1.
Nobility
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The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be largely honorary, and vary from country to country and era to era. There is often a variety of ranks within the noble class. g, san Marino and the Vatican City in Europe. Hereditary titles often distinguish nobles from non-nobles, although in many nations most of the nobility have been un-titled, some countries have had non-hereditary nobility, such as the Empire of Brazil. The term derives from Latin nobilitas, the noun of the adjective nobilis. In modern usage, nobility is applied to the highest social class in pre-modern societies and it rapidly came to be seen as a hereditary caste, sometimes associated with a right to bear a hereditary title and, for example in pre-revolutionary France, enjoying fiscal and other privileges. Nobility is a historical, social and often legal notion, differing from high socio-economic status in that the latter is based on income. Being wealthy or influential cannot, ipso facto, make one noble, various republics, including former Iron Curtain countries, Greece, Mexico, and Austria have expressly abolished the conferral and use of titles of nobility for their citizens. Not all of the benefits of nobility derived from noble status per se, usually privileges were granted or recognised by the monarch in association with possession of a specific title, office or estate. Most nobles wealth derived from one or more estates, large or small and it also included infrastructure such as castle, well and mill to which local peasants were allowed some access, although often at a price. Nobles were expected to live nobly, that is, from the proceeds of these possessions, work involving manual labour or subordination to those of lower rank was either forbidden or frowned upon socially. In some countries, the lord could impose restrictions on such a commoners movements. Nobles exclusively enjoyed the privilege of hunting, in France, nobles were exempt from paying the taille, the major direct tax. In some parts of Europe the right of war long remained the privilege of every noble. During the early Renaissance, duelling established the status of a respectable gentleman, Nobility came to be associated with social rather than legal privilege, expressed in a general expectation of deference from those of lower rank. By the 21st century even that deference had become increasingly minimised, in France, a seigneurie might include one or more manors surrounded by land and villages subject to a nobles prerogatives and disposition. Seigneuries could be bought, sold or mortgaged, if erected by the crown into, e. g. a barony or countship, it became legally entailed for a specific family, which could use it as their title. Yet most French nobles were untitled, in other parts of Europe, sovereign rulers arrogated to themselves the exclusive prerogative to act as fons honorum within their realms. Nobility might be inherited or conferred by a fons honorum
2.
Howard family
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The Howard family is an English aristocratic family founded by John Howard who was created Duke of Norfolk by Plantagenet monarch Richard III of England in 1483. However, John was also the eldest grandson of the 1st Duke of 1st creation, the Howards have been part of the peerage since the 15th century and remain the Premier Dukes of the Realm in the Peerage of England, acting as Earl Marshal of England. The senior line of the house, as well as holding the Dukedom of Norfolk, are also Earl of Arundel, Earl of Surrey and Earl of Norfolk and her son was the above-mentioned Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel. It is from this marriage that the present Duke of Norfolk takes his name of FitzAlan-Howard, there have also been several notable cadet branches, those existing to this day include the Howards of Effingham, Howards of Carlisle, Howards of Suffolk and Howards of Penrith. The former three are earldoms and the latter a barony, throughout much of English and later British history, the Howards have played an important role. Claiming descent from folklore figure Hereward the Wake who resisted the Norman conquest and her uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, played a significant role in Henrician politics. Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, served as Lord Admiral of the English fleet which defeated the invading Spanish Armada, Arundel Castle has been in the family of the Duke of Norfolk for over 400 years. It is still the seat of the Norfolk family. It is a Grade I listed building and it is claimed that he was the son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia and Lady Godiva. Ultimately this ancestry traces back to a point of origin in Leicester, dugdales account however has been disputed. Indisputable descent begins with Sir William Howard, a judge who was in the House of Commons in the Model Parliament of 1295, Sir Williams son, Sir John Howard, became Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk. Sir John was married to Joan de Cornwall, granddaughter of Richard of England, 1st Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans by his illegitimate child, Sir Richard de Cornwall. Sir Williams great-great-great-grandson, Sir Robert Howard, married Lady Margaret Mowbray, elder daughter of Thomas Mowbray, John had previously been summoned to Parliament as Lord Howard by Edward IV. He was also created hereditary Earl Marshal, johns son and heir, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, was the grandfather of two English queens, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, both wives of Henry VIII. The Howard family became one of the foremost recusant families due to their adherence to Roman Catholicism throughout the English Reformation. This meant that they often could not take their seats in the House of Lords and they are still known as the most prominent English Catholic family. Both the Dukedom and Earl Marshalship have been the subject of repeated attainders, before Charles II restored the titles for good, the Howards had inherited the ancient title of Earl of Arundel through an heiress, and formed additional branches that have continued to this day. A branch of the Howard family has been seated at Castle Howard, one of Englands most magnificent country homes, queen Elizabeth I was the first English monarch to descend from John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk who was her great-great grandfather
3.
Order of the Garter
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The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry and the third most prestigious honour in England and the United Kingdom. It is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George and it is awarded at the Sovereigns pleasure as a personal gift on recipients from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. Membership of the Order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, the order also includes supernumerary knights and ladies. New appointments to the Order of the Garter are always announced on St Georges Day, the orders emblem is a garter with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense in gold lettering. Members of the wear it on ceremonial occasions. King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne, the list includes Sir Sanchet DAbrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed, the Kings wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that member of the Order already be a knight. The earliest written mention of the Order is found in Tirant lo Blanch and it was first published in 1490. This book devotes a chapter to the description of the origin of the Order of the Garter, at the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St.1431. Various legends account for the origin of the Order, the most popular legend involves the Countess of Salisbury, whose garter is said to have slipped from her leg while she was dancing at a court ball at Calais. When the surrounding courtiers sniggered, the king picked it up and returned it to her, exclaiming, Honi soit qui mal y pense, King Edward supposedly recalled the event in the 14th century when he founded the Order. This story is recounted in a letter to the Annual Register in 1774, The motto in fact refers to Edwards claim to the French throne, the use of the garter as an emblem may have derived from straps used to fasten armour. Medieval scholars have pointed to a connection between the Order of the Garter and the Middle English poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in Gawain, a girdle, very similar in its erotic undertones to the garter, plays a prominent role. A rough version of the Orders motto also appears in the text and it translates from Old French as Accursed be a cowardly and covetous heart. While the author of that poem remains disputed, there seems to be a connection between two of the top candidates and the Order of the Garter. Scholar J. P. Oakden has suggested that it is related to John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and, more importantly. Another competing theory is that the work was written for Enguerrand de Coucy, the Sire de Coucy was married to King Edward IIIs daughter, Isabella, and was given admittance to the Order of the Garter on their wedding day
4.
Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé
5.
Fellow of the Royal Society
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As of 2016, there are around 1600 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members. Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as “the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar” with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows, honorary and foreign members are elected annually usually in May, each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society and Category, Female Fellows of the Royal Society. Every year, Fellows elect up to ten new Foreign Members, like Fellows, Foreign Members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 there are around 165 Foreign Members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS, see Category, Foreign Members of the Royal Society. Honorary Fellows include Bill Bryson, Melvyn Bragg, Robin Saxby, David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS. Others including John Maddox, Patrick Moore and Lisa Jardine were elected as honorary fellows, statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough and John Palmer, prime Ministers of the United Kingdom such as Margaret Thatcher, Neville Chamberlain, H. H. Asquith were elected under statute 12, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society. The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British Royal Family for election as Royal Fellows of the Royal Society. As of 2016 there are five royal fellows, Charles, Prince of Wales, Anne, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Her Majesty the Queen, Elizabeth II is not a Royal Fellow, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination, each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society, who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, the certificate of election includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, a candidate is elected if he or she secures two-thirds of votes of those Fellows present and voting. A further maximum of six can be ‘Honorary’, ‘General’ or ‘Royal’ Fellows, nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by sectional committees, each with fifteen members and a chair
6.
Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel
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Arundel was the second son of Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel and Lady Alethea Talbot, later 13th Baroness Furnivall. After his fathers death in 1646 he became Earl of Arundel, arundels grandmother Anne, the dowager Countess, arranged for Henry to be baptized and christened as Frederick Henry at Woodstock Palace with Anne of Denmark as godmother. Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth were also present and he studied at St Johns College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1624. Before ascending to the peerage, Lord Arundel had served as Member of Parliament for Arundel in the Parliament of England from 1628 until 1629 and he also represented Callan in the Parliament of Ireland in 1634. He had been due to inherit his mothers peerage, but he pre-deceased her, Henry sought to control the succession to some of his real property after his death. The estate plan also included provisions for shifting the titles many generations later if certain conditions should occur, when his second son, Henry, succeeded to the elder brothers property, he did not want to pass the other property to his younger brother, Charles. Charles sued to enforce his interest, and the court held that such a condition could not exist indefinitely. The judges believed that tying up property too long beyond the lives of living at the time was wrong. Lord Arundel married Lady Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of Esme Stuart, 3rd Duke of Lennox, edwards great-grandson Thomas Howard, a Quaker, renounced succession c.1812, succession then passed to the issue of Hon. Hon. Francis Howard Died in Geele, Belgium as stated in his brother Cardinal Philip Howards Biography, Hon. Esme Howard, had one daughter, who died unmarried Lady Elizabeth Howard Hon. John Howard thePeerage. com Tudor Palace Howard, Henry Frederick
7.
Duke of Norfolk
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The Duke of Norfolk is the premier Duke in the peerage of England, and also, as Earl of Arundel, the premier Earl. The Duke of Norfolk is, moreover, the Earl Marshal, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current Duke of Norfolk is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, the dukes have historically been Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England. All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I, the son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, the Earl was descended from both King Edward I and King Edward III. Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk and their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then created his brother Thomas of Brotherton earl in 1312 and it passed to Thomass daughter, granddaughter of King Edward I, Margaret, and then to her grandson Thomas Mowbray. When King Richard II created Thomas Mowbray duke in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles that had belonged to the earls and his elderly grandmother Margaret was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Mowbray died in exile in 1399, some months after his grandmother and his widow took the title Countess of Norfolk. Between 1401 and 1476, the Mowbray family held the title, John Mowbray, the 4th duke, died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being the 3-year-old Anne Mowbray. At the age of 3, a marriage was arranged between Anne and Richard, Duke of York, the son of King Edward IV of England. She remained Richards child bride until she died at the age of 8, in accordance with the marriage arrangements, Richard inherited the lands and wealth of the Mowbray family. He was also made Duke of Norfolk, however, upon the death of Edward IV, the throne was usurped by Edwards brother, Richard III. Prince Richard and his brother were declared illegitimate and confined to the Tower of London in mid-1483. They subsequently disappeared, and the titles of both York and Norfolk were forfeited to the crown, from this point to the present, the title has remained in the hands of the descendants of John Howard. The Catholic faith of the Howard dynasty often resulted in conflict with the monarch, particularly during. In 1546, Thomas Howard, the third Duke, fell out of favour with the dying Henry and was attainted on 27 January 1547, he was stripped of his titles and his lands reverted to the Crown. However, the Duke died the year aged around 81. Following Marys death and the accession of her sister Elizabeth I, in 1660, the fourth Dukes great-great-grandson, the 23rd Earl of Arundel, was restored to the family lands and dukedom
8.
Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk
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Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk, styled Earl of Surrey from 1777 to 1786, was a British nobleman, peer, and politician. He was the son of Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk and he was known for actively participating in the Tory party as part of the support to King George III. Surrey succeeded to the title of 11th Duke of Norfolk in 1786 upon the death of his father and he spent a considerable amount of his money rebuilding and refurbishing Arundel Castle after inheriting his title and lands. He married, firstly, Marion Coppinger, on 1 August 1767 and he married, secondly, Frances Scudamore, the only child of Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore and his wife Frances, formerly Duchess of Beaufort, on 6 April 1771 at London, England. Frances soon became insane after her marriage and was locked away until her death in 1820, Howard then lived with several mistresses. An older illegitimate son by a mistress, Sir William Woods. Norfolk renounced his Catholicism to start his life, but remained a staunch supporter of Catholic Emancipation. He was noted for his habits and his dislike of soap. Norfolk was a friend of Sir Bysshe Shelley, allowing him in 1786 to make out the patent for his baronetcy. Shelley was influenced by Norfolk and built the flamboyant Castle Goring, Norfolk died on 16 December 1815 at age 69, without issue from either of his two legal marriages. Upon his death, his lands and titles passed to his cousin, dukes of Norfolk family tree Howard, Charles. Media related to Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk at Wikimedia Commons
9.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Dædalus, the Academys quarterly journal, is widely regarded as one of the worlds leading intellectual journals. The Academy is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Academy was established by the Massachusetts legislature on May 4th,1780. Its purpose, as described in its charter, is to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people. The sixty-two incorporating fellows represented varying interests and high standing in the political, professional, the first class of new members, chosen by the Academy in 1781, included Benjamin Franklin and George Washington as well as several foreign honorary members. The initial volume of Academy Memoirs appeared in 1785, and the Proceedings followed in 1846, in the 1950s the Academy launched its journal Daedalus, reflecting its commitment to a broader intellectual and socially-oriented program. The Academy has sponsored a number of awards throughout its history and its first award, established in 1796 by Benjamin Thompson, honored distinguished work on heat and light and provided support for research activities. Additional prizes recognized important contributions in the sciences, social sciences, since the second half of the twentieth century, policy research has become a central focus of the Academy. In the late 1950s, arms control emerged as a concern of the Academy. The Academy also served as the catalyst in establishing the National Humanities Center in North Carolina, in 2002, the Academy established a visiting scholars program in association with Harvard University. More than 60 academic institutions from across the country have become Affiliates of the Academy to support this program, robert Oppenheimer, Willa Cather, T. S. Eliot, Edward R. Murrow, Jonas Salk, Eudora Welty, and Duke Ellington. Astronomer Maria Mitchell was the first woman to be elected to the Academy, the current membership encompasses over 4,900 Fellows and 600 Foreign Honorary Members on the roster, including more than 250 Nobel laureates and more than 60 Pulitzer Prize winners. The current membership is divided into five classes and twenty-four sections, Class I – Mathematical and Physical Sciences Section 1. Applied Mathematics and Statistics Section 2, astronomy and Earth Science Section 5. Engineering Sciences and Technologies Section 6, computer Sciences Class II – Biological Sciences Section 1. Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology Section 2, cellular and Developmental Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Section 3. Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Section 4, evolutionary and Population Biology and Ecology Section 5. Medical Sciences, Clinical Medicine, and Public Health Class III – Social Sciences Section 1, Social and Developmental Psychology and Education Section 2. Political Science, International Relations, and Public Policy Section 4, archaeology, Anthropology, Sociology, Geography and Demography Class IV – Arts and Humanities Section 1
10.
William IV of the United Kingdom
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William IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. The third son of George III and younger brother and successor to George IV, he was the last king, William served in the Royal Navy in his youth and was, both during his reign and afterwards, nicknamed the Sailor King. He served in North America and the Caribbean, in 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. Since his two brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, through his brother, the Viceroy of Hanover, he granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. William was succeeded in the United Kingdom by his niece, Victoria, William was born in the early hours of the morning on 21 August 1765 at Buckingham House, the third child and son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He had two brothers, George and Frederick, and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of St Jamess Palace on 20 September 1765 and his godparents were his paternal uncles, the Duke of Gloucester and Prince Henry, and his paternal aunt, Princess Augusta, then hereditary duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He spent most of his life in Richmond and at Kew Palace. At the age of thirteen, he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman and his experiences in the navy seem to have been little different from those of other midshipmen, though in contrast to other sailors he was accompanied on board ships by a tutor. He did his share of the cooking and got arrested with his shipmates after a brawl in Gibraltar. He served in New York during the American War of Independence, I am fully persuaded, that it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince or Admiral. The plot did not come to fruition, the British heard of it and assigned guards to William and he became a lieutenant in 1785 and captain of HMS Pegasus the following year. The two were friends, and dined together almost nightly. At Nelsons wedding, William insisted on giving the bride away and he was given command of the frigate HMS Andromeda in 1788, and was promoted to rear-admiral in command of HMS Valiant the following year. William sought to be made a duke like his brothers, and to receive a similar parliamentary grant. To put pressure on him, William threatened to stand for the House of Commons for the constituency of Totnes in Devon, Williams political record was inconsistent and, like many politicians of the time, cannot be certainly ascribed to a single party. William ceased his active service in the Royal Navy in 1790, the following year he spoke in favour of the war, expecting a command after his change of heart, none came
11.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
12.
Catholic emancipation
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Requirements to abjure the temporal and spiritual authority of the Pope and transubstantiation placed major burdens on Roman Catholics. The penal laws started to be dismantled from 1766, the most significant measure was the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom. In Canada, British since 1763, the Quebec Act of 1774 ended some restrictions on Roman Catholics, reaction against this led to riots in Scotland in 1779 and then the Gordon Riots in London on June 2,1780. Further relief was given by an Act of 1782 allowing the establishment of Roman Catholic schools, the British Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was adopted by the Irish Parliament in 1792–93. Since the electoral franchise at the time was determined by property. Non-conformists also suffered discrimination at this time, but it was expected to be a consequence given the proportionately small number of Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom as a whole. William Pitt the Younger, the Prime Minister, had promised emancipation to accompany the Act, no further steps were taken at that stage, however, in part because of the belief of King George III that it would violate his Coronation Oath. Pitt resigned when the Kings opposition became known, as he was unable to fulfill his pledge, Catholic emancipation then became a debating point rather than a major political issue. The increasing number of Irish Catholics serving in the British army led to the army giving freedom of worship to Catholic soldiers in 1811 and their contribution in the Napoleonic wars may have contributed to the support of Wellington for emancipation. In 1823, Daniel OConnell started a campaign for emancipation by establishing the Catholic Association, in 1828 he stood for election in County Clare in Ireland and was elected even though he could not take his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He repeated this feat in 1829, oConnells manoeuvres were important, but the decisive turning point came with the change in public opinion in Britain in favour of emancipation. Politicians understood the importance of public opinion. They were influenced as well by the support for the measure by the Whigs in the House of Lords. The balance of opinion in the House of Lords shifted abruptly in 1828–29 in response to public opinion, in 1828 the Sacramental Test Act removed the barrier that required certain public officials to be members of the Established Church. Finally, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel changed positions and this removed many of the remaining substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The major beneficiaries were the Roman Catholic middle classes, who could now enter careers in the civil service. The year 1829 is therefore regarded as marking the chief moment of Emancipation in Britain. The obligation, however, to pay tithes to the established Anglican church in Ireland remained, resulting in the Tithe War of the 1830s, a series of further reforms were introduced over time
13.
Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
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The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, passed by Parliament in 1829, was the culmination of the process of Catholic Emancipation throughout the UK. In Ireland it repealed the Test Act 1672 and the remaining Penal Laws which had been in force since the passing of the Disenfranchising Act of the Irish Parliament of 1728 and its passage followed a vigorous campaign on the issue by Irish lawyer Daniel OConnell. OConnell had firm support from the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, as well as from the Whigs, the Act permitted members of the Catholic Church to sit in the parliament at Westminster. OConnell had won a seat in a by-election for Clare in 1828 against an Anglican, under the then extant penal law, OConnell as a Roman Catholic, was forbidden to take his seat in Parliament. Sir Robert Peel, the Home Secretary, who had until then always opposed emancipation concluded, though emancipation was a great danger, fearing a revolution in Ireland, Peel drew up the Catholic Relief Bill and guided it through the House of Commons. The campaign for Catholic emancipation in Ireland, 1828–1829, was led by Daniel OConnell, organiser of the Catholic Association, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1822 to 1828, the Marquess Wellesley played a critical role in setting the stage for the Catholic Emancipation Bill. His policy was one of reconciliation that sought to have the rights of Catholics restored while preserving those rights. He used force in securing law and order when riots threatened the peace, bishop John Milner was an English Catholic cleric and writer highly active in promoting Catholic emancipation, prior to his death in 1826. Meanwhile, Ulster Protestants mobilised, after a start, to stop emancipation. By late 1828 Protestants of all began to organise after the arrival of OConnellite Jack Lawless who planned a series of pro-emancipation meetings. His move galvanised the Protestants to form clubs, distribute pamphlets, however the Protestant protests were not well funded or coordinated and lacked critical support from the British government. After Catholic relief had been granted, the Protestant opposition divided along class lines, the aristocracy and gentry became quiescent while the middle and working classes showed dominance over Ulsters Catholics through Orange parades. The Parliamentary Elections Act 1829 which accompanied emancipation and received its Royal Assent on the day, was the only major ‘security’ eventually required for it. This Act disenfranchised the minor landholders of Ireland, the so-called Forty Shilling Freeholders, starting in the initial relief granting the vote by the Irish Parliament in 1793, any man renting or owning land worth at least forty shillings, had been permitted to vote. Under the Act, this was raised to ten pounds, the act also forbade the use of the episcopal titles already used by the Church of England. The 1851 act was never enforced and was repealed in 1871, in Clarks interpretation, the system remained virtually intact until it suddenly collapsed in 1828, because Catholic emancipation undermined its central symbolic prop, the Anglican supremacy. Clark argues that the consequences were enormous, The shattering of a social order. What was lost at that point. Was not merely an arrangement, but the intellectual ascendancy of a worldview
14.
Fitzalan Chapel
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The Fitzalan Chapel is located within the eastern end of the church building constructed on the western grounds of Arundel Castle. The Catholic chapel, now the mausoleum of the Dukes of Norfolk, is a Grade I listed building. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel was responsible for the building of the Chapel posthumously according to his will and it is an example of Perpendicular Gothic architecture, and the architect and mason is believed to have been William Wynford. A number of noted Fitzalan and Howard family members are buried in the chapel, most of the recently deceased Dukes of Norfolk are buried there. The chapel was damaged in 1643 during the siege of Arundel Castle by the Parliamentarians cannons during the English Civil War. It remained neglected throughout the 18th century, during this period, the Anglican parish was established in the western portion of the church building. Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk is credited with initiating major repairs to the Fitzalan Chapel circa 1837, Fitzalan Chapel is now vested in an independent charitable trust, and accepts donations for further maintenance and preservation. It is currently open to the public by access from the castle grounds
15.
Arundel Castle
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Arundel Castle is a restored and remodeled medieval castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was established by Roger de Montgomery on Christmas Day 1068, Roger became the first to hold the earldom of Arundel by the graces of William the Conqueror. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War and then restored in the 18th and 19th centuries, from the 11th century, the castle has served as a home and has been in the ownership of the family of the Duke of Norfolk for over 400 years. It is the seat of the Norfolk family. It is a Grade I listed building, the original structure was a motte and double bailey castle. Roger de Montgomery was declared the first Earl of Arundel as the King granted him the property as part of a larger package of hundreds of manors. Roger, who was a cousin of William, had stayed in Normandy to keep the peace there while William was away in England and he was rewarded for his loyalty with extensive lands in the Welsh Marches and across the country, together with one fifth of Sussex. After Roger de Montgomery died, the castle reverted to the crown under Henry I, the King, in his will, left Arundel Castle and the attached land to his second wife Adeliza of Louvain. In 1138, three years after Henrys death, she married William dAlbini II, William was responsible for creating the stone shell on the motte, thus increasing the defence and status of the castle. Arundel Castle and the earldom have passed through generations almost directly since 1138, with only the occasional reversion to the crown and other nobles for a brief time. Since the Aubigny family first received the castle, changes have been made, in 1139, the Empress Matilda was invited to stay at Arundel for some time during her travel to press her claim to the English throne upon Stephen. The stone apartments constructed to accommodate the Empress and her entourage survive to this day, when Henry died, the castle remained in the possession of Richard I, who offered it to the Aubigny family line under William III Comte de Sussex. The last in the Aubigny male line was Hugh, who died at an age in 1243. When his sister Isabel wed John FitzAlan of Clun, the castle, the FitzAlan family enjoyed an uninterrupted hereditary line until 1580. Upon the death of the seventh Earl in 1272, Arundel Castle, thirteen years later, Edward I granted Richard the right to hold two fairs per year at the castle as well as the power to collect taxes. This grant provided funding for the much needed renovation of the castle, once sufficient funds were available, FitzAlan added the well tower and re-constructed the entrance to the keep. After Richards death, his son Edmund was executed for his part in the rebellion against Edward II, Arundel subsequently passed to the 6th son of Edward I who was also executed. The castle and titles passed back to the FitzAlans four years later, the tenth Earl, Richard, fought at the Crécy with Edward III and the Black Prince
16.
Baron Teynham
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Baron Teynham, of Teynham in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of England and the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1616 for Sir John Roper, edward Hasted records it as Lord Teynham. His great-great-grandson, the fifth Baron, served as Lord Lieutenant of Kent, the latters third son, the eighth Baron, married, as his second wife, Anne Barrett-Lennard, 16th Baroness Dacre. His eldest son from this marriage, the Hon. Charles Roper, was the father of Trevor Charles Roper, 18th Baron Dacre, and Gertrude Trevor Roper, 19th Baroness Dacre. His youngest son from this marriage, Reverend Hon. Richard Henry Roper, was the great-great-great-grandfather of the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, the eighth Baron was succeeded by his eldest son from his first marriage to the Hon. Catherine Smythe, the ninth Baron. He died unmarried and was succeeded by his brother, the tenth Baron. His great-great-grandson, the nineteenth Baron, served as Deputy Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1946 to 1959, as of 2014 the title is held by the latters son, the twentieth Baron, who succeeded in 1972. The family seat is Pylewell Park, near Lymington, Hampshire, Lord Teynhams eldest son and the heir apparent David currently resides there with his family. The heir apparents heir apparent is his son Henry Christopher John Ingham Roper-Curzon, Baron Dacre Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton Birdy, granddaughter of the 20th Baron Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Roper Roll Roper Genealogy and Memorials
17.
Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester
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Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester was an English aristocrat, who was a prominent and financially important Royalist during the early years of the English Civil War. He was the son of Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, on 3 March 1628, he succeeded his father and became the 5th Earl of Worcester. Brought up a Protestant, he converted to Catholicism as a young man and he was considered an outstandingly wealthy peer, with an income, by the contemporary estimate of Richard Symonds, of £24,000 per annum. By good management, as well as by inheritance and marriage, when war came, he claimed to have expended and lent over £900,000 to the royalist cause. Charles I asked him to keep a low profile in public life, some noted recusants, such as Gwilym Puw and his chaplain Thomas Bayly, gathered around him at Raglan Castle. His local support was increased by the fact that he was not identified as a courtier, for his financial support of King Charles I at the outset of the First English Civil War, he was created 1st Marquess of Worcester, on 2 November 1642. After the battle of Naseby, King Charles sought refuge at Raglan, the next year, the Marquess was forced to surrender Raglan Castle to the forces of Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet, late in 1646, marking the effective end of the Civil War in Wales. He was taken into custody by the Parliamentary forces, and died in Covent Garden and he married Hon. Anne Russell, daughter of John Russell, Baron Russell and Elizabeth Cooke on 16 June 1600. Annes paternal grandparents were Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, annes maternal grandparents were Sir Anthony Cooke and his wife Anne FitzWilliam. Fr Thomas died in exile in Dunkirk on 30 August 1678, another son was Sir John Somerset, of Pauntley, Gloucestershire, who married Mary Arundell, a daughter of the 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, co. His youngest daughter, Elizabeth, married Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu, henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, the Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. CS1 maint, Uses editors parameter Mosley, Charles, ed. Burkes Peerage and Baronetage
18.
Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
19.
Writ of acceleration
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The procedure of writs of acceleration was introduced by King Edward IV in the mid 15th century. It was a rare occurrence, and only 98 writs of acceleration were issued in over 400 years. He was summoned in his fathers barony of Baron Cecil of Essendon. The procedure of writs of acceleration was abolished through the House of Lords Act 1999, the heir apparent was not always summoned in his courtesy title, rather, almost every person summoned to Parliament by virtue of a writ of acceleration was summoned in one of his father’s baronies. For example, William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, heir apparent of William Cavendish, an heir apparent receiving such a writ took the precedence within the House of Lords owing to the title accelerated. For example, when Viscount Cranborne was accelerated to the barony of Cecil, if an accelerated baron dies before his father, the barony passes to his heirs if any, else to his father. His son, the Earls grandson, was granted a writ of attendance to the Lords in the barony, Acceleration can affect the numbering of holders of peerages. Suppose the first Earl Z and Baron X has two sons, and that the first son receives the barony by acceleration and dies childless before his father and his brother will eventually become second Earl Z but third Baron X. Two issues of writs of acceleration may be especially noted, in 1628 James Stanley, Lord Strange, heir apparent of William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, was summoned to the House of Lords in the ancient Barony of Strange, a title assumed by his father. However, the House of Lords later decided that the sixth Earl’s assumption of the Barony of Strange had been erroneous, consequently, it was deemed that there were now two Baronies of Strange, the original one created in 1299 and the new one, created accidentally in 1628. Another noteworthy writ of acceleration was issued in 1717 to Charles Paulet, Marquess of Winchester, heir apparent of Charles Paulet and he was meant to be summoned in his fathers junior title of Baron St John of Basing, but was mistakenly summoned as Baron Pawlett of Basing. This inadvertently created a new peerage, however, the Barony of Pawlett of Basing became extinct on his death, while the Dukedom was passed on to his younger brother, the fourth Duke. When it had decided that the eldest son of a peer should become a member of the House of Lords. For example, in 1832 Edward Smith-Stanley, Lord Stanley, son and heir apparent of Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, was given a new peerage as Baron Stanley, two years later he succeeded his father in the Earldom. Eldest sons of peers who had not received a writ of acceleration or a new peerage were eligible to stand for election to the House of Commons. It was far more common for eldest sons of peers to sit in the House of Commons, before the 20th century, it was generally very easy for such men to find a constituency willing to elect them if they had any inclination for politics. Format for Writs in Acceleration and of Summons
20.
House of Plantagenet
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The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, under the Plantagenets, England was transformed, although this was only partly intentional. The Plantagenet kings were forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta. These constrained royal power in return for financial and military support, the king was no longer just the most powerful man in the nation, holding the prerogative of judgement, feudal tribute and warfare. He now had defined duties to the realm, underpinned by a justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, in the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were commonplace, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms, the Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for the English Renaissance, and the advent of early modern Britain, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, adopted Plantagenet as his family name in the 15th century. Plantegenest had been a 12th-century nickname for his ancestor Geoffrey, count of Anjou, one of many popular theories suggests the common broom, planta genista in medieval Latin, as the source of the nickname. It is uncertain why Richard chose this name, although during the Wars of the Roses it emphasised Richards status as Geoffreys patrilineal descendant. It was only in the late 17th century that it passed into common usage among historians, the three Angevin kings were Henry II, Richard I and John, Angevin can also refer to the period of history in which they reigned. Many historians identify the Angevins as a distinct English royal house, Angevin is also used in reference to any sovereign or government derived from Anjou. The term Angevin Empire was coined by Kate Norgate in 1887, the Empire portion of Angevin Empire has been controversial. In 1986 a convention of historians concluded that there had not been an Angevin state, and therefore no Angevin Empire, nonetheless, historians have continued to use Angevin Empire. The later counts of Anjou, including the Plantagenets, descended from Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais, in 1060 the couple inherited the title via cognatic kinship from an Angevin family that was descended from a noble named Ingelger, whose recorded history dates from 870. During the 10th and 11th centuries, power struggles occurred between rulers in northern and western France including those of Anjou, Normandy, Brittany, Poitou, Blois, Maine, and the kings of France. In the early 12th century Geoffrey of Anjou married Empress Matilda, King Henry Is only surviving legitimate child and heir to the English throne. As a result of marriage, Geoffreys son Henry II inherited the English throne as well as Norman and Angevin titles, thus marking the beginning of the Angevin
21.
Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal was an English peer. As a result of his involvement in the struggles which led up to the fall of Richard II. He had a brother, John de Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham. In April 1372, custody of both Thomas and his brother, John, was granted to Blanche Wake, a sister of their grandmother. On 10 February 1383, he succeeded his brother, John Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham, as Baron Mowbray and Segrave. On 30 June 1385 he was created Earl Marshal for life and he fought against the Scots and then against the French. He was appointed Warden of the East March towards Scotland in 1389 and he was one of the Lords Appellant to King Richard II who deposed some of the Kings court favourites in 1387. In gratitude, on 29 September 1397, the king created him Duke of Norfolk, in 1398, Norfolk quarreled with Henry of Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford, apparently due to mutual suspicions stemming from their roles in the conspiracy against the Duke of Gloucester. Before a duel between them could take place, Richard II banished them both, Mowbray left England on 19 October 1398. While in exile, he succeeded as Earl of Norfolk when his grandmother, Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk and he died of the plague at Venice on 22 September 1399. The traditional, and historic arms for the Mowbray family are Gules, although it is certain that these arms are differenced by various devices, this primary blazon applies to all the family arms, including their peerages at Norfolk. They are never indicated to bear the arms of Thomas Brotherton, crest—A leopard or, ducally gorged ar. granted by patent to the first duke,17 Richard II. John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, elizabeth Mowbray, who married Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk. Margaret Mowbray, who married firstly Sir Robert Howard, by whom she was the mother of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, isabel Mowbray, married firstly Sir Henry Ferrers, son of 5th Baron Ferrers of Groby, and secondly James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley. Mowbrays quarrel with Bolingbroke and subsequent banishment are depicted in the scene of Shakespeares Richard II. Thomas Mowbray prophetically replies to King Richards Lions make leopards tame with the retort, Yea, mowbrays death in exile is announced later in the play by the Bishop of Carlisle. Dukes of Norfolk family tree Cokayne, George Edward, the Complete Peerage, edited by H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
22.
John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
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Sir John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, 9th Baron Segrave, 8th Baron Mowbray KG, Earl Marshal was an English nobleman. He was the son of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. He also received the lands confiscated when the Mowbrays opposed the seizure of the throne by Henry IV. In 1415 he sat in judgment on Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, in 1425 he was restored to his fathers confiscated Dukedom of Norfolk. He married Lady Katherine Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and he went to France with King Henry V and took part in the siege of Harfleur. He was too ill to fight at Agincourt and he died in 1432 at Epworth, Lincolnshire, where his father had founded a monastery. Royal, McKendrick, Scot, Lowden, John and Doyle, Kathleen, Royal Manuscripts, The Genius of Illumination,2011, British Library,9780712358156 Dukes of Norfolk family tree
23.
John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
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Sir John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk KG Earl Marshal was an important player in the Wars of the Roses. He was the son of John Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and he succeeded to the hereditary office of Earl Marshal in 1432, on the death of his father. As he was age at his fathers death, he was placed under the protection of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. In 1437–8 he served a term as warden of the east march and in 1438 he was one of the leaders of an expedition to strengthen the defences of Calais. At the beginning of the War of the Roses in 1450 he supported Richard, Duke of York, however, in 1459, he swore allegiance to the Lancastrian Henry VI. He then quickly changed back to the Yorkists. In February 1461 he fought for the defeated Yorkists in the Second Battle of St Albans. In March 1461 he was one of those who asked the Duke’s son, The Earl of March, to become Edward IV, the battle took place in a snow storm between 80,000 men. Neither side could get an advantage until about midday Norfolk entered the battle on the Yorkist’s right flank, the Lancastrians then began to slowly fall back. As Earl Marshal, Mowbray then officiated at Edward IV’s coronation and he died at the age of 46, and was buried at Thetford Priory. He was succeeded by his son, John. He married Eleanor Bourchier, daughter of William Bourchier, Count of Eu and Anne of Gloucester and she was the sister of his successor as Justice in Eyre, Henry Bourchier. They had one child, John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, dukes of Norfolk family tree Weir, Alison. Britains Royal Family, A Complete Genealogy, birth and death dates stirnet. com Accessed May 24,2007
24.
John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk
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John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG, known as 1st Earl of Surrey between 1451 and 1461, was the only son of John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and Eleanor Bourchier. His maternal grandparents were William Bourchier, Count of Eu and Anne of Gloucester, in 1451 the earldom of Surrey was revived for him. Mowbray was descended from a sister of the last earl of the previous creation, in 1461 he succeeded his father as 4th Duke of Norfolk and hereditary Earl Marshal. He continued his fathers efforts to possess Caister Castle, finally taking it in September 1469 after a siege, under pressure from the Church, Norfolk did at least grant the other defenders a safe conduct. In 1476, within a day of Norfolks death, the Paston family took Caister back again, Norfolk was invested as a Knight of the Garter in 1472. He died very suddenly, having apparently been in good health the day before and he married Elizabeth Talbot, daughter of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and his second wife Lady Margaret Beauchamp. They had only one child, Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk, Anne, who was only 3 years old when her father died, inherited his extensive lands and wealth. The dukedom would be recreated in 1481 and again in 1483, the 1483 creation survives to the present day. Dukes of Norfolk family tree Tait, James, John Mowbray, third Duke of Norfolk
25.
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
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Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England. Prince Richard was created Duke of York in May 1474 and made a Knight of the Garter the following year, from this time on, it became a tradition for the second son of the English sovereign to be Duke of York. He was created Earl of Nottingham on 12 June 1476, in January 1483 Parliament passed an act that gave the Mowbray estates to Richard, Duke of York and Norfolk, for his lifetime, and at his death to his heirs, if he had any. The rights of the two co-heirs at law were extinguished, Viscount Berkeley had financial difficulties and King Edward IV paid off those debts, Berkeley then renounced his claims to the Mowbray estate before parliament in 1483. Nothing was done for Lord Howard and his father died on 9 April 1483. Thus his brother Edward, Prince of Wales, became King of England and was acclaimed as such, a priest, now generally believed to have been Robert Stillington, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, testified that Edward IV had agreed to marry Lady Eleanor Talbot in 1461. Lady Eleanor was still alive when Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, under Gloucesters influence, both Edward and Richard were declared illegitimate and removed from the line of succession on 25 June 1483. The Duke of Gloucester, as the surviving brother of Edward IV. The Duke of York was sent to the Tower of London, then a residence, by King Richard III in mid-1483. They were sometimes seen in the garden of the Tower, what happened to the two of them—the Princes in the Tower—after their disappearance remains unknown. Tudor History was quick to blame his uncle, Richard, subsequent re-evaluations of Richard III have questioned his guilt, beginning with William Cornwallis early in the 17th century. Bones reportedly belonging to two children were discovered in 1674 by workmen rebuilding a stairway in the Tower, on the orders of King Charles II, these were subsequently placed in Westminster Abbey, in an urn bearing the names of Edward and Richard. The bones were re-examined in 1933 at which time it was discovered the skeletons were incomplete and had been interred with animal bones and it has never been proven that the bones belonged to the princes. In 1789, workmen carrying out repairs in St Georges Chapel, Windsor, rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV, adjoining this was another vault, which was found to contain the coffins of two children. This tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IVs children, George, Duke of Bedford, who had died at the age of 2, and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14. However, the remains of two children were later found elsewhere in the chapel, leaving the occupants of the childrens coffins within the tomb unknown. In 1486 Richards sister Elizabeth married Henry VII, thereby uniting the Houses of York, as son of the king, Richard was granted use of the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent, on the first point a canton gules
26.
John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk
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John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk KG, was an English nobleman, soldier, politician, and the first Howard Duke of Norfolk. He was a friend and loyal supporter of King Richard III. John Howard, born about 1425, was the son of Sir Robert Howard of Tendring and Margaret de Mowbray, eldest daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth FitzAlan. His paternal grandparents were Sir John Howard of Wiggenhall, Norfolk, Howard was a descendant of English royalty through both sides of his family. Howard succeeded his father in 1436, in his youth he was in the household of John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and was drawn into Norfolks conflicts with William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk. In 1453 he was involved in a lawsuit with Suffolks wife and he had been elected to Parliament in 1449 and during the 1450s he held several local offices. According to Crawford, he was at one point during this period described as wode as a wilde bullok and he is said to have been with Lord Lisle in his expedition to Guyenne in 1452, which ended in defeat at Castillon on 17 July 1453. He received a commission from the King on 10 December 1455. In 1461 Howard was High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, in the same year he was one of three ambassadors sent to Burgundy to arrange the marriage of the Kings sister, Margaret of York, to Charles, Duke of Burgundy. At about this time he was made a member of the Kings council, during the 1460s Howard had become involved in the internal politics of St Johns Abbey in Colchester, of which he was a patron. He interfered with the elections at the Abbey following the death of Abbot Ardeley in 1464. Howard then appears to have interfered again in support of Abbot Stansteds election following Canons death in 1464, Howards advancement in the Kings household continued. By 1467 he was a knight of the body, and in September 1468 was appointed Treasurer of the Royal Household, according to Crawford, Howard was a wealthy man by 1470, when Edward IVs first reign ended and he went into exile on the continent. In the area around Stoke by Nayland Howard held some sixteen manors, after 1463, he purchased a number of other manors, including six forfeited by John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, the son of his cousin, Elizabeth Howard. Howard was summoned to Parliament from 15 October 1470 by writs directed to Iohanni Howard de Howard Militi and Iohanni Howard Chivaler, on 24 April 1472 he was admitted to the Order of the Garter. In April 1483 he bore the banner at the funeral of King Edward IV. He supported Richard IIIs usurpation of the throne from King Edward V and he bore the crown before Richard at his coronation, while his eldest son, the Earl of Surrey, carried the Sword of State. This left John Howard as heir to the duchy, and his alliance with Richard ensured his acquisition of the title and he was also created Earl Marshal, and Lord Admiral of all England, Ireland, and Aquitaine
27.
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk KG PC, styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman and politician. He was the son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard and the grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. He served four monarchs as a soldier and statesman and he was educated at Thetford Grammar School. While a youth he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman, Howard took the Kings side when war broke out in 1469 with the Earl of Warwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the forces at Edwards return to England in 1471. He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473, on 14 January 1478 he was knighted by Edward IV at the marriage of the Kings second son, the young Duke of York, and Lady Anne Mowbray. After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard, Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richards coronation, and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, on 28 June 1483, John Howard was created Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with the Order of the Garter, in the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed a rebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spent the next three years. Howard was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, in May 1489 Henry restored him to the earldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the Kings lieutenant until 1499, in 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was appointed a member of the Council. Surrey, Bishop Richard Foxe, the Lord Privy Seal, and Archbishop William Warham and he was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 he was involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragons marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her wedding to King James IV. Surrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509 and he challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new Kings first minister, but eventually accepted Wolseys supremacy
28.
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk KG PC was a prominent Tudor politician. He was an uncle of two of the wives of King Henry VIII, namely Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, after falling from favour in 1546 he was stripped of the dukedom and imprisoned in the Tower, avoiding execution when Henry VIII died a year later. He was the eldest son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk by his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney and he was descended in the female line from Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, the sixth son of King Edward I. Due to their alliegance to the side, the Howard familys titles became forfeit. Howard was a soldier, and was often employed in military operations. In 1497 he served in a campaign against the Scots under the command of his father and he was made a Knight of the Garter after the accession of King Henry VIII, and became the Kings close companion, with lodgings at court. On 4 May 1513 he was appointed Lord Admiral and on 9 September helped to defeat the Scots at the Battle of Flodden. Anne of York died in 1511, and early in 1513 he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, and Eleanor Percy, the daughter of Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. On 1 February 1514 Howards father, then Earl of Surrey, was created Duke of Norfolk, over the next few years he served the King in a variety of ways. In September 1514 he escorted the Kings sister Princess Mary to France for her forthcoming marriage, in 1517 he quelled a May day riot in London with the use of soldiers. On 10 March 1520, Surrey was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, by July 1520 Surrey entered upon the thankless task of endeavouring to keep Ireland in order. His letters contain accounts of attempts to pacify the rival factions of Kildare and Ormonde, at the end of 1521 Surrey was recalled from Ireland to take command of the English fleet in naval operations against France. His ships were ill-provisioned, and his warfare consisted of a series of raids upon the French coast for the purpose of inflicting all the damage possible. In July 1522 he burned Morlaix, in September laid waste the country round Boulogne, on 4 December 1522 Surrey was made Lord Treasurer upon his fathers resignation of the office, and on 21 May 1524 he succeeded his father as 3rd Duke of Norfolk. His liking for war brought him conflict with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Finding himself pushed aside, Norfolk spent considerable time away from court in 1525–7 and 1528, by 1529 matters of state were being increasingly handled by Norfolk, Suffolk and the Boleyns, who pressed the King to remove Wolsey. In October the King sent Norfolk and Suffolk to obtain the seal from the Cardinal. In November Wolsey was arrested on a charge of treason, Norfolk benefited from Wolseys fall, becoming the Kings leading councillor and applying himself energetically in the Kings efforts to find a way out of his marriage to Queen Katherine
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Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG was an English nobleman and politician. Norfolk was the son of the poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and he was taught as a child by John Foxe, the Protestant martyrologist, who remained a lifelong recipient of Norfolks patronage. His father predeceased his grandfather, so Norfolk inherited the Dukedom of Norfolk upon the death of his grandfather and it was the 4th Duke of Norfolk who commissioned Thomas Tallis, probably in 1567, to compose his renowned motet in forty voice-parts, Spem in alium. Thomas Howards first wife was Mary FitzAlan, who after the death of her brother Henry in 1556 became heiress to the Arundel estates of her father Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel. She died after a year of marriage, having given birth to a son, Philip Howard and it is from this marriage that modern Dukes of Norfolk derive their surname of FitzAlan-Howard and their seat in Arundel. Though her funeral effigy is there, Mary FitzAlan was never buried at Framlingham, Norfolk next married another heiress, Margaret Audley, widow of Sir Henry Dudley and daughter of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden. After Margarets death in 1563, Norfolk married Elizabeth Leyburne, widow of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gillesland, Norfolks three sons by his first two wives, Philip, Thomas, and William, married, respectively, Anne, Margaret, and Elizabeth Dacre. The Dacre sisters were the daughters of Elizabeth Leyburne by her marriage to Thomas Dacre and were, thereby, Norfolk was Earl Marshal of England and Queens Lieutenant in the North. From February to July 1560, Norfolk was commander of the English army in Scotland in support of the Lords of the Congregation opposing Mary of Guise and he negotiated the Treaty of Berwick by which the Congregation invited English assistance. Norfolk was the Principal of the commission at York in 1568 to hear evidence against Mary, Queen of Scots presented by Regent Moray, Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Norfolk in 1569 for scheming to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. Following his release, he participated in the Ridolfi plot with King Philip II of Spain to put Mary on the English throne and he was executed for treason in 1572. He is buried at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula within the walls of the Tower of London, Norfolks lands and titles were forfeit, although much of the estate was later restored to his sons. The title of Duke of Norfolk was restored, four generations later, Thomas Howard appears as a character in the Philippa Gregory novels The Virgins Lover and The Other Queen, and in the novel I, Elizabeth by Rosalind Miles. A highly fictionalized version of the 4th Duke of Norfolk appears as a villain, played by Christopher Eccleston, another version of the Duke is in the BBC mini-series The Virgin Queen, played by Kevin McKidd. In the Channel 4 documentary Elizabeth presented by David Starkey, the Duke is portrayed by actor John Gully, Dukes of Norfolk family tree John George Howard, a Toronto architect who claims to be related to the Duke. The marvellous chance, Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, murdin, William, Collection of State Papers, 1571-1596. Papers from Norfolks treason trial 1568-1572, Thomas Howard, Fourth duke of Norfolk. William Cooke Taylor, ed. Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
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Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk
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Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk was an English nobleman and politician. He was the son of Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel. He succeeded his brother Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk after his death in 1677 and he withdrew to Bruges for three years. There he built an attached to a Franciscan convent and enjoyed freedom of worship. He later gave away the greater part of his library, grounds, and rooms to the Royal Society, and the Arundelian marbles to Oxford University. He remained in England long enough to sit as a peer at the trial for treason of his close relative William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, Stafford was beheaded on 29 December, the Duke does not seem to have interceded for his cousins life. He returned to Bruges for a time, with the waning of the hysteria he felt it safe to return home. John Evelyn in his diary for 9 May 1683 records visiting him to discuss buying some of his artworks, from Evelyns description it is clear that the Duke then had an impressive collection of cartoons and drawings of Raphael and the Great Masters. About 1652, Howard married Lady Anne Somerset, daughter of Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester and she had been his mistress for many years prior to the marriage in 1676 or 1677, and its announcement caused a violent quarrel with his heir. Dukes of Norfolk family tree Herbermann, Charles, ed. Catholic Dukes of Norfolk, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. Catholic Dukes of Norfolk
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Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk
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Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, KG PC Earl Marshal was an English nobleman, politician, and soldier. He was the son of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk and Lady Anne Somerset, daughter of Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester and he was summoned to the House of Lords in his own right as Baron Mowbray in 1678. His unhappy marriage was a subject of gossip, and ended in divorce. He married Mary Mordaunt, the daughter and heiress of the 2nd Earl of Peterborough. He divorced her for her adultery with Sir John Germain in 1700, the Duke was probably in no position to condemn his wifes conduct, his own counsel called it frankly a case of the pot calling the kettle black. He died without children, and was succeeded by his nephew, Thomas Howard and his former wife married secondly Sir John Germain, 1st Baronet, who had been her lover for many years. He was rarely on good terms with his father, particularly after 1677 when his father married Jane Bickerton, his mistress of many years standing, an act which caused a violent family quarrel. Like almost all the Howards of Norfolk he was a devout Roman Catholic, there is little doubt that this was simply a device to save the family estates, which seems to have succeeded, although his father was charged with recusancy in 1680, the charge did not proceed. While the senior Howard line survived unscathed, their cousin William Howard, Henry as Baron Mowbray sat as one of the peers who tried him. It is a sign of his courage and independent judgment, given the anti-Catholic feeling in the country. This was the more notable since according to John Evelyn, of Staffords extended family in the House of Lords, he was the one to do so. On 20 June 1685, he was appointed Colonel of the Suffolk Regiment and he was created a Knight of the Garter in the same year. As a man all-powerful in his Dukedom he used his influence in the 1685 General Election to return members entirely loyal to the Crown, by 1688, however, he was on bad terms with James II, openly disapproving of the Kings aggressive policy of Catholic championship. When asked to question his constituents on whether they favoured repeal of the Test Act, when asked to replace the magistrates in his dukedom with more compliant ones he simply refused and prudently went to France, but returned in time to welcome the Glorious Revolution. The first HMS Norfolk was named after him and he served as a Privy Councillor under William III and Mary II in 1689. His private surgeon was Thomas Greenhill, a written account of the death of the 7th Duke of Norfolk, who died in London on Wednesday the 2d of April 1701 by his secretary Francis Negus. Dukes of Norfolk family tree Howard, Henry, list of deserters from James II to William of Orange
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Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal was an English peer and politician. He was the son of Lord Thomas Howard and Mary Elizabeth Savile, upon the death of his uncle Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, he inherited the titles of 17th Baron Furnivall and 8th Duke of Norfolk. He married Maria Shireburn, daughter of Sir Nicholas Shireburn, 1st and last Bt. of Stonyhurst Hall, on 26 May 1709, when she was age 16 and a half, with a fortune of more than £30,000. At the time of the Jacobite Rising of 1715 he used his influence to secure the acquittal of his brother Edward on the charge of high treason. The Duke himself was arrested on 29 October 1722 under suspicion of involvement in a Jacobite plot and his wife, refused permission to visit, prevailed upon the Earl of Carlisle to act as surety for his bail in May 1723. Howard was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England from 1729-30 and his marriage is said to have been unhappy, and his wife, a staunch Catholic and Jacobite, separated from him when he—in her words—truckled to the Usurper. The Duke died childless on 23 December 1732 at age 49, upon his death, the title passed to his brother Edward
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Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk
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He served as Postmaster General between 1895 and 1900, but is best remembered for his philanthropic work, which concentrated on Roman Catholic causes and the city of Sheffield. Norfolk was the eldest son of Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk, Edmund Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent, was his younger brother. The Duke was first educated at The Oratory School, but owing to restrictions from the Catholic Hierarchy he was unable to attend either Oxford or Cambridge Universities. His higher education instead consisted of a Grand Tour of Europe around 1867 under the guidance of classical scholar, Norfolk succeeded to the dukedom at the age of 12 on the death of his father in 1860. He also succeeded to the office of Earl Marshal held by the Dukes of Norfolk. In 1895 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Postmaster General by Lord Salisbury, a post he held until early 1900, when he resigned in order to serve in the Boer War. In 1895 he also became Mayor of Sheffield, serving two terms during which he arranged the citys monumental celebrations in honour of Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee in 1897, Shortly thereafter he was appointed the first Lord Mayor of Sheffield, but retained the office only until November 1897. In his capacity as Earl Marshal he arranged the state funerals of William Ewart Gladstone, Queen Victoria, and King Edward VII, apart from serving as Earl Marshal between 1860 and 1917, Norfolk was Lord Lieutenant of Sussex between 1905 and 1917. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1886 and an honorary Freeman of the City of Sheffield in 1900. He was three time Chairman of the National Union of Conservative Associations, Grand Chancellor of the Primrose League, as is common with the Dukes of Norfolk, Norfolk was a Roman Catholic. In his dual role as Premier Duke and most prominent Roman Catholic in England and he was born a generation after the Catholic Relief Act 1829 but before the reconstitution of Roman Catholic dioceses in 1850. Norfolks first major benefaction commemorated his coming of age as Duke, at his ancestral seat of Arundel Castle, he sponsored the construction of the Church of Our Lady and St Philip Neri between 1868 and 1873. This church was chosen to serve as Arundel Cathedral in 1965 and rededicated in 1971 to include Saint Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel. In 1877, he married his first wife, Lady Flora Hastings and he later wrote, Shortly after my most happy marriage, I wished to build a church as a thank-offering to God. To commemorate this occasion, he construction of a church in his titular ancestral seat in Norwich. After commencing in 1882 with a gift of £200,000, construction would not be completed until 1910 and this church was also later chosen to serve as St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich when the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia was re-established in 1976. He was a significant contributor to the Father Damien fund to fight leprosy and he also donated funds for the building of the University of Sheffield and was its initial Chancellor between 1905 and 1917. From 1898 on, he edited, together with Charles Tindal Gatty and they had one child, Philip Joseph Mary Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Surrey, Earl of Arundel, died unmarried
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Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk
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Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk, KG, GCVO, GBE, TD, PC, styled Earl of Arundel and Surrey until 1917, was a British peer and politician. He was the eldest surviving son of Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk and his mother was Gwendolen Fitzalan-Howard, suo jure Gwendoline Mary Herries, 12th Lady Herries of Terregles, and he inherited her peerage when she died in 1947. He was educated at The Oratory School and was commissioned into the Royal Horse Guards in 1931 and he joined the 4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment in 1934, and was promoted Major in 1939. He served in World War II, in which he was wounded in action and he was a keen cricket fan and was the manager of the English cricket team in Australia in 1962–63, which excited much press interest. The Duke married the Hon Lavinia Mary Strutt, daughter of Algernon Strutt, 3rd Baron Belper and his wife Eva, on 27 January 1937. It was the first time that most of us had met the portly, florid aristocrat. we hardly knew what to expect and it was a black-tie affair, of course, and none of us dared get drunk. You will merely address me as Sir, ian Wooldridge His Grace the Duke of Norfolk was appointed as manager of the England tour of Australia in the winter of 1962–63. His appointment astounded just about everyone connected with the game, Fred Trueman The announcement that the Duke would manage the MCC cricket team in Australia in 1962–63 came as a complete surprise. He was a cricketer, who was President of the MCC in 1956–57 and was still a member of its powerful committee. He was not a cricketer, even at village green level. At Arundel, the umpire was his own butler, who when he was out would diplomatically announce His Grace is not in, the Duke was chosen after a chance remark while having drinks after a MCC Committee meeting. The Duke offered his services when it was mentioned that the new captain Ted Dexter would be difficult to control. Like Dexter, the Duke was a follower of horse-racing. When his appointment was announced it was joked that only a duke could manage Lord Ted, in those days the MCC tour was seen as a social event and the team were scheduled to attend many high society events for which the Duke was well suited. His relationship with Fred Trueman was mixed, he first spoke to him at the Second Test by calling Trueman, and beckoning him with his finger, to which the fast bowler took exception, but they later became good friends. Socially, the Duke was a success, his transparent enjoyment of the game and affability with the players, press. As Earl Marshal of England, while in Australia he prepared the Queens 1963 Royal Visit, as Duke of Norfolk, he became Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England. In that capacity, the Duke had helped to organise various state ceremonies such as the coronations of King George VI in 1937 and he also helped to organise the state funerals of King George VI in 1952 and of Winston Churchill in 1965
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Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk
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Major General Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk, KG, GCVO, CB, CBE, MC, DL, was a British Army general and peer. He was the eldest son of Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Glossop and he was promoted to lieutenant on 30 January 1939 and to captain on 30 January 1944. In April 1944, as a major during the Second World War. He was at the time on foot and under enemy fire and he was quoted in his obituary in The Independent as saying, Anyone can be the Duke of Norfolk, but Im rather proud of that medal. Fitzalan-Howard was promoted to the rank of major on 30 January 1949. In 1961, he was appointed Commander of the 70th Brigade, promoted to brigadier on 1 January 1963, he became General Officer Commanding 1st Division on 5 November, with the rank of temporary major general. He was conformed in the rank of major-general in February 1964, retroactive to 5 November. He relinquished this appointment on 18 September of the year and retired the same day. The Duke inherited the Barony of Beaumont from his mother, the 11th Baroness, in 1971, and the Barony Howard of Glossop from his father, the 3rd Baron, in 1972. He also inherited the Great Office of Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England, the Dukes of Norfolk remained Roman Catholic despite the Reformation. The Duke, as senior Roman Catholic peer of the United Kingdom, represented The Queen at the installation of Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II, the 17th Duke was patron of many Catholic charities and benevolent organisations, including the Catholic Building Society. One of eight children, the Duke married Anne Mary Teresa Constable-Maxwell in 1949, lady Carina Mary Gabrielle Fitzalan-Howard, married Sir David Frost, has issue. Lady Marcia Mary Josephine Fitzalan-Howard, better known as the actress Marsha Fitzalan, edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, married Georgina Susan Gore, has issue. Lord Gerald Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, married Emma Roberts, has issue and he has resided with his family at Carlton Towers since 1991. The Duke died on 24 June 2002 and is buried at Fitzalan Chapel on the grounds of Arundel Castle
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Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk
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Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, DL, styled Earl of Arundel between 1975 and 2002, is a British peer, Earl Marshal and son of Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk is the son of Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk and he was educated at Ampleforth College, a Roman Catholic independent school, and then attended Lincoln College, Oxford. Norfolk worked with companies, and from 2000 to 2002 was Deputy Earl Marshal. Upon the death of his father in 2002, he inherited the late Duke of Norfolks peerages and he was a Cub Scout whilst at school at Ampleforth College and currently holds two appointments in the Scout Movement. He was until 2010 the President of 1st Arundel Scout Group and he is also patron of West Sussex County Scouts. In June 2003 he was awarded the Medal of Merit for Services to the Scout Movement, the Duke, then Earl of Arundel, married Georgina Susan Gore on 27 June 1987 at Arundel Cathedral. Together, they have three sons and two daughters, Henry Miles Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel, born 3 December 1987, lady Rachel Fitzalan-Howard, born 10 June 1989. Lord Thomas Fitzalan-Howard, born 14 March 1992, lady Isabel Fitzalan-Howard, born 7 February 1994. Lord Philip Fitzalan-Howard, born 14 July 1996, in April 2011 it was announced that the Duke and Duchess were seeking a trial separation. In August 2016, it was reported that they had reconciled and are now back under the same roof. In 2002, he inherited the Dukedom of Norfolk, as well as a number of earldoms, baronies, hereditary offices, and titles attached to the Dukedom, from his father. His office of Earl Marshal, one of the Great Officers of State, makes him responsible for State occasions, such as coronations and the State Opening of Parliament
"Howard, Bernard Edward". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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