Biblical cosmology is the biblical writers' conception of the cosmos as an organised, structured entity, including its origin, order, meaning and destiny. The Bible was formed over many centuries, inv
God creating the cosmos (Bible moralisée, French, 13th century)
The Tablet of Shamash depicting a scene in heaven, with celestial waters below, supported by a solid base, with four stars.
The Archangel Michael, a member of the host of divine beings who attend God in heaven, defeating Satan, the dragon of chaos.
Valley of Hinnom (or Gehenna), c. 1900. The former site of child-sacrifice and a dumping-ground for the bodies of executed criminals, Jeremiah prophesied that it would become a "valley of slaughter" and burial place; in later literature it thus became identified with a new idea of Hell as a place where the wicked would be punished.
Religious cosmology is an explanation of origins, evolution, and the eventual fate of the universe from a religious perspective. Such an account may include beliefs on origin in the form of a creation
Biblical cosmology
…and destiny. The Bible was formed over many centuries, involving many authors, and reflects shifting patterns of religious belief; consequently, its cosmology is not always consistent. Nor do the biblical texts necessarily represent the beliefs of all Jews or Christians at the time they were put into writing…
Zakariya al-Qazwini says the Earth is flat and surrounded by mountains including Mount Qaf; it is supported by an ox standing on Bahamut in a cosmic ocean inside a bowl that sits on an angel or jinn.