carolina on April 28,1872, Baruch practiced medicine in New York City, and later became a partner with his brothers Bernard, Hartwig and Sailing in Baruch Brothers, an investment bank and stock brokerage. Baruch was a Delegate to the 1932 Democratic National Convention, and was also a presidential elector, in 1943 Baruch was appointed representative of the U. S. Board of Economic Warfare in Brazil and special advisor to the U. S. Ambassador in that country, in 1945 Baruch was appointed United States Ambassador to Portugal. He served until 1947, when he was named United States Ambassador to the Netherlands, Baruch served at The Hague until 1949, when he resigned as part of his brother Bernards dispute with President Harry S. Truman. On his list of appointments for September 5,1945 Truman described his 11,15 AM meeting with Herman Baruch, wants to be ambassador to France. After returning to the United States, Baruch became President of the Simon Baruch Foundation and he was a Delegate to the 1952 Democratic National Convention. Baruch died in Wyandanch, New York on March 15,1953 and he is buried in Flushing Cemetery, Queens, New York. Herman Benjamin Baruch record of service, Office of the Historian, United States Department of State
Herman B. Baruch
–
Herman Baruch (1947)
16.
Episcopal Church (United States)
–
The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
Episcopal Church (United States)
–
St. Luke's Church, built during the 17th century near
Smithfield, Virginia. It is the oldest Anglican church building to have survived largely intact in North America.
Episcopal Church (United States)
–
The
arms of the Episcopal Church includes both a
St. George's cross and a
St. Andrew's cross composed of nine
cross crosslets
Episcopal Church (United States)
–
Bruton Parish Church in
Colonial Williamsburg, established in 1674. The current building was completed in 1715.
Episcopal Church (United States)
–
Old North Church in
Boston. Inspired by the work of
Christopher Wren, it was completed in 1723.
17.
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange in 2012.
New York Stock Exchange
–
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
–
The Stock Exchange at 10–12 Broad Street, in 1882
18.
United Daughters of the Confederacy
–
The name United Daughters of the Confederacy is a registered trademark, registered with the U. S. The organization was incorporated on July 18,1919, the trustees of the corporation are the President-General, Recording Secretary-General, and Treasurer-General. The UDC is an organization and it meets the requirements of the United States Internal Revenue Service Code 501 as a tax-exempt organization. The headquarters is located in the Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy,328 North Boulevard, Richmond and it was designed by Theus Bros. of Savannah. They were strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead and they also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most of these memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization. The number of clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering. Brundage notes that after womens suffrage came in 1920, the role of the womens organizations eroded. After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups, the UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways, the UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed over US$82,000 for French, the homefront campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and savings stamps. Members also donated $800,000 to the Red Cross, during World War II, they gave financial aid to student nurses. The UDC donated $50,000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of Vanderbilt University in 1935. By August 2016, the university returned $1.2 million to the UDC after the board of trust, backed by anonymous donors and they also recommended structures for the memoirs. By the turn of the century, a dozen memoirs by southern women were published. They constituted part of the public memory about the antebellum years. The Children of the Confederacy, also known as the CofC, is an organization to the UDC. The official name is Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and it comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday
United Daughters of the Confederacy
–
UDC marker at the
Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site
United Daughters of the Confederacy
–
Official Badge
United Daughters of the Confederacy
–
"Children of the Confederacy Creed"
plaque at the
Texas State Capitol
19.
Confederate States of America
–
The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
Confederate States of America
–
Alexander Stephens CSA Vice President; old Whig friend of Lincoln; author of 'Cornerstone Speech'
Confederate States of America
–
Flag (1861–1863)
Confederate States of America
–
William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession".
Confederate States of America
–
William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention.
20.
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
–
It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. The main result was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on the aggression of Germany and this provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for the expensive reparations Germany was intended to pay. They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, the conference opened on 18 January 1919. Key recommendations were folded into the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the five major powers controlled the Conference. Amongst the Big Five, in practice Japan played a small role, the four met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by other attendees. The open meetings of all the approved the decisions made by the Big Four. The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920 with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations, the main result was the Treaty of Versailles, with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on the aggression of Germany and her allies. This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay, republican Germany was not invited to attend the conference at Versailles. Representatives of White Russia were present, a central issue of the Conference was the disposition of the overseas colonies of Germany. The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice, Australia wanted New Guinea, New Zealand wanted Samoa, and South Africa wanted South West Africa. Wilson wanted the League of Nations to administer all the German colonies until such time as they were ready for independence, Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions, and he proposed a compromise that there be three types of mandates. Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category, they would be divided up between Britain and France, Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution. The dominions received Class C Mandates to the colonies they wanted, Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the equator. Wilson wanted no mandates for the United States, his top advisor Colonel House was deeply involved in awarding the others, Wilson was especially offended by Australian demands. He and Hughes had some clashes, with the most famous being, Wilson, But after all. Hughes, I represent sixty thousand dead, prior to Wilsons arrival in Europe in December 1918, no American president had ever visited Europe while in office. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era, in doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism, a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles. Once Wilson arrived, however, he found rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged and he worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French and British delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe, as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
–
Detail from
William Orpen 's painting The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919, showing the signing of the peace treaty by the German Minister of Transport Dr
Johannes Bell, opposite to the representatives of the winning powers.
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
–
"The Big Four" made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right,
David Lloyd George of Britain,
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy,
Georges Clemenceau of France,
Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.)
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
–
The British Air Section at the Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
–
The Australian delegation. At the center is Australian Prime Minister
Billy Hughes
21.
World War I reparations
–
World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers. Each of the powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation Austria, Hungary, and Turkey found themselves in after the war, few to no reparations were paid, Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. The Treaty of Versailles and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required Germany to pay 132 billion gold marks in reparations to cover damage caused during the war. This figure was divided into three categories of bonds, A, B, and C, of these, Germany was only required to pay towards A and B bonds totaling 50 billion marks. The remaining C bonds, which Germany did not have to pay, were designed to deceive the Anglo-French public into believing Germany was being fined and punished for the war. This plan outlined a new payment method and raised international loans to help Germany to meet her reparation commitments, with the collapse of the German economy in 1931, reparations were suspended for a year and in 1932 during the Lausanne Conference they were cancelled altogether. Between 1919 and 1932, Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations, the German people saw reparations as a national humiliation, the German Government worked to undermine the validity of the Treaty of Versailles and the requirement to pay. British economist John Maynard Keynes called the treaty a Carthaginian peace that would economically destroy Germany and his arguments had a profound effect on historians, politicians, and the public at large. In 1914, the First World War broke out, for the next four years fighting raged across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points, in part, this speech called for Germany to withdraw from the territory it had occupied and for the formation of a League of Nations. During the fourth quarter of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse, in particular, the German military was decisively defeated on the Western Front and the German navy mutinied, prompting domestic uprisings that became known as the German Revolution. Most of the major battles occurred in France and the French countryside was heavily scarred in the fighting. Furthermore, in 1918 during the German retreat, German troops devastated Frances most industrialized region in the north-east, extensive looting took place as German forces removed whatever material they could use and destroyed the rest. Hundreds of mines were destroyed along with railways, bridges, prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau was determined, for these reasons, that any just peace required Germany to pay reparations for the damage it had caused. Clemenceau viewed reparations as a way of weakening Germany to ensure it could never threaten France again, Reparations would also go towards the reconstruction costs in other countries, including Belgium, which was also directly affected by the war. He also argued that reparations should include war pensions for disabled veterans and allowances for war widows, Wilson opposed these positions and was adamant that no indemnity should be imposed upon Germany. The Paris Peace Conference opened on 18 January 1919, aiming to establish a peace between the Allied and Central Powers
World War I reparations
–
Avocourt, 1918, one of the many destroyed French villages where reconstruction would be funded by reparations
World War I reparations
–
Demonstration against the Treaty of Versailles, in front of the
Reichstag.
World War I reparations
–
Trains loaded with machinery deliver their cargo as reparation payment in kind.
World War I reparations
–
Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923
Munich Gymnastics Festival. The sign on the left reads "The Ruhr remains German". The right placard reads "We never want to be vassals".
22.
League of Nations
–
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, at its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, however, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them, after a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, the onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years, the United Nations replaced it after the end of the Second World War on 20 April 1946 and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, the organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were held to help refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure consisted of a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League, at the start of the 20th century, two power blocs emerged from alliances between the European Great Powers. It was these alliances that, at the start of the First World War in 1914 and this was the first major war in Europe between industrialised countries, and the first time in Western Europe that the results of industrialisation had been dedicated to war. By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had an impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe. Anti-war sentiment rose across the world, the First World War was described as the war to end all wars, the causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term League of Nations in 1914, together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. The group became more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party. In Dickinsons 1915 pamphlet After the War he wrote of his League of Peace as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation
League of Nations
–
The
1864 Geneva Convention, one of the earliest formulations of
international law.
League of Nations
–
1939–41 semi-official flag
League of Nations
–
Lord Bryce, one of the earliest advocates for a League of Nations.
League of Nations
–
The official opening of the League of Nations, 15 November 1920
23.
Army Distinguished Service Medal
–
The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. Exceptional performance of duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration. Separate Distinguished Service Medals exist for the different branches of the military as well as a version of the medal which is a senior award of the United States Department of Defense. The Army version of the Distinguished Service Medal is typically referred to simply as the Distinguished Service Medal while the branches of service use the service name as a prefix. However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of positions of great importance. The Coat of Arms of the United States in Gold surrounded by a circle of Dark Blue enamel,1 ½ inches in diameter, on the reverse is a scroll for the name of the recipient upon a trophy of flags and weapons. The medal is suspended by a bar attached to the ribbon, the ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the following stripes, 5/16 inch Scarlet 67111, 1/16 inch Ultramarine Blue 67118, 5/8 inch White 67101, 1/16 inch Ultramarine Blue, 5/16 inch Scarlet. Additional awards of the Distinguished Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters, the performance must be such as to merit recognition for service which is clearly exceptional. Exceptional performance of duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration. However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of positions of great importance. The following are authorized components of the Distinguished Service Medal and applicable specifications, Decoration, NSN for replacement medal is 8455-00-246-3830. The Distinguished Service Medal was authorized by Presidential Order dated 01-02-1918 and it was announced by War Department General Order No. The Act of Congress on 07-09-1918, recognized the need for different types and degrees of heroism and meritorious service, the current statutory authorization for the Distinguished Service Medal is Title 10, United States Code, Section 3743. From July 1,1941 to June 6,1969, when the Army stopped publishing awards of the DSM in Department of the Army General Orders, General Martin Dempsey has the record for the greatest number of awards received of the Army Distinguished Service Medal at six. He also received a Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, generals of the Army Douglas MacArthur and Dwight Eisenhower are tied with five awards received of the Army Distinguished Service Medal. They also each received one award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, davison, who led the Angels of Bataan and Corregidor during their imprisonment by the Japanese, and Colonel William S. Taylor, Program Manager Multiple Launch Rocket System. Among notable civilian recipients are Harry L. Hopkins, Robert S. McNamara, bliss - US Army Chief of Staff General Peyton C. Ridgeway - US Army Chief of Staff General Maxwell D, Colonel Herbert H. Lehman - Governor of New York and United States Senator
Army Distinguished Service Medal
–
Army Distinguished Service Medal
24.
New Deal
–
The New Deal was a series of programs, including, most notably, Social Security, that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as executive orders during the first term of the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Republicans were split, with opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth. By 1936 the term liberal typically was used for supporters of the New Deal, from 1934 to 1938, Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavours by a pro-spender majority in Congress. In the 1938 midterm elections, however, Roosevelt and his supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition. Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal and a Second New Deal, with the one more liberal. The First New Deal dealt with the banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act. The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash, the controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal. The economic downturn of 1937–38, and the split between the AFL and CIO labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938. Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal Conservative Coalition, by 1942–43 they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps and blocked major liberal proposals. Roosevelt himself turned his attention to the war effort, and won reelection in 1940 and 1944, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional, however the AAA was rewritten and then upheld. As the first Republican president elected after Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower left the New Deal largely intact, Johnsons Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs, which Republican Richard M. Nixon generally retained. After 1974, however, the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support, the New Deal regulation of banking was suspended in the 1990s. The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System, the phrase New Deal was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt, Stuart Chase. Although the term was used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third, prices fell by 20%, causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder. Unemployment in the U. S. increased from 4% to 25%, additionally, one-third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part-time on much smaller paychecks. In the aggregate, almost 50% of the nations human work-power was going unused, before the New Deal, there was no insurance on deposits at banks
New Deal
–
Top left: The
Tennessee Valley Authority, part of the New Deal, being signed into law in 1933. Top right: President Roosevelt was responsible for initiatives and programs of the New Deal. Bottom: A public mural from one of the artists employed by the Works Progress Administration, part of the New Deal.
New Deal
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
New Deal
–
1935 cartoon by
Vaughn Shoemaker; he parodied the New Deal as a card game with alphabetical agencies.
New Deal
–
Roosevelt's ebullient public personality, conveyed through his declaration that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" and his "fireside chats" on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation's confidence.
25.
National Recovery Administration
–
The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U. S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933. The goal was to eliminate competition by bringing industry, labor. The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act and allowed industries to get together, the codes were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours, as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold. The NRA also had a two-year renewal charter and was set to expire in June 1935 if not renewed. In 1935, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that the NRA law was unconstitutional, the NRA quickly stopped operations, but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the National Labor Relations Act, passed later the same year. The long-term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions, the NRA, symbolized by the Blue Eagle, was popular with workers. Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their windows and on their packages. Though membership to the NRA was voluntary, businesses that did not display the eagle were very often boycotted, the NRA was put into operation by an executive order, signed the same day as the passage of the NIRA. New Dealers who were part of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the close analogy with the crisis handling the economics of World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917–18, the challenge of this law is whether we can sink selfish interest and present a solid front against a common peril. The first director of the NRA was Hugh S. Johnson, a retired United States Army general and he was named Time magazines Man of the Year in 1933. Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment, Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the blanket code would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment. To mobilize political support for the NRA, Johnson launched the NRA Blue Eagle publicity campaign to boost his strength to negotiate the codes with business. Historian Clarence B. Roosevelt replaced Johnson in September 1934, agreement among the parties was finally reached only after the NRA threatened that it would impose a code. It paved the way for an important wage settlement, in early 1935 the new chairman, Samuel Williams, announced that the NRA would stop setting prices, but businessmen complained. Chairman Williams told them plainly that, unless they could prove it would damage business, Williams said, Greater productivity and employment would result if greater price flexibility were attained. Of the 2,000 businessmen on hand probably 90% opposed Mr. Williams aim, reported Time magazine, a fixed price above cost has proved a lifesaver to more than one inefficient producer. However, it was also argued NRAs price control method promoted monopolies, destructive competition at the expense of employees is lessened, but it is left in full swing against the employer himself and the economic soundness of his enterprise
National Recovery Administration
–
NRA
Blue Eagle poster. This would be displayed in store windows, on packages, and in ads.
National Recovery Administration
–
Director Hugh S. Johnson on the cover of
Time Magazine in 1933.
National Recovery Administration
–
The film industry supported the NRA
National Recovery Administration
–
NRA tapestry displayed at the
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in
Hyde Park,
New York
26.
Eleanor Roosevelt
–
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat, and activist. President Harry S. Truman later called her the First Lady of the World in tribute to her human rights achievements, Roosevelt was a member of the prominent American Roosevelt and Livingston families and a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. She had a childhood, having suffered the deaths of both parents and one of her brothers at a young age. At 15, she attended Allenwood Academy in London and was influenced by its feminist headmistress Marie Souvestre. Returning to the U. S. she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, though widely respected in her later years, Roosevelt was a controversial First Lady at the time for her outspokenness, particularly her stance on racial issues. On a few occasions, she disagreed with her husbands policies. She launched a community at Arthurdale, West Virginia, for the families of unemployed miners. She advocated for expanded roles for women in the workplace, the rights of African Americans and Asian Americans. Following her husbands death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years of her life and she pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, later she chaired the John F. Kennedy administrations Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. By the time of her death, Roosevelt was regarded as one of the most esteemed women in the world, in 1999, she was ranked ninth in the top ten of Gallups List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 at 56 West 37th Street in Manhattan, New York City, to socialites Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt, from an early age, she preferred to be called by her middle name, Eleanor. Through her father, she was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt, through her mother, she was a niece of tennis champions Valentine Gill Vallie Hall III and Edward Ludlow Hall. Her mother nicknamed her Granny because she acted in such a manner as a child. Her mother was somewhat ashamed of Eleanors plainness. Eleanor had two brothers, Elliott Jr. and Gracie Hall Roosevelt, usually called Hall. She also had a brother, Elliott Roosevelt Mann, through her fathers affair with Katy Mann. Roosevelt was born into a world of wealth and privilege
Eleanor Roosevelt
–
Eleanor and Franklin with their two eldest children
Eleanor Roosevelt
–
White House portrait
Eleanor Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt and
Fala, the Roosevelts' dog, in 1951
Eleanor Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt in 1932
27.
Arthurdale, West Virginia
–
Arthurdale is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia, United States. Arthurdale was named for Richard Arthur, former owner of the land on which it was built, Arthurdale was the first of many New Deal planned communities established under Franklin D. Roosevelts administration. It was intended to take impoverished laborers, farmers, and coal miners, Mrs. Construction began at the end of 1933, and from the outset it was clear that the Arthurdale community had become one of Eleanor Roosevelts chief priorities. She intervened with Interior Secretary Harold Ickes and with others to ensure that the Arthurdale homes were built with modern necessities such as insulation, Eleanor personally chose the refrigerators that went into each home. Roosevelt spent most of her own income on the project in its early years, on October 12,1933, the purchase of the Arthurdale land was announced publicly. The press release painted Arthurdale as a project that would help unemployed coal miners. Each family would receive a modest home and enough acreage to raise its own food, each home would cost about $2,000 and the community was to govern itself, much like small New England towns. There were to be no private employment options, aside from a factory that would provide equipment for the U. S. The cost of constructing and maintaining the Arthurdale community far exceeded what the government had anticipated, conservatives condemned it as socialist and a communist plot, while Democratic members of Congress opposed government competition with private enterprise. Thomas Schall, a US Senator from Minnesota, accused Roosevelt of having her name autographed on furniture produced by the Arthurdale collective, from its earliest stages, selecting Arthurdales homesteaders was a contradictory process. Similarly, the government wanted the first homesteaders to be highly intelligent, capable. In short, not just anyone would be chosen for Arthurdale because only certain kinds of people could make the experiment successful, in the fall of the 1933, the selection of the first fifty homesteaders began. Most fundamentally, applicants had to have practical farming knowledge, by October, over 600 applications had been received. In addition to knowing how to farm, homesteaders had to be fit, have a certain education and intelligence level. By virtue of these requirements, Arthurdales homesteaders were by majority white, single people and immigrants were excluded, because single people could not contribute as fully to the communal life of Arthurdale. Immigrants, with their lack of English skills, could not demonstrate the intelligence. Many locals and homesteaders alike wanted Arthurdale to be a place for whites only, despite her feelings, she deferred to local project sponsors. After losing a community vote on the issue, Roosevelt recommended the creation of communities for the excluded black
Arthurdale, West Virginia
28.
Nye Committee
–
The Nye Committee, officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a United States Senate committee, chaired by U. S. During the 1920s and 1930s, dozens of books and articles appeared which argued that arms manufacturers had tricked the United States into entering World War I. One of the best-known and deeply informed critics was Smedley D. Butler, a Major General in the U. S. Marine Corps, the push for the appointment of Senator Gerald Nye to the chairmanship of this committee came from Senator George Norris. According to peace activist Dorothy Detzer, Norris said, Nyes young, he has inexhaustible energy and he may be rash in his judgments at times, but its the rashness of enthusiasm. Norris proposed Nye as. the only one out of the 96 whom he deemed to have the competence, independence, the committee was established on April 12,1934. There were seven members, Nye, the chair, and Senators Homer T. Bone, James P. Pope, Bennett Champ Clark, Walter F. George, W. Warren Barbour. Alger Hiss served as an assistant to the committee from July 1934 to August 1935. Most famously, Hiss badgered DuPont officials and questioned and cross-examined Bernard Baruch on March 29,1935, in 1947, however, Baruch and Hiss both attended the burial of Nicholas Murray Butler. Hiss himself later called Baruch vain and overrated Polonius much given to trite pronouncements about the nation, the Nye Committee conducted 93 hearings and questioned more than 200 witnesses. The first hearings were in September 1934 and the hearings in February 1936. The hearings covered four topics, The munitions industry Bidding on Government contracts in the shipbuilding industry War profits The background leading up to U. S. entry into World War I, the committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war. It found that bankers had pressured Wilson to intervene in the war in order to protect their loans abroad, also, the arms industry was at fault for price fixing and held excessive influence on American foreign policy leading up to and during World War I. According to the United States Senate website, The investigation came to an end early in 1936. The Senate cut off committee funding after Chairman Nye blundered into an attack on the late Democratic President Woodrow Wilson, Nye suggested that Wilson had withheld essential information from Congress as it considered a declaration of war. Democratic leaders, including Appropriations Committee Chairman Carter Glass of Virginia, standing before cheering colleagues in a packed Senate Chamber, Glass slammed his fist onto his desk until blood dripped from his knuckles. Nye created headlines by drawing connections between the profits of the banking and munitions industries to Americas involvement in World War I. Many Americans felt betrayed and questioned that the war had been a battle between the forces of good and evil. This investigation of these merchants of death helped to bolster sentiments for non-interventionism, cole, Wayne S, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations. 1111/j. 1540-6563.1961. tb01684. x
Nye Committee
–
Senator Gerald Nye (R-North Dakota), Head of the Senate Munitions Investigating Committee
29.
Winston Churchill
–
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
Winston Churchill
–
The Right Honourable Sir Winston Churchill
KG OM CH TD DL FRS RA
Winston Churchill
–
Jennie Jerome (1854–1921), the American-born mother of Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
–
Churchill, aged seven, in 1881
Winston Churchill
–
Blenheim Palace, the Churchill family home
30.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
31.
James F. Byrnes
–
James Francis Byrnes was an American politician from the state of South Carolina. During his career, Byrnes served as a U. S. Representative, a U. S. Senator, a Justice of the Supreme Court, Secretary of State, and 104th governor of South Carolina. He is one of few politicians to serve in all three branches of the American federal government while also being active in state government. He was a confidant of U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, historian George E. Mowry called Byrnes the most influential Southern member of Congress between John Calhoun and Lyndon Johnson. James Francis Jimmy Byrnes was born at 538 King St. in Charleston, South Carolina, Byrness father, James Francis Byrnes, died shortly after Byrnes was born. His mother, Elizabeth McSweeney Byrnes, was an Irish-American dressmaker, at the age of fourteen, he left St. Patricks Catholic School to work in a law office, and became a court stenographer. In 1906, he married the former Maude Perkins Busch of Aiken, though they had no children, he was the godparent of James Christopher Connor. Byrnes then converted from the Catholic Church to Episcopalianism, in 1900, when Byrness cousin Governor Miles B. McSweeney appointed him as a clerk for Judge Robert Aldrich of Aiken, Byrnes, his mother, and Governor McSweeney just changed his date of birth to that of his older sister Leonora. He later apprenticed to a lawyer – a not uncommon practice then – read for the law, in 1908, he was appointed solicitor for the second circuit of South Carolina, serving until 1910. Byrnes was a protégé of Benjamin Tillman and often had a influence on the fiery segregationist Senator. In 1910, he won the states Second Congressional District in the Democratic primary. Byrnes proved a brilliant legislator, working behind the scenes to form coalitions and he was a champion of the good roads movement that attracted motorists, and politicians, to large-scale road building programs in the 1920s. He became an ally of President Woodrow Wilson, and Wilson often entrusted important political tasks to the capable young representative rather than to more experienced lawmakers. In 1924, Byrnes declined renomination to the House, and instead sought nomination for the Senate seat held by incumbent Nathaniel B, Dial, though both were former allies of the now-deceased Pitchfork Ben Tillman. Anti-Tillmanite and extreme racist demagogue Coleman Blease, who had challenged Dial in 1918, Blease led the primary with 42 percent, Byrnes was second with 34 percent. Dial finished third with 22 percent, Byrnes was opposed by the Ku Klux Klan, which preferred Blease. Byrnes had been raised as a Roman Catholic, and the Klan spread rumors that he was still a secret Catholic, Byrnes countered by citing his support by Episcopalian clergy
James F. Byrnes
–
James F. Byrnes, c. 1941
James F. Byrnes
–
Potsdam Conference: Sitting (from left)
Clement Attlee,
Ernest Bevin,
Vyacheslav Molotov,
Joseph Stalin,
William Daniel Leahy, James F. Byrnes and
Harry S. Truman.
James F. Byrnes
–
Sitting (from left):
Clement Attlee,
Harry S. Truman,
Joseph Stalin; behind:
William Daniel Leahy,
Ernest Bevin, James F. Byrnes and
Vyacheslav Molotov.
James F. Byrnes
–
The Foreign Ministers:
Vyacheslav Molotov, James F. Byrnes and
Anthony Eden, July 1945.
32.
Hobcaw Barony
–
Hobcaw Barony is a 16,000 acres tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17, the land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch began purchasing the property from her beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely, upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the Belle W. Baruch Foundation for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats, Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2,1994. The Belle W. Baruch Foundation and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve jointly operate the Hobcaw Barony Discovery Center and provide tours and special programs. In 1718, John, Lord Carteret was given a grant of 12,000 acres barony on Hobcaw Point at the southern end of Waccamaw Neck. In 1766 and 1767, the tract was surveyed and sold in several parcels and these were developed into about a dozen rice plantations that contributed to Georgetown Countys substantial rice production between the American Revolution and the Civil War. After the Civil War, rice production decreased due to the lack of slave labor, barnard Baruch acquired the tract and additional land in three purchases from 1905 to 1907 to be developed as a winter hunting retreat. Although rice was no longer cultivated, the canals and embankments were retained to provide an environment for waterfowl. Starting in 1935, Baruch began selling parts of Hobcaw Barony to his daughter, the first tract was 5,000 acres in the northern portion of the property. She built a house and stable complex, Bellefield Plantation, a cottage for her stable manager, Jean Darthez. Before Belle Baruchs death in 1964, she established the Belle W. Baruch Foundation to perpetuate Hobcaw Barony as an institute for forestry. The Hobcaw House was the Baruch family winter retreat and it is about 4 mi south of the main entrance and overlooks Winyah Bay. It was built in 1930 to replace the Donaldson House, which burned in December 1929, the red brick, house was designed by the Columbia, South Carolina architects Lafaye and Lafaye. Barnard Baruch entertained many friends at Hobcaw Barony, winston Churchill and his daughter, Diana, visited in 1932. President Roosevelt took a working vacation in Spring 1944 during World War II. Ralph Pulitzer, Walter Huston, Generals George C, marshall, Omar Bradley and Mark Clark, and Senators Robert A. Taft and Harry F. Byrd were a few of his notable guests
Hobcaw Barony
–
Hobcaw Barony
Hobcaw Barony
Hobcaw Barony
–
Friendfield Church
33.
War Production Board
–
The War Production Board was an agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established it in August 1939, with Executive Order 9024, the WPB replaced the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management. It rationed such commodities as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, paper and it was dissolved shortly after the defeat of Japan in 1945, and was replaced by the Civilian Production Administration in late 1945. In 1942-45, WPB supervised the production of $183 billion worth of weapons and supplies, britain, the USSR and other allies produced an addition 30%, while the Axis produced only 30%. One fourth of the US output was warplanes, one fourth was warships, meanwhile, the civilian standard of living was about level. The first chairman of the Board was Donald M. Nelson and he was succeeded by Julius A. Krug, who served from 1944 until the Board was dissolved. The WPB had advisory, policy-making, and progress-reporting divisions, the WPB managed twelve regional offices, and operated one hundred twenty field offices throughout the nation. They worked alongside state war production boards, which maintained records on state war production facilities and also helped state businesses obtain war contracts, the national WPBs primary task was converting civilian industry to war production. It initiated events such as scrap metal drives, which were carried out locally to great success, for example, a national scrap metal drive in October 1942 resulted in an average of almost eighty-two pounds of scrap per American. The WPB and the nations factories effected a great turnaround, military aircraft production, which totaled 6,000 in 1940, jumped to 85,000 in 1943. The WPB ensured that each received the materials it needed to produce the most war goods in the shortest time. Without American production the Allies could never have won the war, from 1942 to 1945 the WPB directed a total production of $185 billion worth of armaments and supplies. At wars end, most production restrictions were lifted. William Beverly Murphy, president and CEO of Campbell Soup Company Charles E. Wilson, the Civilian Production Board was consolidated with other agencies to form the Office of Temporary Controls—an agency in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President. The latter had previously been established pursuant to the Reorganization Act of 1939, studies in industrial price control by United States Office of Temporary Controls. 1947 Problems in price control, legal phases by United States Office of Temporary Controls,1947 Problems in price control by United States Office of Temporary Controls. 1948 The beginnings of OPA by United States Office of Temporary Controls, Office of Temporary Controls, Office of Price Administration,1947 Guaranteed wages by United States Office of Temporary Controls. Freedoms Forge, How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, new York, Harcourt, Brace, & Co.1948
War Production Board
War Production Board
–
Contents
War Production Board
–
A safety campaign around ordinance by U.S. Army published during the height of World War II (c. 1942-1943) by the War Production Board
34.
Donald M. Nelson
–
In 1942 Nelson became chairman of the War Production Board when it replaced the OPM. He later served for two years as president of the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers, Nelson was born in Hannibal, Missouri, the son of a locomotive engineer. He went to the University of Missouri, graduating in 1911 with a degree in chemical engineering, in 1912 he took a job as a chemist with Sears, Roebuck and Company. There he steadily advanced, becoming vice-president in 1930 and being named executive vice president, during the second half of 1940, Axis successes and the possibility of American involvement in the spreading war heightened concerns about the nations military readiness. In January,1942, following Americas entry into the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, once again, FDR asked Nelson to lead it. Nelson faced extensive criticism from the military during his tenure, described by historian Doris Kearns Goodwin as habitually indecisive, Nelson had difficulty sorting the conflicting requests from various agencies. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson regularly criticized Nelson for his inability to take charge, in February 1943, Roosevelt invited Bernard Baruch to replace Nelson as WPB head, but was persuaded to change his mind by advisor Harry Hopkins, and Nelson remained in the post. After the end of World War II, Nelson returned to private industry and he died of a stroke in 1959. His 1946 book Arsenal of Democracy is one of the works on the U. S. industrial mobilization effort during World War II. Donald M. Nelson at Find a Grave The People Win
Donald M. Nelson
–
Donald M. Nelson in 1947
Donald M. Nelson
–
Quote from Donald M. Nelson
35.
Harry Hopkins
–
Harry Lloyd Hopkins was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelts closest advisors. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration, political problems with allies, strategy—in short, with anything that might concern the president. Hopkins was born at 512 Tenth Street in Sioux City, Iowa and his father, born in Bangor, Maine, ran a harness shop, but his real passion was bowling, and he eventually returned to it as a business. Anna Hopkins, born in Hamilton, Ontario, had moved at an age to Vermillion, South Dakota. She was deeply religious and active in the affairs of the Methodist church, shortly after Harry was born, the family moved successively to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Kearney and Hastings, Nebraska. They spent two years in Chicago and finally settled in Grinnell, Iowa, Hopkins attended Grinnell College and soon after his graduation in 1912 took a job with Christodora House, a social settlement house in New York Citys Lower East Side ghetto. In 1915, New York City Mayor John Purroy Mitchel appointed Hopkins executive secretary of the Bureau of Child Welfare which administered pensions to mothers with dependent children. Hopkins at first opposed Americas entrance into World War I, but and he was rejected for the draft because of a bad eye. Hopkins moved to New Orleans where he worked for the American Red Cross as director of Civilian Relief, eventually, the Gulf Division of the Red Cross merged with the Southwestern Division and Hopkins, headquartered now in Atlanta, was appointed general manager in 1921. Hopkins helped draft a charter for the American Association of Social Workers and was elected its president in 1923. In 1922, Hopkins returned to New York City where the AICP was involved with the Milbank Memorial Fund, Hopkins became manager of the Bellevue-Yorkville health project and assistant director of the AICP. In mid-1924 he became director of the New York Tuberculosis Association. During his tenure, the agency grew enormously and absorbed the New York Heart Association, in 1931, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt named R. H. Macys department store president Jesse Straus as president of the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. Straus named Hopkins, then unknown to Roosevelt, as TERAs executive director and his efficient administration of the initial $20 million outlay to the agency gained Roosevelts attention, and in 1932, he promoted Hopkins to the presidency of the agency. Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt began a friendship, which strengthened his role in relief programs. In March 1933, Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator and he supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration, and the Works Progress Administration. Over 90% of the people employed by the Hopkins programs were unemployed or on relief and he feuded with Harold Ickes, who ran a rival program—the Public Works Administration—which also created jobs but did not require applicants to be unemployed or on relief. FERA, the largest program from 1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief, CWA was similar, but did not require workers to be on relief in order to receive a government sponsored job
Harry Hopkins
–
Harry Hopkins
Harry Hopkins
–
News photo of Hopkins departing for
Britain, January 1941
Harry Hopkins
–
Harry Hopkins talks with President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt at
Saki before setting out to
Yalta.
Harry Hopkins
–
Vice President
36.
Harry S. Truman
–
Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
Harry S. Truman
–
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
–
Truman in uniform ca. 1918
Harry S. Truman
–
Drawer from the Senate desk used by Truman
Harry S. Truman
–
Roosevelt /Truman poster from 1944
37.
Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.)
–
It is named for the Marquis de Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution, and includes a prominent statue of early 19th century President and general Andrew Jackson on horseback. The square and the structures were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970. In 1804, President Thomas Jefferson had Pennsylvania Avenue cut through that park, in 1824, the park was officially renamed in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, the French military leader whose involvement was crucial in securing victory in the American Revolutionary War. Lafayette Square has been used as a racetrack, a graveyard, a zoo, a market, an encampment for soldiers during the War of 1812. In 1851, Andrew Jackson Downing landscaped Lafayette Square in the picturesque style, on February 27,1859 Representative Daniel Sickles killed Philip Barton Key II in Lafayette Square. Key had come to the park for an assignation with Sickles wife, todays plan, with its five large statues, dates from the 1930s. In the center stands Clark Mills equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson, Thomas and Concepcion Picciotto are founders of the White House Peace Vigil, the longest running anti-nuclear peace vigil in US history, at Lafayette Square. The White House White House Historical Association
Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.)
–
Aerial view of Lafayette Square (foreground).
Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.)
–
Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette by
Alexandre Falguière and
Antonin Mercié, 1891.
Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.)
–
Executive
Residence
Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.)
38.
Central Park
–
Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
Central Park
–
The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary in the park's southeast corner
Central Park
Central Park
–
John Randel 's survey bolt, still visible in Central Park
Central Park
–
One of 36 bridges in the park
39.
National Capital Area Council
–
The National Capital Area Council is a local council of the Boy Scouts of America within the Northeast Region and serves Scouts in the Washington, D. C. Maryland, Virginia, and the United States Virgin Islands, the council offers extensive training, and administrative support to units. It is rated as a Class 100 council by the National Council, chartered in 1911, it is also one of the oldest. The council is divided into 23 districts serving ten counties in Northern Virginia, six counties in Maryland, the District of Columbia, the council has a 2.5 to 1 ratio of youth members to adult leaders, which is among the highest of all the councils. The youth retention rate approaches 80%, a year later the National Capital Area Council was formed. The oldest unit in the council is Troop 52, out of All Saints Episcopal Church in Chevy Chase and this unit dates all the way back to 1913. When the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia decided that the security of suffrage marchers in 1916 was not their problem, starting in 1996 the council annually sponsored the Commodore Henry I. Nygard Regatta along with the Friends of Sea Scouts of Maryland, many have served as council executive over the years. Linn Drake headed the council through two wars, a depression. Clarence F. Urferr served as council executive from September 1,1944 to March 1946, kenneth Spears served as council executive from March 1946 to 1851, when he was recalled by the US Air Force in the Korean War. Randolf Flythe left the executive position to become the Northeast regional director. Ron Carroll served as council executive from 1990 to 2005, the most famous member of the council advisory board was Vince Lombardi. The National Capital Area Council is divided into areas, districts. Each camp program includes camping, swimming, merit badge counseling, shooting sports, boating, all-terrain vehicle riding, ecology education, Lake Merriweather was named for Marjorie Merriweather Post, an ardent supporter of Scouting in the Washington, DC area. U. S. Steel public relations executive William G. Whyte helped acquire the tract of more than 4,000 acres that is now the land of the Goshen Scout Reservation, the Goshen reservation is the sum of seven separate camps circling Lake Merriweather. Camp Baird focuses on high adventure experiences, Camp Bowman, Marriott and Olmsted all focus on Boy Scouts. Camp PMI and Ross focus on Webelos, Bowman is the only camp that still provides meals where each units patrols all prepare their own meal at their own campsites, the other camps use dining halls. Camp Post focuses on administrative functions and facilities used by all campers like the COPE climbing tower, during the first season of the drama 24 the fictional character Kim Bauer wears a Goshen Boy Scout Reservation shirt
National Capital Area Council
–
National Capital Area Council gateway at the
1993 National Scout Jamboree
National Capital Area Council
–
National Capital Area Council
National Capital Area Council
–
Camp William B. Snyder
40.
Flushing Cemetery
–
Flushing Cemetery is a cemetery in Flushing in the borough of Queens in New York City, New York. In the year 1789, George Washington had crossed the East River on a mission aboard his barge. Washington, like other noted landowners, journeyed to Flushing, The community was a center of scientific horticulture, the cemeterys floral and arboreal beauty have become a memorial to Flushings status as a center of horticulture to this day. During the year of 1853 in which the Flushing Cemetery was founded, the land the original site for Flushing Cemetery would rest was the 20-acre John Purchase farm, which was selected by committee. A select number of individuals who attended the meeting, Reverend John Gilder, Henry Christie, William Leonard, Caleb Smith. Civic-minded citizens like these people had organized the Flushing Cemetery Association. The day these founders received their charter was May 5,1853 was the day in which the Worlds Fair in New York Crystal Palace was scheduled to open. Civil engineer Horace Daniels was responsible for plotting the grounds, in 1875, the Whitehead Duryea farm, which measured 50 acres and adjoined the cemetery, was purchased and added to the site. The Bayside Quakers and some of their relatives and neighbors, in about 1860, section I, which is also referred to as the Quaker Burial Place of Flushing, is where 43 people are buried, while 109 were buried in Flushing Cemetery. The Flushing Cemetery, where 41,000 bodies are buried and thousands more with reservations, has flowers, trees, roland Schultheis, a scholarly man, became the keeper of the Flushing Cemetery and took great pride in caring for it. The preservation of the cemetery has also regarded as a significant task. Individuals with both intelligence and distinguished family backgrounds have preserved its unusual beauty, aside from the burials listed below, there were many more individuals who were laid to rest in the Flushing Cemetery. One such person was Louis Battling Siki Phal, Battling Siki or Louis Phal, a Senegalese boxer who held the light heavyweight crown from 1922-1923, was buried and remembered in the cemetery, after 50 years in which his body had lain unmarked. The boxer was shot to death in response to how he could not pay a $20 liquor bill, cherif Djigo, first consul at the Senegalese Mission to the United Nations, stated This stone represents to us a grand symbol that Battling Siki has not been forgotten. His body was repatriated to Senegal in 1993, adam Clayton Powell, Sr. Quigg, United States Representative from New York May Robson, actress Aris San, Greek singer who spent most of his life in Israel and United States. Vincent Sardi, Sr. founder of Sardis restaurant
Flushing Cemetery
–
The 9/11 Memorial at Flushing Cemetery.
Flushing Cemetery
–
Office
41.
Flushing, Queens
–
Flushing is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens in the United States. Flushings diversity is reflected by the ethnic groups that reside there, including people of Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, European. It is part of the Fifth Congressional District, which encompasses the northeastern shore of Queens County. Flushing is served by five stations on the Long Island Rail Road Port Washington Branch, as well as the New York City Subways IRT Flushing Line. The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue is the third busiest intersection in New York City, behind Times, ZIP codes beginning with 113 are administered from a sectional center at Flushing Post Office. The 113-prefixed area extends west into Jackson Heights, southwest into Ridgewood, south into Forest Hills, and east into Little Neck. On October 10,1645, Flushing was established by the Dutch on the bank of Flushing Creek under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was part of the New Netherland colony. The settlement was named after the city of Vlissingen, in the southwestern Netherlands, however, by 1657, the residents called the place Vlissing. Eventually, Flushing, the British name for Vlissingen was used, despite being a Dutch colony, many of the early inhabitants were British. Unlike all other towns in the region, the charter of Flushing allowed residents freedom of religion as practiced in Holland without the disturbance of any magistrate or ecclesiastical minister, however, New Amsterdam Director-General Peter Stuyvesant issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers. On December 27,1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The Flushing Remonstrance and this contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for Jews, Turks, and Egyptians, but ended with a forceful declaration that any infringement of the town charter would not be tolerated. Subsequently, a farmer named John Bowne held Quaker meetings in his home and was arrested for this, eventually he persuaded the Dutch West India Company to allow Quakers and others to worship freely. As such, Flushing is claimed to be a birthplace of freedom in the new world. Landmarks remaining from the Dutch period in Flushing include the John Bowne House on Bowne Street, in 1664, the English took control of New Amsterdam, ending Dutch control of the colony, and renamed it the Province of New York. When Queens County was established in 1683, the Town of Flushing was one of the five towns which comprised the county. The town was dissolved in 1898 when Queens became a borough of New York City, Flushing was the site of the first commercial tree nurseries in North America, the most prominent being the Prince, Bloodgood, and Parsons nurseries. Much of the section of Kissena Park, former site of the Parsons nursery. The naming of streets intersecting Kissena Boulevard on its way toward Kissena Park celebrates this fact, Flushing also supplied trees to the Greensward project, now known as Central Park in Manhattan
Flushing, Queens
–
The Flushing Town Hall, now a cultural center
Flushing, Queens
–
The
Unisphere in
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, symbol of the
1964 New York World's Fair.
Flushing, Queens
–
Old Flushing Burial Ground, used in 17th and 18th centuries, now a park.
Flushing, Queens
–
Map of Flushing in 1891.
42.
Thoroughbred
–
The Thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Although the word thoroughbred is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, Thoroughbreds are considered hot-blooded horses that are known for their agility, speed, and spirit. The Thoroughbred as it is today was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native mares were crossbred with imported Oriental stallions of Arabian, Barb. Millions of Thoroughbreds exist today, and around 100,000 foals are registered each year worldwide, Thoroughbreds are used mainly for racing, but are also bred for other riding disciplines such as show jumping, combined training, dressage, polo, and fox hunting. Thoroughbred racehorses perform with maximum exertion, which has resulted in high accident rates, other health concerns include low fertility, abnormally small hearts and a small hoof-to-body-mass ratio. There are several theories for the reasons behind the prevalence of accidents and health problems in the Thoroughbred breed, the typical Thoroughbred ranges from 15.2 to 17.0 hands high, averaging 16 hands. They are most often bay, dark bay or brown, chestnut, black, less common colors recognized in the United States include roan and palomino. White is very rare, but is a recognized color separate from gray, the face and lower legs may be marked with white, but white will generally not appear on the body. Coat patterns that have more than one color on the body, good-quality Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high withers, a deep chest, a short back, good depth of hindquarters, a lean body, and long legs. Thoroughbreds are classified among the breeds, which are animals bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited. These artificial dates have been set to enable the standardization of races, the Thoroughbred is a distinct breed of horse, although people sometimes refer to a purebred horse of any breed as a thoroughbred. The term for any horse or other animal derived from a breed line is purebred. Nonetheless, breeders of other species of purebred animals may use the two terms interchangeably, though thoroughbred is less used for describing purebred animals of other species. The term is a noun referring to this specific breed, though often not capitalized, especially in non-specialist publications. For example, the Australian Stud Book, The New York Times, flat racing existed in England by at least 1174, when four-mile races took place at Smithfield, in London. Racing continued at fairs and markets throughout the Middle Ages and into the reign of King James I of England. It was then that handicapping, a system of adding weight to attempt to equalize a horses chances of winning as well as improved training procedures, during the reigns of Charles II, William III, Anne, and George I, the foundation of the Thoroughbred was laid. Under James grandson, Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, and James great-granddaughter Queen Anne, royal support was given to racing and the breeding of race horses
Thoroughbred
–
Thoroughbred race horse
Thoroughbred
–
Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head.
Thoroughbred
–
The Darley Arabian, one of the three traditional
foundation sires of the Thoroughbred
Thoroughbred
–
Matchem, a grandson of the Godolphin Arabian, from a painting by
George Stubbs
43.
Horse racing
–
Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys or driven over a set distance for competition. Horse races vary widely in format, often, countries have developed their own particular horse racing traditions. Variations include restricting races to particular breeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces, Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practised in civilisations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in Ancient Greece, Babylon, Syria and it also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as the contest between the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman, both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC and were important in the other Panhellenic Games. This was despite the fact that racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse as they frequently suffered serious injury and even death. In the Roman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries, fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, ran the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street, in about 2½ minutes. In later times, Thoroughbred racing became, and remains, popular with the aristocrats and royalty of British society, historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle, Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. The various forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat. There are many different types of racing, including, Flat racing. Jump racing, or Jumps racing, also known as Steeplechasing or, in the UK and Ireland, National Hunt racing, Harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a sulky. Breeds that are used for flat racing include the Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, Jump racing breeds include the Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness racing, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America, light cold blood horses, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian coldblood trotter are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas. There also are races for ponies, both flat and jump and harness racing, Flat racing is the most common form of racing seen worldwide. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe, dirt more common in North America and Asia, individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards up to two and a half miles, with distances between five and twelve furlongs being most common. Short races are referred to as sprints, while longer races are known as routes in the United States or staying races in Europe
Horse racing
–
Horse racing at
Arlington Park, 2007
Horse racing
–
Steeplechase racing at
Deauville
Horse racing
–
Harness racing in
Adelaide
Horse racing
–
Riderless Racers at Rome by
Théodore Géricault
44.
Baruch College
–
Baruch is one of CUNYs senior colleges. It traces its roots back to the 1847 founding of the Free Academy, the New York State Literature Fund was created to serve students who could not afford to enroll in New York City’s private colleges. The Fund led to the creation of the Committee of the Board of Education of the City of New York, led by Townsend Harris, J. S. Bosworth, and John L. Mason, which brought about the establishment of what would become the Free Academy, the Free Academy became the College of the City of New York, now The City College of New York. In 1919, what would become Baruch College was established as City College School of Business, on December 15,1928, the cornerstone was laid on the new building which would house the newly founded school. At this point, the school did not admit women, at the time it opened it was considered the biggest such school for the teaching of business education in the United States. By the 1930s, women were allowed into the School of Business, the total enrollment at CCNY reached an all-time high of 40,000 students in 1935, and the School of Business had an enrollment of more than 1,700 students in the day session alone. In 1953, it was renamed the Baruch School of Business in honor of Bernard Baruch, in 1961, the New York State Education Law established the City University of New York system. In 1968, the Baruch School of Business was spun off as Baruch College, the first president of the new college was the previous Federal Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Robert C. In 1971, the college appointed Clyde Wingfield, a noted educator and he was succeeded by economist Joel Edwin Segall in 1977. Segall recruited several well-known faculty members to the School of Business, matthew Goldstein was president of the school from 1991 to 1998. He was responsible for raising admissions requirements and creating the School of Public Affairs in 1994, edward Regan, former comptroller of New York state, served as president from 2000 to 2004. During his tenure, test scores rose, student retention rates increased, in 2001, the Vertical Campus opened and Baruch accepted its first students from the CUNY Honors College, now known as the Macaulay Honors College. The college also implemented a common curriculum for all undergraduates. Baruch received donations from alumni, the Vertical Campus, 23rd Street building, Alumni giving has increased under Baruch Means Business, a $150 million capital campaign. In August 2009, Waldron resigned from her position to become a University Professor at the Graduate Center, stan Altman, former dean of the School of Public Affairs from 1999 to 2005, was named interim president. On February 22,2010, Dr. Mitchel Wallerstein, Dean of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and he took office on August 2,2010. Baruch was the scene of student protests in 2011 as a result of tuition hikes, Zicklin is also a Senior Fellow at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania
Baruch College
–
The original 23rd Street Building, still in use
Baruch College
–
Seal of Baruch College
Baruch College
–
Steven L. Newman Hall at 137 East 22nd Street was built as one of the first Children's Courts in the U.S. (1912–1916).
Baruch College
–
The
Art Deco Administrative Center at 135 East 22nd Street was built in 1937–1939 as the Domestic Relations Court Building, and was connected to the Children's Court next door.
45.
Oglethorpe University
–
Oglethorpe University is a private, liberal arts college in Brookhaven, a city adjoining the northern edge of Atlanta, in the U. S. state of Georgia. Originally chartered in 1835, it was named in honor of General James Edward Oglethorpe, Oglethorpe University was chartered in 1835 in Midway, just south of the city of Milledgeville, then the state capital. The school was built and, at time, governed by the Presbyterian Church. The American Civil War led to the schools closing from 1862 to 1866, the college followed the relocation of the capital to Atlanta. In 1870, it began holding classes at the present site of Atlanta City Hall, plagued by financial difficulties, the school closed its doors after only two years. Oglethorpe College was re-chartered as an institution in 1913. In 1915 the cornerstone to the new campus was laid at its present location on Peachtree Road in Brookhaven, the person behind rebuilding Oglethorpe was Dr. Thornwell Jacobs, whose grandfather Ferdinand Jacobs had served on the faculty of Old Oglethorpe. Jacobs would serve as president for three decades. In the early 1940s Oglethorpe University had a medical school, under the direction of Dr. John Bernard, the university was given several elephants for research, who had been poisoned by the Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey Circus. After the students had finished dissecting the animals they were buried under what is today as the Philip Weltner Library. Oglethorpe University became Oglethorpe College in 1965, and reclaimed the designation university in 1972, many of Oglethorpes campus buildings were built in a Gothic revival architecture style. This area of the 100-acre campus is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, in December 2009, The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools fully reaffirmed the Universitys accreditation. Oglethorpes collegiate coat-of-arms is emblazoned with three heads and the Latin inscription Nescit Cedere, meaning He does not know how to give up. The Conant Performing Arts Center, completed in 1997, served as the home of Georgia Shakespeare until fall 2014. The Oglethorpe University Museum of Art opened in 1984 and is located on the top floor of the Philip Weltner Library, the two galleries, the South and Skylight, and gift shop cover 7,000 square feet. Bringing in thousands of visitors each year, the museum has become an important point of interest in Atlantas art community, in 1994, Lupton Hall, Phoebe Hearst Hall, Lowry Hall and Hermance Stadium were added to the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, a district including part or all of the 100-acre campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other academic buildings include Goslin Hall, primarily used for science courses, Oglethorpe University is home to the Crypt of Civilization, the first and most complete time capsule ever created, according to the Guinness Book of World Records
Oglethorpe University
–
Oglethorpe University
Oglethorpe University
–
The carillon bells atop Oglethorpe's Lupton Hall
Oglethorpe University
–
Oglethorpe University Museum of Art
Oglethorpe University
–
Women's basketball at Oglethorpe
46.
Georgetown County, South Carolina
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Georgetown County is a county located in the U. S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 60,158, the county was founded in 1769. It is named for George III of the United Kingdom, Georgetown County comprises the Georgetown, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Myrtle Beach-Conway, SC-NC Combined Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,035 square miles. Georgetown County has several rivers, including the Great Pee Dee River, the Waccamaw River, Black River, the Santee River, which forms the southern boundary of the county, empties directly into the Atlantic. The Intracoastal Waterway crosses the county and Winyah Bay, the rivers and the bay have had a decisive effect on human development of the area, especially as the city of Georgetown has an excellent seaport and harbor. Georgetown County is a county with four distinct areas,1. The Georgetown County part of the Grand Strand used to be rural, condos line the shoreline at Litchfield, and many of the old cottages at Pawleys are being demolished for larger houses. Empty beachfront has disappeared and wild areas are rapidly vanishing, a few wilder areas are being saved, as these provide critical habitat as part of the Atlantic Flyway for migratory birds. Huntington Beach State Park preserves some of the coastline and coastal marshes in the section, with nearby Brookgreen Gardens preserving a historical rice plantation. Brookgreen Gardens, with a center and many outdoor sculptures, is a popular tourist spot. The University of South Carolina and Clemson University maintain the Belle W. Baruch research site at Hobcaw Barony on Waccamaw Neck, the islands around the outlet of Winyah Bay are designated as the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center Heritage Preserve. This area is home to the northernmost naturally occurring hammocks of South Carolinas signature sabal palmetto tree, the riverfronts have had little recent development. Such properties were used for rice plantations, using a rice variety brought from Africa. After the Civil War, and the loss of slave labor, today they are primarily wild areas, accessible only by boat. In some areas, the earthworks, such as dikes and water used for rice culture, still exist. Litchfield Plantation has been redeveloped as an inn, other properties have been developed as planned residential communities. Great blue herons, alligators, and a bald eagle can be seen along the waterways
Georgetown County, South Carolina
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Glimpse of the harbor in Georgetown
Georgetown County, South Carolina
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Seal
Georgetown County, South Carolina
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Winnowing house, Mansfield Plantation, Georgetown County
Georgetown County, South Carolina
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Fishing the Pee Dee off the old US 17 bridge near Georgetown
47.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
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Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
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Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
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The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
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Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
48.
University of South Carolina
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The University of South Carolina is a public, co-educational research university located in Columbia, South Carolina, United States, with seven satellite campuses. Its campus covers over 359 acres in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House, the University is categorized by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as having highest research activity. It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland, the University of South Carolina has an enrollment of approximately 49,220 students, with 33,575 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2015. USC also has several thousand students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges. Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business, engineering, law, medicine, pharmacy, on January 10,1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. The first president was the Baptist minister and theologian Reverend Jonathan Maxcy and he was an alumnus of Brown University, with an honorary degree from Harvard University. Before coming to the college, Maxcy had served as the president of Brown. Maxcys tenure lasted from 1804 through 1820, when South Carolina College opened its doors in 1801, the building now known as Rutledge College was the only building on campus. Located one block southeast of the State Capitol, it served as an office, academic building, residence hall. However, the plan for the original campus called for a total of eleven buildings. In 1807, the original Presidents House was the building to be erected. The building now known as DeSaussure College followed shortly thereafter, when completed, all eleven buildings formed a U-shape open to Sumter Street. This modified quadrangle became known as the Horseshoe, as with other southern universities in the antebellum period, the most important organizations for students were the two literary societies, the Clariosophic Society and the Euphradian Society. These two societies, which arose from a split in a literary society known as the Philomathic. The College became a symbol of the South in the period as its graduates were on the forefront of secession from the Union. Despite the depletion of students, the professors issued a notice that the college would temporarily close and would reopen to those under eighteen. When the college reopened on March 17, only nine students showed up for classes, on June 25 with the consent of the state government, the Confederate authorities took possession of the college buildings and converted them into a hospital. After many unsuccessful attempts to reopen the college, the trustees passed a resolution on December 2,1863 that officially closed the college
University of South Carolina
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The University's first President Reverend
Jonathan Maxcy
University of South Carolina
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University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina
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South Carolina College as it appeared in 1850 looking from College Street
University of South Carolina
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An 1872 aerial illustration of the University of South Carolina Horseshoe
49.
Clemson University
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Clemson University /ˈklɛmsən/ is an American public, coeducational, land-grant and sea-grant research university in Clemson, South Carolina. As of 2016, Clemson University enrolled a total of 18,599 undergraduate students for the semester and 4,807 graduate students. The cost of tuition and fees is about $14,882 and out-of-state tuition. U. S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University 23rd among all public universities. Clemson University is classified as a highest research activity university, thomas Green Clemson, the universitys founder, came to the foothills of South Carolina in 1838, when he married Anna Maria Calhoun, daughter of John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina statesman and seventh U. S and his decision was largely influenced by future South Carolina Governor Benjamin Tillman. Tillman lobbied the South Carolina General Assembly to create the school as an institution for the state. In November 1889, South Carolina Governor John Peter Richardson III signed the bill, as a result, federal funds for agricultural education from the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 were transferred from South Carolina College to Clemson. Construction of the college began with Hardin Hall in 1890 and then main classroom buildings in 1891, henry Aubrey Strode became the first president of Clemson from 1890 to 1893. Edwin Craighead succeeded Strode in 1893, Clemson Agricultural College formally opened in July 1893 with an initial enrollment of 446. The common curriculum of the first incoming students was English, history, botany, mathematics, physics, until 1955, the college was also an all-white male military school. On May 22,1894 Tillman Hall, the building on campus, was destroyed by a fire. The fire of 1894 consumed the library, classrooms and offices, Tillman Hall was rebuilt in 1894 and still stands today. The first graduating class of Clemson was in 1896 with degrees in mechanical-electrical engineering, Clemsons first football team began in 1896 with trainer Walter Riggs. Henry Hartzog, graduate of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Hartzog created a textile department in 1898. Clemson became the first Southern school to train textile specialists, Hartzog expanded the curriculum with more industrialization skills such as foundry work, agriculture studies and mechanics. In 1902 a large student walkout over the use of military discipline escalated tensions between students and faculty forcing Hartzog to resign. Patrick Mell succeeded Hartzog from 1902 to 1910, following the resignation of Mell in 1910 former Clemson Tigers football coach Walter Riggs became president of Clemson from 1910 to 1924
Clemson University
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Fort Hill was the home of
John C. Calhoun and later
Thomas Green Clemson and is located at the center of the university campus
Clemson University
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Clemson University
Clemson University
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Tillman Hall in the snow
Clemson University
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Cooper Library and the Reflection Pool - in addition to its aesthetic appeal, the 1,960,000 gallon reflecting pool also serves as a heat exchange for the cooling systems of several academic buildings.
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