1.
Parma
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Parma listen is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto, cheese, architecture, music and surrounding countryside. It is home to the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world, Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name. The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente, Parmas Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma. The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci wrote, As a capital city it had to have a river, as a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry. Parma was already an area in the Bronze Age. In the current position of the city rose a terramare, the terramare were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form, constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age the first necropolis were constructed, diodorus Siculus reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment was so named because it was round, like a shield, the Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina,2,000 families were settled. Parma had an importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square, in 44 BC, the city was destroyed, and Augustus rebuilt it. During the Roman Empire, it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house, the city was subsequently sacked by Attila, and later given by the Germanic king Odoacer to his followers. During the Gothic War, however, Totila destroyed it and it was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna and, from 569, of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. Under Frankish rule, Parma became the capital of a county, like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne, but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the Papacy and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party, two of its bishops became antipopes, Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as Honorius II, and Guibert, as Clement III. An almost independent commune was created around 1140, a treaty between Parma and Piacenza of 1149 is the earliest document of a comune headed by consuls, the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli, then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor Frederick II, who was crushed in the battle that ensued. Parma fell under the control of Milan in 1341, after a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family, the Sforza imposed their rule through their associated families of Pallavicino, Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio
2.
Kingdom of Italy
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The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government, according to Payne, Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases. The first phase was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, then came the second phase, the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929. The third phase, with activism, was 1929–34. The war itself was the phase with its disasters and defeats. Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943 and it switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas controlled by the Allied invaders. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The development of the Kingdoms territory progressed under Italian re-unification until 1870, the state for a long period of time did not include Trieste or Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only annexed them in 1919. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day Italy were founded, the Kingdom of Italy was theoretically a constitutional monarchy. Executive power belonged to the monarch, as executed through appointed ministers, two chambers of parliament restricted the monarchs power—an appointive Senate and an elective Chamber of Deputies. The kingdoms constitution was the Statuto Albertino, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible to the king. However, in practice, it was impossible for an Italian government to stay in office without the support of Parliament, members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting, and of 25% of all enrolled voters, if not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies. After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals
3.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
4.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
5.
The Conformist (film)
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The Conformist is a 1970 political drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. The screenplay was written by Bertolucci based on the 1951 novel The Conformist by Alberto Moravia, the film stars Jean-Louis Trintignant and Stefania Sandrelli, and features Gastone Moschin, Enzo Tarascio, Fosco Giachetti, José Quaglio, Dominique Sanda and Pierre Clémenti. The film was a co-production of Italian, French, and West German film companies, Bertolucci makes use of the 1930s art and decor associated with the Fascist era, the middle-class drawing rooms and the huge halls of the ruling elite. The film opens with Marcello Clerici in Paris finalizing preparations to assassinate his former college professor and it frequently returns to the interior of a car driven by Manganiello as the two of them pursue the professor and his wife. In one of these flashbacks we see him as a boy during World War I and he is socially humiliated by his schoolmates until he is rescued by chauffeur Lino. In another flashback Marcello and his fiancee Giulia discuss the necessity of his going to confession in order for her parents to them to marry. Marcello admits he thinks little of his new wife but craves the normality that a marriage with children will bring. Now married, Marcello finds himself ordered to assassinate his old acquaintance and teacher, Professor Quadri, using his marriage as a convenient cover he takes Giulia on their honeymoon to Paris where he can carry out the mission. While visiting Quadri he falls in love with Anna - the professors young wife -, Giulia and Anna dress extravagantly and go to a dance hall with their husbands where Marcellos commitment to the Fascists is tested by Quadri. Manganiello is also at the hall, having been following Marcello for some time. Marcello returns the gun that he has given and secretly gives Manganiello the location of Quadris country house where the couple plan to go the following day. Even though Marcello has warned Anna not to go to the country with her husband and has apparently persuaded her that she should leave her husband, on a deserted woodland road Fascist agents conspire to stop Quadris car with a false accident scene. When he attempts to help an apparently stricken driver he is attacked and stabbed to death by men who appear from the woods. Anna sees her husband being murdered, and realising the danger to herself runs to a car that had been behind them for help. When Anna sees that the passenger in the rear of the car is Marcello, she begins to scream uncontrollably, Marcello merely watches without emotion as she is pursued through the woods and finally shot to death. The ending of the takes place in 1943 during the fall of Benito Mussolini. He is called by Italo, his friend and former Fascist. While walking with Italo, they overhear a conversation between two men and Marcello recognizes one of them as Lino, who attempted to seduce him when he was a boy
6.
Last Tango in Paris
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It stars Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, and Jean-Pierre Léaud. The films raw portrayal of violence and emotional turmoil led to international controversy. Upon release in the United States, the most graphic scene was cut, after revisions were made to the MPAA ratings code, in 1997 the film was re-classified NC-17 for some explicit sexual content. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a censored R-rated cut in 1981, Paul, a middle-aged American hotel owner mourning his wifes suicide, meets a young, engaged Parisian woman named Jeanne at an apartment that both are interested in renting. Paul takes the apartment after they begin a sexual relationship there. He insists that neither of them must share any personal information, the affair continues until one day, Jeanne arrives at the apartment and finds that Paul has packed up and left without warning. Paul later meets Jeanne on the street and says he wants to renew the relationship and he tells her of the recent tragedy of his wife. As he tells his story, they walk into a tango bar. The loss of anonymity disillusions Jeanne about their relationship and she tells Paul she does not want to see him again. Paul, not wanting to let Jeanne go, chases her back to her apartment, Jeanne takes a gun from a drawer. She tells Paul her name and shoots him, Paul staggers out onto the balcony, mortally wounded, and collapses. Bernardo Bertolucci developed the film from his fantasies, He once dreamed of seeing a beautiful nameless woman on the street. The screenplay was by Bertolucci, Franco Arcalli, and Agnès Varda and it was later adapted as a novel by Robert Alley. The film was directed by Bertolucci with cinematography by Vittorio Storaro, Bertolucci originally intended to cast Dominique Sanda, who developed the idea with him, and Jean-Louis Trintignant. Trintignant refused and, when Brando accepted, Sanda was pregnant, an art lover, Bertolucci drew inspiration from the works of the Irish-born British artist Francis Bacon for the opening sequence of cast and crew credits. According to American artist Andy Warhol, the Last Tango film was based on Warhols own Blue Movie film released a few years earlier in 1969, the film contains a scene in which Brandos character engages in anal rape using butter as a lubricant. In a 2006 interview, Schneider said that the scene was not in the script, and nobody can force someone to do something not in the script. In 2007, Schneider recounted feelings of sexual humiliation pertaining to the scene, They only told me about it before we had to film the scene
7.
1900 (film)
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The film was screened at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition. Due to the length,1900 was presented in two parts when originally released in many countries, including Italy, East and West Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Colombia. Other countries, such as the United States, released a version of the film. Born on the day of the death of renowned composer Giuseppe Verdi—27 January 1901—Alfredo Berlinghieri, Alfredo is from a family of landowners led by his populist grandfather, while Olmo is an illegitimate peasant. Olmos grandfather, Leo, is the foreman and peasants strong man who verbally and spiritually carries out a duel of wits with the elder Alfredo. As Alfredo is somewhat rebellious and despises the falseness of his family, in particular his weak but abusive and cynical father Giovanni, he befriends Olmo, the two are friends throughout their childhood, despite the social differences of their families. Olmo enlists with the Italian army in 1917 during World War I, Olmo returns from the war over a year later and his friendship with Alfredo continues. However, Alfredos father has hired Attila Mellanchini as his foreman, several are killed by Attila himself. As the new padrone of the plantation, Alfredo does little to challenge or halt Attilas actions, during the late 1920s, the intimacy and lack thereof in their respective relationships with others is highlighted in their love lives. Alfredo marries a gorgeous, demure woman while Olmo marries Anita, alfredo’s wife, Ada, sinks into alcoholism when confronted with the reality of the emptiness of her relationship with Alfredo. Anita, a strong and independent spirit dies tragically in childbirth, as Olmo takes on his fateful role of leader among the poor farmers and their families, he clashes with Attila. The power, however, shifts after World War II in 1945, as padrone, Alfredo is captured by a teenage peasant boy carrying a rifle. Attila is also captured when he and his wife, Regina, Attila is stabbed, non-fatally, several times by women wielding pitchforks and is imprisoned in the Berlinghieri pig sty. Years earlier, Attila also had several peasants killed after they threw horse manure at him for selling Olmo, Olmo made Attila eat manure and let him go. Olmo then had to leave town to keep from being killed by the fascists, Alfredo fires Attila, when Attila and his blackshirts seek vengeance on Olmo by tearing up Olmos house. In the final scenes, set on 28 April 1945, Alfredo is brought before Olmos workers tribunal to stand trial, many workers come forth and accuse Alfredo of letting them suffer in squalor while he profited from their labors. As soon as the verdict is reached, however, representatives and soldiers of the new government, Olmo convinces the peasants to do so, overcoming their skepticism. Alone with Olmo, Alfredo declares, The padrone is alive, Alberto Grimaldi, the films producer, was contractually obligated to deliver a 195-minute version to Paramount Pictures
8.
The Last Emperor
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Independently produced by Jeremy Thomas, it was directed by Bertolucci and released in 1987 by Columbia Pictures. Puyis life is depicted from his ascent to the throne as a boy to his imprisonment. The film stars John Lone as Puyi, with Joan Chen, Peter OToole, Ruocheng Ying, Victor Wong, Dennis Dun, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Maggie Han, Ric Young, Vivian Wu, and Chen Kaige. It was the first occidental feature film for which the producers were authorized by the Peoples Republic of China to film in the Forbidden City in Beijing and it won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The film opens in 1950, five years after the capture of Puyi by the Red Army when the Soviet Union entered the Pacific War in 1945, in the recently established Peoples Republic of China, Puyi arrives as a political prisoner and war criminal at the Fushun Prison. Soon after his arrival, Puyi attempts suicide, but is quickly revived, throughout the film there is a series of flashbacks. 42 years earlier, in 1908, Puyi is summoned to the Forbidden City by the dying Empress Dowager Cixi, after telling him that the previous emperor had died earlier that day, with her last words, Cixi tells Puyi that he will be the next emperor. After his coronation, Puyi, frightened by his new surroundings, repeatedly expresses his wish to go home, which is denied him. Despite having scores of palace eunuchs and maids to wait on him, his real friend is his wet nurse. The final minutes of the shows a flash-forward to 1967 during the rise of Mao Zedongs cult of personality. By now, Puyi has become a gardener who lives a peasant proletarian existence. In the epilogue, Puyi later visits the Forbidden City as an ordinary tourist, there he meets an assertive little boy wearing the red scarf of the Pioneer Movement. The young Communist orders Puyi to step away from the throne, however, Puyi proves to the boy that he was indeed the Son of Heaven, proceeding to approach the throne. Behind it, Puyi finds a 60-year-old pet cricket that he was given by an elderly Mandarin on his coronation day, amazed by the gift, the boy turns to talk to Puyi, but the emperor has disappeared. The film ends with a flash-forward to 1987 where a guide is leading a group through the palace. Stopping in front of the throne, the guide sums up Puyis life in a few, brief sentences, the picture freeze-frames on the throne and the credits roll. Bernardo Bertolucci proposed the film to the Chinese government as one of two possible projects - the other was an adaptation of La Condition Humaine by André Malraux, the Chinese preferred The Last Emperor. Producer Jeremy Thomas managed to raise the $25 million budget for his ambitious independent production single-handedly, at one stage, he scoured the phone book for potential financiers
9.
The Sheltering Sky (film)
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The Sheltering Sky is a 1990 British-Italian drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci starring Debra Winger and John Malkovich. The film is based on the 1949 novel by Paul Bowles about a couple who journey to northern Africa in the hopes of rekindling their marriage, three Americans from New York arrive in Tangier in 1947. Port Moresby and his wife Kit are accompanied by their friend George Tunner on a trip that take them deep into the Sahara Desert. Tunner observes Were probably the first tourists theyve had since the war, while Tunner plans to return home in a few weeks, Port and Kit plan on staying for a year or two. While awaiting transport to a hotel, the group meets a pair of English travelers, the Lyles – Mrs. Lyle, a travel writer, erics mother keeps him constantly short of money so he is always asking for credit and loans. After arriving at the hotel, they sit in the bar and are observed by an older man sitting alone at a table. This character is played by the author, Paul Bowles. One year was another year. Port invites Kit to accompany him for a walk in the city, after she refuses and rebuffs his romantic advances, Port angrily leaves. During his walk he meets a pimp who introduces him to a prostitute in a berber encampment, the two have sex and the prostitute attempts to steal his wallet. Port quickly leaves and is chased by a mob from the camp, the next morning Tunner arrives at Kits room to take her shopping. Not wanting Tunner to know that Port stayed out all night, as Kit and Tunner are preparing to leave, a disheveled Port arrives. Seeing his bed, he assumes that Tunner spent the night with Kit, Port and Kit once again encounter the Lyles and are offered a ride in their car to Boussif, their next destination, but are informed that there is no room for Tunner. Port accepts the ride with the Lyles while Kit takes the train with Tunner, Tunner and Kit drink champagne throughout the journey and awake the next morning, naked, in Kits hotel room after a drunken tryst. Suspicious of Kits relationship with Tunner, Port arranges for Eric Lyle to provide Tunner with transportation to Messad on the pretext that Port, Eric agrees but also steals Ports passport. In Bounoura, Port discovers his passport missing, even after being informed by local officials that the passport can be recovered in Messad, Port decides to proceed by bus to El Gaa with Kit in order to avoid a meeting with Tunner. On the journey Port contracts typhoid, the hotel wont accommodate them from fear of infection. Kit transports the delirious Port to a French foreign legion post and he eventually dies alongside her in their room
10.
Stealing Beauty
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Stealing Beauty is a 1996 British-Italian-American drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and starring Liv Tyler, Joseph Fiennes, Jeremy Irons, Sinéad Cusack, and Rachel Weisz. Written by Bertolucci and Susan Minot, the film is about an American teenaged girl who travels to a lush Tuscan villa near Siena to stay with friends of her poet mother. The film was actress Liv Tylers first leading film role, Stealing Beauty premiered in Italy in March 1996, and was officially selected for the 1996 Cannes Film Festival in France in May. It was released in the United States on June 14,1996, Lucy Harmon, a nineteen-year-old American, is the daughter of well-known poet and model, Sara Harmon. The film opens as Lucy arrives for a vacation at the Tuscan villa of Saras old friends, Ian, other guests include a prominent New York art gallery owner, an Italian advice columnist and an English writer, Alex Parrish, who is dying of an unspecified disease. Dianas daughter from a marriage, Miranda Fox, is also there with her boyfriend. Mirandas brother, Christopher, is supposed to be there, but he is off on a trip with the Italian son of a neighboring villa. Lucy was particularly excited to see Niccoló, whom she had met on a visit to the villa, four years earlier. Lucy and Niccoló had briefly exchanged letters after this first visit, one letter in particular Lucy had admired so much she memorized it. Lucy reveals to the gallerist that she is there to have her made by Ian. She says its really just an excuse for her father to send her to Italy, smoking marijuana with Parrish, Lucy reveals that she is a virgin. When Parrish shares this information with the rest of the villa the next day, Lucy is furious and that evening, Niccoló comes to the Grayson villa for dinner, accompanied by his brother, Osvaldo. After dinner, the people separate from the adults to smoke marijuana. Lucy is now able to laugh about Parrishs betrayal, and the group take turns recounting when they each lost their virginity. When the question comes around to Osvaldo, he demurs, saying, I dont know which is more ridiculous, Lucy fawns over Niccoló but abruptly vomits in his lap. The next day Lucy rides a bicycle to the Donati villa, a servant informs her that he is in the garden, where Lucy finds him kissing another girl. Hastily bicycling away from the compound, she passes Osvaldo, who has been hunting with his dog, as she passes, Osvaldo holds up a jackrabbit he has killed and cries, Ciao, Lucy. Lucy doesnt stop but loses control of the bicycle at the next turn, Osvaldo tries to help but Lucy rebuffs his efforts and rides on
11.
The Dreamers (film)
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The Dreamers is a 2003 romantic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. The screenplay is by Gilbert Adair, based on his own novel The Holy Innocents and it is set against the backdrop of the 1968 Paris student riots. The film makes references to various movies of classical and New Wave cinema. There are two versions, an uncut NC-17-rated version, and an R-rated version that is three minutes shorter. The primary language spoken in the film is English, though French, Matthew is an American exchange student who has come to Paris to study French. While at the Cinémathèque Française protesting the firing of Henri Langlois, he meets the free-spirited twins Théo, the three bond over a shared love of film. After dinner with their parents, Théo and Isabelle offer Matthew the chance to stay with them while their parents are on a trip, Matthew accepts, considering them his first French friends. Matthew soon becomes suspicious of their relationship after seeing them sleeping nude together, after Théo loses at a trivia game, Isabelle sentences him to masturbate to a Marlene Dietrich poster in front of them. After Matthew loses at another game, he is forced to take Isabelles virginity, Matthew begins to accept Théo and Isabelles sexuality and his time living with them soon becomes idyllic. Matthew and Isabelle also continue their relationship, although Matthew attempts to take her on regular dates, one night, while the three are sleeping naked together in the living room, Théo and Isabelles parents arrive to leave a cheque for groceries. They are startled and disturbed by what they find, after they leave, Isabelle wakes up and discovers the cheque, realizing that their parents have found them. Wordlessly, she attaches a hose to the gas outlet and lies back down with Théo and Matthew, after a few moments, however, they are woken by a brick being hurled through the window, they discover hundreds of students rioting in the streets. All three of them are overjoyed and proceed to join the protesters, later on, Théo joins a small team of protesters preparing molotov cocktails. Matthew stops him, arguing against violence, but he is shunned by both Théo and Isabelle, as Matthew mournfully walks away through the chaos, Théo takes Isabelles hand and hurls a molotov cocktail at a line of police. The film ends as the charge the crowd. After the film was released, he said that it was faithful to the spirit of the book and it was as if I had another story in my mind. Fox Searchlight Pictures gave the version a limited theatrical release in the United States in 2004. In the United States, the film was released theatrically with an NC-17 rating whereas in Italy the same film was rated VM14
12.
Palme d'Or
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The Palme dOr is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the organising committee, from 1939 to 1954, the highest prize was the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film. In 1964, it was replaced again by the Grand Prix du Festival before being reintroduced in 1974 as the Palme dOr again. In 1954, the Jury of the Festival de Cannes suggested giving an award titled the Grand Prix of the International Film Festival with a new design each year from a contemporary artist. At the end of 1954, the Festivals Board of Directors invited several jewellers to submit designs for a palm, in tribute to the coat of arms of the City of Cannes. The original design by the jeweller Lucienne Lazon had the lower extremity of the stalk forming a heart. In 1955, the first Palme dOr was awarded to Delbert Mann for Marty, and it remained the highest award until 1964, as of 2015, Jane Campion is the only female director to have won the Palme dOr, for The Piano. These choices were due to a Cannes policy that forbids the Palme dOr-winning film from receiving any additional awards, according to Spielberg, Had the casting been 3% wrong, it wouldnt have worked like it did for us. Since its reintroduction, the prize has been redesigned several times, at the beginning of the 1980s, the rounded shape of the pedestal, bearing the palm, gradually transformed to become pyramidal in 1984. In 1992 Thierry de Bourqueney redesigned the Palme and its pedestal in hand-cut crystal, the current design, first presented in 1997, is by Caroline Scheufele from Chopard. A single piece of cut crystal forms a cushion for the 24-carat gold palm, the winner of the 2014 Palme dOr, Winter Sleep—a Turkish film by Nuri Bilge Ceylan—occurred during the same year as the 100th anniversary of Turkish cinema. Note, The Palme dOr for Union Pacific was awarded in retrospect at the 2002 festival, the festivals debut was to take place in 1939, but it was cancelled due to World War II. The organisers of the 2002 festival presented part of the original 1939 selection to a jury of six members. The films were, Goodbye Mr. Chips, La Piste du Nord, Lenin in 1918, The Four Feathers, The Wizard of Oz, Union Pacific, and Boefje. In 2011 the festival announced that the award would be given out annually, however plans for this fell through, american director Woody Allen was the inaugural recipient while pioneering French filmmaker Agnès Varda was the first woman to receive the award in 2015. In 2016 Jean-Pierre Léaud became the first person to be awarded solely for acting. com Cannes Film Festival IMDB
13.
2011 Cannes Film Festival
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The 64th annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 11 to 22 May 2011. American actor Robert De Niro served as the president of the jury for the main competition, south Korean film director Bong Joon-ho was the head of the jury for the Caméra dOr prize, which is awarded to the best first-time filmmaker. Midnight in Paris, written and directed by Woody Allen, opened the festival, mélanie Laurent hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. Italian film director Bernardo Bertolucci was presented with the third Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the festival. Though the award had been given out sporadically in the past the Honorary Palme dOr was supposed to presented annually after 2011, however it was not given again until the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. Gus Van Sants Restless opened the Un Certain Regard section, jailed Iranian film directors Jafar Panahi and Mohammad Rasoulof were honoured at the festival. Goodbye by Rasoulof and Panahis This Is Not a Film was screened at the festival, four female directors featured in the main competition, Australian Julia Leigh, Japans Naomi Kawase, Scottish director Lynne Ramsay and Frances own Maïwenn Le Besco. Danish film director Lars von Trier caused controversy with comments he made at the conference of his film Melancholia. When he was asked about the relation between the influences of German Romanticism in the film and his own German heritage, the director made jokes about Jews and Nazis. He said he understood Adolf Hitler and admired the work of architect Albert Speer, the Palme dOr was won by the American film The Tree of Life directed by Terrence Malick. Two of the producers, Bill Pohlad and Sarah Green. The Tree of Life is the first American film to win the Palme dOr since Fahrenheit 9/11 in 2004, head of the jury, Robert De Niro, said it was difficult to choose a winner, but The Tree of Life ultimately fit the bill. De Niro explained, It had the size, the importance, the intention, whatever you want to call it, that seemed to fit the prize. Declaration of War, directed by Valérie Donzelli, and Bachelor Days Are Over, feature films Special screenings Short films The following films were selected to be screened in the Cannes Classics section
14.
Emilia-Romagna
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Emilia-Romagna is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. It has an area of 22,446 km2, and about 4.4 million inhabitants, Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest GDP per capita in Italy. Bologna, its capital, has one of Italys highest quality of life indices, the name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome. Emilia derives from the via Aemilia, the Roman road connecting Rome to northern Italy, completed in 187 B. C. and named after the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Romagna derives from Romània, the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist, before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and then that of the Gauls. During the first thousand years of Christianity trade flourished, as did culture and religion, afterwards the University of Bologna—arguably the oldest university in Europe—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro, the municipalities are Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, SantAgata Feltria and Talamello. On 20 and 29 May 2012 two powerful earthquakes hit the area and they killed at least 27 people and caused churches and factories to collapse. The 5.8 magnitude quake left 14,000 people homeless, the region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of 22,446 km2, ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the consists of plains while 27% is hilly. The regions section of the Apennines is marked by areas of flisch, badland erosion, the mountains stretch for more than 300 km from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000 m – Monte Cimone, Monte Cusna and Alpe di Succiso. The plain was formed by the retreat of the sea from the Po basin. Almost entirely marshland in ancient times, its history is characterised by the work of its people to reclaim. All the rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, the northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km. Emilia Romagna has been a populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape, building cities, reclaiming wetlands, all these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas, the increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, land use changes can have strong effects on ecological functions
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Pier Paolo Pasolini
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Pier Paolo Pasolini was an Italian film director, poet, writer and intellectual. Pasolini also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, philosopher, novelist, playwright, painter and his murder prompted an outcry in some circles of Italy, with its circumstances continuing to be a matter of heated debate. Pasolini was born in Bologna, traditionally one of the most leftist politically of Italian cities and he was the son of Carlo Alberto Pasolini, a lieutenant of the Italian army, and Susanna Colussi, an elementary school teacher. His parents married in 1921, Pasolini was born in 1922 and his family moved to Conegliano in 1923 and, two years later, to Belluno, where another son, Guidalberto, was born. In 1926, Pasolinis father was arrested for gambling debts and his mother moved with the children to her familys house in Casarsa della Delizia, in the Friuli region. That same year, his father Carlo Alberto, first detained, at any rate, Carlo Alberto was persuaded of the virtues of fascism. Pasolini began writing poems at the age of seven, inspired by the beauty of Casarsa. One of his influences was the work of Arthur Rimbaud. In 1931, his father was transferred to Idria in the Julian March, in 1933 they moved again to Cremona in Lombardy, and later to Scandiano and Reggio Emilia. Pasolini found it difficult to adapt to all moves, though in the meantime he enlarged his poetry and literature readings. In the Reggio Emilia high school, he met his first true friend, the two met again in Bologna, where Pasolini spent seven years while completing high school, here he cultivated new passions, including football. With other friends, including Ermes Parini, Franco Farolfi, Elio Meli, in 1939 Pasolini graduated and entered the Literature College of the University of Bologna, discovering new themes such as philology and aesthetics of figurative arts. He also frequented the cinema club. Pasolini always showed his friends a virile and strong exterior, totally hiding his interior travail and he took part in the Fascist governments culture and sports competitions. In his poems of this period, Pasolini started to include fragments in Friulan, I learnt it as a sort of mystic act of love, a kind of félibrisme, like the Provençal poets. After the summer in Casarsa, in 1941 Pasolini published at his own expense a collection of poems in Friulan, the work was noted and appreciated by intellectuals and critics such as Gianfranco Contini, Alfonso Gatto and Antonio Russi. His pictures had also been well received, Pasolini was chief editor of the Il Setaccio magazine, but was fired after conflicts with the director, who was aligned with the Fascist regime. A trip to Germany helped him also to perceive the status of Italian culture in that era
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Accattone
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Accattone is a 1961 Italian drama film written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini. Despite being filmed from a screenplay, academics perceive Accattone as a cinematic rendition of Pasolinis earlier novels, particularly Boys of Life. While many people were surprised by Pasolinis shift from literature to film, Pasolini had collaborated with Federico Fellini on Le notti di Cabiria and considered cinema to be writing with reality. The word Accattone is a term mainly used for beggars, referring to people who never do well, who are lazy. Accattone is a story of pimps, prostitutes and thieves, the topic as his novels. Peasant culture is celebrated, in contrast to Italys postwar economic reforms, pasolini’s choice of topics was scandalous, as was his blurring of the lines between the sacred and the profane. Although Pasolini tried to distance himself from neorealism, the film is considered to be a kind of second neorealism, vittorio, nicknamed Accattone, leads a mostly serene life as a pimp until his prostitute, Maddalena, is hurt by his rivals and sent to prison. Finding himself without an income, and not much inclination for working himself, he discovers the naive Stella. She is willing to try, but when a client begins pawing her she cries, Accattone at AllMovie Accattone at the Internet Movie Database Senses of Cinema essay on Accattone
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University of Rome La Sapienza
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The Sapienza University of Rome, also called simply Sapienza or the University of Rome, is a collegiate research university located in Rome, Italy. Formally known as Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, it is the largest European university by enrollments and one of the oldest in history, the University is also the most prestigious Italian university and also the best ranked in Southern Europe. The biggest part of the Italian ruling class studied at this University and he introduced a new tax on wine in order to raise funds for the university, the money was used to buy a palace which later housed the SantIvo alla Sapienza church. However, the Universitys days of splendour came to an end during the sack of Rome in 1527, when the studium was closed and the professors dispersed, Pope Paul III restored the university shortly after his ascension to the pontificate in 1534. In the 1650s the university known as Sapienza, meaning wisdom. University students were newly animated during the 19th-century Italian revival, in 1870, La Sapienza stopped being the papal university and became the university of the capital of Italy. In 1935 the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini, was completed, Sapienza University has many campuses in Rome but its main campus is the Città Universitaria, which covers 439,000 m2 near the Roma Tiburtina Station. The university has satellite campuses outside Rome, the main of which is in Latina. In 2011 a project was launched to build a campus residence halls near Pietralata station. The Department of Philosophy is located in this building, since the 2011 reform, Sapienza University of Rome has eleven faculties and 65 departments. Today Sapienza, with 140,000 students and 8,000 among academic and technical, the university has significant research programmes in the fields of engineering, natural sciences, biomedical sciences and humanities. It offers 10 Masters Programmes taught entirely in English, as of the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Sapienza is positioned within the 151-200 group of universities and among the top 3% of universities in the world. In 2015, the Center for World University Rankings ranked the Sapienza University of Rome as the 112th in the world, in order to cope with the large demand for admission to the university courses, some faculties hold a series of entrance examinations. The entrance test often decides which candidates will have access to the undergraduate course, for some faculties, the entrance test is only a means through which the administration acknowledges the students level of preparation. Students that do not pass the test can still enroll in their chosen degree courses but have to pass an additional exam during their first year, the title of the speech would have been The Truth Makes Us Good and Goodness is Truth. Some students and professors protested in reaction to a 1990 speech that Pope Benedict XVI gave in which he, in their opinion, endorsed the actions of the church against Galileo in 1633
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La commare secca
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La commare secca is the 1962 Italian film written and directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, based on a story by Pier Paolo Pasolini. It was Bertoluccis directorial debut at age 21, the story is very similar to Akira Kurosawas influential Rashomon, though in an interview Bertolucci denied having seen that film at the time. The film begins with the image of a prostitutes corpse on the bank of the Tiber in Rome. We then see a series of interrogations of suspects by the police, each suspect recounts his activities during the day and evening, and each narrative serves as a slice of life story. A young man tells the police that he was meeting with priests in order to get a job recommendation, though we see that he, a gigolo treats both his girlfriends badly. A soldier fails in his attempts at picking up a number of women, two teenage boys share a pleasant afternoon in the company of two teenage girls but end up stealing from a homosexual man in the park. The final flashback depicts the murder by a man in clogs who had been interrogated previously. Each narrative is interrupted by a thunderstorm, which in each case leads to an interlude at the prostitutes apartment as she prepares for her evening. The film was hailed by critics as a success by a major new talent. Many Italian critics thought it was much a Pasolini film. La commare secca at the Internet Movie Database La commare secca at AllMovie La commare secca essay by David Thompson, Criterion Collection
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Before the Revolution
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Before the Revolution is a 1964 Italian romantic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. It stars Adriana Asti and Francesco Barilli and is centred on political, the film, strongly influenced by the French New Wave, was shot between September and November,1963. The shooting took place in Parma and its surroundings, one scene being filmed in the camera ottica at the Sanvitale Fortress in Fontanellato and it premiered on 12 May 1964 at the 17th Cannes Film Festival during the International Critics Week. A retrospective of the film was given at the BFI Southbank in London, Fabrizio, a young student, warns of the difficulty of reconciling the middle class with the militancy of the Italian Communist Party. He remains traumatized by the death of his friend Agostino, who has drowned in the River Po, the arrival of Aunt Gina, an elegant young lady who lives in Milan, increases his worries. The aunt falls in love him and Fabrizio reciprocates. But the aunt returns to Milan, Fabrizio, conscious of his own weakness and his inability to realize his aspirations and political ambitions, chooses to go along with convention. He gives up Gina and marries Clelia, a young girl who comes from a respectable family. Bertolucci said of the context of the film in a 1996 interview, each moment seems remote, even as I live it. I dont want to exchange the present, I accept it, but my bourgeois future is my bourgeois past. For me, ideology was something of a holiday, I thought I was living the revolution. Instead I lived the years before the revolution, because, for my sort its always before the revolution. The film, strongly influenced by the French New Wave, was shot between September and November 1963, the shooting took place in Parma and its surroundings, one scene being filmed in the camera ottica at the Sanvitale Fortress in Fontanellato. Like Marco Bellocchios Fists in the Pocket, which was released the following year and he writes of it, In Prima della rivoluzione the revolt of the protagonist finds support in political commitment. Sustained by a desire, the revolt is fostered by the political ideology that provies a raison detre as well as a symbolic terrain through which to articulate the revolt. Even more, the ideology, embodied by Cesare, provides Fabrizio with a meaning with which to confront. Through ideology, Fabrizio spells out and clarifies his course of revolt and singularity of rebel subject, eugene Archer of The New York Times believes that Bertolucci attempted a symbolic autobiography in his classical construction of the film. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian notes that the film displays a distinctively patrician concern with Catholicism and Marxism, before the Revolution premiered on 12 May 1964 at the 17th Cannes Film Festival during the International Critics Week
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Cinema of Italy
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The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. As of 2014, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes dOr, early Italian films were typically adaptations of books or stage plays. One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements, Italian Futurism, took place in Italy in the late 1910s, after a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film. A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi, post-World War II Italy saw the rise of the influential Italian neorealist movement, which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, and Vittorio De Sica. Neorealism declined in the late 1950s in favor of lighter films, such as those of the Commedia allitaliana genre and important directors like Federico Fellini, actresses such as Sophia Loren, Giulietta Masina and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period. The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leones Dollars Trilogy, erotic Italian thrillers, or giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. During the 1980s and 1990s, directors such as Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, lumière trainees produced short films documenting everyday life and comic strips in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Pioneering Italian cinematographer Filoteo Alberini patented his Kinetograph during this period, the Italian film industry took shape between 1903 and 1908, led by three major organizations, Cines, based in Rome, and the Turin-based companies Ambrosio Film and Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and Naples, and these early companies quickly attained a respectable production quality and were able to market their products both within Italy and abroad. Early Italian films typically consisted of adaptations of books or stage plays, such as Mario Caserinis Otello and Arturo Ambrosios 1908 adaptation of the novel, also popular during this period were films about historical figures, such as Caserinis Beatrice Cenci and Ugo Falenas Lucrezia Borgia. LInferno, produced by Milano Films in 1911, was the first full-length Italian feature film ever made, popular early Italian actors included Emilio Ghione, Alberto Collo, Bartolomeo Pagano, Amleto Novelli, Lyda Borelli, Ida Carloni Talli, Lidia Quaranta and Maria Jacobini. Enrico Guazzones 1913 film Quo Vadis was one of the earliest blockbusters in history, utilizing thousands of extras. Giovanni Pastrones 1914 film Cabiria was a larger production, requiring two years and a record budget to produce. Nino Martoglios Lost in Darkness, also produced in 1914, documented life in the slums of Naples, between 1911 and 1919, Italy was home to the first avant-garde movement in cinema, inspired by the countrys Futurism movement. The 1916 Manifesto of Futuristic Cinematography was signed by Filippo Marinetti, Armando Ginna, Bruno Corra, Giacomo Balla, to the Futurists, cinema was an ideal art form, being a fresh medium, and able to be manipulated by speed, special effects and editing. The Italian film industry struggled against rising foreign competition in the years following World War I, several major studios, among them Cines and Ambrosio, formed the Unione Cinematografica Italiana to coordinate a national strategy for film production. This effort was unsuccessful, however, due to a wide disconnect between production and exhibition. Among the notable Italian films of the silent era were Mario Camerinis Rotaio
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Marlon Brando
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Marlon Brando, Jr. was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting and he helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Julius Caesar, The Wild One, Reflections in a Golden Eye, Last Tango in Paris, Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements. Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata, Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara, an adaption of James Micheners 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, the 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time, Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks. After this, he was content with being a highly paid actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman and The Formula. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million and 11. 75% of the profits for 13 days work on Superman. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He died of respiratory failure on July 1,2004, at age 80, Brando was born on April 3,1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia. Brando had two sisters, Jocelyn Brando and Frances. His ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish and his patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate in Germany. Brando was raised a Christian Scientist, however, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother, dodie and Brandos father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, I was his namesake and he enjoyed telling me I couldnt do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything, Brandos parents moved to Evanston, Illinois, when his fathers work took him to Chicago, but separated when Brando was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother, in 1937, Brandos parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago
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Maria Schneider (actress)
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Maria-Hélène Schneider, known as Maria Schneider, was a French actress. Schneider was born in Paris to Daniel Gélin, a French actor, and Marie-Christine Schneider from Romania, Gélin was married to actress and producer Danièle Delorme during his affair with Marie-Christine Schneider, he never acknowledged Schneider as his daughter. Schneider was brought up by her mother in a town near the French border with Germany, as a teenager, she adored films, going to the cinema up to four times a week. She left home at 15 after an argument with her mother and went to Paris and she eked out a living as a film extra and a model. While working as an extra, she met Brigitte Bardot, who knew her father, Bardot offered Schneider a room in her house. Through Bardot, Schneider met people in the business and Bardot introduced her to the William Morris Agency. She was 18 when she had her first break in 1970, appearing in Madly, Schneider gained international renown for her performance at the age of 19 in the sexually explicit and controversial Last Tango in Paris, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. She performed several scenes in a graphic portrayal of anonymous sex with an older man. As for her relationship with Brando, she said that he had a paternal relationship with her on the set. But Brando suggested the acted sodomy scene, and Bertolucci did not reveal this scene to her until just before the filming of it. In 2007 she said, I should have called my agent or had my lawyer come to the set because you cant force someone to do something that isnt in the script, but at the time, I didnt know that. Marlon said to me, Maria, dont worry, its just a movie, I felt humiliated and to be honest, I felt a little raped, both by Marlon and by Bertolucci. After the scene, Marlon didnt console me or apologise, thankfully, there was just one take. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, actress Jessica Tovey, writing in The Guardian, argued that Bertoluccis defense of pursuing an artistic vision was bogus and that what occurred was a violation. In 2001, she commented, Last Tango, in fact, its a total coincidence. I was friends with Dominique Sanda and she would make the film with Jean-Louis Trintignant, but she was pregnant. She had a picture with her of both of us
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Massimo Girotti
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Massimo Girotti was an Italian film actor whose career spanned seven decades. Born in Mogliano, in the province of Macerata, Girotti developed his athletic physique by swimming and playing polo, the film marked, in a sense, the birth of Italian neo-realism. Some of his notable films include Caccia tragica by Giuseppe De Santis. In 1950, he starred opposite Lucia Bosé in Michelangelo Antonionis first full-length feature, Cronaca di un amore. In 1953, he played Spartacus in an Italian epic film known in the US as Sins of Rome and then, returned to again for Visconti, in Senso. Two years later, Pasolini cast him as Creonte opposite Maria Callas in his Medea, in 1972, he was in Bernardo Bertoluccis Last Tango in Paris. That same year he made a appearance in a horror film when he agreed to a supporting role in Baron Blood as a favor to its director Mario Bava. He continued to act in roles for the next thirty years. Some of the films he appeared in have been notable, including Joseph Loseys Monsieur Klein with Alain Delon and Jeanne Moreau and he died in Rome of a heart attack after having just completed his last film, Ferzan Özpeteks La Finestra di fronte
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Civil and political rights
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Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society, Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the phrase civil rights is a translation of Latin ius civis. Roman citizens could be either free or servile, but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Ketts Rebellion, all men may be made free. In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights, the Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776, the Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a civil disability, in early 19th century Britain, the phrase civil rights most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for civil rights was divided, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks, congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866,1871,1875,1957,1960,1964,1968, and 1991. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights, in many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil, Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that a free people their rights as derived from the laws of nature, the question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr. Custom also plays a role, the United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. It is considered by some that the purpose of government is the protection of life. Ideas of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the one takes
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Walk of Fame
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A hall, wall, or walk of fame is a list of individuals, achievements, or animals, usually chosen by a group of electors, to mark their fame in their field. Sometimes, the plaques may instead be posted on a wall or inscribed on a sidewalk. In other cases, the hall of fame is more figurative, the lists are maintained by an organization or community, and may be national, state, local, or private. The English-language term was popularised in the United States by the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College, in New York City and its inspiration is the Ruhmeshalle in Munich, Germany. The Walhalla memorial in Bavaria, Germany, is an earlier hall of fame, conceived in 1807. The meaning of fame has changed over the years, originally meaning renown as opposed to more common meaning of celebrity
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World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
27.
Robert De Niro
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Robert Anthony De Niro is an American actor, producer and director who has both Italian and American citizenship. He was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II and his longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake La Motta in the 1980 film Raging Bull. He received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2003, the Golden Globe Cecil B, deMille Award in 2010, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2016. De Niros first major roles were in the sports drama, Bang the Drum Slowly. He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver and Cape Fear, De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Ciminos Vietnam war drama, The Deer Hunter, Penny Marshalls drama Awakenings, and David O. Russells romantic comedy-drama, Silver Linings Playbook. His portrayal of gangster Jimmy Conway in Scorseses crime film, Goodfellas, other notable performances include roles in Once Upon a Time in America, Brazil, The Untouchables, Heat, and Casino. He has directed and starred in such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale. Robert Anthony De Niro was born in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan, New York, the son of Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr. Both of his parents were painters, his father was of half Italian and half Irish descent, while his mother was of half German ancestry, with her other roots being French, English and Dutch. De Niros parents, who had met at the classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts. De Niro was raised by his mother in the Greenwich Village and his father lived within walking distance and De Niro spent much time with him as he grew up. His mother was raised Presbyterian but became an atheist as an adult, against his parents wishes, his grandparents had him secretly baptized into the Catholic Church while he was staying with them during his parents divorce. De Niro attended PS41, an elementary school in Manhattan. He then went to Elisabeth Irwin High School, the upper school of the Little Red School House. He was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade, De Niro began high school at the private McBurney School and later attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School, although he never graduated from either. Nicknamed Bobby Milk for his pallor, De Niro hung out with a group of kids as a youth in Little Italy. The direction of his future had already been foreshadowed by his debut at age 10. Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, he was also fixated by cinema and he studied acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasbergs Actors Studio
28.
Donald Sutherland
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Donald McNichol Sutherland, OC is a Canadian actor whose film career spans six decades. Since then, he established himself as one of the most respected, prolific, Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards, winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X and Path to War, the former also brought him a Primetime Emmy Award. Inductee of Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame, several media outlets and movie critics describe him as one of the best actors who has never been nominated for an Oscar. He is father of actors Rossif Sutherland, Angus Sutherland, Sutherland was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of Dorothy Isobel and Frederick McLea Sutherland, who worked in sales and ran the local gas, electricity and bus company. He is of Scottish, German and English ancestry, as a child, he battled rheumatic fever, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis. His teenage years were spent in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia and he obtained his first part-time job, at the age of 14, as a news correspondent for local radio station CKBW. Sutherland graduated from Bridgewater High School and he then studied at Victoria College, University of Toronto, where he met his first wife Lois Hardwick, and graduated with a double major in engineering and drama. He had at one point been a member of the UC Follies comedy troupe in Toronto and he changed his mind about becoming an engineer, and left Canada for Britain in 1957, studying at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. After quitting the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, Sutherland spent a year, in the early to mid-1960s, Sutherland began to gain small roles in British films and TV. He featured alongside Christopher Lee in horror films such as Castle of the Living Dead and he also had a supporting role in the Hammer Films production Die. With Tallulah Bankhead and Stefanie Powers, in 1966, Sutherland appeared in the BBC TV play Lee Oswald-Assassin, playing a friend of Lee Harvey Oswald, Charles Givens. In 1967, he appeared in The Superlative Seven, an episode of The Avengers and he also made a second, and more substantial appearance in The Saint. The episode, Escape Route, was directed by the star, Roger Moore. They came to view a rough cut and he got The Dirty Dozen, the film, which starred Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson, was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1967 and MGMs highest-grossing movie of the year. In 1968, after the breakthrough in the UK-filmed The Dirty Dozen and he then appeared in two war films, playing the lead role as Hawkeye Pierce in Robert Altmans MASH in 1970, and, again in 1970, as hippie tank commander Oddball in Kellys Heroes. He stars with Gene Wilder in the 1970 comedy Start the Revolution Without Me, during the filming of the Academy Award-winning detective thriller Klute, Sutherland had an intimate relationship with co-star Jane Fonda. Sutherland and Fonda went on to co-produce and star together in the anti-Vietnam War documentary F. T. A, consisting of a series of sketches performed outside army bases in the Pacific Rim and interviews with American troops who were then on active service. A follow up to their teaming up in Klute, Sutherland and Fonda performed together in Steelyard Blues and his role as Corpse of Lt. Robert Schmied in the Maximilian Schells 1976 German film-directed End of the Game is listed in crazy credits
29.
Sterling Hayden
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Sterling Walter Hayden was an American actor and author. For most of his career as a man, he specialized in westerns and film noir, such as Johnny Guitar, The Asphalt Jungle. Later on he noted for appearing in supporting roles such as Gen. Jack D. Ripper in Dr. Strangelove or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying. He also played the Irish American policeman Captain McCluskey in Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather in 1972 and he played the role of Leo Dalcò in Bernardo Bertoluccis 1900 in 1976. At 6 feet 5 inches, he towered over most other actors, Hayden was born in Upper Montclair, New Jersey, to George and Frances Walter, who named him Sterling Relyea Walter. After his father died, he was adopted at age 9 by James Hayden, as a child he lived in coastal towns of New England, and in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Washington, D. C. and Maine. He attended Wassookeag School in Dexter, Maine, Hayden dropped out of high school at the age of 16 and took a job as mate on a schooner. His first voyage was to Newport Beach, California, from New London, later, he was a fisherman on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, ran a charter yacht, and served as a fireman on 11 trips to Cuba aboard a steamer. He skippered a trading schooner in the Caribbean after earning his masters license, Hayden spoke of his nautical experiences before the monthly meeting of the Adventurers Club of New York on March 21,1940. Hayden became a print model and later signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and his first film, Virginia, directed by Edward H. Griffith and starred Madeleine Carroll, with whom he fell in love and married. He, Griffith and Carroll were reunited in Bahama Passage, after two film roles, he left Hollywood and joined the United States Marine Corps as a private, under the name John Hamilton, a nom de guerre he never used otherwise. While at Parris Island, he was recommended for Officer Candidate School, after graduation, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and was transferred to service as an undercover agent with William J. Wild Bill Donovans Office of the Coordinator of Information. He remained there after it became the Office of Strategic Services, as OSS agent John Hamilton, his World War II service included sailing with supplies from Italy to Yugoslav partisans and parachuting into fascist Croatia. He received the Silver Star, a Bronze Arrowhead device for parachuting behind enemy lines, and he left active duty on December 24,1945. Hayden returned to Paramount, to one of several brothers in an aviation film. His great admiration for the bravery of the Communist partisans led to a membership in the Communist Party. He was apparently active in supporting an effort by the Communist-controlled motion picture painters union to other film industry unions. As the Red Scare deepened in U. S. he cooperated with the House Un-American Activities Committee, confessing his brief Communist ties and naming names
30.
Burt Lancaster
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Burton Stephen Burt Lancaster was an American film actor. Initially known for playing tough guys, Lancaster went on to success with more complex. He was nominated four times for Academy Awards and won once for his work in Elmer Gantry in 1960 and he also won a Golden Globe for that performance and BAFTA Awards for The Birdman of Alcatraz and Atlantic City. During the 1950s his production company Hecht-Hill-Lancaster was highly successful, making such as Marty, Trapeze, Sweet Smell of Success, Run Silent, Run Deep. The American Film Institute ranks Lancaster as #19 of the greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema, Lancaster was born in Manhattan, New York City, at his parents home at 209 East 106th Street, between Second and Third Avenues, today the site of Benjamin Franklin Plaza. Lancaster was the son of Elizabeth and James Henry Lancaster, who was a mailman, both of his parents were Protestants of working class origin. All of Lancasters grandparents were Ulster immigrants to the United States, the family believed themselves to be related to Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts. Before he graduated from DeWitt Clinton, his mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage, Lancaster was accepted by New York University with an athletic scholarship, but subsequently dropped out. At the age of 19, Lancaster met Nick Cravat, with whom he developed a lifelong partnership, together they learned to act in local theatre productions and circus arts at Union Settlement, one of the citys oldest settlement houses. They formed the acrobat duo Lang and Cravat in the 1930s, however, in 1939, an injury forced Lancaster to give up the profession, with great regret. He then found work, first as a salesman for Marshall Fields. He served with General Mark Clarks Fifth Army in Italy from 1943–45, although initially unenthusiastic about acting, after returning to New York from his Army service, Lancaster auditioned for a Broadway play and was offered a role. Wallis, who signed him to an eight-movie contract, Lancasters first filmed movie was Desert Fury. Fortunately for Lancaster, producer Mark Hellinger approached him to star in The Killers, in 1946, the tall, muscular actor won significant acclaim and appeared in two more films the following year. Subsequently, he played in a variety of films, especially in dramas, thrillers, and military and adventure films. In two, The Flame and the Arrow and The Crimson Pirate, a friend from his circus years, Nick Cravat, played a key supporting role, in 1953, Lancaster played one of his best-remembered roles with Deborah Kerr in From Here to Eternity. The American Film Institute acknowledged the iconic status of the scene from film in which Deborah Kerr. The organization named it one of AFIs top 100 Most Romantic Films of all time, Lancaster won the 1960 Academy Award for Best Actor, a Golden Globe Award, and the New York Film Critics Award for his performance in Elmer Gantry
31.
Dominique Sanda
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Dominique Marie-Françoise Renée Varaigne, professionally known as Dominique Sanda, is a French actress and former fashion model. Sanda was born in Paris to Lucienne and Gérard Varaigne and she appeared in such noted European films of the 1970s as Vittorio de Sicas Il Giardino dei Finzi-Contini, Bernardo Bertoluccis The Conformist and Novecento, and Liliana Cavanis Beyond Good and Evil. She also appeared in The Mackintosh Man and Steppenwolf, in 1993 at the Théâtre de la Commune, in Aubervilliers, France, she played Melitta in Madame Klein, directed by Brigitte Jaques-Wajeman. In 1995 in Italy, she played the Marquise de Merteuil in Les liaisons dangereuses, based on Choderlos de Lacloss novel, from 1995–1996 in France and Belgium, she has been Lady Chiltern in An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde, directed by Adrian Brine. In the 1970s, she lived with actor/director Christian Marquand, with whom she had a son, in 2000, she married Nicolae Cutzarida, a philosopher and University professor of Romanian origin. She won the award for Best Actress at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival for her role in the film The Inheritance, official website Dominique Sanda at the Internet Movie Database Dominique Sanda at AllMovie
32.
La Luna (1979 film)
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La Luna, also known as Luna, is a 1979 Italian film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and starring Jill Clayburgh. The film concerns the life of a teenage boy and his relationship with his parents. Joe is the son of opera singer Caterina Silveri. In hopes of boosting her career, which has fallen into a rut. There, Joe falls in with a crowd and becomes addicted to heroin. Caterina is heartbroken and hopes to lure her son back to a safer and she tries in many instances to get closer emotionally to her son hoping that increased contact will prevail over the pull of the drugs. She even contacts his drug dealer to ask for sympathy for her situation, at one point, when Joe is desperate for a fix, his mother masturbates him just to get his mind off drugs temporarily. Seeing no other alternative, she decides to drive to the location they originally lived, along the way, tensions, some sexual, derail and prolong the trip. With some sort of closure achieved for the boy, he returns to his mother who is preparing for an opera, in an entry dated 7 September 1979, Russian film director Andrei Tarkovsky wrote in his diary Saw Bertoluccis La luna. La Luna at the Internet Movie Database La Luna at Rotten Tomatoes
33.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
34.
La tragedia di un uomo ridicolo
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Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man is a 1981 Italian film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. It stars Anouk Aimée and Ugo Tognazzi, who was awarded the Best Male Actor Award at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival for his performance, in a small Italian village, Primo runs a cheese factory, but one morning he witnesses his son kidnapped by terrorists. As the film progresses, he has two problems, paying the ransom the terrorists demand and trying to save his factory which might face bankruptcy, whats a businessman like him to do
35.
Ugo Tognazzi
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Ugo Tognazzi was an Italian film, TV, and theatre actor, director, and screenwriter. Tognazzi was born in Cremona, in northern Italy but spent his youth in various localities as his father was a clerk for an insurance company. After his return to his city in 1936, he worked in a salami production plant. During World War II, he was inducted into the Army and his passion for theater and acting dates from his early years, and also during the conflict he organized shows for his fellow soldiers. In 1945, he moved to Milan, where he was enrolled in the company led by Wanda Osiris. A few years later, he formed his own musical revue company. In 1950, Tognazzi made his debut in I cadetti di Guascogna directed by Mario Mattoli. The following year, he met Raimondo Vianello, with whom he formed a comedy duo for the new-born RAI TV. Their shows, sometimes containing satirical material, were among the first to be censored on Italian television, after the successful role in The Fascist, directed by Luciano Salce, Tognazzi became one of the most renowned characters of the so-called Commedia allItaliana. Tognazzi also directed some of his films, including the 1967 film Il fischio al naso, the film was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival. He was an actor in Italy, and starred in several important international films. Roger Vadim cast Tognazzi as Mark Hand, the Catchman, in Barbarella and he rescues Barbarella from the biting dolls she encounters, and after her rescue, he requests payment by asking her to make love with him. In 1981, he won the Best Male Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival for La tragedia di un uomo ridicolo and he is buried in the cemetery of Velletri. His sons Ricky Tognazzi and Gianmarco Tognazzi are cinema actors and he was also the father of the Norwegian film director and film producer Thomas Robsahm. His daughter Maria Sole Tognazzi is, like Ricky, a film director, Il mantenuto Il fischio al naso Sissignore Cattivi pensieri I viaggiatori della sera Ugo Tognazzi at the Internet Movie Database
36.
Radio Four
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
37.
La Dolce Vita
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La Dolce Vita is a 1960 Italian comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini, a journalist writing for magazines, over seven days and nights on his journey through the sweet life of Rome in a fruitless search for love. La Dolce Vita won the Palme dOr at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and the Oscar for Best Costumes, based on the most common interpretation of the storyline, the film can be divided into a prologue, seven major episodes interrupted by an intermezzo, and an epilogue. If the evenings of each episode were joined with the morning of the preceding episode together as a day, they would form seven consecutive days. 1st Day Sequence, A helicopter transports a statue of Christ over an ancient Roman aqueduct outside Rome while a second, Marcello Rubinis news helicopter, the news helicopter is momentarily sidetracked by a group of bikini-clad women sunbathing on the rooftop of a high-rise apartment building. Hovering above, Marcello uses gestures to elicit phone numbers from them but fails in his attempt then shrugs, 1st Night Sequence, Marcello meets Maddalena by chance in an exclusive nightclub. A beautiful and wealthy heiress, Maddalena is tired of Rome and they make love in the bedroom of a prostitute to whom they had given a ride home in Maddalena’s Cadillac. 1st Dawn Sequence, Marcello returns to his apartment at dawn to find that his fiancée, on the way to the hospital, he declares his everlasting love to her and again as she lies in a semiconscious state in the emergency room. While waiting frantically for her recovery, however, he tries to make a call to Maddalena. 2nd Day Sequence, That day, he goes on assignment for the arrival of Sylvia, during Sylvias press conference, Marcello calls home to ensure Emma has taken her medication while reassuring her that he is not alone with Sylvia. After the film star confidently replies to the barrage of questions, her boyfriend Robert enters the room late. To Sylvias producer, Marcello casually recommends that Sylvia be taken on a tour of St Peters, inside St Peters dome, a news reporter complains that Sylvia is an elevator because none of them can match her energetic climb up the numerous flights of stairs. Inspired, Marcello maneuvers forward to be alone with her when they reach the balcony overlooking the Vatican. 2nd Night Sequence, That evening, the infatuated Marcello dances with Sylvia in the Baths of Caracalla, Sylvias natural sensuality triggers raucous partying while Robert, her bored fiancé, draws caricatures and reads a newspaper. His humiliating remark to her causes Sylvia to leave the group, eagerly followed by Marcello, finding themselves alone, Marcello and Sylvia spend the rest of the evening in the alleys of Rome where they wade into the Trevi Fountain. 2nd Dawn Sequence, Like a magic spell that has suddenly been broken and they drive back to Sylvias hotel to find an enraged Robert waiting for her in his car. Robert slaps Sylvia, orders her to go to bed, 3rd Day Sequence, Marcello meets Steiner, his distinguished intellectual friend, inside a church playing Bach on the organ. Steiner shows off his book of Sanskrit grammar, 4th Day Sequence, Late afternoon, Marcello, his photographer friend Paparazzo, and Emma drive to the outskirts of Rome to cover the story of the purported sighting of the Madonna by two children
38.
Fellini
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Federico Fellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Known for his style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. His films have ranked, in such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound. Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th greatest film of all time, in 1993, he was awarded an honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles. Fellini was born on 20 January 1920, to parents in Rimini. His father, Urbano Fellini, born to a family of Romagnol peasants and small landholders from Gambettola and his mother, Ida Barbiani, came from a bourgeiois Catholic family of Roman merchants. Despite her familys vehement disapproval, she had eloped with Urbano in 1917 to live at his parents home in Gambettola, a civil marriage followed in 1918 with the religious ceremony held at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome a year later. The couple settled in Rimini where Urbano became a traveling salesman, Fellini had two siblings, Riccardo, a documentary director for RAI Television, and Maria Maddalena. In 1924, Fellini started primary school in a run by the nuns of San Vincenzo in Rimini. In 1926, he discovered the world of Grand Guignol, the circus with Pierino the Clown, Guido Brignone’s Maciste all’Inferno, the first film he saw, would mark him in ways linked to Dante and the cinema throughout his entire career. Enrolled at the Ginnasio Giulio Cesare in 1929, he made friends with Luigi ‘Titta’ Benzi, in Mussolini’s Italy, Fellini and Riccardo became members of the Avanguardista, the compulsory Fascist youth group for males. He visited Rome with his parents for the first time in 1933, the sea creature found on the beach at the end of La Dolce Vita has its basis in a giant fish marooned on a Rimini beach during a storm in 1934. To say that my films are autobiographical is an overly facile liquidation and it seems to me that I have invented almost everything, childhood, character, nostalgias, dreams, memories, for the pleasure of being able to recount them. In 1937, Fellini opened Febo, a shop in Rimini. with the painter Demos Bonini. His first humorous article appeared in the Postcards to Our Readers section of Milan’s Domenica del Corriere, deciding on a career as a caricaturist and gag writer, Fellini travelled to Florence in 1938, where he published his first cartoon in the weekly 420. According to a biographer, Fellini found school exasperating and, in one year, had 67 absences, failing his military culture exam, he graduated from high school in July 1938 after doubling the exam. In September 1939, he enrolled in law school at the University of Rome to please his parents, biographer Hollis Alpert reports that there is no record of his ever having attended a class. Installed in a family pensione, he met lifelong friend
39.
Dashiell Hammett
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Samuel Dashiell Hammett was an American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories, screenwriter, and political activist. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade, Nick and Nora Charles, in his obituary in The New York Times, he was described as the dean of the. Time magazine included Hammetts 1929 novel Red Harvest on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005 and his novels and stories also had a significant influence on films. Hammett was born on a farm in Saint Marys County, Maryland and his parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Anne Bond Dashiell, his mother belonged to an old Maryland family, whose name in French was De Chiel. Known as Sam, Hammett was baptized a Catholic, and grew up in Philadelphia and he left school when he was 13 years old and held several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for Pinkerton from 1915 to February 1922, the agencys role in union strike-breaking eventually left him disillusioned. Hammett enlisted in the Army in 1918 and served in the Motor Ambulance Corps and he was afflicted during that time with the Spanish flu and later contracted tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient at Cushman Hospital in Tacoma, Washington, where he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, Hammett and Dolan had two daughters, Mary Jane and Josephine. Shortly after the birth of their child, Health Services nurses informed Dolan that due to Hammetts TB, she. Dolan rented a home in San Francisco, California, where Hammett would visit on weekends, the marriage soon fell apart, but he continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing. Hammett was first published in 1922 in the magazine The Smart Set, known for the authenticity and realism of his writing, he drew on his experiences as a Pinkerton operative. Hammett wrote most of his fiction while he was living in San Francisco in the 1920s, streets. He said that All my characters were based on people Ive known personally, Raymond Chandler, often considered Hammetts successor, summarized his accomplishments in The Simple Art of Murder, Hammett was the ace performer. He is said to have lacked heart, yet the story he himself thought the most of and he was spare, frugal, hard-boiled, but he did over and over again what only the best writers can ever do at all. He wrote scenes that seemed never to have written before. In 1929 and 1930, he was involved with Nell Martin. He dedicated The Glass Key to her, and in turn, in 1931, Hammett embarked on a 30-year affair with the playwright Lillian Hellman. Though he sporadically continued to work on material, he wrote his novel in 1934
40.
Red Harvest
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Red Harvest is a novel by Dashiell Hammett. The story is narrated by The Continental Op, a frequent character in Hammetts fiction, the labor dispute in the novel was inspired by Buttes Anaconda Road Massacre. Time magazine included Red Harvest in its 100 Best English-Language Novels from 1923 to 2005, the Nobel Prize-winning author André Gide called the book a remarkable achievement, the last word in atrocity, cynicism, and horror. The Op begins to investigate Willssons murder and meets with Willssons father, Elihu Willsson, Elihu had originally invited those gangs into Personville to help him impose and then enforce the end of a labor dispute. The Op extracts a promise and a letter from Elihu that pays the Continental Detective Agency. When the Op solves Donalds murder, Elihu tries to renege on the deal, in the meantime, the Op is spending time with Dinah Brand, a possible love interest of the late Donald Willsson and a moll for Max Whisper Thaler, a local gangster. Using information from Brand and Personvilles crooked chief of police, Noonan, when the Op reveals that a bank robbery was staged by the cops and one of the mobs to discredit another mob, a gang war erupts. But the Op wakes up the morning to find Brand stabbed to death with the ice pick the Op handled the previous evening. There are no signs of forced entry. The Op becomes a suspect sought by the police for Brands murder, the Op, now wanted by the police, entices Reno Starkey, a gang lieutenant, to take on the last strong rival mob, led by Pete the Finn. The last gangs are whittled down by pipe bombs, arson, gun fights, the Op tracks down Starkey, the only gang leader still alive. Starkey is bleeding from four gunshot wounds, having just killed mobster Whisper Thaler, Starkey reveals that he was the one who stabbed Brand, and that she had collided with the semi-conscious Op so he looked like the culprit. The corrupt police chief Noonan and the leaders are all dead. The Op blackmails Elihu Willsson into calling the governor, who sends in the National Guard, declares martial law, Elihu Willsson gets back his town, as promised—although not in the way that he had anticipated. The Op returns to San Francisco, where the Old Man gives him merry hell for his activities, Red Harvest was adapted for the 1930 film Roadhouse Nights, starring Helen Morgan, Fred Kohler, and Jimmy Durante. Many major elements of the book were changed in the film, including most of the names. Akira Kurosawa scholar David Desser and critic Manny Farber, among others, other scholars, such as Donald Richie, believe the similarities are coincidental. Kurosawa said that a source for the plot was the film noir classic The Glass Key
41.
Yojimbo (film)
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Yojimbo is a 1961 jidaigeki film directed by Akira Kurosawa. It tells the story of a rōnin, portrayed by Toshiro Mifune, the two bosses each try to hire the newcomer as a bodyguard. Based on the success of Yojimbo, Kurosawas next film, Sanjuro, was altered to incorporate the character of this film. In both films, the character wears a rather dilapidated dark kimono bearing the same family mon, in 1860, during the final years of the Tokugawa shogunate, a rōnin wanders through a desolate Japanese countryside. The stranger heads to the town where he meets Gonji, the owner of a small izakaya who advises him to leave and he tells the rōnin that the two warring clans are led by Ushitora and Seibei. Ushitora was the man of Seibei, but rebelled when Seibei decided to hand over the reins to his son Yoichiro. The mayor of town and silk merchant, Tazaemon, had long been in Seibeis pocket, after sizing up the situation, the stranger says he intends to stay as the town would be better off with both sides dead. He first convinces the weaker Seibei to hire him as a swordsman by effortlessly killing three of Ushitoras men, when asked his name, he sees a mulberry field and states his name is 桑畑三十郎 Kuwabatake Sanjuro. Although 三十郎 Sanjuro is a given name, when spoken out loud it can also be interpreted as 三十老 Sanjuro. Aware of this meaning, he slyly quips, Though Im closer to forty. Seibei decides that with the ronins swordsmanship the time is right to fight Ushitora, but Sanjuro eavesdrops on Seibeis wife who orders her son to kill him after the upcoming raid so that they will not have to pay his fee. Sanjuro leads his faction to attack the other but then resigns leaving Seibei to his fate, but before the two side clash, the untimely arrival of a bugyō forces both sides to make a bloodless retreat. Eventually the bugyō is called away because a government official was murdered in another town, Sanjuro soon learns it was two assassins hired by Ushitora who committed the murder to get the official to leave. With this knowledge, Sanjuro captures the pair of killers and sells them to Seibei, but he then tells Ushitora that it was Seibeis men who caught them. An alarmed Ushitora rewards him for his help, Ushitora then orders the kidnapping of Seibeis son who he offers in exchange for the two prisoners. However, Ushitora double crosses Seibei at the swap when his brother, Unosuke, but Seibei anticipated this so he kidnapped Ushitoras woman. The next morning she is swapped with Seibeis son, Sanjuro tricks Ushitora into revealing the place where Nui is hidden, then kills the guards and reunites the woman with her husband and son and tells them to leave town immediately. Pretending to be on Ushitoras side, Sanjuro is able to convince Ushitora that the woman was kidnapped by Seibeis men
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A Fistful of Dollars
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A Fistful of Dollars was filmed on a low budget, and Eastwood was paid $15,000 for his role. Released in Italy in 1964, and then in the United States in 1967 and it was followed by For a Few Dollars More and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, also starring Eastwood. Collectively, the films are known as the Dollars Trilogy, or The Man With No Name Trilogy, all three films were later released in sequence in the United States, in 1967, catapulting Eastwood into stardom. The film has been identified as a remake of the Akira Kurosawa film Yojimbo, which resulted in a successful lawsuit by Toho. In the United States, the United Artists publicity campaign referred to Eastwoods character in all three films as the Man with No Name, as few spaghetti westerns had yet been released in the United States, many of the European cast and crew took on American-sounding stage names. These included Leone himself, Gian Maria Volontè, and composer Ennio Morricone, a Fistful of Dollars was shot in Spain, mostly near Hoyo de Manzanares close to Madrid, but also in the Tabernas Desert and in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, both in Almería province. A stranger arrives at the little Mexican border town of San Miguel, the Stranger seizes his opportunity when he sees the Rojos massacre a detachment of Mexican soldiers who were escorting a shipment of gold. He takes two of the bodies to a nearby cemetery and sells information to both sides, saying that two Mexican soldiers survived the attack. Both sides race to the cemetery, the Baxters to get the survivors to testify against the Rojos, the factions engage in a gunfight, with Ramón managing to kill the survivors and Esteban capturing John Baxters son, Antonio. While the Rojos and the Baxters are fighting, the Stranger searches the Rojo hacienda for the gold, while he is searching he accidentally knocks out a woman, Marisol. He takes her to the Baxters, who, in turn, during the exchange, Marisols son, Jesús runs towards her, followed by her husband, Julio. While the family embraces, Ramón orders one of his men, Rubio, Silvanito attempts to protect the family with a shotgun with the Stranger backing him up. Neither Ramón nor any of his men attempt to challenge the Stranger, the Stranger then tells Marisol to go to Ramón and for Julio to take Jesús home. He learns from Silvanito that Ramón had framed Julio for cheating during a game and taken Marisol as his prisoner. He gives Marisol some money and tells her family to leave the town, when the Rojos discover that he freed Marisol, they capture and torture him, but he escapes. Believing the Stranger to be protected by the Baxters, the Rojos set fire to the Baxter home, ramon kills John Baxter and Antonio after pretending to spare them. Consuelo, John Baxters wife, appears and curses the Rojos for killing her unarmed husband and she is then shot and killed by Esteban. With help from Piripero, the local coffin-maker, the Stranger escapes town by hiding in a coffin, the Stranger hides and convalesces in a nearby mine
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The Continental Op
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The Continental Op is a fictional character created by Dashiell Hammett. He is an investigator employed as an operative of the Continental Detective Agencys San Francisco office. His name is never mentioned in any story, the Continental Op is a master of deceit in the exercise of his profession. The Op resolves his two problems neatly by manipulating events so that the detective and the informant get into an armed confrontation in which both are killed. He fears becoming like his boss, The Old Man, whom he describes as a shell and he appeared in 36 short stories, all but two of which appeared in Black Mask. In 1927, Hammett began writing linked stories, which formed the basis for his first two novels, Red Harvest and The Dain Curse, both released in 1929, two other stories, The Big Knockover and $106,000 Blood Money were published as Blood Money in 1943. Hammett also wrote a sequence in the summer of 1924 consisting of, The House on Turk Street. These were recently published in a Modern Library edition, though they are not officially called a novel as was Blood Money, a number of collections of Hammett stories, both books collecting Continental Op stories and others with miscellaneous Hammett stories, were published as Dell mapbacks. These collections all contained introductory essays by Ellery Queen, a more recent edition contains a short introduction by Columbia professor Steven Marcus. Suspecting insurance fraud, the Op investigates the burning of an isolated farmhouse, the Op and the police search for the owner of the fingerprints strewn over the scene of a gory murder. A bullying lumber baron has lost a daughter to kidnappers, a reckless businessman plotted theft and elopement, then disappeared. The Op relocates him in a pitch-dark basement, posing as a killer hunting a killer works too well as the Op gets caught in a crossfire. A rich man is killed with a typewriter and the Op gets dumped into San Francisco Bay, in a lonely country house, the Op investigates pot-shots aimed at a sick old scoundrel. When a prominent surgeon commits suicide and an unknown wife shows up, in a busy hour, a hit-and-run leads the Op to a print shop where hes mobbed. Routine questions on a quiet street tumble the Op into a den of thieves, following on Turk Street, a dead poet leads the Op to a dark nights shootout outside a rough-and-tumble roadhouse. The Op shuttles between a wife and a dead-pan mistress, knowing both are liars, to learn who killed a city contractor. The Op finds a husband who ran away to Tijuana. A fellow Continental detective was killed while shadowing a suspect, so the Op, the cops are stumped by a robber who ran into an apartment house and didnt come out, but not the Op
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Robert Redford
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Charles Robert Redford Jr. is an American actor, director, producer, businessman, environmentalist, and philanthropist. Redford is the founder of the Sundance Film Festival, Redfords career began in 1960 as a guest star on numerous TV shows, including, The Untouchables, Perry Mason, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Twilight Zone, among others. He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont and his greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in Neil Simons Barefoot in the Park. Redford made his debut in War Hunt. His role in Inside Daisy Clover won him a Golden Globe for best new star and he starred in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, which was a huge success and made him a major star. The popular and acclaimed All the Presidents Men was a film for Redford. The first film that Redford directed, Ordinary People, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, and in the same year, he starred in Brubaker. He starred in Out of Africa, which was a critical and box office success. He released his film as a director, A River Runs Through It. Redford won the 1980 Academy Award for Best Director in 1981 for directing Ordinary People and he was previously nominated for Best Actor in 1974 for his performance in The Sting, and went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show. He won a second Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2002, in 2010, he was made a chevalier of the Légion dHonneur. He has won BAFTA, Directors Guild of America, Golden Globe, in April 2014, Time Magazine included Redford in their annual TIME100 as one of the Most Influential People in the World, declaring him the Godfather of Indie Film. In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Redford with a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Redford was born on August 18,1936, in Santa Monica, California to Martha W. and Charles Robert Redford, Sr. a milkman-turned-accountant. He has a stepbrother, William, from his fathers remarriage, Redford is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Redfords family moved to Van Nuys, California, while his father worked in El Segundo and he attended Van Nuys High School, where he was classmates with baseball pitcher Don Drysdale. He has described himself as having been a bad student, finding inspiration outside the classroom and he hit tennis balls with Pancho Gonzales at the Los Angeles Tennis Club to warm him up. After graduating from school in 1954, he attended the University of Colorado in Boulder for a year and a half. While there, he worked at the restaurant/bar The Sink, a painting of his likeness is prominent in the bars murals, while at Colorado, Redford began drinking heavily, and as a result lost his half-scholarship and was kicked out of school
