1.
Big Bear Lake, California
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The city is located about 25 miles northeast of the city of San Bernardino, and immediately west of the unincorporated town of Big Bear City. The population was approximately 5,019 at the 2010 census, Big Bear Lake was inhabited by the indigenous Serrano Indians for over 2,000 years before it was explored by Benjamin Wilson and his party. Grizzly bears were not found in the region after 1908, today, there are black bears in the region since their introduction in 1933, and they are sometimes sighted in residential areas. A trip to Big Bear Lake from San Bernardino took two days on horse-drawn coaches, kirk Phillips was a local who took a trip to New York City and saw the worlds first bus line. This inspired him to create the second bus line from San Bernardino to Big Bear Valley using White trucks with several rows of seats. This made it possible for the villages to grow and for Big Bear Lake to become the first mountain recreation area in Southern California, many people traveled to enjoy recreation on the lake, however, another major draw was the natural hot spring. Emile Jesserun bought 40 acres of land included the hot spring and built the first major resort in Big Bear. DeMille, Shirley Temple, and Ginger Rogers and it was also a popular place for shooting on location, as they did for the filming of the 1920 version of Last of the Mohicans and a number of Bonanza episodes in the 1960s at Cedar Lake. 1924 saw Big Bear populated with 44 resorts and a constant stream of vacationers, the Pan Hot Springs Hotel, like many of the other resorts and hotels in Big Bear, was extensively damaged by fire in 1933. Winter activities are popular in Big Bear. The first ski jump in Big Bear was erected in 1929, more jumps were built in Big Bear Lake and the Viking Ski Club of Los Angeles began to use them for competition and events. The move to a resort town was solidified in 1952 when Tommy Tyndall opened a resort in Big Bear Lake now known as Snow Summit. In the summer of 1968, Caltech began construction of Big Bear Solar Observatory located on the shore of Big Bear Lake. Due to extensive rain and snow, the lake rose several feet, BBSO, now operated by the New Jersey Institute of Technology, is still a major Big Bear Lake landmark connected to the north shore by a dirt and rock causeway. Since 1970, Big Bear Lake has held its annual Oktoberfest, the Big Bear Lake Oktoberfest also sports the highest Biergarten in the U. S. Big Bear Lake was incorporated as a city on November 28,1980, during the 1990s, the city became famous as a training spot for boxing champions. Oscar de la Hoya, Mike Tyson, Fernando Vargas, Gennady Golovkin, in February 2013, a major manhunt occurred in the Big Bear Lake area to find Christopher Dorner, who by that point had killed three people. A standoff ended in nearby Angelus Oaks, Big Bear Lake is located at 34°14′29″N 116°54′12″W
2.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
3.
Big Bear City, California
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Big Bear City is an unincorporated town in San Bernardino County, California, United States along the east shore of Big Bear Lake and surrounded by the San Bernardino National Forest. It is located 27 miles northeast of the city of San Bernardino and its population was 12,304 at the 2010 census, up from 5,779 at the 2000 census. The makeup of Big Bear City is mostly residential with smaller houses, despite the name, Big Bear City is not an incorporated city, and should not be confused with the adjacent incorporated city of Big Bear Lake. Big Bear City is its own census-designated place, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 32.0 square miles,99. 95% of it land and 0. 05% of it water. The nearby ski resorts consist of Snow Summit and Bear Mountain, most of the town and the business district are centered on Big Bear Boulevard. Its limits are defined on the West by Division Road and on the east by the turn at Highway 38. Though its south boundary is defined by the residential boundary. The east-west postal divider of Big Bear City is Green Way Drive, sugarloaf is a large residential area that lies to the south of Big Bear City. It is often the location of training for many Boxers and Mixed martial arts contestants such as Oscar De La Hoya, Shane Mosley. The 2010 United States Census reported that Big Bear City had a population of 12,304, the population density was 384.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Big Bear City was 10,252 White,83 African American,202 Native American,103 Asian,31 Pacific Islander,1,089 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,323 persons. The Census reported that 12,286 people lived in households,18 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 313 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 73 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,335 households were made up of individuals and 450 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.45. There were 3,310 families, the family size was 2.94. The median age was 42.9 years, for every 100 females there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males, there were 12,226 housing units at an average density of 382.4 per square mile, of which 3,409 were owner-occupied, and 1,602 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 9. 0%, the vacancy rate was 14. 0%. 7,854 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,432 people lived in housing units
4.
Great Bear Lake
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The Great Bear Lake is the largest lake entirely in Canada, the fourth largest in North America, and the eighth largest in the world. The lake is in the Northwest Territories, on the Arctic Circle between 65 and 67 degrees of latitude and between 118 and 123 degrees western longitude,156 m above sea level. The name originated from the words Satudene in Denesuline meaning “grizzly bear water people. ”The Sahtu Dene people are named after the lake. Grizzly Bear Mountain on the shore of the lake comes from Denesuline, meaning, “bear large hill. ”The Sahoyue peninsula on the south side of the lake. The lake has an area of 31,153 km2. Its maximum depth is 446 m and average depth 71.7 m, the shoreline is 2,719 km and the catchment area of the lake is 114,717 km2. Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July, arms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm, the Dease Arm, the McTavish Arm, the McVicar Arm and the Keith Arm. The community of Deline is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the Great Bear River that flows west into the Mackenzie River at Tulita. Rivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the Whitefish River, Big Spruce River, Haldane River, Bloody River, Sloan River, Dease River, Great Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions, the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. It was part of Glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by ice during the Pleistocene. Since, the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting, Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes, the Deline settlement is on the lake, near the headwaters of the Bear River. There is an ice crossing from Deline to the road on the far side of the Great Bear River. In March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the maximum weight limit to 40,000 kg on the road. The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am,8 March, three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting. In 1995, a 32.8 kg lake trout was caught, in 1930, Gilbert LaBine discovered uranium deposits in the Great Bear Lake region. The former mining area Port Radium, site of the Eldorado Mine where pitchblende was discovered, was located on the eastern shore, echo Bay Mines Limited leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981. List of lakes of Canada 1867 account of the lake by William Carpenter Bompas
5.
San Bernardino Mountains
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The San Bernardino Mountains are a high and rugged mountain range in Southern California in the United States. Situated north and northeast of San Bernardino and spanning two California counties, the range out at 11,489 feet at San Gorgonio Mountain – the tallest peak in all of Southern California. The San Bernardinos form a significant region of wilderness and are popular for hiking and skiing, the mountains were formed about eleven million years ago by tectonic activity along the San Andreas Fault, and are still actively rising. Many local rivers originate in the range, which receives more precipitation than the surrounding desert. The ranges unique and varying environment allows it to some of the greatest biodiversity in the state. For over 10,000 years, the San Bernardinos and their surrounds have been inhabited by indigenous peoples, Spanish explorers first encountered the San Bernardinos in the late 18th century, naming the eponymous San Bernardino Valley at its base. European settlement of the region progressed slowly until 1860, when the became the focus of the largest gold rush ever to occur in Southern California. Recreational development of the began in the early 20th century. Since then, the mountains have been engineered for transportation. Four major state highways and the California Aqueduct traverse the mountains today, the Morongo Valley in the southeast divides the range from the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Encompassing roughly 2,100 square miles, the mountains lie mostly in San Bernardino County, the range divides three major physiographic regions, the highly urbanized Inland Empire to the southwest, the Coachella Valley in the southeast, and the Mojave Desert to the north. Most of the lies within the boundaries of the San Bernardino National Forest. From its northwestern end, the crest of the mountains rises steadily until they are interrupted by the gorge of Bear Creek, many cities lie at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains. These include San Bernardino, Redlands and Yucaipa in the south, Yucca Valley to the east, in addition, there are several mid-sized to large towns in the mountains themselves, including Big Bear Lake, Big Bear City, Crestline, Lake Arrowhead and Running Springs. Cities within the San Bernardino Mountains total a population of about 44,000, several regional streams and rivers also have their headwaters in the mountains. The principal drainage is provided by the Santa Ana River, which runs westwards into the Pacific Ocean in Orange County, the San Bernardino Mountains are a humid island in the mostly semi-arid southern California coastal plain. Parts of the San Bernardino Mountains have annual totals in excess of 40 inches. Most of the falls between November and March, summers are mostly dry except for infrequent thunderstorms during late summer
6.
San Bernardino County, California
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San Bernardino County, officially the County of San Bernardino, is a county located in the southern portion of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,035,210, making it the fifth-most populous county in California, the county seat is San Bernardino. With an area of 20,105 square miles, San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area, although some of Alaskas boroughs and census areas are larger. It is larger than each of the nine smallest states, larger than the four smallest states combined, Spanish Missionaries from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel established a church at the village of Politania in 1810. Father Francisco Dumetz named the church San Bernardino on May 20,1810, the Franciscans also gave the name San Bernardino to the snowcapped peak in Southern California, in honor of the saint and it is from him that the county derives its name. In 1819, they established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia, following Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, Mexican citizens were granted land grants to establish ranchos in the area of the county. Rancho Jurupa in 1838, Rancho Cucamonga and El Rincon in 1839, Rancho Santa Ana del Chino in 1841, Rancho San Bernardino in 1842 and Rancho Muscupiabe in 1844. Agua Mansa was the first town in what became San Bernardino County, some of the southern parts of the countys territory were given to Riverside County in 1893. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 20,105 square miles. It is the largest county by area in California and the largest in the United States and it is slightly larger than the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island combined. It borders both Nevada and Arizona, the bulk of the population, roughly two million, live in the roughly 480 square miles south of the San Bernardino Mountains adjacent to Riverside and in the San Bernardino Valley. Over 300,000 others live just north of the San Bernardino Mountains, agglomerating around Victorville covering roughly 280 square miles in Victor Valley, roughly another 100,000 people live scattered across the rest of the sprawling county. The Mojave National Preserve covers some of the desert, especially between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. The desert portion also includes the cities of Needles next to the Colorado River and Barstow at the junction in Interstate 15, trona is at the northwestern part of the county west of Death Valley. This national park, mostly within Inyo County, also has a portion of land within the San Bernardino County. The largest metropolitan area in the Mojave Desert part of the county is Victor Valley, with the localities of Adelanto, Apple Valley, Hesperia. Further south, a portion of Joshua Tree National Park overlaps the county near Twentynine Palms, additional places near and west of Twentynine palms include Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree, and Morongo Valley. The mountains are home to the San Bernardino National Forest, and include the communities of Crestline, Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs, Big Bear City, Forest Falls, the San Bernardino Valley is at the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Lake
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A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams, natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers, in some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. The word lake comes from Middle English lake, from Old English lacu, from Proto-Germanic *lakō, cognates include Dutch laak, Middle Low German lāke as in, de, Moorlake, de, Wolfslake, de, Butterlake, German Lache, and Icelandic lækur. Also related are the English words leak and leach, none of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are used to separate ponds. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares or more in area, however, others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares and above, or 8 hectares and above. Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares or more. The term lake is used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre. In common usage, many bear names ending with the word pond. One textbook illustrates this point with the following, In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, the majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres and an unknown total number of lakes. Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres or larger, most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lakes average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have an outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use. Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds, of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare or less in area
9.
Reservoir
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A reservoir is a storage space for fluids. These fluids may be water, hydrocarbons or gas, a reservoir usually means an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water. Reservoirs can be created by controlling a stream that drains a body of water. They can also be constructed in river valleys using a dam, alternately, a reservoir can be built by excavating flat ground or constructing retaining walls and levees. Tank reservoirs store liquids or gases in storage tanks that may be elevated, at grade level, tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns. Underground reservoirs are used to store liquids, principally either water or petroleum, a dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a part of a valley downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and re-housed, construction of a reservoir in a valley will usually need the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel. In hilly regions, reservoirs are constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs the new top water level exceeds the height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at Llyn Clywedog in Mid Wales. In such cases additional side dams are required to contain the reservoir, where water is pumped or siphoned from a river of variable quality or quantity, bank-side reservoirs may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or embankment, the water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and almost eliminate any turbidity. The use of reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time. Service reservoirs store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution, many service reservoirs are constructed as water towers, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be almost entirely underground, especially in hilly or mountainous country. In the United Kingdom, Thames Water has many underground reservoirs, sometimes called cisterns, built in the 1800s. A good example is the Honor Oak Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909, when it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe
10.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
11.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
13.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
14.
San Bernardino National Forest
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The San Bernardino National Forest is a United States National Forest in Southern California encompassing 823,816 acres of which 677,982 acres are federal. Elevations range from 2,000 to 11,499 feet, the forest includes five wilderness areas, San Gorgonio, Cucamonga, San Jacinto, Santa Rosa and Bighorn Mountain. Forest headquarters are located in the city of San Bernardino, there are district offices in Lytle Creek, Idyllwild, and Skyforest. This site was the location for Daniel Boone in 1936. Free camping is available at 11 different Yellow Post campsites year round, according to United States Geological Survey maps of the forest, it consists of two large areas or tracts, a northern and southern portion. The west border of the forest adjoins Angeles National Forest and runs north-south about ten miles west of Interstate 15, at its widest parts, the northern portion of the forest runs about 57 miles on an east–west dimension. It runs about 24 miles on a north–south dimension and this portion of the forest encompasses the San Bernardino Mountains. The area extends west of Mount San Antonio, and Wrightwood in San Bernardino County, the eastern portion of the forest extends about ten miles east of Big Bear City and includes the San Gorgonio Wilderness. The southernmost portion is bisected by the Riverside County line and borders the Morongo Indian Reservation north of Cabazon, at its widest point, the southern portion is about 27 miles on a north-south dimension and about 30 miles on an east-west dimension. Toro Peak and the Santa Rosa Indian Reservation are near the south extent, at the north is Snow Creek Village and the Morongo Indian Reservation. Mount San Jacinto State Wilderness is carved out of the southern portion, the community of Idyllwild is surrounded by national forest lands. There are eight wilderness areas lying within San Bernardino National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two of these extend into neighboring Angeles National Forest and three into land that is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. m. All five firefighters were overrun by the fire at Twin Pines, located in the San Jacinto Mountains approximately four miles southwest of the City of Cabazon, the fire was located near Beaumont, California in Riverside County. Alandale station is located near the community of Idyllwild, as of 2001, eight Air Tactical Group Supervisors work out of the Forest Supervisors Office in San Bernardino. This position requires completion of an 80-hour CDF/Forest Service attack management course, a Helicopter Coordinator course is recommended. There are many different species of trees, many coniferous, that grow in the mountains, Pines, such as ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, Coulter pine, lodgepole pine, single-leaf pinyon, and knobcone pine all thrive here. Other coniferous trees, such as fir, bigcone Douglas-fir, incense cedar
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California State Route 330
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State Route 330 is a state highway in the U. S. state of California. It is also known as City Creek Road in the San Bernardino Mountains and this route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. At its southern terminus, it begins in San Bernardino, California at State Route 210 and it is a freeway for approximately a mile, then turns into a conventional two-lane highway. It runs northeasterly from the San Bernardino Valley into the mountains to Running Springs, California, the entire routing is in San Bernardino County. This road consists of approximately 15 miles of 6 percent grade road and it alternates between long straight stretches and curved sections. There are three passing lanes, at the 2200 foot level, the 4000 foot level, and the 5600 foot level and this highway was originally a part of Legislative Route 207, defined in 1937. It was signed as State Route 30 until 1972, when State Route 30 was redefined to continue south along former State Route 106 rather than continue northeasterly along 330. Not including Interstate and U. S. highways, State Route 330 was one of three routes in California which is numbered based on the number of a current or former parent route. This relationship was lost once the remaining portions of former State Route 30 were signed as Route 210, in December 2010, a part of State Route 330 was washed out, forcing the closure of the entire route for several months. Access to the route was restricted to residents only. It was reopened in May 2011 and its closure was cited as a reason for why attendance at ski resorts was down for the year, as Route 330 links to the ski resorts. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The entire route is in San Bernardino County, California Roads portal California @ AARoads. com - State Route 330 Caltrans, Route 330 highway conditions California Highways, SR330
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California State Route 38
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State Route 38 is a mostly rural and scenic road in the U. S. state of California. Despite the orientation of its alignment, SR38 is assigned in a west–east direction and this route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. However, it is only a highway between a point east of the South Fork Campground and the intersection with State Lane. SR38 begins at its west junction with State Route 18 adjacent to the westernmost point of Big Bear Lake near the City of Big Bear Lake, bordering the north shore of the lake, it traverses North Shore Drive as it passes Fawnskin and Minnelusa. After it passes Big Bear City Airport, it reaches its northeast junction with State Route 18 at Greenway Drive in Big Bear City, Route 38 then turns south, sharing Greenway Drive with Route 18. Both route signs continue on Greenway Drive to its intersection with Big Bear Boulevard, at the intersection, Route 18 turns west and Route 38 turns east onto Big Bear Boulevard. Route 38 continues easterly on Big Bear Boulevard to its intersection with Greenspot Boulevard, the route then turns southeast onto Greenspot Boulevard. It then continues northwesterly along the upper Santa Ana River and then, after briefly crossing undulating terrain, westerly through the Barton Flats area, upon entering Mentone, the route continues due west, becoming Mentone Boulevard. As one enters Redlands from Mentone, SR38 becomes Lugonia Avenue before turning south on Orange Street, a road that went from Redlands to near Baldwin Lake was added to the state highway system in 1933, and became Route 190 in 1935. In the 1964 state highway renumbering, SR38 was designated, at this time, the highway was rerouted to the northern side of Big Bear Lake. Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The entire route is in San Bernardino County, California Roads portal California @ AARoads. com - State Route 38 Caltrans, Route 38 highway conditions California Highways, SR38
17.
California State Route 18
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State Route 18 in the U. S. state of California runs from State Route 210 in San Bernardino to State Route 138 near Adelanto. It is the route into the San Bernardino Mountains and has two discontinunities, one in Big Bear Lake, the other in Victorville. SR18 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, however, it has not been designated as a scenic highway by Caltrans. The constructed portion of Route 18 begins at State Route 210, SR18 is known as Waterman Avenue in the city of San Bernardino before turning into SR18. The route climbs north at a grade until it turns east. Hence, this portion of Route 18 is known as the Rim of the World Highway, after meeting State Route 138 at Mount Anderson Junction south of Crestline, the expressway reverts to a two-lane mountain road. It meets two other highways, State Route 189 just east of Arrowhead Highlands and State Route 173 in Lake Arrowhead, SR18 continues through several valleys and near ski resorts before reaching a summit. At that point, Route 18 again runs along a mountain ridge. At its west junction with State Route 38 near the west corner of Big Bear Lake, Route 18 jogs across a dam and travels along the south shore of Big Bear Lake. It goes past the east terminus of Bear Valley Road outside of Apple Valley town limits as it becomes an expressway through Apple Valley, Route 395 in Adelanto, crosses into Los Angeles County as the beginning of county-named Pearblossom Highway and ending at State Route 138 east of Llano. SR18 thus takes a path in the shape of a question mark. On most of the signs of the highway, cardinal descriptions are not posted below the route markers, much of SR18 has been signed since 1917, with the portion north of Big Bear Lake dating from 1933. However, the section from Interstate 10 to present-day State Route 210 was never built, although it was designated as Legislative Route 26 in 1916 and Legislative Route 275 in 1959. In 1944, Prior to the construction of I10, The Southern Terminus of SR18 began at the intersection of E st. and it proceeded Northward along E St to Highland Ave, turned Eastward to Sierra Ave, and Northward into the foothills. In 1964, SR18 was rerouted from the side of Big Bear Lake to the southern side along the former routing of SR38. In 1984, the portion of SR18 running concurrently with Interstate 15 in Victorville was removed from the legislative definition. In 1991, SR18 was rerouted to Lakeview Drive and out of the area of Big Bear Lake city proper. When freeways were constructed, SR18 was routed on what is now Interstate 215, SR18 then ran concurrently with State Route 19 to the western terminus of U. S. Route 6 in Long Beach
18.
Santa Ana River
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The Santa Ana River is the largest river entirely within Southern California in the United States. Its drainage basin spans four counties, the Santa Ana River is 96 miles long, and drains a watershed of 2,650 square miles. For its size the Santa Ana drainage basin is quite diverse and it ranges from high peaks of inland mountains in the north and east, to the hot, dry interior and semi-desert basin, to flat coastal plains in the west. Its climates range from dry alpine to chaparral and desert, relatively little water actually flows in the river or most of its tributaries. One of its largest tributaries, the San Jacinto River, rarely reaches the Santa Ana except in wet years. The relative lack of vegetation also makes the river prone to flash flooding, even so, a wide variety of animal and plant life has always been dependent on the river. People have lived on the Santa Ana River for at least 9,000 years, there were four distinct indigenous groups in the area, all of which depended heavily on the river for their livelihoods. The river was first crossed by Europeans in 1769, when it received its name from members of the Spanish Portola expedition. Because it is one of the largest water sources in the four-county region, many large ranchos developed alongside the river and one of its major tributaries, Santiago Creek. This period of growth culminated in the establishment of large cities on the river, including Santa Ana, Riverside and Anaheim. In the early 20th century, devastating floods poured down the Santa Ana River, leading to much of the river being channelized and dammed in recent times. The Santa Ana River rises in Santa Ana Canyon in the southern San Bernardino Mountains, as it passes through the urban area, it receives City Creek from the right and enters a flood control channel flanked by earthen levees on both sides. Not long after the confluence with City Creek, Lytle Creek enters from the right, from there, the Santa Ana flows southwest, and after passing through the city of Riverside, it discharges into the normally dry flood control reservoir formed by Prado Dam. Two major tributaries of the river join in the area, Chino Creek from the right. Temescal Creek drains the largest area of all the tributaries, because it provides the outflow from Lake Elsinore and it is also one of the longest, at 32 miles in length. Except during the wettest years, Temescal Creek contains little or no water because Lake Elsinore is not high enough to overflow, the river roughly bisects the county as it flows southwest towards the ocean. The river is entirely diverted into spreading grounds for groundwater recharge of the aquifer of north Orange County. Downstream of there, the river serves only for control and waste drainage purposes
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Fawnskin, California
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Fawnskin is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The community has a post office, which was established on 18 May 1918, the small township was once an artists colony, which attracted artisans, musicians, composers and actors from the Los Angeles area. Mountain travelers in the 19th century came to the Big Bear Valley through Fawnskin on the road by stagecoach. Several other names were chosen for the North Shore village including Bald Eagle Valley, Big Bear Village, Cline-Miller, Grout. The village has always been an attraction to vacationers seeking a retreat from city life in its mountain terrain, several hundred homes are in the forested mountainside adjacent to the forest. Gold miners, loggers, and hunters were drawn to the adjacent Holcomb Valley during the 19th century, the Native American legend about how the town got its name has been turned into the urban legend. The Anglo version is that hunters discovered deer skins stretched out to dry in the sun, hence, the area became known as Fawn Skin and later Fawnskin. Fawnskin was once the hub of activity, serving as a stagecoach stop and tourist attraction with hotels. The towns main landmark is the Fawn Lodge, built in 1924, composer Fannie Charles Dillon founded Woodland Theater at Fawnskin, Big Bear Lake, California, in 1924 and served as its general manager from 1926 to 1929. Other notable landmarks include the Pedersen Saw Mill, which lies just west of the lodge, and the historic post office, downtown Fawnskin has some of the oldest buildings in the Big Bear valley. Once popular for camping, the Lighthouse Camp and Landing is the surviving north shore camp from the 1920s. Hanna Flats and YMCA Camp Whittle—owned and operated by the Metropolitan Los Angeles YMCA—are located within the forest above Fawnskin and remain favorites of vacationers, Fawnskin events include the comic Doo Dah Parade and the Loggers’ Jubilee. The town also claims the only honest election in the nation, anyone can vote for the Fawnskin Mayor, votes are donations of a quarter. The candidate who wins is the one who raises the most money, hence, the town buys their politicians. Today, Fawnskin is designated as a habitat for golden. They return annually to the valley from November to April, in 1998, the multimillion-dollar Big Bear Discovery Center was built and plans to expand. The facility is operated by a partnership between the US Forest Service and the San Bernardino National Forest Association, a variety of celebrities live in the area. Two publishers operate out of Fawnskin and several writers live there full-time, jordan Romero, the 13-year-old boy who conquered Mount Everest, is also known as one of the Fawnskin Folks
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Big Bear Solar Observatory
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The telescopes and instruments at the observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of our solar systems star, the Sun. The observatory was built by the California Institute of Technology in 1969 under the direction of professor Harold Zirin, management of the observatory was transferred to the New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1997. Funding comes from NASA, the National Science Foundation, the United States Air Force, the location at Big Bear Lake is optimal due to the clarity of the sky and the presence of a body of water. The lake surface is about 2,055 meters above sea level, the main observatory building is in the open waters of the lake with an approximate 200 meter causeway extending south from the north shore. The water provides an effect on the atmosphere surrounding the building. When construction began in 1968, the level of Big Bear Lake was significantly lower allowing land access to the construction site. The foundation was poured and completed just prior to the winter of 1968, in January and February 1969, three large storms caused intense flooding in central and southern California. The Los Angeles basin experienced the largest rain fall total for a period since 1884. Big Bear Lake received over 70 inches of precipitation, as a result of the flooding, the construction site was surrounded by water and the basement level of the observatory building was submerged. Barges were built to construction of the observatory and a causeway was constructed several years later to provide land access again. The observatory originally operated three solar telescopes, a 65 cm vacuum reflector, a 24 cm vacuum refractor, and a 20 cm refractor. The 65 cm and 25 cm telescopes studied sunspots on the face of the Sun, in 2006, the old main building dome was replaced with a larger, ventilated, 5/8 spherical dome in preparation for a new telescope. It is a version of the Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope dome. Removal of the old 65 cm, and 25 cm telescopes took place in February 2007, in early 2007, DFM Engineering began building a new 1.6 m clear aperture open frame, off-axis Gregorian telescope. The New Solar Telescope saw first engineering light of the Sun at the Nasmyth focus in December 2008, the telescope is set on an equatorial mount, which is attached to the existing pier. The mirror was figured from a 1.7 m blank by the University of Arizona Mirror Lab as a proof-of-concept for the mirrors of the Giant Magellan Telescope. Until the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope is completed, the NST will be the largest clear aperture solar telescope in the world and it is able to resolve features on the Sun less than 50 km across. The project was a collaboration between BBSO/NJIT, the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
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Big Bear Discovery Center
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It is in the Mountaintop Ranger District Office complex of the National Forest. It is located on the shore of Big Bear Lake reservoir. Nearby populated places across the reservoir include the Big Bear Lake, there is no entrance fee to the center. Big Bear Solar Observatory – nearby on the lake, Big Bear Valley Big Bear Lake reservoir San Bernardino National Forest topics – natural & recreational features
22.
Baldwin Lake (San Bernardino County, California)
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Baldwin Lake is a natural, intermittent, alkali lake in the Big Bear Valley of the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California. It is located east of Big Bear Lake reservoir and Big Bear City, the lake is at a surface elevation of 6,752 feet. Its deepest point it can be approximately 25 feet, at its widest, the lake is more than 1 mile across. It is in the watershed of the Santa Ana River. The terrain surrounding the lakebed supports montane chaparral and pinyon-juniper woodland habitats, Baldwin Lake is within the 156-acre Baldwin Lake Ecological Reserve. It is at the intersection of California State Route 18 and Holcomb Valley Road on the side of the lake. Hwy 18 wraps around the northeastern and northern shores of Baldwin Lake, the Baldwin Lake linanthus is a rare plant at lakes pebble plain and adjacent meadows, that is endemic to the locale and an endangered species. Benjamin Davis Wilson encountered the lake in 1845, while tracking horse thieves in the San Bernardino Mountains, when Wilson saw that the region was populated by many grizzly bears, he divided his 22 men into hunting partners. The men slaughtered 11 bears for the fur pelts, while returning to Jurupa, they slaughtered another 11 bears for the fur. Wilson named the region Big Bear Valley, and the lake he called Lake Big Bear, in 1884, the Bear Valley Land and Water Company began construction of a dam southwest of the lake. The companys stakeholders named the new reservoir Big Bear Lake and they also renamed the alkali lake to Baldwin Lake, after Elias Jackson Lucky Baldwin, who came to Big Bear and Holcomb Valley in 1876 when he purchased Gold Mountain Mine, later renamed Baldwin Mine. The Baldwin Lake CDP is within the Big Bear City CDP−Census-designated place for demographic statistics, Baldwin Lake — pond at Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, Baldwins former estate. List of lakes in California San Bernardino Mountains-related topics Baldwin Lake Fire Department US Forest Service. gov, Guide to Big Bear Valley Hiking Trails — trail descriptions and maps
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Running Springs, California
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Running Springs is a census-designated place in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 4,862 at the 2010 census, down from 5,125 at the 2000 census, Running Springs was originally known as Hunsaker Flats, named for Abraham Hunsaker, an early member of a Mormon Battalion. The area was developed after improvements to the highways in the 1920s. Running Springs is located at 34°12′28″N 117°6′30″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.2 square miles,99. 79% of it is land and 0. 21% is water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Running Springs had a population of 4,862, the population density was 1,154.0 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Running Springs was 4,325 White,23 African American,47 Native American,50 Asian,6 Pacific Islander,146 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 695 persons. The Census reported that 4,862 people lived in households,0 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 114 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 38 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 477 households were made up of individuals and 140 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50. There were 1,303 families, the family size was 2.99. The median age was 41.7 years, for every 100 females there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.4 males, there were 3,729 housing units at an average density of 885.1 per square mile, of which 1,419 were owner-occupied, and 525 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5. 3%, the vacancy rate was 12. 6%. 3,450 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,412 people lived in housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, Running Springs had a household income of $59,111. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,125 people,1,903 households, the population density was 1,286.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,686 housing units at a density of 925.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87. 7% White,0. 5% African American,1. 7% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,4. 1% from other races, and 5. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 1% of the population,21. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
24.
Interstate 10 in California
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In the greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica Freeway and the San Bernardino Freeway, linked by a short concurrency on Interstate 5 at the East Los Angeles Interchange. Interstate 10 also has designated as either the Rosa Parks Freeway or the Redlands Freeway. The California Streets and Highways Code defines Route 10 from Route 1 in Santa Monica to Route 5 near Seventh Street in Los Angeles. Route 101 near Mission Road in Los Angeles to the Arizona state line at the Colorado River via the vicinity of Monterey Park, Pomona, Colton, Indio, and Chiriaco Summit and via Blythe. This short section of Route 10 between Route 5 and Route 101, which was defined as Route 110 until 1968, is signed overhead for I-10 eastbound. This I-5/I-10 cosigning is consistent with the Federal Highway Administrations Interstate Highway route logs that such an overlap exists for the segment of I-10 in California, I-10 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. However, it is not actually a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans, the Santa Monica Freeway is Route 10 from Route 1 to Route 5, as named by the State Highway Commission on April 25,1957. The section between the Harbor and San Diego freeways is also signed as the Rosa Parks Freeway, after the African American civil rights activist, the I-10 freeway is signed as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway in Santa Monica. Interstate 10 begins in the city of Santa Monica when State Route 1 turns into a freeway, SR1 exits onto Lincoln Boulevard and heads south while I-10 continues east. Soon after it enters the city of Los Angeles, I-10 has a interchange with Interstate 405. On the western edge of downtown, I-10 has an interchange with Interstate 110 to the south, I-10 then travels along the southern edge of downtown to the East Los Angeles Interchange. At the East Los Angeles Interchange, State Route 60 diverges east towards Riverside, I-10 then turns north, running concurrently with Interstate 5 for a few miles. Then, Interstate 10 heads east and merges with the traffic from the spur to US101 onto the San Bernardino Freeway, the freeway is 14 lanes wide from the Harbor Freeway interchange to the Arlington Avenue off-ramp. Most of these lanes are full at peak travel times, the remainder of the freeway varies between eight and 10 lanes in width. The whole freeway opened in 1965, with a dedication held in 1966. All three freeway-to-freeway interchanges along its length are notorious for their congestion, and are ranked among the top 10 most congested spots in the United States. Due to the traffic volume, car accidents are so common that Caltrans has constructed special Accident Investigation Sites separated from the freeway by fences. These enable the California Highway Patrol to quickly clear accidents from the traffic lanes
25.
Redlands, California
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Redlands /ˈrɛdlᵻndz/ is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is a part of the Greater Los Angeles area, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 68,747, up from 63,591 at the 2000 census. The population was estimated at 69,999 in 2013, the city is located approximately 10 miles east of downtown San Bernardino. The area now occupied by Redlands was originally part of the territory of the Morongo, explorations such as those of Pedro Fages and Francisco Garcés sought to extend Catholic influence to the indigenous people and the dominion of the Spanish crown into the area in the 1770s. The Serrano village of Guachama, located just to the west of present-day Redlands, was visited by Fr, Francisco Dumetz in 1810, and was the reason the site was chosen for a mission outpost. Dumetz reached the village on May 20, the feast day of Saint Bernardino of Siena, by 1820, a ditch, known as a zanja, was dug by the natives for the friars from Mill Creek to the Asistencia. In 1822, word of the Mexican triumph in the War of Independence reached the inland area, in 1842, the Lugo family bought the Rancho San Bernardino Mexican land grant and this became the first fixed settler civilization in the area. The area northwest of current Redlands, astride the Santa Ana River, the Mormon community left wholesale in 1857, recalled to Utah by Brigham Young during the tensions with the federal government that ultimately led to the brief Utah War. Benjamin Barton purchased 1,000 acres from the Latter-day Saints and planted extensive vineyards, Lugonia attracted settlers, in 1869, Barry Roberts, followed a year later by the Craw and Glover families. The first school teacher in Lugonia, George W. Beattie, arrived in 1874—shortly followed by the towns first negro settler, Israel Beal. The city has been visited by three U. S. Presidents, William McKinley was the first in 1901, followed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 and William Howard Taft in 1909. Smiley Public Library, a Moorish-style library built in 1898, located behind the Smiley Library is the Lincoln Shrine, the only memorial honoring the Great Emancipator, the sixteenth president, west of the Mississippi River. Famous homes include “America’s Favorite Victorian, ” the Morey Mansion, on Terracina Boulevard, and the Kimberly Crest House and Gardens, a museum featured on the PBS series “America’s Castles. ”Named after the family that purchased the house. Redlands is still regarded as the Jewel of the Inland Empire, north flooding the area now known as the Inland Empire. North and others saw the area, with its hot, dry climate and ready access to water as an ideal center for citrus production. The city of Redlands was soon established by Frank E. Brown, an engineer, and E. G. Judson. They named their city “Redlands” after the color of the adobe soil, so large had the area grown by 1888 that it was decided to incorporate. A red-letter day in the Annals of Redlands, pronounced Scipio Craig, editor of The Citrograph newspaper, the original community of Lugonia was absorbed at this time
26.
Lucerne Valley, California
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Lucerne Valley is a census-designated place and valley landform located in the southern Mojave Desert, within western San Bernardino County, California. On September 24–25,2016, The Grand Tour on Amazon Prime shot an episode at Rabbit Dry Lake outside of Lucerne Valley town limits, the geographic valley is defined by the surrounding Granite Mountains, Ord Mountains, and San Bernardino Mountains. Lucerne Valley lies east of the Victor Valley, whose population nexus includes Victorville, Apple Valley, Adelanto and it is located 19 miles east of Apple Valley, and 20 miles north of Big Bear Lake. Distant surrounding communities include Yucca Valley which lies 45 miles east via State Route 247/Old Woman Springs Road, and Barstow, which is 26 miles north via State Route 247/Barstow Road. The transportation nexus of Lucerne Valley is located where State Route 247 and State Route 18 are connected by Old Woman Springs and Barstow Roads, in San Bernardino County, Lucerne Valleys area is also identified as County Service Area 29. On August 14,2013, Johnson Valley was sworn in to the same Municipal Advisory Council as Lucerne Valley, CSA 29s borders, however, remain unchanged from the move. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 105.6 square miles, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lucerne Valley has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated BSk on climate maps. The 2010 United States Census reported that Lucerne Valley had a population of 5,811, the population density was 55.0 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Lucerne Valley was 4,507 White,170 African American,106 Native American,90 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,676 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,447 persons. The Census reported that 5,780 people lived in households,31 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 146 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 14 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 632 households were made up of individuals and 255 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.66. There were 1,391 families, the family size was 3.28. The median age was 42.7 years, for every 100 females there were 106.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.4 males, there were 2,949 housing units at an average density of 27.9 per square mile, of which 1,454 were owner-occupied, and 722 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4. 3%, the vacancy rate was 9. 0%. 3,800 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,980 people lived in housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, Lucerne Valley had a household income of $30,142. The majority of Lucerne Valleys zoning consists of Rural Residential, Resource Conservation, industrial zoning is predominantly in the southern border of the community on the north-facing slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains
27.
Mediterranean climate
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A Mediterranean climate /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ or dry summer climate, is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry summers and mild, moist winters, Mediterranean climate zones are associated with the four large subtropical high pressure cells of the oceans, the Azores High, South Atlantic High, North Pacific High, and South Pacific High. These climatological high pressure cells migrate by latitude according to the angle of the Sun, shifting north-eastward in the summer. These semi-permanent high pressure systems play a role in the formation of the worlds subtropical and tropical deserts as well as the Mediterranean Basins climate. The Azores High is associated with the Mediterranean climate found in the Mediterranean Basin, the Sahara Desert, the South Atlantic High is similarly associated with the Namib Desert and Kalahari Desert, and the Mediterranean climate of the western part of South Africa. Under the Köppen climate classification, hot climates and cool dry-summer climates are often referred to as mediterranean. Under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group, temperate climates or C zones have an average temperature above 0 °C, but below 18 °C, in their coolest months. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern, Köppen has defined a dry summer month as a month with less than 30 mm of precipitation and with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month. Some, however, use a 40 mm level, the third letter indicates the degree of summer heat, a represents an average temperature in the warmest month above 22 °C, while b indicates the average temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C. Under the Köppen classification, dry-summer climates usually occur on the sides of continents. Under Trewarthas system, at least eight months must have average temperatures of 10 °C or higher, during summer, regions of mediterranean climate are dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry sinking air capping a surface marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall unlikely. In many Mediterranean climates there is a strong character to daily temperatures in the warm months. The majority of the regions with mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters, however winter and summer temperatures can vary greatly between different regions with a mediterranean climate. Or to consider summer, Athens experiences rather high temperatures in that season, in contrast, San Francisco has cool summers with daily highs around. In North America, areas with Csc climate can be found in the Olympic, Cascade, Klamath and these locations are found at high altitude nearby lower altitude regions characterized by a warm-summer mediterranean climate or hot-summer mediterranean climate. A rare instance of this occurs in the tropics, on Haleakalā Summit in Hawaii. In South America, Csc regions can be found along the Andes in Chile, the town of Balmaceda is one of the few towns confirmed to have this climate. Small areas with a Csc climate can also be found at elevations in Corsica
28.
Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
29.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
30.
Serrano people
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The Serrano are an indigenous people of California. They use the autonyms of Taaqtam, meaning people, Maarengayam, people from Morongo, today the Maarengayam are enrolled in the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, and the Yuhaviatam are enrolled in the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians. Additionally, some Serrano people are enrolled in the Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians, the Serrano historically lived in the San Bernardino Mountains and other Transverse Ranges, and in the southern Mojave Desert, within Southern California. The Serrano language is part of the Takic subset of the large Uto-Aztecan languages group of people of North America. The language family historically extended from Mexico along the West Coast and into the Great Basin and they were a branch of the Takic languages speaking people who arrived in Southern California around 2,500 years ago. Serrano means highlander or mountaineer in Spanish, the Spanish founded Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in 1771, south of the San Gabriel Mountains and southwest of the San Bernardino Mountains. With the Cahuilla and Quechan tribes, in 1812 the Serrano revolted against it, in 1834 the Mexican Alta California government forcibly relocated many Serrano to the missions. They suffered devastating smallpox outbreaks in 1840 and 1860, as they had no immunity to the Eurasian disease, in 1867 the Yuhaviatam band of Serrano were the victims of a massacre conducted by American settlers of the San Bernardino Valley, during a 32-day campaign at Chimney Rock. The massacre was a response to a raid, probably carried out by Chemehuevi Southern Paiutes, on a settlement at Lake Arrowhead. Three American ranch hands were killed at a ranch called Los Flores in Summit Valley, tribal leader Santos Manuel led the survivors from the mountains to the valley, where they established permanent residence adjacent to the hot springs near present-day Highland. In 1891 the United States established the San Manuel Reservation for the Serrano people, the Serrano populated the San Bernardino Mountains and extended northwest into the Mojave River area of the Mojave Desert and west into the Tejon Creek watershed in the Tehachapi Mountains. The Serrano populations along Tejon Creek were identified as the Cuahajai or Cuabajay, mountain camps were used for hunting. One such encampment was accidentally unearthed by the U. S. Forest Service fighting a wildfire in 2003 near Baldwin Lake, uncovered were artifacts of non-local jasper and obsidian, ash and charcoal, grinding stones, and fire pits possibly dating back 1,000 years. Their society was divided into two exogamous moieties and their villages had from 25 to a hundred people. Their dwellings were large and communal, framed with willow branches and covered over with woven mats, the lodges were made with fireplaces inside for each family. The men did not wear clothing and the women wore deerskin, otter, the Serrano who inhabited the San Bernardino Mountains would go to the milder areas of Apple Valley and Lucerne Valley during the winter, and the area in and around Big Bear Lake during the summer. They hunted small game such as rabbits, using traps along with bows and arrows and they did not hunt the grizzly bears, which they believed were reincarnations of their ancestors spirits. They were skilled craftsmen and experts in basketweaving, which created in a variety of sizes and shapes for different purposes, such as storage, carrying
31.
Yucaipa, California
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Yucaipa is a city located 10 miles east of San Bernardino, in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 51,367 at the 2010 census, up from 41,207 at the 2000 census, according to San Bernardino County, the projected population in 2012 is 58,187. Yucaipa has the distinction of being the former, longtime home of a population of Serrano Indians and was also known for being the home base of what is now Stater Bros. Yucaipa City is located in the southwestern United States, in southeastern California and this city is approximately 2,600 ft above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 27.8 square miles. Yucaipa is home to Yucaipa Regional Park, Flag Hill Veterans Memorial Park, Seventh Street Park, I Street Park, and Wildwood Park. Recently added was the Yucaipa Community Park, the Bryant Glen Sports Complex, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Yucaipa has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. The 2010 United States Census reported that Yucaipa had a population of 51,367, the population density was 1,841.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Yucaipa was 40,824 White,837 African American,485 Native American,1,431 Asian,74 Pacific Islander,5,589 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 13,943 persons. The Census reported that 50,813 people lived in households,227 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,061 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 114 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 4,198 households were made up of individuals and 1,970 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.79. There were 13,099 families, the family size was 3.29. The median age was 37.8 years, for every 100 females there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males, there were 19,642 housing units at an average density of 704.2 per square mile, of which 13,503 were owner-occupied, and 4,728 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 0%, the vacancy rate was 9. 0%. 37,165 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 13,648 people lived in housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, Yucaipa had a household income of $59,428. Since the city incorporated in 1989, it has experienced a significant level of growth, as of the census of 2000, Yucaipa had 41,207 residents,15,193 households, and 10,680 families
32.
Rancho Cucamonga, California
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Rancho Cucamonga is a suburban city situated at the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in San Bernardino County, California. It is located 37 miles east of Downtown Los Angeles, the city had a population of 165,269 in 2010 and an estimated population of 174,305 in 2014. The city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year and its climate is classified as warm Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system. The citys seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the agricultural history. The citys favorable location and host of public amenities have earned it numerous distinctions, notably, Money Magazine ranked Rancho Cucamonga 42nd on its Best Places to Live list in 2006. In addition, Insider Magazine established one Rancho Cucamonga neighborhood as the 13th richest neighborhood in Southern California, all of the citys four public high schools earned the Silver distinction in a 2015 ranking of the nations high schools by U. S. News & World Report. Rancho Cucamongas first settlers were Native American, by 1200 A. D. Kukamongan Native Americans had established a village settlement in the area around present-day Red Hill, near the citys western border. Kukamonga derives its name from a Native-American word meaning sandy place, after a half-century of political jockeying in the region, the land finally came under the control of Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Mexico. On March 3,1839, Alvarado granted 13,000 acres of land in the area called Cucamonga to Tubercio Tapia, a first-generation Spanish native of Los Angeles, successful merchant, Tapia went on to establish the first winery in California on his newly deeded land. Rancho Cucamonga was purchased by John Rains and his wife in 1858, the Rains familys home, Casa de Rancho Cucamonga, was completed in 1860 and now appears on the National Register of Historic Places. During the ensuing years the town prospered and grew, in 1887, irrigation tunnels were dug into Cucamonga Canyon by Chinese laborers and the Santa Fe Railroad was extended through the area. Among the towns economic mainstays was agriculture, including olives, peaches, citrus, in 1913, the Pacific Electric Railway was extended through Rancho Cucamonga in an effort to improve crop transportation. Several landmarks in existence today pay tribute to the citys multicultural founding, in 1977, the unincorporated communities of Alta Loma, Cucamonga, and Etiwanda voted to incorporate, forming the city of Rancho Cucamonga. The former community of Grapeland, first settled in 1869, lay roughly between todays Victoria Groves Park and Central Park, there was a schoolhouse which also doubled as a church. In 1890 an irrigation district was formed and $200,000 in bonds were sold to pay for improvements, the Sierra Vista reservoir was built in 1886-87 by J. L. Scofield as the focal point of a network of irrigation pipes. The system was unused, however, because the issue was declared illegal. Orchards and vineyards began to die, The Daily Report newspaper reported in a retrospective, the post office closed in 1905. Homes, buildings were destroyed or abandoned, the reservoir remained unused until 1956, when the Fontana Union Water Company filled it with 5 million gallons of water
33.
Benjamin Davis Wilson
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Benjamin Davis Wilson was a California statesman and politician. He was known to the Native Americans as Don Benito because of his benevolent manner in his treatment of Native American affairs, Wilson, a native of Tennessee, was a fur trapper and trader before coming to California. Detained in Southern California while attempting to obtain passage to China and he married Ramona Yorba, daughter of Bernardo Yorba, a wealthy and prominent landowner, and purchased part of Rancho Jurupa in what would become Riverside County. Wilson was made Justice of the Peace for the Inland Territory and was entrusted with the care of Native American affairs and he was also commissioned to deal with the hostile Ute tribe over their cattle rustling and other crimes against the ranchers. His marriage to his wife, Margaret Hereford produced a daughter Ruth who would later be mother to General George S. Patton Jr. commander of U. S. Wilson became the first non-Hispanic owner of Rancho San Pascual, which encompassed todays towns of Pasadena, Altadena, South Pasadena, Alhambra, San Marino and San Gabriel. Wilson was the second elected Mayor of Los Angeles for one term, Los Angeles County Supervisor 3 terms, Wilson came to California with the Workman-Rowland Party in 1841 seeking passage to China. In 1842 Wilson bought a key portion of Rancho Jurupa from Juan Bandini, encompassing most of present-day Rubidoux, California, as well as a significant portion of downtown Riverside, Wilson became the first permanent settler in the Riverside area. In 1844 he married his first wife, Ramona Yorba, whose father Bernardo Yorba, was the prominent Spanish landholder of Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana, Wilson gained esteem and was often asked to assist with Native American affairs. Wilson accepted by becoming Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory, in 1845 he was asked to pursue a band of marauding Native Americans led by an escaped neophyte from the San Gabriel Mission, who stole horses from the local ranchers. The Indians drove the horses, numbering in the thousands, up to the desert near Lucerne. In his pursuit, Wilson sent 22 men through the Cajon Pass, according to Trafzer, the resident Serrano let Wilson pass through their territory in pursuit of the raiders. Wilson, later sent his 22 men in pairs on a bear hunt, on their return trip to Jurupa, they gathered another 11 pelts. He named the place Big Bear Lake, the lake today is known as Baldwin Lake, after Elias J. Lucky Baldwin, while the name Big Bear Lake was re-applied to a reservoir built nearby in 1884. In 1850, Wilson was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council, and he also served as a Los Angeles County supervisor. He was elected to three terms of the California State Senate, in 1854 Wilson established Lake Vineyard, his own ranch and winery near modern-day San Gabriel, California. He came into possession of adjoining Rancho San Pascual through a series of complicated land deals, in 1864 Wilson took the first white mans expedition to a high peak of the San Gabriel Mountains that would be named Mount Wilson. He hoped to harvest timber there for the making of wine vats, the Wilson Trail became a popular one or two-day hike to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains by local residents for years to come
34.
Riverside, California
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Riverside is a city in Riverside County, California, United States, located in the Inland Empire metropolitan area. Riverside is the county seat of the county and named for its location beside the Santa Ana River. It is the most populous city in the Inland Empire and in Riverside County and it is also part of the Greater Los Angeles area. Riverside is the 59th most populous city in the United States, as of the 2010 Census, Riverside had a population of 303,871. Riverside was founded in the early 1870s and it is the birthplace of the California citrus industry and home of the Mission Inn, the largest Mission Revival Style building in the United States. It is also home to the Riverside National Cemetery, the University of California, Riverside, is located in the northeastern part of the city. The university also hosts the Riverside Sports Complex, in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the area was inhabited by Cahuilla and the Serrano people. Californios such as Bernardo Yorba and Juan Bandini established ranches during the first half of the 19th century, in the 1860s, Louis Prevost launched the California Silk Center Association, a short-lived experiment in sericulture. In the wake of its failure, John W. North purchased some of its land, in March 1870, North distributed posters announcing the formation of a colony in California. North, a staunch temperance-minded abolitionist from New York State, had formerly founded Northfield, a few years later, some navel orange trees were planted and found to be such a success that full-scale planting began. Riverside was temperance minded, and Republican, there were four saloons in Riverside when it was founded. The license fees were raised until the saloons moved out of Riverside, investors from England and Canada transplanted traditions and activities adopted by prosperous citizens. As a result, the first golf course and polo field in Southern California were built in Riverside. C, the trees came from Bahia, Brazil. The Bahia orange did not thrive in Florida, but its success in Southern California was phenomenal, the three trees were planted on the Tibbetts property. One of the trees died after it was trampled by a cow during the first year it was planted, after the trampling, the two remaining trees were transplanted to property belonging to Sam McCoy to receive better care than L. C. That tree still stands to this day inside a protective fence abutting what is now a major intersection, the trees thrived in the Southern California climate and the navel orange industry grew rapidly. Many growers purchased bud wood and then grafted the cuttings to root stock, by 1882, there were more than half a million citrus trees in California, almost half of which were in Riverside. The development of refrigerated cars and innovative irrigation systems established Riverside as the richest city in the United States by 1895
35.
Juan Bandini
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Juan Bandini was an early settler of what would become San Diego, California. Juan Bandini was born 1800 in Lima, Peru to José Bandini and his father came to California in 1819 and 1821 and participated in the Mexican War of Independence. After the revolution his fathers family moved to San Diego, arriving in San Diego September 1,1834 on the brig Natalie, Bandini married Marie de los Dolores Estudillo on November 20,1822. 1808, daughter of Captain José María Estudillo and they had three daughters, Arcadia, Ysidora, and Josefa, and two sons, Juanito and one who died in childhood. Bandinis second wife was Refugia Argüello, daughter of Santiago Argüello and they had three sons, Juan de la Cruz, Alfredo, and Arturo, and two daughters, Dolores and Victoria. Bandini built a large U-shaped house, Casa de Bandini, in 1829, initially it had 12 rooms and was one-story. Bandini was forced to sell his house in 1859 due to financial losses, part of the building was converted into a store. His house was converted to the Cosmopolitan Hotel in 1869, with a second story. The house still stands in Old Town San Diego, at the east corner of the town square, originally the house and hotel were not stuccoed—that was added in modern times to make it look Spanish Colonial. Bandini served various public offices such as member of the assembly, sub-comisario of revenues, Juan Bandini was granted and occupied Rancho Tecate in 1836. However he was driven to abandon it by raids to plunder the ranchos around San Diego by bands fugitive neophytes, rancho employees. This is now the town of Tecate, in 1838, the Mexican government granted him Rancho Jurupa in modern day San Bernardino County and Riverside County. During the Mexican-American War, Bandini supported the Americans, with Santiago Arguello he issued an appeal to not resist the Americans. After the war, Bandini was increasingly critical of the U. S. government, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Mexico, in 1848, had guaranteed the land grants would be recognized. During March 29–September 27,1848 he was Juez de Paz of San Diego Pueblo, in 1850 he opened a store in San Diego and built the Gilla House hotel. Soon after he moved to Mexico then in 1855 to Los Angeles where he died in 1859, Bandini was dressed elegantly and always gracious, and cut a refined presence wherever he went. He was known as a public speaker, fluent writer, excellent dancer, fair musician. His home was the center of San Diego
36.
Cajon Pass
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Cajon Pass is a mountain pass between the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains in Southern California in the United States. It was created by the movements of the San Andreas Fault, located in the Mojave Desert, the pass is an important link from the Greater San Bernardino Area to the Victor Valley, and northeast to Las Vegas. Cajon Pass is at the head of Horsethief Canyon, traversed by California State Route 138 and railroad tracks owned by BNSF Railway, Railroad improvements in 1972 reduced its maximum elevation from about 3,829 feet to 3,777 feet while also reducing the curvature. Interstate 15 does not traverse Cajon Pass, but rather the nearby Cajon Summit, 34°20′58″N 117°26′47″W, however, the entire area including Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit is often collectively called Cajon Pass. Sometimes the entire area is called Cajon Pass, but a distinction is made between Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit in detail, in 1851, a group of Mormon settlers led by Amasa M. Lyman and Charles C. Rich traveled through the Cajon Pass in covered wagons on their way from Salt Lake City to southern California, a prominent rock formation in the pass, where the Mormon trail and the railway merge, is known as Mormon Rocks. In Spanish, the word refers to a box or drawer. The name of the pass is derived from the Spanish land grant that encompassed the area, the Cajon Pass area is known for high wind, turbulence and fog. The weather over the pass can vary, from foggy days with poor visibility to clear afternoons where aircraft are bounced by gusting Santa Ana winds that top 80 mph. The wind in this area is predominantly out of the west, although in Santa Ana, Air spilling over the San Gabriels can cause fairly violent up- and downdrafts. Its important to note that the mass and wing loading of an aircraft determines its sensitivity to turbulence, in the 2006 Mercy Air 2 accident, an air ambulance helicopter collided with mountainous terrain near the pass in foggy weather. The California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka, the rail line through the pass was built in the early 1880s as part of a connection between the present day cities of Barstow and San Diego. Today the Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway use the pass to reach Los Angeles, due to the many trains, noteworthy scenery and easy access, it is a popular location for railfans, and numerous photographs of trains on Cajon Pass appear in books and magazines about trains. The Union Pacific Railroad operates and owns one track through the pass, on the previous Southern Pacific Railroad Palmdale cutoff, the BNSF Railway had two tracks and began to operate a third main track in the summer of 2008. The railroads share track rights through the pass ever since the Union Pacific gained track rights on the Santa Fe portion negotiated under the original Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. The original BNSF line was constructed in the 1880s and later roads, U. S. Route 66 and I-15, the second track, built in 1913, is 2 miles longer to get a lower 2. 20% grade. It ran through two tunnels, but both were removed when the third main track was added next to the 1913 line. Trains may be traveling at speeds of 60 and 70 mph on the straighter track away from the pass
37.
Rancho Santa Anita
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Rancho Santa Anita was a 13, 319-acre land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California given to naturalized Scottish immigrant Hugo Reid and his Tongva wife. Reid built a residence there in 1839, and the land grant was formally recognized by Governor Pio Pico in 1845. The land grant covered all or portions of the present day cities of Arcadia, Monrovia, Sierra Madre, Pasadena, a small portion of the rancho has been preserved as the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. The land granted to Reid was previous owned by the Mission San Gabriel, the San Gabriel Mission was founded in 1771 as the 4th of the Spanish missions in California. The San Gabriel Mission planted acres of land, in with, wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas lentils, fruit trees, the land also grazed about 20,000 head of cattle. After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the Mexican secularization act of 1833 was passed, starting in 1834 Mexico took way much of the Catholic Churchs Mission land and sold it as Ranchos. Reid was a Scot who became a Mexican citizen, thus being eligible to own Mexican land, to comply with Mexican law for the land grant of 13,319 acres, he built an adobe house and lived here with his wife, Victoria. In 1847, Reid sold Rancho Santa Anita to his Rancho Azusa neighbor, with the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, joseph Andrew Rowe lived in the rancho for several years after purchasing it in 1854 for $33,000. In 1858, Albert Dibblee and William Corbett bought the rancho, then 1865,11,319 acres of Rancho Santa Anita, sold or $20,000 to William Wolfskills. William’s son, Luis Wolfskill, sold 8,500 acres with the lake to Los Angeles merchant Harris Newmark for $85,000, in 1875, Newmark sold Rancho Santa Anita to Elias Jackson Baldwin for $200,000. Lucky moved into the Hugo Reids adobe house by the natural lake, in 1881 he built a white Queen Anne style house at the lake also a Queen Anne style coach barn for his prized horse. Lucky loved horse, he founded a racetrack on Rancho Santa Anita in 1904. The racetrack closed in 1909 and burned down in 1912, in 1934 the current Santa Anita Park opened as a thoroughbred horse-racing track. In the latter 1880s Baldwin subdivided a portion of the rancho to establish the town of Arcadia, in February 1881, Nathaniel Carter purchased 845 acres of Rancho Santa Anita, along with two other purchases, to form the new town of Sierra Madre, California. In 1875 Luckys Los Angeles Investment Company began subdividing and selling parcels from many of his ranchos, in 1883,240 acres of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to William Monroe for $30,000. Additional parcels of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Edward F. Spence, John D. Bicknell, James F. Crank, Rancho Santa Anita adobe house built by Reid in 1839. Santa Anita Depot, built in 1890 for the Santa Fe Railway, Santa Anita Park Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden Ranchos of California List of Ranchos of California Map of old Spanish and Mexican ranchos in Los Angeles County
38.
Holcomb Valley
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Holcomb Valley, located in the San Bernardino Mountains about five miles north of Big Bear Lake, was the site of the most gold mines in Southern California. It was named after William F. Holcomb, who found there in 1860. That year started the largest gold rush in the Southern California region, the boomtown of Belleville grew up near there and flourished for about ten years before being abandoned. The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark #619, in May 1860, gold was found there by William F. Holcomb and Ben Choteau. They were miners who had been prospecting at Bear Valley, Holcomb found gold while he was tracking a bear in the valley later named after him. After Holcomb and Ben Ware filed mine claims on five sites in May 1860 at the County Recorders office, word spread quickly, before long, a gold camp sprang up within 150 inches of where the gold was found. It became a town and, after the first child Belle was born and it soon became the largest town in San Bernardino County with a population of about 1,500 and nearly became the county seat. Filled with rough characters competing over gold, it was a place of violence and it was the third and fourth largest town in Southern California during these years Holcomb Valley produced the most wealth from gold of any Southern California mining district. With time, major placer and quartz mining declined, followed by the departure of most of the population of Belleville after 1870, hard rock mining continued at the Gold Mountain Mine until 1919. Some mining activity continues today, with 2,000 claims by hobbyists, the valley is the site of the Holcomb Valley Scout Ranch, on the site of the old Hitchcock Ranch. It provides opportunities for youth to have experience in ranching, hiking and related outdoor activities
39.
California grizzly bear
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The California grizzly is an extinct subspecies of the grizzly, the very large North American brown bear. Grizzly could have meant grizzled or fear-inspiring, nonetheless, after careful study, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 – not for its hair, but for its character – as Ursus horribilis. Genetically, North American grizzlies are closely related, in size and coloring, in California, it was particularly admired for its beauty, size, and strength. The grizzly became a symbol of the Bear Flag Republic, a moniker that was attached to the attempt by a group of American settlers to break away from Mexico in 1846. Later, this flag became the basis for the state flag of California. A1953 researcher stated, The specific status of North American brown bears is one of the most complex problems of mammalian taxonomy, the difficulty stems directly from the work of Merriam, who concluded that there are 86 forms of grizzlies in North America. Grizzlies living in California had been classified by Merriam into many subspecies, the California grizzly is one of the states most visible and enduring symbols, adorning both the state flag and seal. The Bear Flag first flew in 1846 as a symbol of the short-lived California Republic, a second version was adopted as the state flag by the state legislature in 1911. The bear symbol became a permanent part of the seal in 1849. The California Grizzly was designated the state animal in 1953. The California Maritime Academy operates a ship named Golden Bear. Several place names include the Spanish word for bear trace their origins back to that first expedition. As the settled frontier of New Spain was extended northward, settlers began to populate California, the grizzly bears killed livestock and so became enemies of the rancheros. Vaqueros hunted the grizzlies, sometimes roping and capturing them to be displayed in public battles with bulls and this popular spectator sport inspired betting as to whether the bear or the bull would win. Less than 75 years after the discovery of gold in 1848, almost every grizzly bear in California had been tracked down, one prospector in Southern California, William F. Holcomb, was particularly well-known for hunting grizzly bears in what is now San Bernardino County. The last hunted California grizzly was shot in Tulare County, California, in August 1922, although no body, skeleton or pelt was ever produced. Two years later in 1924, what was thought to be a grizzly was spotted in Sequoia National Park for the last time, californian grizzlies had been pitted against other animals, such as bulls. California still has habitat for about 500 grizzlies, in 2014, the US Fish and Wildlife Service received and rejected a petition to reintroduce grizzly bears to California
40.
Snow Summit
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Snow Summit is a ski resort that was established in 1952 and is in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California. It is located by Big Bear Lake along with its sister resort Bear Mountain, Snow Summit is one of the larger ski areas in Southern California, and is considered to be one of the most popular ski and snowboard destinations for patrons from around the Los Angeles area. Snow Summit is a resort, with a 1,209 ft topographic vertical drop. In 2014 Mammoth Mountain purchased Bear Mountain and Snow Summit for $38 million, for decades, Snow Summit and Goldmine Mountain operated independently of one another, less than two miles apart. A major ski area operator, bought Goldmine, changed its name to Bear Mountain, in 2002, Snow Summit purchased Bear Mountain, and the two became one company. Snow Summit and Bear Mountain are marketed as areas constituent to Big Bear Mountain Resorts, a lift ticket from either area is honored at the other, and a free bus service between Snow Summit and Bear Mountain shuttles patrons back and forth between the two for that purpose. In 2014, Snow Summit and Bear Mountain resorts were bought by the owners of the Mammoth Mountain ski resort
41.
Bear Mountain (ski area)
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Bear Mountain, formerly Goldmine Mountain, is a ski area in Southern California. When its neighbor, Snow Summit, bought Bear Mountain in 2002, Snow Summits Richard Dick Kun led the move to focus Bear Mountain upon the snowboarder, to draw her away from Snow Summit, and thereby attune it once more to the culture of the dedicated skier. Bear Mountain acquired the nickname, The Park, because most of it comprises irregular terrain, the mountain contains one of the few Superpipes in Southern California. Given sufficient natural snow, its runs are open for skiing and snowboarding. Even that territory out of bounds off of Chair 8 has opened after heavy snow. Olympic Gold Medalist Shaun White frequented Bear Mountain while he was quite young, Bear Mountain popularized freestyle skiing and snowboarding with its establishment of the first freestyle park in the early 1990s. In the early 2000s, Transworld Snowboarding Magazine placed Bear Mountain among its Top 10 Parks. The movement of jibing continues to grow with the addition of the Red Bull Plaza, Bear Peaks 8,805 ft summit is Southern Californias highest peak served by a lift. Bear Mountain relies heavily on artificial snowmaking, as do most Southern California ski resorts
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its employees, over 11,000 as of 2015, NOAA research. NOAA plays several roles in society, the benefits of which extend beyond the U. S. economy and into the larger global community. NOAA supplies information to its customers and partners pertaining to the state of the oceans and this is clearly manifest in the production of weather warnings and forecasts through the National Weather Service, but NOAAs information products extend to climate, ecosystems, and commerce as well. A Provider of Environmental Stewardship Services, NOAA is also the steward of U. S. coastal and marine environments. A Leader in Applied Scientific Research, the five fundamental activities are, Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks. Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data, assessing and predicting the changes of these systems over time. Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with important information, managing resources for the betterment of society, economy and environment. NOAA formed a conglomeration of several existing agencies that were among the oldest in the federal government, NOAA was established within the Department of Commerce via the Reorganization Plan No.4 of 1970. In 2007 NOAA celebrated 200 years of service with its ties to the United States Coast, the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps is a uniformed service of men and women who operate NOAA ships and aircraft, and serve in scientific and administrative posts. And in addition more than a dozen staff offices, including the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, the NOAA Central Library and this is done through a collection of national and regional centers,13 river forecast centers, and more than 120 local weather forecast offices. They are charged with issuing weather and river forecasts, advisories, watches and they issue more than 734,000 weather and 850,000 river forecasts, and more than 45,000 severe weather warnings annually. NOAA data is relevant to the issues of global warming. The NWS operates NEXRAD, a network of Doppler weather radars which can detect precipitation. Many of their products are broadcast on NOAA Weather Radio, a network of transmitters that broadcasts weather forecasts, severe weather statements, watches. The National Ocean Service focuses on ensuring that ocean and coastal areas are safe, healthy, in 1960 TIROS-1, NOAAs first owned and operated geostationary satellite was launched. Since 1966 NESDIS has managed polar orbiting satellites and since 1974 it has operated geosynchronous satellites, in 1979 NOAAs first polar-orbiting environmental satellite was launched
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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