1.
Westmoreland County, Virginia
–
Westmoreland County is a county located in the Northern Neck of the Commonwealth of Virginia. At the 2010 census, the population was 17,454 and these were part of Westmoreland until 1664, when Stafford County was formed. The county was the place of residence for Colonel Nicholas Spencer, Spencer, who served as President of the Council and acting Governor of the Colony of Virginia, was the cousin of, and agent for, the Barons Colepeper, proprietors of the Northern Neck. Spencer lived at his plantation, Nomini, which his descendants later sold to Robert Carter I, Robert Carters grandson, Robert Carter III, voluntarily freed almost 500 slaves from Nomini Hall beginning in 1791 and settled many on lands he gave them. His manumission is the largest known release of slaves in North America prior to the American Civil War and the largest number ever manumitted by an individual in the U. S. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 253 square miles. The county is located on the Northern Neck and is part of the Northern Neck George Washington Birthplace AVA winemaking appellation, charles County, Maryland - north St. The population density was 73/sq mi, there were 9,286 housing units at an average density of 40/sq mi. 3. 46% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 2.91. 23. 00% of the population were under the age of 18,6. 30% from 18 to 24,23. 90% from 25 to 44,27. 80% from 45 to 64, the median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 92.30 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.90 males. The median household income was $35,797 and the family income was $41,357. Males had an income of $31,333 and females $22,221. The per capita income was $19,473, about 11. 20% of families and 14. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 10% of those under age 18 and 12. 50% of those age 65 or over. The countys economy is based on agriculture. The county is also an extended exurb of Washington, D. C, Northern Neck Coca-Cola Bottling Inc. and the weekly Westmoreland News are located in Montross. S
Westmoreland County, Virginia
–
Westmoreland County Courthouse in Montross
Westmoreland County, Virginia
–
Seal
Westmoreland County, Virginia
–
Nomini Hall, Carter family plantation in Westmoreland County. Built in 1730 by Robert Carter II on land purchased from heirs of Nicholas Spencer by
Robert "King" Carter
Westmoreland County, Virginia
–
Rural Westmoreland County
2.
Culpeper, Virginia
–
Culpeper is the only incorporated town in Culpeper County, Virginia, United States. The population was 16,379 at the 2010 census, up from 9,664 at the 2000 census and it is the county seat of Culpeper County. Culpeper is located at 38°28′19″N 77°59′57″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 6.8 square miles, of which 6.7 square miles is land and 0.04 square mile is water. After forming Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1748, the Virginia House of Burgesses voted to establish the Town of Fairfax on February 22,1759, the original plan of the town called for ten blocks, which form the core of Culpepers downtown area today. The original town was surveyed by a young George Washington, in 1795, the town received a post office under the name Culpeper Court House, although most maps continued to show the Fairfax name. During the American Revolutionary War, the Culpeper Minutemen, a pro-Independence militia and they organized in what was then known as Claytons Old Field, near todays Yowell Meadow Park. During the Civil War, Culpeper was a crossroads for a number of marching through central Virginia. In the heart of downtown, the home of Confederate General A. P. Hill stands at the corner of Main. One block north on Main St. was the house where The Gallant Major John Pelham died after sustaining a wound at the battle of Kelleys Ford. Culpeper began to grow dramatically in the 1980s, becoming a community of more densely populated Northern Virginia and Washington. A growing number of residents of the town and county of Culpeper once lived, in 2011, East Davis Street in downtown Culpeper was named as a 2011 Americas Great Place by the American Planning Association. Downtown Culpeper was one of the communities most affected by the August 23,2011 Virginia earthquake, several buildings along Main Street and East Davis Street suffered structural damage, and some have been condemned. The earthquake led to the evacuation of the Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation. In 2014 the Museum of Culpeper History moved into the historic train depot. As of the 2010 Census, the makeup of the town was 61. 5% White,21. 9% Black,0. 6% Native American,2. 1% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17. 0% of the population. The towns population included 25. 7% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,30. 3% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 87.9 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males
Culpeper, Virginia
–
Downtown Culpeper
Culpeper, Virginia
–
Seal
Culpeper, Virginia
–
The downtown Culpeper Theater
Culpeper, Virginia
–
Culpeper
Presbyterian Church
3.
George Washington
–
George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
George Washington
–
George Washington by
Gilbert Stuart, 1797
George Washington
–
Washington's birthplace
George Washington
–
Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754)
George Washington
–
A
mezzotint of
Martha Washington, based on a 1757 portrait by
Wollaston
4.
Augustine Washington
–
Augustine Washington Sr. was the father of the first U. S. President George Washington. He belonged to the Colony of Virginias landed gentry and was a planter and slaveholder, Augustine Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on November 12,1694 to Lawrence Washington, a militia captain and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and Mildred Warner. His paternal grandparents were Lt. Col. John Washington and his first wife, Augustine was only four years old when his father died. He inherited about 1,000 acres on Bridges Creek in Westmoreland County, his sister Mildred inherited what was called the Little Hunting Creek property, when Washington came of age in 1715, he married Jane Butler, an orphan who had inherited about 640 acres from her father. The young couple settled on the Bridges Creek property, Washington was active in the Anglican Church and in local politics. He took the oath as justice of the peace for the county court in July 1716, in 1718, Washington purchased land on Popes Creek, abridging his property on Bridges Creek. About 1726, he had a new house built there, in the same year, he purchased the Little Hunting Creek property from his sister Mildred. Washington and his first wife, Jane Butler, had three children, only two of whom lived to adulthood, in 1725, Augustine entered into an agreement with the Principio Company of England to start an iron works on Accokeek Creek in Stafford County. After Janes death in 1730, Washington married Mary Ball in 1731, and in 1735, the moved to the Little Hunting Creek property. In 1738, Augustine Washington purchased the 150-acre Strother property across the Rappahannock River, after Washingtons death in 1743 at the age of 48, his son George inherited the former Strother property and its slaves. As he was only 11 years old, his mother Mary managed the property for him until he came of age and she lived on the property until 1772 when she was 64, George moved her to a house in Fredericksburg. Augustine Jr. inherited the Popes Creek property and slaves, at his death, Augustine Washington Sr. held a total of 64 slaves who were assigned among the various plantations. According to Augustines will, if Lawrence died without children, the Little Hunting Creek property would be given to Augustine Jr. with the stipulation that he must then give Popes Creek to George. If Augustine Jr. did not want the Little Hunting Creek property, at Lawrences death, he indeed had no living children, and Augustine Jr. did not want to give up Popes Creek, therefore, George Washington ultimately inherited the Little Hunting Creek property. Lawrence Washingtons widow Ann had a life interest in the Little Hunting Creek plantation, as she remarried and was not living at Mount Vernon, she leased the property to George beginning in 1754. Upon her death in 1761, George Washington inherited the plantation outright, George Washingtons Heritage, March 26,2005, Fredricksburg. com. Lawrence Washington History, 1659-1698, National Park Service
Augustine Washington
–
Posthumous 1867 lithograph by John C. McRae after a painting by G. G. White.
5.
Mary Ball Washington
–
Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the child of Col Joseph Ball and his second wife. She was of three quarters English and one quarter Dutch descent, Augustine Washington was sick and Mary Ball nursed him back to health. Augustine returned to Virginia and learned his wife Jane Butler Washington had died during his journey abroad, when the widower Augustine Washington heard that Mary Ball returned to Virginia, he went over to where she lived and proposed. They married on March 6,1731 when she was 22 years old and it was her first marriage and his second. S. Supreme Court, and confirmed by the Senate in 1798, while his Uncle George was living in retirement at Mount Vernon. Charlestown, West Virginia, is named for her son, Charles Washington. The Ancestry of George Washington can also be found on the Mount Vernon website, Augustine died in 1743 when son George was 11 years old. On his deathbed, Gus gave his son George three books on prayer, in some of those books, now in the Lyceum in Boston, Mary Ball Washington, also wrote her name. Unlike most widows in Virginia at the time, Mary Ball Washington never remarried. treat him worse than a slave or a dog, Mary managed the home and 276 acres of Ferry Farm with the help of others until her eldest son came of age and well beyond. She lived to see that son, George Washington, command the Continental Army to independence, there Mrs. Washington informed her son that she was in poor health and expected soon to die. Her son George said that he would need to decline to serve as President, georges mother Mary responded, saying, Go and fulfill the high destiny which Heaven has foreordained you to fill. Go, knowing that you go with a Mothers and Heavens blessings. so help me God and this visit to Mary Ball Washington was recorded by George Washington Parke Custis in his biography, Recollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington. While there is a legend that Mrs, in her will, Mary Washington left George the majority of her lands and appointed him as her executor. Mary Washington frequently visited her daughter Elizabeth Betty and her husband Fielding Lewis at their Kenmore Plantation two blocks from her home in Fredericksburg and she had a favorite prayer rock that was close to the Lewis mansion. Tradition has it that this was her favorite retreat for reading and she asked Betty to bury her there after her death, and her daughter arranged that. So not to some modern listeners of History, the Prayer Rocks where Mary Ball Washington often went to pray have been renamed to the Meditation Rocks. Several monuments have been erected to Mary Ball Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia, the Mary Washington House in Fredericksburg has been preserved by Preservation Virginia who, in mid-2012, signed an agreement passing ownership to the Washington Heritage Museums beginning by 2015
Mary Ball Washington
–
Mary Ball Washington
Mary Ball Washington
–
Closeup of the Mary Ball Washington House (1772-1789) in
Fredericksburg,
Virginia
6.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
7.
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis
–
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis, known as Nelly, was the granddaughter of Martha Washington and the step-granddaughter of George Washington. Nelly was the daughter of John Parke Custis and Eleanor Calvert Custis and her father was the only surviving child of Daniel Parke Custis and his widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, who married George Washington in 1759. She was also the granddaughter of Benedict Swingate Calvert, illegitimate son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore and he was certainly descended from Charles II through the Kings daughter by Barbara Villiers, Charlotte FitzRoy. Following the premature death of John Parke Custis in 1781, Nelly and her brother, George Washington Parke Custis, were adopted by the Washingtons. The talented and beautiful woman often accompanied her grandparents to social events. On February 22,1799, Nelly Custis married George Washingtons nephew, the Washingtons wedding gift was 2,000 acres adjacent to Mount Vernon, on which the Lewises built Woodlawn Plantation. The Lewises had eight children, five of whom did not survive to adulthood, the three who did survive were, Frances Parke Lewis Butler Lorenzo Lewis Mary Eliza Lewis Conrad Upon her marriage, Nelly Lewis inherited about 80 slaves from her fathers estate. Her grandfather, Daniel Parke Custiss estate was liquidated following Martha Washingtons death in 1802, following the death of her mother in 1811, the John Parke Custis estate was liquidated, and she inherited approximately 40 additional slaves. About 1830 the Lewises moved to Audley plantation in Clarke County, beginning in the mid-1830s they began dividing their time between Virginia and their daughters homes in Louisiana. Nelly Custis Lewis continued to live at Audley after her husbands death in 1839, throughout her life, she regarded herself as a preserver of George Washingtons legacy. She shared memories and mementos, entertained and corresponded with those seeking information on the first president, a shaft to the east of the Washingtons tomb at Mount Vernon marks her burial site. Kneebone, John T. et al. eds, ribblett, David L. Nelly Custis, Child of Mount Vernon. Woodlawn Plantation Portraits of Eleanor Custis Lewis and Lawrence Lewis at Kenmore
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis
–
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis
Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis
–
Woodlawn Plantation, Fairfax County, Virginia (1805)
8.
Martha Washington
–
Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and she also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime, they and their descendants reverted to her first husbands estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs. She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John Jacky Parke Custis, as well as helped both of their extended families. Martha Dandridge was born on June 2,1731 on her parents plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge, a Virginia planter and immigrant from England, by his wife Frances Jones, who was of American birth and English, Welsh, and French descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters, John, William, Bartholomew, Anna Marie Fanny Bassett, Frances Dandridge, Elizabeth Aylet Henley, Marthas father may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother to Martha named Ralph Dandridge, who was probably white. They had four children together, Daniel, Frances, John, Daniel and Frances died in childhood. The other two children, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, survived to young adulthood, in all, she was left in custody of some 17,500 acres of land and 300 slaves, apart from other investments and cash. According to her biographist, she ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died. Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6,1759, as a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before Daniels death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House, the time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, Washingtons suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles. The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are displayed at Mount Vernon. The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washingtons Mount Vernon estate and they appeared to have had a solid marriage. Martha and George Washington had no children together, but they raised Marthas two surviving children and her daughter, nicknamed Patsy, died as a teenager during an epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke Jacky Custis returned from college to comfort his mother, Custis later married and had children, he served as an aide to Washington during the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War
Martha Washington
–
Martha Washington as a young woman
Martha Washington
–
Tinted engraving by
John Chester Buttre (1821–1893), after the portrait by
Gilbert Stuart
Martha Washington
–
Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757:
mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston
Martha Washington
9.
Fredericksburg, Virginia
–
Fredericksburg is an independent city in Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,286, the city population was estimated at 28,118 in 2015. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Fredericksburg with neighboring Spotsylvania County for statistical purposes, located near where the Rappahannock River crosses the Fall Line, Fredericksburg was a prominent port in Virginia during the colonial era. Fredericksburg is home to major commercial centers including Central Park and Spotsylvania Towne Centre. Major employers include the University of Mary Washington, Mary Washington Healthcare, many Fredericksburg-area residents commute to work by car, bus, and rail to Washington and Richmond, as well as Fairfax, Prince William, and Arlington counties. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Fredericksburg were a Siouan-speaking tribe called the Manahoac, english colonists recorded the name of the Manahoac village there as Mahaskahod. Located on the Rappahannock River near the head of navigation at the fall line, the land on which the city was founded was part of a tract patented in 1671. The Virginia General Assembly established a fort on the Rappahannock in 1676, in 1714, Lt. Gov. Named for Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of King George II, the colonial towns streets bore the names of members of the royal family. The county court was moved to Fredericksburg in 1732, and the served as county seat until 1780. In 1781, Fredericksburg was incorporated as a town, with its own court, council and it received its charter as a city in 1879, and under Virginia law was separated from Spotsylvania County. The city adopted its present city manager/council form of government in 1911, the city has close associations with George Washington, whose family moved to Ferry Farm in Stafford County just off the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericksburg in 1738. Washingtons mother Mary later moved to the city, and his sister Betty lived at Kenmore, other significant early residents include the Revolutionary War generals Hugh Mercer and George Weedon, naval war hero John Paul Jones, and future U. S. president James Monroe. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in Fredericksburg, during the 19th century, Fredericksburg sought to maintain its sphere of trade, but with limited success. It promoted the development of a canal on the Rappahannock and construction of a turnpike, by 1837, a north-south railroad, which became the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, linked the town to Richmond, the state capital. A much-needed railroad joining the town to the region to the west was not finished until after the Civil War. During the Civil War, Fredericksburg gained strategic importance due to its location midway between Washington and Richmond, the capitals of the Union and the Confederacy. During the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 11–15,1862, the town sustained significant damage from bombardment, a Second Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in and around the town on May 3,1863, in connection with the Chancellorsville campaign. The battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House were fought nearby in May 1864, after the war, Fredericksburg recovered its former position as a center of local trade and slowly grew beyond its prewar boundaries
Fredericksburg, Virginia
–
Historic downtown Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg, Virginia
–
Fredericksburg, Virginia, March 1863. View from across the
Rappahannock River. To the right is the steeple of the Baptist Church and toward the center is the tower of St. George's Church.
Fredericksburg, Virginia
–
Fredericksburg City Hall
Fredericksburg, Virginia
–
Fredericksburg Museum
10.
Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)
–
Kenmore, also known as Kenmore Plantation, is a plantation house at 1201 Washington Avenue in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Built in the 1770s, it was the home of Fielding and Betty Washington Lewis and is the surviving structure from the 1. Betty was the sister of George Washington, the first president of the United States, the house is architecturally notable for the remarkable decorative plaster work on the ceilings of many rooms on the first floor. In 1970 the property was declared a National Historic Landmark, Kenmore is owned and operated as a house museum by The George Washington Foundation, and is open daily for guided tours. The Foundation also owns nearby Ferry Farm, where George Washington lived as a child, the house was completed in 1776 for Fielding and Betty Washington Lewis, the sister of George Washington. He was a planter and successful merchant in town and their plantation grew tobacco, wheat, and corn by the labor of slaves. More than 80 slaves worked on the 1300-acre plantation, including a number of domestic slaves, the mansions rear frontage was oriented to the Rapahannock River for easy transportation access. Bettys mother Mary Ball Washington was buried on the grounds, which she had liked to visit, Lewis descendants sold the house and property in 1797 after Betty Washington Lewis death. A memorial was erected in 1894 at the Mary Ball Washington gravesite, the Samuel Gordon family purchased the property in 1819. They named it Kenmore for the home of their ancestors in Scotland, other nineteenth century owners restored the plaster ceilings. During the American Civil War, the house and outbuildings were used as a makeshift Union military hospital after the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864. It was also used by troops on their way to Richmond at the close of the war. In 1922 the Kenmore Foundation bought the property and began plans to preserve it, the landscaping was restored in 1924 by Charles F. Gillette. Today the house and reconstructed dependencies stand on three acres of ground at 1201 Washington Avenue and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is included in the Washington Avenue Historic District, vA-305, Kenmore,1201 Washington Avenue, Fredericksburg, Independent City, VA,63 photos,5 color transparencies,19 measured drawings,3 data pages,5 photo caption pages HABS No. VA-305-A, Kenmore, Office,1 photo HABS No, vA-305-B, Kenmore, Kitchen,2 photos African American Historic Sites Database, Virginia African Heritage Program
Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)
–
Kenmore
Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)
–
Kenmore Plantation in 2006
11.
Ferry Farm
–
Ferry Farm, also known as George Washington Boyhood Home Site or Ferry Farm Site, is the name of the farm and home at which George Washington spent much of his childhood. The site is located in Stafford County, Virginia, along the bank of the Rappahannock River. The farm was named after the Washington family had left the property and its namesake was a free ferry that crossed the Rappahannock River on Washington land—the family did not own or operate it. It is unclear what the farm was called during the Washington occupancy, sometime in the late 19th century the farm became known as Pine Grove, as well as The Ferry Farm. The farm rose to prominence during the Washington Birth Bicentennial of 1932—during the years surrounding this celebration some authors cited both the names Ferry Farm and Pine Grove. Over thousands of years, American Indians periodically inhabited the lands today make up Ferry Farm. Archaeological finds include a point made over 10,000 years ago by a big-game hunter, numerous tools associated with bands of hunter/gatherers. The first European claim on the property was a patent granted to John Catlett in 1666. By 1710, the tract had been subdivided into small farms. In 1727, the property was sold to William Strother, a lawyer, in 1738, George Washington’s father, Augustine, acquired the plantation from the Strother estate. He moved to Ferry Farm in the fall of 1738 with his wife, Mary Ball Washington. George Washingtons biographers could claim three locations significant as his homesteads through his lifetime, popes Creek, Virginia from 1732-1735 was his birthplace. It was built by Augustine Washington, based on excavations at the site in 2008, the structure was approximately 54 feet wide by 28 feet deep. It was the second of five houses at the site, George was six when the family moved to the farm in 1738. He inherited the farm and lived in the house until his early 20s, however, George Washington was not sentimental about the land. Washington saw the land as a crowded, busy, trouble-filled place of limited options, Washington’s father Augustine had left behind a small set of surveying instruments after he died. At the age of 16 Washington used his father’s surveying tools to survey for prominent Virginia grandees, George Washington had found his first true calling. Surveying linked George to his brother Lawrence and the Fairfaxes, at age 18 Washington was granted a 453-acre tract in western Frederick County by Lord Fairfax
Ferry Farm
–
George Washington Boyhood Home Site
12.
Subdivision (land)
–
Subdivision is the act of dividing land into pieces that are easier to sell or otherwise develop, usually via a plat. The former single piece as a whole is known in the United States as a subdivision. If it is used for housing it is known as a housing subdivision or housing development. Subdivisions may also be for the purpose of commercial or industrial development, in the United States, the creation of a subdivision was often the first step toward the creation of a new incorporated township or city. Contemporary notions of subdivisions rely on the Lot and Block survey system and this was followed by publication of the Standard City Planning Enabling Act in 1928. It includes resubdivision and, when appropriate to the context, relates to the process of subdividing or to the land or territory subdivided, the intention is to cover all subdivision of land where the immediate or ultimate purpose is that of selling the lots or building on them. A subdivision does not need to be sold, in whole or in part, a subdivision plat approved by a local planning commission, once recorded in a registry of deeds, is generally deemed to have created the parcels of land identified on the plat itself. The problem of division of property was identified by the SCPEA in the footnote to the definition of subdivision. In some jurisdictions, a division of property does not constitute a legal subdivision for purposes of separate conveyancing of the subdivided parcels. Interpretations of this vary among American jurisdictions, in the Philippines, subdivisions are areas of land that have been subdivided into individual residential plots. Whereas some subdivisions comprise exclusive gated communities, others are merely demarcations denoting a specific neighborhood, some subdivisions may conduct autonomous security, or provide basic services such as water and refuse management. Most subdivisions are governed by associations made up of members who are residents of the subdivision, in the Philippines, subdivisions are also known as villages. In Alberta, subdivision is the dividing of a parcel of land into two or more parcels, each to be given a separate title. Subdivision is also used for existing lot line adjustments, exceptions may occur with parcels of land that contain more than one quarter section, a river lot, a lake lot, or some settlement lots created prior to July 1,1950
Subdivision (land)
–
A subdivision in
Markham, Ontario
Subdivision (land)
–
A subdivision in
Picayune, Mississippi
Subdivision (land)
–
The entrance to a subdivision in
Sugar Land, Texas
Subdivision (land)
–
A subdivision on the
rural-urban fringe of
Sydney
13.
Lawrence Washington (1602-1655)
–
Rev. Lawrence Washington was an English rector, and the great-great-grandfather of George Washington. Bondo de Wassinggetun Walter de Washington Robert de Washington Robert de Washington Sr Robert de Washington Sr. Brother of Sir John Washington and this James Washington was the ancestor of Baron Jakob von Washington. Lawrence Washington had seven brothers, Robert, Sir John, Sir William, Richard, Thomas, Gregory and George and his elder brother, Sir William Washington, married Anne Villiers, half sister of James Is favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Washington was the grandson of John Washington and Margaret Kitson. Washington was admitted to Brasenose College, Oxford in 1619 and he graduated in 1623 with a Bachelor of Arts, and within a few days was elected a Fellow of the College. In 1626 he was awarded a Master of Arts, and in 1627 appointed university lector, on August 26,1632 the Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud made Washington proctor at Oxford. Laud sought to rid the university of its Puritan clergy, Washingtons services to Laud earned him an appointment to the well-compensated rectory of Purleigh in Essex, a position he assumed in 1632. The appointment enabled Washington to marry Amphilis Twigden, a literate, Oxford dons were forbidden from marrying, and Washington had risked his post at the university by courting her. During the Civil War more than one hundred English ministers were deprived of their livings for alleged treason or immorality by order of the Puritan Parliament. In 1643 Washington was censored on trumped-up charges of being a common frequenter of ale-houses who others in that beastly vice, following his ejection from Purleigh, Washington became rector of the impoverished parish of Little Braxted in Essex. Through the Sandys, Lawrences son John secured an apprenticeship with a London merchant where he learned the tobacco trade. Washington died in poverty, leaving an estate of insufficient value to require the issuance of letters of administration, in 1928 the Washington window, commemorating the Washington family, was given to All Saints Church, Maldon, by the citizens of Malden, Massachusetts. Col. John Washington was born in 1633/4, shortly after his parents marriage and he emigrated to Virginia in 1656. He married firstly, on 1 December 1656, Anne Pope and he married secondly Anne Gerard, widow successively of Walter Broadhurst, and Henry Brett. He married thirdly Frances Gerard, widow successively of Thomas Speak, Valentine Peyton and he left a will dated 21 September 1675, which was proved 11 January 1677. After his death, his widow, Frances, married William Hardwick, Lawrence Washington, who was baptized at Tring on 18 June 1635. He emigrated to Virginia before May 1659, but returned to England, becoming a merchant in Luton and he married firstly Mary Jones, daughter of Edmund Jones, gentleman, of Luton, by whom he had a son, Charles, and a daughter, Mary. He emigrated to Virginia a second shortly before 27 September 1667
Lawrence Washington (1602-1655)
–
Interior of All Saints Church, Maldon, burial place of Lawrence Washington
14.
John Washington
–
John Washington was an English Virginia planter and politician. He was the English ancestor and great-grandfather of George Washington, first president of the United States of America, John Washington was born in 1631 in Tring, Hertfordshire, England, the son of Amphilis and Lawrence Washington. Prior to Lawrence Washingtons marriage, he had been a don at the University of Oxford, when John was eight his father enrolled him in Charterhouse School in London to begin preparing for an academic career. In the wake of the English Civil War, however, the royalist Lawrence Washington was stripped of his clerical don post, during this time, his sons were barred from entering Oxford. John Washington, his mother and siblings were given shelter by his relative Sir Edwin Sandys, John Washington found an apprenticeship with a London merchant through his Sandys relatives, which provided a valuable education in colonial trade. In 1656 Washington invested in a merchant ship engaged in transporting tobacco to European markets, Washington was the ships second officer. In 1657, the ship foundered in the Potomac River, although the vessel was repaired, Washington elected to remain in the colony. James was the ancestor of Baron Jakob von Washington, unlike John, James returned to England from Virginia, before emigrating to Rotterdam. While first in Virginia, Washington stayed at the house of Col. Nathaniel Pope, during this stay, he fell in love with his hosts daughter Anne. He settled at a site on Bridges Creek, after his marriage to Anne Pope and the wedding gift from Annes father of 700 acres on Mattox Creek in Westmoreland County of the Northern Neck, Washington became a successful planter. He depended on the labor of slaves and indentured servants to cultivate tobacco and he was selected for the Virginia House of Burgesses and became a politician in the colony. During the events leading to Bacons Rebellion in 1676, Washington was appointed a colonel in the Virginia militia and he led a company to back a group of Marylanders during a planned parley with the opposition and American Indian leaders. The militia killed six chiefs of tribes, and their peoples retaliated for the massacre in later raids. Governor William Berkeley strongly criticized Washington for the murders of the American Indian chiefs, relations between the Indians and colonists deteriorated. He married Anne Pope in 1658 and they had three children together, Lawrence Washington, John Washington II, Anne Washington, After Anne Popes death, Washington married Anne Gerrard, daughter of Thomas Gerrard. When his second wife died also, John Washington married her sister and this third marriage occurred about May 10,1676 when a joynture was announce between Mrs Frances Appleton and John Washington in Northumberland County, Virginia. Washington and his first wife Anne Pope are buried at what is now called the George Washington Birthplace National Monument, in present-day Colonial Beach and his vault is the largest in the small family burial plot. The name of the parish of the Anglican Church was changed to Washington in his honor
John Washington
–
Survey of 1674, certified by Thomas Lee, for 5,000-acre
land grant to John Washington and
Nicholas Spencer. Acreage later known as
Mount Vernon
15.
Augustine Warner
–
Augustine Warner, Sr. was a Virginia planter and politician. He was born in Norwich, Norfolk, the son of Thomas Warner and his first land acquisition came seven years later, when he patented 250 acres. About 1657, he moved across the York River to Gloucester County, Augustine Warner died in 1674, at sixty-three, and was succeeded at Warner Hall by his only son, Augustine Warner, Jr. After his English education in London and at Cambridge, the younger Warner returned to Virginia, and by 1666 became a member of the House of Burgesses, and then Speaker of the House in 1676. In 1677 he took his seat on the Kings Council, besides a son, Augustine Sr. had at least two daughters as well. One married David Cant, and the other, Sarah, married Lawrence Towneley and it is recorded that Augustine Jr. had three sons, all of whom died unmarried, and three daughters, who inherited the Warner property and left many descendants. Elizabeth and John Lewis were the grandparents of Fielding Lewis, who married first George Washington’s cousin, in addition, Elizabeth and John Lewis were the ancestors of Captain Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Warner Hall is still known by name, and the Lewis descendants became known as the Warner Hall Lewises. A non-profit DNA Project LEWIS Surname DNA Project is actively seeking descendants from this paternal line, in some cases a scholarship may be offered. The Welsh Lineage of John Lewis
Augustine Warner
–
Portrait of Augustine Warner
16.
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College. Since the office was established in 1789,44 people have served as president, the first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two terms in office, and is counted as the nations 22nd and 24th president. Thus the incumbent, Donald Trump, is the nations 45th president, there are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a president was on December 26,2006 with the death of Gerald Ford. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, four were assassinated, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tylers precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office, later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a vacancy was left unfilled. Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties, the Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and he was, and remains, the only U. S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a party at the time they assumed office. Four presidents held other high U. S. federal offices after leaving the presidency, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U. S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency. Additionally, one president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The
White House in
Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States
–
1
List of Presidents of the United States
–
2
17.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
18.
Commanding General of the United States Army
–
During the American Revolutionary War, the title was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. In 1783, the title was simplified to Senior Officer of the United States Army, in 1821, the title was changed to Commanding General of the United States Army. The office was referred to by various other titles, such as Major General Commanding the Army or General-in-Chief. From 1789 until its abolition in 1903, the position of Commanding General was legally subordinate to the Secretary of War, the position was abolished with the creation of the statutory Chief of Staff of the Army in 1903. List of United States military leaders by rank Notes Footnotes Historical Resources Branch, Eicher, John H. Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches, United States Army Center of Military History. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
Commanding General of the United States Army
–
LTG Nelson A. Miles, the last Commanding General of the United States Army
19.
Continental Army
–
The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14,1775, the Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war, most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne and this became the foundation of the United States Army in 1796. The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, when the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the leading to the war. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. On April 23,1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of an army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar, on July 18,1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age. It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of consent for those under twenty-one. Four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days, after Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place. As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, as a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army, early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men, turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Major General Philip Schuylers ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada, the Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to the length of the war to avoid the crises that depleted forces
Continental Army
Continental Army
–
Infantry of the Continental Army.
Continental Army
–
1778 Drawing of a member of the
Stockbridge Militia (from Revolutionary War diary of
Johann Von Ewald)
Continental Army
–
Continental Army Plaza,
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
20.
Second Continental Congress
–
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met between September 5,1774 and October 26,1774, also in Philadelphia, the second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776. When the Second Continental Congress came together on May 10,1775 it was, in effect, many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president and secretary. Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts, within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses, he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined, Hancock was elected president on May 24. Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened, Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second Continental Congress. On May 13,1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. Johns in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself. The Second Continental Congress would meet on May 10,1775, by the time the Second Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary War had already started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Congress was to charge of the war effort. For the first few months of the struggle, the Patriots had carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and they had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On July 6,1775 Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale, on July 8, Congress extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation. However, it was received too late to do any good, silas Deane was sent to France as a minister of the Congress. American ports were reopened in defiance of the British Navigation Acts, the Congress had no authority to levy taxes, and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests, Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such a drastic action. Advocates of independence in Congress moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, on May 10,1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony lacking a proper government should form such. The resolution of independence was delayed for weeks as revolutionaries consolidated support for independence in their home governments. The records of the Continental Congress confirm that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations, on June 7,1776, Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent. He also urged Congress to resolve to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances, Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance, since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britains colonies
Second Continental Congress
–
Thirteen Colonies United States
Second Continental Congress
–
The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's
Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
Second Continental Congress
21.
First Continental Congress
–
It was called in response to The passage of the Coercive Acts by the British Parliament. The Intolerable Acts had punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, the Congress was attended by 56 delegates. The Pennsylvania delegation was appointed by the colonial assembly, Georgia declined to send delegates because they were hoping for British assistance with Native American problems on their frontier and did not want to upset the British. The Congress met briefly to consider options, including a boycott of British trade, rights and grievances. The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts. Their appeal to the Crown had no effect, and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia. The Congress met from September 5 to October 26,1774, peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings, Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress for the last few days, from October 22 to October 26. Charles Thomson, leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress, the delegates who attended the Congress were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Their ultimate goal was to develop a solution to the difficulties. Radicals, such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, to counter these ideas, Galloway put forward a Plan of Union, which suggested an American legislative body be formed, with some authority, and whose consent would be required for imperial measures. In the end, the voices of reconciliation and compromise carried the day and it requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods. These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not acknowledge the power of Parliament even to regulate trade. Furthermore, they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative, the Congress had two primary accomplishments. The first was a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1,1774, the West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to nonimportation of British goods. Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year, Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each colony for enforcement of the Association. All of the colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the congress with the exception of New York, if the Intolerable Acts were not repealed, the colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10,1775. The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, the colonists were forced to quarter British soldiers, and feed them. The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10,1775, however, letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec
First Continental Congress
–
First Continental Congress 1774
First Continental Congress
–
Carpenters' Hall
First Continental Congress
22.
Military career of George Washington
–
The military career of George Washington spanned over forty years of service. Washingtons service can be broken into three periods with service in three different armed forces, Virginias Royal Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed Washington a major in the provincial militia in February 1753. In that year the French began expanding their control into the Ohio Country. These competing claims led to a world war 1756–63 and Washington was at the center of its beginning, the Ohio Company was one vehicle through which British investors planned to expand into the territory, opening new settlements and building trading posts for the Indian trade. Washington delivered the letter to the local French commander, who refused to leave. Governor Dinwiddie sent Washington back to the Ohio Country to protect an Ohio Company group building a fort at present-day Pittsburgh, before he reached the area, a French force drove out the companys crew and began construction of Fort Duquesne. The French responded by attacking and capturing Washington at Fort Necessity in July 1754 and he was allowed to return with his troops to Virginia. The experience demonstrated Washingtons bravery, initiative, inexperience and impetuosity and these events had international consequences, the French accused Washington of assassinating Jumonville, who they claimed was on a diplomatic mission similar to Washingtons 1753 mission. Both France and Britain responded by sending troops to North America in 1755, in 1755, Washington was the senior Colonial aide to British General Edward Braddock on the ill-fated Braddock Expedition. This was at the time the largest ever British military expedition ventured into the colonies, the French and their Indian allies were able to ambush the expedition, mowing down over 900 casualties including the mortally-wounded Braddock. The Virginia Regiment was the first full-time American military unit in the colonies, Washington was ordered to act defensively or offensively as he thought best. In command of a soldiers, Washington was a disciplinarian who emphasized training. He led his men in brutal campaigns against the Indians in the west, in 10 months units of his regiment fought 20 battles, and lost a third of its men. Washingtons strenuous efforts meant that Virginias frontier population suffered less than that of other colonies, in 1758, Washington participated in the Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. He was embarrassed by a fire episode in which his unit and another British unit thought the other was the French enemy and opened fire. In the end there was no fighting for the French abandoned the fort. Upon his return to Virginia, Washington resigned his commission in December 1758 and he closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution. He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and he developed a command presence—given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question
Military career of George Washington
–
Washington's 1754 map showing
Ohio River and surrounding region
Military career of George Washington
–
Portrait of George Washington in military uniform, painted by
Rembrandt Peale.
Military career of George Washington
–
Major-General Braddock's death at the Battle of the Monongahela, July 9, 1755.
Military career of George Washington
–
Portrait by
Charles Willson Peale. Painted in 1772, it depicts Washington as colonel of the
Virginia Regiment, and is his earliest known likeness.
23.
George Washington in the French and Indian War
–
George Washington commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, and was the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. Because of his role in the founding of the United States. His devotion to republicanism and civic virtue made him a figure among early American politicians. Washingtons military experience began in the French and Indian War with a commission as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia. In 1753 Washington was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians as far north as present-day Erie, the following year he led another expedition to the area to assist in the construction of a fort at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before reaching that point, he and some of his men, accompanied by Indian allies and its leader was killed, although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed. This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global Seven Years War, the French responded by attacking fortifications Washington erected following the ambush, forcing his surrender. Released on parole, Washington and his troops returned to Virginia, in 1755 he participated as a volunteer aide in the ill-fated expedition of General Edward Braddock, where he distinguished himself in the retreat following the climactic Battle of Monongahela. Unable to get a commission in the British Army, Washington then resigned from the militia, married. Washington gained valuable military skills during the war, acquiring tactical, strategic and he also acquired important political skills in his dealings with the British military establishment and the provincial government. His successes in military and political spheres during that conflict led to his election as the first President of the United States of America, born into a well-to-do Virginia family near Fredericksburg in 1732, Washington was schooled locally until the age of 15. The early death of his father when he was 11 eliminated the possibility of schooling in England, thanks to the connection by marriage of his half-brother Lawrence to the wealthy Fairfax family, Washington was appointed surveyor of Culpeper County in 1749, he was just 17 years old. Its investors also included Virginias Royal Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, who appointed Washington a major in the militia in February 1753. The Ohio Country was occupied by a variety of Indian tribes that were nominally under the suzerainty of the Iroquois Confederacy based in what is now northwestern New York, the area was also the subject of several conflicting claims by British and French colonies. The British provinces of Virginia and Pennsylvania both claimed the area, and traders from Pennsylvania had been trading with the Indians at least since the early 1740s, when news of this reached Virginia, Governor Dinwiddie sought advice from the British government in London. He received orders to send a messenger to the French, reiterating British claims and demanding that they stop construction of their forts and quit the territory. Governor Dinwiddie chose Major Washington, then 21 years old, for the trek into the Ohio Country to assess the French military situation, and to deliver the British demands. He was a good choice despite his youth because he was familiar with the frontier from survey work, had good health, although he had no frontier warfare experience, neither did most other Virginians
George Washington in the French and Indian War
–
This portrait of Washington was painted in 1772 by
Charles Willson Peale, and shows Washington in uniform as a colonel of the Virginia Regiment. The original hangs in Lee Chapel at
Washington and Lee University in
Lexington, Virginia. It is the earliest known depiction of Washington.
George Washington in the French and Indian War
–
A map of the upper
Ohio River and surrounding area drawn by Washington during or after his 1753 expedition
George Washington in the French and Indian War
–
A recreation of
Fort Necessity
George Washington in the French and Indian War
–
Major-General
Braddock 's death at the
Battle of the Monongahela, July 9, 1755.
24.
Battle of Jumonville Glen
–
The British colonial force had been sent to protect a fort under construction under the auspices of the Ohio Company at the location of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A larger Canadien force had driven off the construction crew. Washington was alerted to Jumonvilles presence by Tanacharison, and they joined forces to surround the Canadian camp, some of the Canadians were killed in the ambush, and most of the others were captured. Jumonville was among the slain, although the circumstances of his death are a subject of historical controversy. Since Britain and France were not then at war, the event had international repercussions, after the action, Washington retreated to Fort Necessity, where Canadian forces from Fort Duquesne compelled his surrender. The terms of Washingtons surrender included a statement admitting that Jumonville was assassinated and this document and others were used by the French and Canadiens to level accusations that Washington had ordered Jumonvilles slaying. Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from this area, the French action drew the attention of not just the British, but also the Indian tribes of the area. In particular, Tanacharison, a Mingo chief also known as the Half King, if the river is blocked up, I have the forces to burst it open and tread under my feet all that oppose me. I despise all the things you have said. He then threw down some wampum that Tanacharison had offered as a good will gesture, marin died not long after, and command of the operations was turned over to Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. Virginia Royal Governor Robert Dinwiddie sent militia Major George Washington to the Ohio Country as an emissary in December 1753, Washington returned to Williamsburg and informed Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave. The governor also issued a commission to Ohio Company employee William Trent, with instructions to raise a small force. Dinwiddie issued these instructions on his own authority, without asking for funding from the Virginia House of Burgesses until after the fact. Trents company arrived on site in February 1754, and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison, when Contrecœur learned of Trents activity, he led a force of about 500 men to drive them off. On April 16, Contrecœurs force arrived at the forks, the day, Trents force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trents absence. The French then began construction of the fort they called Fort Duquesne, historian Fred Anderson describes Dinwiddies instructions, which were issued without the knowledge or direction of the British government in London, as an invitation to start a war. Washington was ordered to gather up as many supplies and paid volunteers as he could along the way, by the time he left for the frontier on April 2, he had recruited fewer than 160 men. Along their march through the forests of the frontier, Washington was joined by men at Winchester
Battle of Jumonville Glen
–
Washington's map of the
Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions, 1753 or 1754.
Battle of Jumonville Glen
–
Portrait of
George Washington by
Charles Willson Peale, 1772
Battle of Jumonville Glen
–
Photo of the battle site in 2007.
Battle of Jumonville Glen
–
A 1912 map showing the route of the
Braddock expedition
25.
Battle of Fort Necessity
–
The Battle of Fort Necessity took place on July 3,1754, in what is now the mountaintop hamlet of Farmington in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The engagement was one of the first battles of the French and Indian War, the battle, along with the May 28 Battle of Jumonville Glen, contributed to a series of military escalations that resulted in the global Seven Years War. Washington built Fort Necessity on a meadow west of the summit of a pass through the Allegheny Mountains. Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from this area, in previous wars, the Québecois had more than held their own against the English colonials. The French action drew the attention of not just the British, the reason for this was that they had to provide them with the goods that the Anglo-American traders had previously supplied, and at similar prices. This proved to be singularly difficult, with the exception of one or two Montreal merchant traders, the Canadians showed a great reluctance to venture into the Ohio country. In particular, Tanacharison, a Mingo chief also known as the Half King, became anti-French as a consequence. In a meeting with Paul Marin de la Malgue, commander of the Canadian construction force, the latter reportedly lost his temper, if the river is blocked up, I have the forces to burst it open and tread under my feet all that oppose me. I despise all the things you have said. He then threw down some wampum that Tanacharison had offered as a good will gesture, Marin died not long after, and command of the operations was turned over to Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. Saint-Pierre politely informed Washington that he was there pursuant to orders, Washington returned to Williamsburg and informed Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave. Dinwiddie ordered Washington to begin raising a regiment to hold the Forks of the Ohio, in present-day Pittsburgh. The governor also issued a commission to Ohio Company employee William Trent, with instructions to raise a small force. Dinwiddie issued these instructions on his own authority, without asking for funding from the Virginia House of Burgesses until after the fact. Trents company arrived on site in February 1754, and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison, in response, the Canadians sent a force of about 500 men, Canadian, French, and Indians under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur. On April 16, they arrived at the forks, the day, Trents force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trents absence. The Canadians tore down the British works, and began construction of the fort they called Fort Duquesne, historian Fred Anderson describes Dinwiddies instructions, which were issued without the knowledge or direction of the British government in London, as an invitation to start a war. Washington was ordered to gather as many supplies and paid volunteers as he could along the way, by the time he left for the frontier on April 2, he had gathered 186 men
Battle of Fort Necessity
–
The modern replica of Fort Necessity
Battle of Fort Necessity
–
Portrait of
George Washington by
Charles Willson Peale, 1772
Battle of Fort Necessity
26.
Forbes Expedition
–
The Forbes Expedition was a British military expedition led by Brigadier-General John Forbes in 1758, during the latter stages of the French and Indian War. Forbes commanded between 6,000 and 8,000 men, including a contingent of Virginians led by George Washington and this well organized expedition was in contrast to a similar expedition led by Edward Braddock in 1755 that ended in the disastrous Battle of the Monongahela. Working for most of the summer on the construction of the road, periodic fortified supply depots, in mid-September, a reconnaissance force was soundly defeated in the Battle of Fort Duquesne when its leader, Major James Grant, attempted to capture the fort instead of gathering information alone. This collapse of Native American support made it impossible for the French to hold Fort Duquesne, when the expedition neared to within a few miles of Fort Duquesne in mid-November, the French abandoned and blew up the fort. Three units of scouts led by Captain Hugh Waddell entered the smoking remnants of the fort under the orders of Colonel George Washington on November 24, general Forbes, who was ill with dysentery for much of the expedition, only briefly visited the ruins. He was returned to Philadelphia in a litter, and died not long afterward, Forbes Road Braddock Expedition Nemacolins Path Beaver Wars Susquehannock peoples Erie peoples Shawnee Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War, The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, the British Defeat of the French in Pennsylvania,1758, A Military History of the Forbes Campaign Against Fort Duquesne. Fowler, William M. Empires at war, The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America 1754-1763
Forbes Expedition
–
Engraving depicting the British arrival at the remains of
Fort Duquesne
Forbes Expedition
27.
George Washington in the American Revolution
–
George Washington commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, and was the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. Because of his role in the founding of the United States. His devotion to republicanism and civic virtue made him a figure among early American politicians. Washington played a military and political role in the American Revolution. His involvement began as early as 1767, when he first took political stands against the acts of the British Parliament, after the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, his role became military with his appointment as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. He appeared before the Second Continental Congress in military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war, Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, the next day it selected Washington as commander-in-chief. At the end of the year in both 1775 and 1776, he had to deal with expiring enlistments, since the Congress had only authorized the existence for single years. In 1777 Washington was again defeated in the defense of Philadelphia, Washingtons activities from late 1778 to 1780 were more diplomatic and organizational, as his army remained outside New York, watching Sir Henry Clintons army that occupied the city. His attention was drawn to the frontier war, which prompted the 1779 Continental Army expedition of John Sullivan into upstate New York. When General Clinton sent the turncoat General Benedict Arnold to raid in Virginia, the arrival of Lord Cornwallis in Virginia after campaigning in the south presented Washington with an opportunity to strike a decisive blow. The army was disbanded after peace in 1783, and Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief on December 23,1783. Born into a well-to-do Virginia family near Fredericksburg in 1732, Washington was schooled locally until the age of 15, the early death of his father when he was 11 eliminated the possibility of schooling in England, and his mother rejected attempts to place him in the Royal Navy. Thanks to the connection by marriage of his half-brother Lawrence to the wealthy Fairfax family, Washington was appointed surveyor of Culpeper County in 1749 and its investors also included Virginias Royal Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, who appointed Washington a major in the provincial militia in February 1753. Washington played a key role in the outbreak of the French and Indian War and he closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution. He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and he developed a command presence—given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question. Washington learned to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies, from his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. He gained an understanding of strategy, especially in locating strategic geographical points. He developed a negative idea of the value of militia, who seemed too unreliable, too undisciplined
George Washington in the American Revolution
–
Currier and Ives depiction of Washington accepting his
Continental Army commission from the
Second Continental Congress
George Washington in the American Revolution
–
Washington was in the vanguard of British forces that occupied
Fort Duquesne, recently abandoned by the French, in 1758.
George Washington in the American Revolution
–
Washington in 1772
George Washington in the American Revolution
–
British forces evacuate the city at the end of the
Siege of Boston
28.
Boston campaign
–
The Boston campaign was the opening campaign of the American Revolutionary War, taking place primarily in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The entire British expedition suffered significant casualties during a running back to Charlestown against an ever-growing number of militia. Subsequently, accumulated militia forces surrounded the city of Boston, beginning the Siege of Boston. The main action during the siege, the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17,1775, was one of the bloodiest encounters of the war, and resulted in a Pyrrhic British victory. There were also numerous skirmishes near Boston and the areas of Boston, resulting in loss of life, military supplies. In July 1775, George Washington took command of the assembled militia, on March 4,1776, the colonial army fortified Dorchester Heights with cannon capable of reaching Boston and British ships in the harbor. The siege ended on March 17,1776, with the permanent withdrawal of British forces from Boston, to this day, Boston celebrates March 17 as Evacuation Day. In 1767, the British Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed duties on paper, glass, paint. The Sons of Liberty and other Patriot organizations responded with a variety of protest actions, francis Bernard, then Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, requested military forces to protect the Kings personnel. In October 1768, British troops arrived in the city of Boston, tensions led to the Boston Massacre on March 5,1770, and the Boston Tea Party on December 16,1773. In response to the Tea Party and other protests, Parliament enacted the Intolerable Acts to punish the colonies, with the Massachusetts Government Act of 1774 it effectively abolished the provincial government of Massachusetts. However, popular resistance compelled the newly appointed officials in Massachusetts to resign or to seek refuge in Boston. Gage commanded four regiments of British regulars from his headquarters in Boston, on September 1,1774, British soldiers removed gunpowder and other military supplies in a surprise raid on a powder magazine near Boston. This expedition alarmed the countryside, and thousands of American Patriots sprang into action, partly in response to this action, the colonists carried off military supplies from several forts in New England and distributed them among the local militias. On the night of April 18,1775, General Gage sent 700 men to seize munitions stored by the militia at Concord. Several riders — including Paul Revere — alerted the countryside, shots were exchanged, eight Minutemen were killed, the outnumbered colonial militia dispersed, and the British moved on to Concord. During the search, there was a confrontation at the North Bridge, by the time the redcoats or lobster backs began the return march to Boston, several thousand militiamen had gathered along the road. A running fight ensued, and the British detachment suffered heavily before reaching Charlestown, with the Battle of Lexington and Concord — the shot heard round the world — the war had begun
Boston campaign
–
The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by
John Trumbull
Boston campaign
–
A 1775
Amos Doolittle engraving depicting a bit of the action at the
North Bridge in
Concord
Boston campaign
–
A
Currier and Ives print depicting
George Washington accepting the role of Commander-in-chief of the
Continental Army from
Congress.
Boston campaign
–
John Trumbull 's
Surrender of General Burgoyne
29.
Siege of Boston
–
The Siege of Boston was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army garrisoned in what was then the city of Boston. Both sides had to deal with supply and personnel issues over the course of the siege. British resupply and reinforcement activities were limited to sea access, after eleven months of the siege, the British abandoned Boston by sailing to Nova Scotia. The siege began on April 19 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Continental Congress formed the Continental Army from the militia, with George Washington as its Commander in Chief. Military actions during the remainder of the siege were limited to raids, minor skirmishes. In November 1775, Washington sent the 25-year-old bookseller-turned-soldier Henry Knox to bring to Boston the heavy artillery that had captured at Fort Ticonderoga. In a technically complex and demanding operation, Knox brought many cannons to the Boston area by January 1776, in March 1776, these artillery fortified Dorchester Heights, thereby threatening the British supply lifeline. The British commander William Howe saw the British position as indefensible and withdrew the British forces in Boston to the British stronghold at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on March 17. Prior to 1775, the British had imposed taxes and import duties on the American colonies, parliament authorized Gage, among other actions, to disband the local provincial government. It was reformed into the Provincial Congress, and continued to meet, the Provincial Congress called for the organization of local militias and coordinated the accumulation of weapons and other military supplies. Under the terms of the Boston Port Act, Gage closed the Boston port, when British forces were sent to seize military supplies from the town of Concord on April 19,1775, militia companies from surrounding towns opposed them in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. At Concord, some of the British forces were routed in a confrontation at the North Bridge, the British troops, on their march back to Boston, were then engaged in a running battle, suffering heavy casualties. All of the New England colonies raised militias in response to this alarm and they particularly blocked the Charlestown Neck, and the Boston Neck, leaving only the harbor and sea access under British control. In the days following the creation of the siege line, the size of the colonial forces grew, as militias from New Hampshire, Rhode Island. General Gage turned his attention to fortifying easily defensible positions, in the south, at Roxbury, Gage ordered lines of defenses with 10 twenty-four pound guns. In Boston proper, four hills were quickly fortified and they were to be the main defense of the city. Over time, each of these hills were strengthened, Gage also decided to abandon Charlestown, removing the beleaguered forces to Boston
Siege of Boston
–
Engraving depicting the British evacuation of Boston
Siege of Boston
–
1775 map of the
Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston.
Siege of Boston
–
Engraving depicting
Ethan Allen demanding the surrender of
Fort Ticonderoga
Siege of Boston
–
The Battle of Bunker Hill,
Howard Pyle, 1897
30.
New York and New Jersey campaign
–
The British held New York harbor for the rest of the war, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets. Washington had New England soldiers as well as regiments from states as far south as Virginia, landing on Long Island in August, Howe defeated Washington in the largest battle of the war, but the Continental Army was able to retreat to Manhattan under cover of darkness and fog. Washington suffered a series of defeats in Manhattan, with the exception of the skirmish at Harlem Heights, at that point Howe returned to Manhattan to capture forces Washington had left in the north of the island. Howe ordered his troops into winter quarters in December, establishing a chain of outposts from New York to Burlington, during the remaining winter months, both sides skirmished frequently as the British sought forage and provisions. Britain maintained control of New York City and some of the territory until the war ended in 1783. Northern New Jersey was the scene of skirmishing between the forces for the rest of the war. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, British troops were under siege in Boston and they defeated Patriot forces in the Battle of Bunker Hill, suffering very high casualties. In January 1776 Washington ordered Charles Lee to raise troops and take command of New Yorks defenses, Lee had made some progress on the citys defenses when word arrived in late March 1776 that the British army had left Boston after Washington threatened them from heights south of the city. At the end of April, Washington dispatched General John Sullivan with six regiments to the north to bolster the faltering Quebec campaign, in June he set sail for New York with the 9,000 men assembled there, before all of the transports arrived. German troops, primarily from Hesse-Kassel, as well as British troops from Henry Clintons ultimately unsuccessful expedition to the Carolinas, were to meet with Howes fleet when it reached New York. General Howes brother, Admiral Lord Howe, arrived at Halifax with further transports after the general sailed, Washington learned from prisoners taken that Howe had landed 10,000 men, but was awaiting the arrival of another 15,000. He consequently split the Continental Army between fortified positions on Long Island, Manhattan and other locations, and also established a Flying Camp in northern New Jersey. This was intended as a force that could support operations anywhere along the Jersey shore of the Hudson. The Howe brothers had been granted authority as peace commissioners by Parliament, king George III was not optimistic about the possibility of a peace, yet I think it right to be attempted, whilst every act of vigour is unremittingly carried on. Their powers were limited to granting of general and special pardons, on July 14, pursuant to these powers, Admiral Howe sent a messenger with a letter addressed to George Washington, Esq. across the harbor. Washingtons adjutant, Joseph Reed, politely informed the messenger that no person with title was in their army. Admiral Howes aide wrote that the Punctilio of an Address should not have prevented the letters delivery, a second request, addressed to George Washington, Esq. etc. was similarly rejected, although the messenger was told that Washington would receive one of Howes adjutants. In that fruitless meeting, held July 20, Washington pointed out that the powers the Howe brothers had been given were not of much use
New York and New Jersey campaign
–
George Washington, by
Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller
New York and New Jersey campaign
–
Map of the campaign
New York and New Jersey campaign
–
Admiral
Richard Howe, from a mezzotint engraving by R. Dunkarton, after the painting by
John Singleton Copley
New York and New Jersey campaign
–
General
William Howe, 1777 mezzotint
