Bessemer process
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The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.
Bessemer converter, schematic diagram
Bessemer converter, Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield, England (2010).
Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo described the Japanese use of the Bessemer process.
William Kelly is credited with experimenting with a similar process before Bessemer's patent.
Industrial processes
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Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry.
Steelworks of Italy in 1958