1.
Silver Spring, Maryland
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Silver Spring is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It had a population of 76,716 according to 2013 estimates by the United States Census Bureau, making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore, Columbia, and Germantown. The urbanized, oldest, and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington. As of 2004, the Central Business District held 7,254,729 square feet of space,5216 dwelling units and 17.6 acres of parkland. The population density of this CBD area of Silver Spring was 15,600 per square mile all within 360 acres, the community has recently undergone a significant renaissance, with the addition of major retail, residential, and office developments. Silver Spring takes its name from a spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair. Acorn Park, tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the downtown area, is believed to be the site of the original spring. As an unincorporated area, Silver Springs boundaries are not officially defined and this definition is a 15% reduction from the 9.4 sq. mi. used in previous years. The United States Geological Survey locates the center of Silver Spring at 38°59′26″N 77°1′35″W, by another definition, Silver Spring is located at 39°0′15″N 77°1′8″W. Residents of a swath of South-Eastern Montgomery County have Silver Spring mailing addresses. This area extends roughly from the Washington, D. C, Prince Georges County, Maryland and Howard County, Maryland lines to the west, north and east, and Rock Creek Park and Plyers Mill Road to the west and north-west. These boundaries make Silver Spring larger in area than any city in Maryland except for Baltimore. Rock Creek Park passes along the west side of Silver Spring, and offers hiking trails, picnic grounds, and bicycling on weekends, Sligo Creek Park follows Sligo Creek through Silver Spring, it offers hiking trails, tennis courts, playgrounds and bicycling. The latter is facilitated on weekends, when parts of Sligo Creek Parkway are closed to automobiles, the bike trails are winding and slower than most in the region. Recently, rocks have been spread along either side of the road, providing a hazardous bike ride, acorn Park in the downtown area of Silver Spring is believed to be the site of the eponymous silver spring. The 14. 5-acre Jesup Blair Park was recently renovated and features a field, tennis courts, basketball courts. Brookside Gardens is a 50-acre park within Wheaton Regional Park, in greater Silver Spring and it is located on the original site of Stadler Nursery. Northwest Branch Park is a 700-acre park surrounding the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, the park includes hiking, equestrian, and cycling trails on the Northwest Branch and Rachel Carson Greenway Trails
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Lo-fi music
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Lo-fi music are sound recordings that are of lower quality than the usual standard for modern music. The term was adopted in late 1986 by WFMU DJ William Berger, the music also refers to a movement which grew primarily from American underground music scenes in the early 1980s. Associated artists include Sebadoh, Pavement, Liz Phair, and Beck, allMusic writes, Throughout rock & rolls history, recordings were made cheaply and quickly, often on substandard equipment. In that sense, the earliest rock & roll records, most of the rock of the 60s. JW Farquhars home-recorded 1973 album The Formal Female is considered a forerunner to lo-fi artists such as R
4.
Underground music
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Underground music comprises musical genres beyond mainstream culture. Any song that is not being legally commercialized is considered underground, some underground rock bands never got non-mainstream roots. They are radical, aggressive 60s bands such as Velvet Underground, The Stooges, MC5, 70s bands like The Sex Pistols, The Damned, The Clash, and 80s hardcore punk bands like Discharge. Some underground styles eventually became mainstream, commercialized pop styles, as did for example, in the 2000s, the increasing availability of the Internet and digital music technologies has made underground music easier to distribute using streaming audio and podcasts. Some experts in cultural studies now argue that there is no underground because the Internet has made what was underground music accessible to everyone at the click of a mouse. One expert, Martin Raymond, of London-based company The Future Laboratory, commented in an article in The Independent, saying trends in music, art, now transmitted laterally and collaboratively via the internet. You once had a series of gatekeepers in the adoption of a trend, the innovator, the early adopter, the late adopter, the mainstream, the late mainstream. But now it goes straight from the innovator to the mainstream, frank Zappa attempted to define underground by noting that the mainstream comes to you, but you have to go to the underground. Black metal is also a form of music and its Norwegian scene are notorious for their association with church burnings. All of extreme metal is considered underground music for its extreme nature, in a Counterpunch magazine article, Twiin argues that Underground music is free media, because by working independently, you can say anything in your music and be free of corporate censorship. Underground music of this type is often promoted through word-of-mouth or by community radio DJs. In the early scenes, such as the Grateful Dead jam band fan scenes or the 1970s punk scenes. In the 2000s, underground music easier to distribute, using streaming audio. A music underground can also refer to the culture of music in a city. The Kitchen is an example of what was an important New York City underground music venue in the 1960s and 1970s, CBGB is another famous New York City underground music venue claiming to be Home of Underground Rock since 1973. Independent music Underground hip hop Underground art
5.
Alternative country
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Alternative country is a loosely defined subgenre of country music, which includes acts that differ significantly in style from mainstream or pop country music. It has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have incorporated influences ranging from rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock. Attempts to combine punk and country were pioneered by Jason and the Scorchers, members and figures associated with Uncle Tupelo formed three major bands in the genre, Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Other influential bands included Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, and Blood Oranges, lyrics may be bleak or socially aware, but also more heartfelt and less likely to use the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians. No Depression, the magazine dedicated to the genre, declared that it covered alternative-country music. Another major influence was country rock, the result of fusing country music with a rock & roll sound, the artist most commonly thought to have originated country rock is Gram Parsons, although Michael Nesmith, Steve Earle and Gene Clark are frequently identified as important innovators. The third factor was punk rock, which supplied an energy, the bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers further developed this tradition before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s. List of alternative country musicians Heartland rock Red Dirt Southern rock Texas country music Notes Bibliography Alden, Grant, & Blackstock, no Depression, An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Modern Twang, An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory, kasten, Roy, Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday, Riverfront Times. Hogeland, William, Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, so what is insurgent country anyway. From American Studies at the University of Virginia
6.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
7.
Vocal
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The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal folds for talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, etc. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of sound production in which the vocal folds are the primary sound source. Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts, the lungs, the vocal folds within the larynx, and the articulators, the lung must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds. The vocal folds are a vibrating valve that chops up the airflow from the lungs into audible pulses that form the sound source. The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the folds to ‘fine-tune’ pitch. The articulators articulate and filter the sound emanating from the larynx, the vocal folds, in combination with the articulators, are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound. The tone of voice may be modulated to suggest emotions such as anger, surprise, singers use the human voice as an instrument for creating music. Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold, adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds, are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length, the female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length. The folds are within the larynx and they are attached at the back to the arytenoids cartilages, and at the front to the thyroid cartilage. They have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the tube while their inner edges or margins are free to vibrate. They have a three layer construction of an epithelium, vocal ligament, then muscle, which can shorten and they are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the cord is the vestibular fold or false vocal cord, which has a small sac between its two folds. The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices, additionally, genetics also causes variances amongst the same sex, with mens and womens singing voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are bass, baritone, tenor and countertenor, there are additional categories for operatic voices, see voice type. This is not the source of difference between male and female voice. Men, generally speaking, have a vocal tract, which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower-sounding timbre. This is mostly independent of the folds themselves
8.
Drag City (record label)
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Drag City is a Chicago-based independent record label. It was established with a Royal Trux single release in 1990 in Chicago, Illinois by Dan Koretzky, Drag City specializes in experimental indie rock acts. Bands that have released material on Drag City include, The label released the US version of Scott Walkers Tilt in 1997, walker described releasing the album on the indie as an experiment. Booth were also a member of Chestnut Station, several Drag City albums have been licensed to Domino Records for British release. In 1997 Drag City began publishing printed works such as the literary magazine The Minus Times and they have also distributed films such as the 2013 documentary The Source Family. Drag City has decided to not release the music of its artist roster on any streaming platform, list of record labels Official site
9.
Singer-songwriter
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Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
10.
Genre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
11.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
12.
Jim O'Rourke (musician)
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Jim ORourke is an American musician and record producer. He was long associated with the Chicago experimental and improv scene, around 2000, he relocated to New York before moving on to Tokyo, Japan, where he currently resides. ORourke was born on January 18,1969 in Chicago, Illinois and he is an alumnus of DePaul University. He has released albums of jazz, noise, glitchy electronica, in 2009, he also mixed several tracks on Newsoms follow up Have One On Me. S. He mixed Wilcos Yankee Hotel Foxtrot album and produced their 2004 album, A Ghost Is Born, during the recording of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, ORourke collaborated with Wilco member Jeff Tweedy and pre-Wilco Glenn Kotche under the name Loose Fur. Their self-titled debut was released in 2003 with a follow-up in 2006 entitled Born Again in the USA and he also mixed the unfinished recordings that made up a planned third album by the late American singer-songwriter Judee Sill, recorded in 1974 and mixed by ORourke for a 2005 release. ORourke was once a member of Illusion of Safety, Gastr Del Sol, beginning in 1999 he played bass guitar, guitar and synthesizer with Sonic Youth, in addition to recording and mixing duties with the group. He withdrew as a member in late 2005, but continued to play with them in some of their side projects. In the early 1993, ORourke formed a group with Darin Gray. The band released one album, When in Vanitas. in 1994. They also released a 7 in the year titled In Sisters All. ORourke has also released albums under his own name on a variety of labels exploring a range of electronic. His most well-known works may be his series of releases on Drag City, with music director Takehisa Kosugi, he played for the Merce Cunningham dance company for four years. ORourke received a 2001 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award and he worked as a music consultant for the 2003 film School of Rock. The song Happy Days was featured in the Harmony Korine film Julien Donkey-Boy and he scored the 2002 film Love Liza, directed by Todd Louiso. He scored the 2004 video installation Fireball and did the design on the documentary Red Orchestra by Stefan Roloff. He has also scored films by Werner Herzog, Olivier Assayas, Shinji Aoyama, Kōji Wakamatsu, Harmony Korine and his own short films have been part of the 2004 and 2006 Whitney Biennial and the 2005 Rotterdam Film Festival. His first three albums for Drag City are named after three successive films by director Nicolas Roeg, Bad Timing, A Sensual Obsession, Eureka
13.
Tortoise (band)
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Tortoise is an American post-rock band formed in Chicago, Illinois, United States, in 1990. Tortoises almost entirely instrumental music defies easy categorization, and the group gained significant attention from their early career, the members have roots in Chicagos fertile music scene, playing in various indie rock and punk groups. Some have cited Tortoise as being one of the forces behind the development. Others have compared their music to the rock of Yes. Other groups related to Tortoise include The Sea and Cake, Brokeback, Slint, Isotope 217, Chicago Odense Ensemble, Tar Babies, Tortoise records on the Thrill Jockey label. The groups origins lie in the late 1980s pairing of Doug McCombs and drummer John Herndon, though songs are credited to all the musicians, McEntire quickly became perceived as, if not the acknowledged leader, the groups guiding force. In reality his extra contributions mainly took the form of being the engineer and mixer. Their first single was issued in 1993, and their debut album followed a year later. Instrumental and mostly mid-tempo, Tortoise slowly garnered praise and attention, a remix album followed, Rhythms, Resolutions and Clusters. Also in 1996, the band contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat and they also released a Japanese-only compilation featuring tracks from the eponymous debut, Rhythms, singles and compilation appearances. Named A Digest Compendium of the Tortoises World on November 21,1996 In 1998, Tortoise released TNT, jeff Parker had joined as a guitarist alongside Pajo, who left the band following the albums completion. 2001 led to Standards, where Tortoise incorporated more electronic sounds, in 2001 the band helped to curate an edition of the British All Tomorrows Parties festival. They then returned in 2004 to curate another day of the same event and its All Around You was released in 2004. Bitney and McEntire also contributed to the Bright Eyes album Cassadaga, the group has worked with multi-instrumentalist Paul Duncan of the band Warm Ghost. Tortoise released their previous to last album Beacons of Ancestorship on June 23,2009, the band toured the Midwestern US in September and October 2009, and then in Europe in November and December. The band performed at the ATP New York 2010 music festival, in 2012, Tortoise wrote and recorded the soundtrack to Eduardo Sánchezs Lovely Molly, a psychological horror film partly inspired by traditional folk-song. In July 2013, photos and brief videos were posted to Tortoises Instagram, on 20 April 2014 the band wrote on their Facebook page, Hello, Facebook. We are heading back into the next week - LP VII in progress
14.
Cynthia Dall
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Cynthia Dall, sometimes known as Cindy Dall, was an American lo-fi musician and photographer. Dall also gained notoriety in the world of the 1990s for her frequent transgressive-styled cover shots. Cindy was born in Roseville, California and she started recording and performing with then-boyfriend, Bill Callahan under his former moniker, Smog. She first appeared on the Smog song Wine Stained Lips, which was a B-side to the 1994 A Hit 7 single. Cindy went on to vocals and guitar on the Burning Kingdom EP, Wild Love, and The Doctor Came at Dawn. In 1996, Cindy released her first solo album, Untitled, the original pressing of the LP had no artist name on the sleeve at the time, but Cindys name was later added for re-pressings. The album features engineering work by Jim ORourke, and guitar, in 1998, she did the vocals for a remix of Torture Day by The Notwist. In 2002, Cindy released her album, Sound Restores Young Men. She also engaged in political activism around Sacramento, helping citizens register to vote, Cindy died in her home in Sacramento on April 5,2012. According to her label, she was in the process of working on demos for a new album of material. Untitled, Drag City #73 Sound Restores Young Men, Drag City #132 Cynthia Dalls page at Drag City Records Cynthia Dall Bio on AllMusic. com A Fan-Based Profile on MySpace Goodbye, Cynthia Dall
15.
Rain on Lens
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Rain on Lens is the 9th album by Smog. It was released in Europe on September 17,2001, on Domino Records, and it is the first album with a picture of Callahan himself on the cover. It was recorded by Rob Bochnik and Jeremy Lemos and produced by Callahan, musicians appearing on the album are Jessica Billey, Kyle Bruckmann, Geoff Greenberg, Nate Lepine, Rick Rizzo and Pat Samson
16.
Supper (album)
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Supper is Bill Callahans tenth album, released in March 2003 on Domino Records in Europe and on Drag City in North America under his then-alias. It was recorded by Jeremy Lemos from August to September 2002, in 2004, the track Vessel in Vain appeared on the soundtrack of Shane Meadows acclaimed British thriller Dead Mans Shoes. Also, in 2005, the track A Guiding Light appeared on the soundtrack of Winter Passing, in 2012, the track Our Anniversary appeared on the soundtrack of Smashed and is played over the films closing credits. All songs written by Bill Callahan
17.
A River Ain't Too Much to Love
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A River Aint Too Much to Love is the eleventh studio album by Smog, released on May 30,2005 on Domino Records in Europe and on Drag City in North America. The album is the last to be recorded under the Smog moniker, a River Aint Too Much to Love features guest appearances by Joanna Newsom and Thor Harris of Shearwater. Music videos were produced for both Rock Bottom Riser and I Feel Like the Mother of the World, the latter featuring actress Chloë Sevigny, both videos can be found on the Rock Bottom Riser CD single release. Smog recording artist Bill Callahan initially wanted to release the album under his own name, stating, I realized Id been going so many years without even thinking about it. I realized I didnt want to be associated with this thing that doesnt even exist, because a name is a pretty strong thing, right. Callahan subsequently began issuing albums under his own following the release of A River Aint Too Much to Love. All songs written by Bill Callahan except where noted
18.
Chord progression
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A chord progression or harmonic progression is a succession of musical chords. Chord progressions are the foundation of harmony in Western musical tradition, in tonal music, chord progressions have the function of establishing or contradicting a tonality. Chord progressions are usually expressed by Roman numerals, a chord may be built upon any note of a musical scale, therefore a seven-note scale allows seven basic chords, each degree of the scale becoming the root of its own chord. A chord built upon the note A is an A chord of some type The harmonic function of any particular chord depends on the context of the chord progression in which it is found. The diatonic harmonization of any major results in three major triads. They are based on the first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees and these three triads include, and therefore can harmonize, every note of that scale. The same scale also provides three relative minor chords, one related to each of the three major chords, separate from these six common chords there is one degree of the scale, the seventh, that results in a diminished chord. In addition, extra notes may be added to any chord, if these notes are also selected from the original scale the harmony remains diatonic. If new chromatic intervals are introduced then a change of scale or modulation occurs and this in turn may lead to a resolution back to the original key, so that the entire sequence of chords helps create an extended musical form. In western classical notation, chords built on the scale are numbered with Roman numerals, other forms of chord notation have been devised, from figured bass to the chord chart. These usually allow or even require an amount of improvisation. Diatonic scales such as the major and minor scales lend themselves well to the construction of common chords because they contain a large number of perfect fifths. Such scales predominate in those regions where harmony is an part of music, as, for example. Alternation between two chords may be thought of as the most basic chord progression, many well-known pieces are built harmonically upon the mere repetition of two chords of the same scale. The Isley Brothers Shout uses I - vi throughout, three-chord tunes, though, are more common, since a melody may then dwell on any note of the scale. They are often presented as successions of four chords, in order to produce a binary harmonic rhythm, often the chords may be selected to fit a pre-conceived melody, but just as often it is the progression itself that gives rise to the melody. (Common in Elizabethan music, this also underpins the American college song Goodnight Ladies, is the exclusive progression used in Kwela, similar progressions abound in African popular music. They may be varied by the addition of sevenths to any chord or by substitution of the minor of the IV chord to give, for example
19.
Baritone
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A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice types. It is the most common male voice, the baritone voice type is generally divided into the baryton-Martin baritone, lyric baritone, Kavalierbariton, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble baritone, and the bass-baritone. The first use of the term baritone emerged as baritonans, late in the 15th century, at this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices, but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice. Baritones took roughly the range as it is today at the beginning of the 18th century. Indeed, many works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles. Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas, the greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. They include Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Guglielmo in Così fan tutte, Papageno in The Magic Flute and these included the likes of Filippo Galli, Giovanni Inchindi, and Henri-Bernard Dabadie. The basse-taille and the bass were commonly confused because their roles were sometimes sung by singers of either actual voice part. The bel canto style of vocalism which arose in Italy in the early 19th century supplanted the castrato-dominated opera seria of the previous century and it led to the baritone being viewed as a separate voice category from the bass. More often than not, however, baritones found themselves portraying villains, the principal composers of bel canto opera are considered to be, Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Giacomo Meyerbeer, and the young Giuseppe Verdi. Figaro in Il barbiere is often called the first true baritone role, however, Donizetti and Verdi in their vocal writing went on to emphasize the top fifth of the baritone voice, rather than its lower notes—thus generating a more brilliant sound. The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian Antonio Tamburini and he was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozarts eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, Tamburinis range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern Verdi baritone. His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the Paris Opera between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including Guillaume Tell. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in Lelisir damore in 1832, the most important of Tamburinis Italianate successors were all Verdians. In France, Paul Barroilhet succeeded Dabadie as the Paris operas best known baritone, like Dabadie, he also sang in Italy and created an important Donizetti role, in his case, Alphonse in La favorite. Antonio Pini-Corsi was the standout Italian buffo baritone in the period between about 1880 and World War I, reveling in comic roles by Rossini, Donizetti and Paer. In 1893, he created the part of Ford in Verdis last opera, notable among their contemporaries were the cultured and technically adroit French baritones Jean Lassalle, Victor Maurel, Paul Lhérie, and Maurice Renaud
20.
Cat Power
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Charlyn Marie Chan Marshall /ʃɑːrlɪn məri ʃɒn mɑːrʃəl/, better known by her stage name Cat Power, is an American singer-songwriter, musician, occasional actress, and model. Cat Power was originally the name of Marshalls first band, but has become her moniker as a solo artist, in 1996 she signed with Matador Records, and released a third album of new material with Shelley and Foljahn, What Would the Community Think. Following this she released the critically acclaimed Moon Pix, recorded with members of Dirty Three, and The Covers Record, in 2012 she released the self-produced Sun, which opened at number 10 on the Billboard 200, the highest charting album of her career to date. Critics have noted the constant evolution of Cat Powers sound, with a mix of punk, folk and blues on her earliest albums and her 2012 album Sun incorporated electronica, in a self-proclaimed move from the really slow guitar songs she initially wrote for the album. Chan Marshall was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1972, chans father, Charlie, is a blues musician and pianist. Her parents divorced when she was a child and remarried shortly thereafter and her mother Myra Lee remarried and had a son Lenny, the family travelled around a lot because of the job her stepfather Leamon had. Chan attended ten different schools throughout the southern United States in places such as Greensboro, Bartlett and Memphis and throughout Georgia, at times she was left with her grandmother. Chan became estranged from her mother at 16, having no contact with her until she was 24 and says they are still not close. Marshall commented on her religious upbringing, stating, You know, my grandmother was very religious growing up and she taught me from a young age that Satan is bad. But you tell a child about Satan and demons and saints and angels, as an adult, you have to really remember that its all just folk tales. Like werewolves, that kind of thing, Marshalls first instrument was a 1950s Silvertone guitar, which she did not touch for a year after buying it, because she considered it a piece of art in the corner. ”Marshall taught herself to play guitar. Marshall began playing music in Atlanta with a collective of musicians made up of Glen Thrasher, Marc Moore, Damon Moore and Fletcher Liegerot, Marshall immediately decided on Cat Power as the name of the band. While in Atlanta, Marshall played her first live shows as support to her friends bands, including Magic Bone and Opal Foxx Quartet. Due to her relationships with the various people involved, she has stated that her involvement in music at this time was primarily a social interest rather than an artistic one. In a 2007 interview she explained that the music itself was more experimental, a number of her local peers became entrenched in heroin use, and this contributed to her desire to leave Atlanta. In 1992, at the age of 20, she moved to New York City with Glen Thrasher and it was Thrasher who introduced her to New Yorks free jazz and experimental music scene. In particular she cites a concert by Anthony Braxton with giving her the confidence to perform in public and her first New York show was at a warehouse in Brooklyn and she has described her early New York shows as more improvisational. One of her shows during this period was as the act to Man or Astro-man. and consisted of her playing a two-string guitar
21.
What Would the Community Think
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What Would the Community Think is the third album by American singer-songwriter Chan Marshall, also known as Cat Power. It was released in 1996 on Matador Records, and was produced by Sonic Youth drummer Steve Shelley, the album has been noted for its array of musical styles, ranging from alternative rock to folk and blues. Though not a hit, the album received unanimous critical acclaim. The albums lead single, Nude as the News was Cat Powers first song to receive a music video in 1997. The cover artwork for the album was created by Chan Marshall out of a postcard, I just needed a cover and I had this postcard that Ive had for a long time. Its this woman from the 70s in New York and they did this collage of cigarette ads and she whited out the eyes and its no big deal, I just cut out the center of her face and put mine on top. It made it more real
22.
The Covers Record
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The Covers Record is the fifth album by American singer-songwriter Cat Power. It was released in 2000 on Matador Records, the album consists almost entirely of cover songs, along with a new version of Marshalls song In this Hole, which initially appeared on Cat Powers 1996 album, What Would the Community Think. The success of Cat Power’s fourth album, Moon Pix, led to expectations for her follow-up. Between Moon Pix and what became The Covers Record, she scheduled a number of shows during which she played only covers. In order to take away from herself, she projected the 1928 French silent film The Passion of Joan of Arc behind her onstage. Marshall’s decision to release an album was disappointing to Matador. According to Gerard Cosloy, the campaign for the The Covers Record. Marshalls contract for The Covers Record was allegedly drafted on the spot on a Post-it note, the Covers Record features sparse instrumentation, with only Marshall on vocals and guitar or piano. The song “Salty Dog” features guitar by American musician Matt Sweeney, the album was recorded at Night Owl Studios, Kampo Studios and Rare Book Room Studios, in New York City, in 1998 and 1999. According to Marshall, “I ended up in the recording with this young man at this place called Night Owl Studios across from Penn Station. I did most of the songs there just very, very, very, very quickly, rock will see few finer releases this year. Foo Fighters singer and guitarist/ ex-Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl cited the album in a 2000 issue of NME, saying, Satisfaction is the hit off that record, but for me, its that Velvet Underground song, I Found A Reason. Grohl would work with Marshall on Cat Powers subsequent release, You Are Free, in 2005 the album was performed live in its entirety as part of the All Tomorrows Parties-curated Dont Look Back series. Several songs on the album have used in films, including I Found a Reason. Chan Marshall – vocals, guitar, piano Matt Sweeney – guitar Album – Billboard Rhapsody praised the album, notes on Cat Powers The Covers Record lauriston. com
23.
Woke on a Whaleheart
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Woke on a Whaleheart is the first record released by Bill Callahan under his own name instead of his nom de plume Smog. It was released by Drag City on April 24,2007, a single, Diamond Dancer, preceded the release of the album on March 20,2007. The album was recorded by Jeremy Lemos, who recorded the Smog albums Rain on Lens. Woke on a Whalehearts sound, according to Callahan, touches upon gospel, tough pop, joe Grillo of the art collective Dearraindrop created the album artwork. All songs written by Bill Callahan
24.
Chris Knox
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Chris Knox is a New Zealand rock and roll musician, cartoonist, and movie reviewer who emerged during the punk rock era with his bands The Enemy and Toy Love. After Toy Love disbanded in the early 1980s, he formed the group Tall Dwarfs with guitarist Alec Bathgate, the Tall Dwarfs were noted for their unpolished sound and intense live shows. His 4-track machine was used to record most of the early Flying Nun singles and he has also released a number of solo, self-produced albums which feature his Casiotone. Knox has also released an album under the pseudonym Friend, at the 2001 New Zealand Music Awards Knoxs ballad Not Given Lightly was announced as New Zealands thirteenth best song of all time, as voted by APRA members. Knox has played live in front of all around New Zealand, winning a reputation for his sometimes confrontational style. He has also toured internationally. His swing through the US in 1995 included, among others and his minimalist, DIY sound played well to ears then-focused on grunge, with its retro-punk stylings. A long-time resident of Auckland, Knox has spent time as a newspaper columnist and his satirical comic strip Max Media appeared in the NZ Herald every week for more than fifteen years. He has also been a television film reviewer, hosted a Television New Zealand season of classic movies. Knox launched his own label A Major Records in 2006 to release the album Chris Knox and this was the first album Knox recorded in a professional studio, rather than in his trademark DIY style, since his time with Toy Love. Knoxs Its Love, from the 2000 album Beat, has used in Share the Good. On 11 June 2009 Knox was admitted to Auckland hospital suffering from a stroke, the album Stroke, Songs for Chris Knox was released in New Zealand on 16 November 2009. It features 33 artists performing Knoxs songs, the album is a way for Knoxs fans to contribute to the costs of his rehabilitation. All artists contributed their time and talent without charge, the Greenwich Village arts venue Le Poisson Rouge hosted a benefit concert for Knox on 6 May 2010. Artists included Jeff Mangum and Yo La Tengo, who participated in the 2009 benefit album for Knox
25.
Merge Records
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Merge Records is an independent record label based in Durham, North Carolina. It was founded in 1989 by Laura Ballance and Mac McCaughan, the labels first album to reach the USA Billboard 200 was Arcade Fires Funeral, a 2004 release. Other Billboard Top Ten releases include Spoons Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga and Transference, Merge quickly reached an agreement with the Alternative Distribution Alliance to continue distribution of its releases. In September 2009, Algonquin Paperbacks released Our Noise, The Story of Merge Records and this followed a 6-day music festival in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, NC, featuring over 40 Merge acts from around the world celebrating the 20th anniversary of the labels first release. The label also released a subscription-only 17-disc box set SCORE, in August 2010, Merge Records released Arcade Fires The Suburbs to critical acclaim, preceding the bands headlining appearance at Lollapalooza. The album went straight to one on the US and UK charts.8 million unique viewers. The Suburbs won the Grammy for Album of the Year at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards on February 13,2011
26.
Sasha Frere-Jones
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Sasha Frere-Jones is an American writer, music critic, and musician. He has written for Pretty Decorating, ego trip, Hit It And Quit It, Mean, Slant, The New York Post, The Wire, The Village Voice, Slate, Spin and he was on the staff of The New Yorker from 2004-2015. In January 2015, he left The New Yorker to work for the website Genius. com as an executive editor, Frere-Jones left Genius after several months to become critic-at-large at The Los Angeles Times. Frere-Jones left the Times in May 2016 and he was born Alexander Roger Wallace Jones on January 31,1967, in Manhattan, the elder child of Elizabeth Frere and Robin C. Jones. His younger brother, Tobias Frere-Jones, is founder of the design company Frere-Jones Typography. Tobias and Alexander both legally changed their surnames from Jones to Frere-Jones in 1981, in 1983, Frere-Jones played Capulet in a St. Anns production of Romeo and Juliet directed by Nancy Fales Garrett. In 1984, Frere-Joness We Three Kings was one of ten plays chosen for the Young Playwrights Festival, the original reading starred John Pankow and Željko Ivanek. The final production at the Public Theater starred Adam Klugman, Jack Klugmans son and his follow-up play, Jump Down Turn Around, was performed at St. Anns and starred Frere-Jones and actor Josh Hamilton. Frere-Jones attended the Saint Anns School in Brooklyn from 1972 to 1984 and he won an award from the Young Playwrights Festival in 1983 for his play “We Three Kings. ”After graduating from St. Ann’s in 1984, Frere-Jones attended Brown University for three years but did not graduate. He subsequently attended the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU, concentrating on Dramatic Writing and he graduated from the Columbia School of General Studies with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology in 1993. In 1994, he married lawyer Deborah Holmes, with whom he has two sons, Frere-Jones plays bass, guitar, and various electronics. He founded the band Dolores during his time at Brown, the band made two full-length tapes, one in 1987 and one in 1990. After moving to New York in 1988, the played for two years before breaking up. In 1990, Frere-Jones co-founded the instrumental, two-bass rhythm band Ui with Clem Waldmann and they played their first live show in 1991, and spent the following eight years touring across the United States and Europe, opening for bands like Stereolab and Tortoise. Frere-Jones debuted as The New Yorker’s pop critic on March 8,2004 with “Let’s Go Swimming and he followed in the footsteps of the magazines past critics Ellen Willis, Mark Moses, Elizabeth Wurtzel, and Nick Hornby. Three essays originally published in the magazine have appeared in Da Capo Presss Best Music Writing anthologies, the piece proved to be controversial, eliciting responses from Playboy, The Village Voice, Slate, and Simon Reynolds, among dozens of other news outlets and blogs. The New Yorker received more mail about “A Paler Shade of White” than it did for any other essay since “Escaping Picasso, in 2008, Frere-Jones was named one of the top 30 critics in the world by Intelligent Life, the lifestyle publication from The Economist. On March 9,2009, The New Yorker published his first profile, of British pop singer Lily Allen
27.
Dream River
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Dream River is the fifteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bill Callahan, released on September 17,2013 on Drag City. Recorded by Erik Wofford, the album is Callahans fourth to be released under his own name, released to critical acclaim, the album reached number forty-four on the UK Albums Chart. Bill Callahan began writing songs for Dream River in August 2012, callhan noted, the last record you could listen to at the end of the day, before you go to bed, around midnight. Smooth and relaxing, the end to a persons day. I wanted to see if I could have more of a life, regarding the albums lyrical content, and the personal nature of Dream Rivers songs, Callahan noted, I feel like theres already a written narrative going on everywhere. All the different situations and realities youre in, like words floating by and its something that I didnt start thinking about until recently, but you can hitch that ride, that narrative thats already been created. You just have to read it and write it down, Dream River received widespread critical acclaim upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics. For once he’s not wishing he were an eagle or a tempest or a sunset and he is just Bill Callahan, flying his small plane with a co-pilot by his side, and for the moment at least, that is enough. In a mostly positive review, AllMusics Thom Jurek wrote, With Dream River, fans already know what to expect from the man lyrically, when you place those lyrics in the context of something so subtly adventurous musically, the result is both engaging and seductive. In another positive review, The A. V, clubs Jason Heller wrote, As a portrayal of Bill Callahan by Bill Callahan, Dream River doesnt chew an inch of scenery, instead it dwells in knowing glances and haunted whispers. Mojo magazine called Dream River Callahans most beguiling album yet in a five-star review, all songs written by Bill Callahan
28.
Knaresborough
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Knaresborough /nɛərzbrə, -bərə/ is an historic market town, spa town and civil parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is located on the River Nidd,4 miles east from the centre of Harrogate. Knaresborough is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Chenaresburg, meaning Cenheards fortress in the wapentake of Burghshire, Knaresborough Castle dates from Norman times, around 1100, the town began to grow and provide a market and attract traders to service the castle. The present parish church, St Johns, was established around this time, the earliest identified Lord of Knaresborough is around 1115 when Serlo de Burgh held the Honour of Knaresborough from the King. Hugh de Morville was granted the Honour of Knaresborough in 1158 and he was constable of Knaresborough and leader of the group of four knights who murdered Archbishop Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral on 29 December 1170. The four knights fled to Knaresborough and hid at the castle, hugh de Morville forfeited the lands in 1173, not for his implication in the murder of Thomas Becket, but for complicity in the rebellion of young Henry, according to the Early Yorkshire Charters. The Honour of Knaresborough then passed to the Stuteville family, when the Stuteville line was broken with the death of Robert the 4th in 1205, King John effectively took the Honour of Knaresborough for himself. The first Maundy Money was distributed in Knaresborough by King John on 15 April 1210, Knaresborough Forest, which extended far to the south of the town, is reputed to have been one of King Johns favourite hunting grounds. Although a market was first mentioned in 1206, the town was not granted a Royal Charter to hold a market until 1310, a market is still held every Wednesday in the market square. During Edward IIs reign, the castle was occupied by rebels, later, Scots invaders burned much of the town and the parish church. In 1328, as part of the settlement, Queen Philippa was granted the Castle, Town, Forest and Honour of Knaresborough by Edward III. After her death in 1369, the Honour was granted by Edward to their son, John of Gaunt. After the accession of Henry IV the castle lost much of its importance in national affairs, during the Civil War, following the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, the castle was besieged by Parliamentary forces. The castle eventually fell and in 1646 an order was made by Parliament for its destruction, the destruction was mainly done by citizens looting the stone. Many town centre buildings are built of castle stone, the railway age began in Knaresborough in 1848 with the opening of a railway station on Hay Park Lane, this was replaced with the current one three years later in 1851. The town had a line to Boroughbridge until it closed to passengers in 1950. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Knaresborough became part of North Yorkshire in 1974, Knaresborough House on the High Street houses Knaresborough Town Council and the Yorkshire Federation of Young Farmers Clubs. Knaresborough hosts the annual Bed Race, organized by the Knaresborough Lions Club and it is held on the second Saturday of June
29.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
30.
North Riding of Yorkshire
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The North Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West Ridings. From the Restoration it was used as a Lieutenancy area, the three ridings were treated as three counties for many purposes, such as having separate Quarter Sessions. An administrative county was created with a county council in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 on the historic boundaries, the highest point in the North Riding was Mickle Fell at 2,585 ft. During the English Civil War, the North Riding predominantly supported the royalist cause, the County of York, North Riding administrative county was formed in 1889. In 1894 it was divided into boroughs, urban districts. Middlesbrough had already been incorporated as a borough in 1853 and formed a county borough, exempt from county council control. Richmond and Scarborough had been incorporated as boroughs in 1835. In 1922 Redcar was incorporated as a borough, from the North Riding came the boroughs of Redcar and Thornaby-on-Tees, the urban district of Eston, and part of Stokesley rural district. The entirety of Teesside, including the north of the River Tees historically in Durham, was associated with the North Riding for lieutenancy. In 1974 the North Riding was abolished as both a county and a Lieutenancy. Middlesbrough and Redcar became part of Cleveland and are now in independent unitary authorities which became part of North Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes, the Startforth Rural District was transferred to County Durham, becoming part of the Teesdale district, which was subsequently abolished in 2009. The principal towns are Middlesbrough, Redcar, Whitby, Scarborough, on three occasions a re-use of the North Riding for local government purposes has been considered. Later, the government proposed renaming the county of North Yorkshire the North Riding of Yorkshire and this was deemed inappropriate and rejected, after a chorus of disapprobation. However, the Commission withdrew this in favour or two unitary authorities, one for Hambleton and Richmondshire, the other for Ryedale and Scarborough. Unlike most counties in England, which were divided anciently into hundreds, Yorkshire was divided first into three ridings and then into numerous wapentakes within each riding
31.
National Security Agency
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NSA is concurrently charged with protection of U. S. government communications and information systems against penetration and network warfare. Moreover, NSA maintains physical presence in a number of countries across the globe. SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, breaking and entering, additionally, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, NSA surveillance has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, such as its spying on anti-Vietnam-war leaders or economic espionage. In 2013, the extent of some of the NSAs secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden, internationally, research has pointed to the NSAs ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through boomerang routing. The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28,1917, a code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau. It was headquartered in Washington, D. C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization, during the course of the war it was relocated in the armys organizational chart several times. On July 5,1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit, at that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navys cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918, World War I ended on November 11,1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20,1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley. MI-8 also operated the so-called Black Chamber, the Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the codes of foreign governments. Other Black Chambers were also found in Europe, during World War II, the Signal Security Agency was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers. When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency, on May 20,1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency. This organization was established within the U. S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, in December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency. The agency was established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24,1952. Since President Trumans memo was a document, the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time
32.
Joanna Newsom
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Joanna Caroline Newsom is an American harpist, pianist, vocalist, lyricist and actress. Newsom was born and raised in the town of Nevada City. Her mother, Christine, is an internist, and her father and her parents were progressive-minded professionals who had previously lived in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a child, Newsom was not allowed to watch television or listen to the radio and she describes her parents as kind of idealists when it came to hoping they could protect us from bad influences, like violent movies, or stupid stuff. She was exposed to music from a young age and her father played the guitar and her mother was a classically trained pianist who played the hammered dulcimer, the autoharp and conga drums. Newsom attended a Waldorf school, where she studied theater and learned to memorize, at the age of five, Newsom asked her parents if she could learn to play the harp. Her parents eventually agreed to sign her up for harp lessons and she did, and later moved on to the harp which she loved from the first lesson onward. She first played on smaller Celtic harps until her parents bought her a full-size pedal harp in the seventh grade, after high school, she studied composition and creative writing at Mills College, where she played keyboards in The Pleased. She dropped out of school in order to focus on her music, in 2002-03, Newsom recorded two EPs, Walnut Whales and Yarn and Glue. These homemade recordings were intended to serve as a document of her early work and these EPs were not intended for public distribution. At the suggestion of Noah Georgeson, her then-boyfriend and recording engineer of the EP, One of Newsoms friends gave one of her CDs to Will Oldham at a show in Nevada City. Oldham was impressed with Newsoms music and asked her to tour with him and he also gave a copy of the CD to the owner of Drag City, his record label. Drag City signed Newsom and released her debut album The Milk-Eyed Mender in 2004, shortly thereafter, Newsom toured with Devendra Banhart and Vetiver and made an early UK appearance at the Green Man Festival in Wales, returning to headline in 2004,2007 and 2010. Her second album Ys was released in November 2006, the album features orchestrations and arrangements by Van Dyke Parks, engineering from Steve Albini and mixing by Drag City label-mate Jim ORourke. On a road trip, Bill Callahan recommended she listen to the album Song Cycle by Parks, which led to his being chosen to arrange her work on Ys. On March 28,2009, she performed over two hours of new material at a concert in Big Sur, California with fellow Nevada City singer-lyricist Mariee Sioux under the pseudonym The Beatless. Those in attendance reported that about one-third of her new material was played primarily on piano, with an arrangement of banjo, violin, guitar. Since late 2006, Newsom has performed a harp version of the traditional Scottish song Ca the Yowes Tae the Knowes
33.
Knock Knock (album)
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Knock Knock is the seventh album by Bill Callahan, released in January 1999 on Drag City and by Domino in Europe. The album is the fourth and final collaboration with the producer, Knock Knock elaborates Callahans sound and provides twists and edges to the folky style of its predecessor. Held was the first single, followed by Cold Blooded Old Times, other soundtrack appearances include Teenage Spaceship in Crazy and Hit the Ground Running in Swimming. The album was accompanied by the release of the single Look Now, loren Mazzacane Connors plays guitar on Teenage Spaceship and Sweet Treat, Thymme Jones plays drums, Jim ORourke plays piano and Wurley plays guitar
34.
High Fidelity (film)
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High Fidelity is a 2000 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Frears. It stars John Cusack, Iben Hjejle, Jack Black, Todd Louiso, the film is based on the 1995 British novel of the same name by Nick Hornby, with the setting moved from London to Chicago and the name of the lead character changed. After seeing the film, Hornby expressed his happiness with Cusacks performance, saying that at times, Rob Gordon is a self-confessed music loving everyman with a poor understanding of women. After getting dumped by his latest girlfriend, Laura, he decides to look up some of his old partners in an attempt to figure out where he keeps going wrong in his relationships. He spends his days at his store, Championship Vinyl. Helping Rob in his task of musical elitism are Dick and Barry, Rob and the staff have a strong dislike for two shoplifting skateboarder teenagers, Vince and Justin. One day, he listens to a recording that they made and offers them a record deal, during his off hours, he pines for Laura and does his best to win her back. Rob soon hears that Lauras father, who liked Rob, has died, shortly after the reception, Rob realizes he never committed to Laura and always had one foot out the door. This made him realize he neglected his own future in the process, afterward, he and Laura move back in together again. Rob meets a music columnist whom he develops a crush on. Laura meets with Rob in a bar where he explains how other girls are just fantasies and he then proposes marriage to her, and she thanks him for asking. Later, she organizes an evening where he has the opportunity to revisit a love of his youth and it is also a celebration of the recently released single by the two delinquents, where Barrys band plays Lets Get It On. Surprised that Barrys band is not a disaster, Rob holds Laura, Rob makes a mixtape for Laura, feeling like hes finally learned how to make her happy. Nick Hornbys book was optioned by Disneys Touchstone Pictures in 1995 where it went into development for three years. Disney executive Joe Roth had a conversation with recording executive Kathy Nelson who recommended John Cusack and his writing and producing partners D. V. DeVincentis and she had worked previously with them on Grosse Pointe Blank and felt that they had the right sensibilities for the material. According to Cusack, DeVincentis is the closest to the characters in the film, owning 1,000 vinyl records and thousands of CDs. They wrote a treatment that was immediately greenlit by Roth, the writers decided to change the books setting from London to Chicago because they were more familiar with the city and it also had a great alternative music scene, according to Pink. Cusack said, When I read the book I knew where everything was in Chicago, I knew where the American Rob went to school and dropped out, where he used to spin records
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Born Rich (film)
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This article is about a documentary. For the TVB drama, see Born Rich, Born Rich is a 2003 documentary film about the experience of growing up in wealthy families. It was created by Jamie Johnson, an heir to the Johnson & Johnson fortune, the film consists primarily of Johnson interviewing 10 other young heirs. These interviews are offset by Johnsons exploration of his own experience and he seeks out how to be a productive person, avoiding the dysfunction that he sees affecting many of the very rich. At the age of 20, Johnson came up with the idea for the film through conversations with his uncle, Dirk Wittenborn, a novelist and screenwriter, who is also a producer of the film. Having been brought up reading Scott Fitzgerald, Johnson noted that no one of his class or background had attempted to examine issues of class in America today. Made over a period while he was a history student at NYU. A Campbells soup heir and a Rockefeller initially agreed to participate, the pre-production took two years and involved hundreds of phone calls to line up the young inheritors. 11 heirs ended up being interviewed, by summer of 2000, after a year of filming, most of those interviewed were asking Johnson to take them out of the movie. A sign posted at the entrance informed the guests they would be filmed for a documentary and they were worried that no one would come to the party because of their unpopularity with the rich due to the film, but four film subjects and 150 other guests attended. The movie ends at the party with Johnsons voice-over about living outside the American dream that was achieved by his great-grandfather, according to Johnson, the decadence of the party was intentional. He had always wanted to film the scene, where he and Bingo pour Veuve Clicquot into a tower of champagne glasses. The editing process took over a year, with 45 hours of footage to edit, while the film was being edited, Wittenborn wrote an article about the film that appeared in the September 2002 issue of W magazine. Gossip columns started reporting about the movie, after hearing early reports about the film, Luke Weil, one of the films subjects, filed a lawsuit on September 4,2002, demanding that his scenes be removed. The lawsuit was featured in the film, Weil alleged that he had been tricked into participating in what he thought would solely be a school project. Witternborn recalls that when he was questioned by Weil during the filming, he told Weil about his work in film and television, other film participants also had regrets about participating and some also claimed they were told that it was a student film. Johnson denied this, saying they all signed releases, the film had been submitted to the Sundance Film Festival when the court ruling was reported by the press in October 2002. Changes were made to the film after Weil became incensed after the debut at Sundance
36.
Dead Man's Shoes (2004 film)
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Dead Mans Shoes is a 2004 British psychological thriller film written and directed by Shane Meadows, and co-written by Paddy Considine, who also starred in the lead role. The film co-stars Toby Kebbell, Gary Stretch and Stuart Wolfenden, the film was released in the United Kingdom on 1 October 2004. The film was shot in three weeks in the summer of 2003, the story details the return of Richard to his home town of Matlock, Derbyshire in the Peak District, England, after serving as a paratrooper in the British Army. Richard and his younger, mentally-impaired brother Anthony, camp at a farm near the town. Flashbacks reveal Anthonys abuse by a group of dealers in the town. Richard has a confrontation with Herbie, one of the abusers. Later, Herbie and friends Soz and Tuff are in a flat taking drugs and he tells them about the confrontation, and states he thinks the man might be Anthonys brother, who has been away serving in the army. When Herbie leaves he sees a man in a gas mask banging on the front door of the block. Soz and Tuff run outside but the man is nowhere to be seen, the next day the thugs visit Sonny, the de facto leader of the gang, to explain where the drugs went. When they meet, Sonny has had his face painted but doesnt realise, the other gang members arrive during this time and they have had their hair and clothes painted as well. They all suspect one another of playing games until Herbie states that the man he saw in the hall is Richard. All of the gang become silent as they realise that Richard is back in town, the men encounter Richard while driving in their Citroën 2CV. He makes it clear that he is not scared of any of them and invites them to come, the gang leaves with Sonny visibly concerned at Richards apparent lack of fear. That evening, Richard sneaks into a house where the gang are hiding out and he brutally kills one of the members with an axe, using the dead mans blood to smear the words One Down on the wall. Sonny decides that they should shoot Richard, the next morning, they take their car and go to the farm where Richard is staying with Anthony. Sending in Big Al to draw Richard out, Sonny prepares to him with a rifle. However, he misses and kills Al, with no rounds remaining in the rifle they retreat and return to town, while Richard smiles. The surviving members stop at a petrol station where the car breaks down and Tuff runs off
37.
Winter Passing
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Winter Passing is a 2005 American film. It is the debut of playwright Adam Rapp, also known for his work on the show The L Word. The film stars Zooey Deschanel and Ed Harris, with supporting performances by Will Ferrell, the film premiered in 2005 to mixed reviews, and was not released in the United Kingdom until 2013, when it was released under the new title Happy Endings. Reese Holdin is a depressed bartender/actress living in New York City and she regularly engages in casual sex, cocaine use and self-mutilation. When a publishing agent approaches her, we learn that Reese is the daughter of an author named Don Holdin. Reese did not attend the funeral, the publisher offers the impecunious Reese $100,000 for a series of letters written between her mother and father at the height of their careers. When Reese learns that the kitten she rescued from the streets is dying of leukemia, she drowns it. Despite such family tensions, Reese travels to Michigans Upper Peninsula to retrieve the letters, returning to her childhood home, she finds it occupied by Corbit, a down-and-out Christian musician, and Shelley, a 23-year-old former student of Dons. Reeses father now lives, writes and drinks in his garage, Reese initially clashes with the doting Shelley but eventually accepts her after learning of the death of her parents and of Dons support of her during a near-fatal bout with endometriosis. She also bonds with the idiosyncratic Corbit, who spurns her advances and has trouble playing guitar. She feels out of place at home and fights with her father over childhood neglect and she eventually finds the box of letters and, reading the emotional communiques, learns to empathize with her estranged parents. Shelly has also read the letters and asks Reese if she intends to publish them, Reese expresses ambiguity over the matter. Don Holdin is still grieving over his wifes death and he keeps the tie she hanged herself with in a dresser in the backyard along with the rest of their bedroom suite, including their bed. He sometimes sleeps in the bed despite the cold of winter. Reese starts to connect with Corbit and Shelly and is honest with her father about her reasons for staying away from the funeral, soon after, Don overdoses on pills, and Reese finds him unconscious. He recovers in the hospital, where Reese sits by his bed and reads his latest manuscript, Golf, the experience helps the father and daughter find closure, and Reese buries the box of letters in place of the novel before returning to New York. New York Times film and music critic Stephen Holden suggests J. D. Salinger, Sylvia Plath, Jack Kerouac, Ken Kesey, Ted Hughes, Film critic Roger Ebert suggests Frederick Exley as the most likely basis for Dons character. Winter Passing is the film to date known to speak of Traverse City
38.
Cadillac Escalade
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The Cadillac Escalade is a full-size luxury SUV engineered and manufactured by Cadillac. It was Cadillacs first major entry into the popular SUV market, the Escalade was introduced for the 1999 model year in response to German and Japanese competitors and to Fords 1998 release of the Lincoln Navigator. The Escalade project went into production only ten months after it was approved, the Escalade is built in Arlington, Texas. The word escalade refers to a siege warfare tactic of scaling defensive walls or ramparts with the aid of ladders or siege towers. The 1999 Escalade was nearly identical to the 1999 GMC Yukon Denali, Escalade production was skipped for the 2001 model year. The Escalade ESV and its sibling the Escalade EXT were made in Silao, Mexico, before the 2007 redesign. As of 2015, the Cadillac Escalade is available in country that Cadillac is available in. The Escalade ESV version is available in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and it is Cadillacs largest luxury oriented, passenger and load carrying vehicle which was previously served by the Cadillac Commercial Chassis. The introduction of the Lincoln Navigator in the 1998 model year necessitated that General Motors be able to compete in the burgeoning American market for full-size luxury-type trucks and this generation was only a five-seat SUV. Fearing the growing hegemony of the Lincoln Navigator, the Escalade was rushed through the process to reach dealers quickly. Essentially little more than a badge-engineered GMC Yukon Denali, the SUVs aesthetics were similar to the Denali, the Escalades underpinnings were borrowed from the Yukon Denali line, with the GMC logos on the center caps replaced with Cadillacs crest. The Escalade also used the same 5.7 L Vortec 5700 V8 at 255 hp, all first-generation Escalades featured Auto-Trac selectable 4x4. The 1999-2000 Escalade achieves 11 mpg‑US city and 15 mpg‑US highway based on U. S. EPA test protocols, the Escalade also included a Bose surround system, a first for an SUV. The Escalade gauge cluster differed slightly from the used in the Tahoe. The Escalade gauges features white needles instead of orange and the speedometer reads to 120 mph, in 2005 all Rear-wheel drive and All-wheel drive Escalades came with the High output 6. 0L Vortec V8. All models offered seating up to 8 people, for 2004, XM Satellite Radio, second-row bucket seats, and a tire pressure monitoring system were made standard on all Escalades except the EXT.0 liter V8 producing 345 horsepower. The OnStar system was upgraded for the 2005 model year and had become a system instead of the analog system that had been in use. 2002–20035. 3L LM7 Vortec V8,285 horsepower 2004–20065. 3L LM7 Vortec V8,295 horsepower 2002–20066, the regular Escalade was again joined by a stretched ESV version as well as a new EXT sport utility truck
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Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
40.
College (2008 film)
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College is a 2008 comedy starring Drake Bell, Andrew Caldwell, and Kevin Covais and directed by first-time director Deb Hagan. It was released on August 29,2008, by MGM and that convinced Kevin to go to Fieldmont for the freshmen orientation to prove to his ex-girlfriend that he can be fun too and instead of boring. Once they are there, one of the rowdiest fraternities and sororities on campus pretends to recruit them as pledges in return for granting access to the college party scene. Though forced to put up with the antics of fraternity brothers Teague, Bearcat, and Cooper, the guys meet sorority girls Kendall, Heather, and Amy. They have no choice, forcing the guys to decide to fight back and payback for ruining their weekend and ruining Morris college scholarship here and Kevins chance go to school here. Many of the scenes of the actors at university are filmed on the campus of Tulane University in New Orleans, the film was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 5%, based on 42 reviews, the sites consensus reads, A pale imitation of the raunchy frat comedies of old, College aims low and misses. On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 15 out of 100, based on 11 critics, the film was released on August 29,2008, in 2,123 theaters. It made US$2.6 million over the Labor Day weekend, the film has grossed an estimated $4.7 million in the U. S. and Canada and $1.6 million in other territories for a total gross of $6.3 million worldwide. The film was released on Region 1 DVD, January 27,2009. The DVD includes both the Theatrical and Unrated versions of the film as well as a Gag Reel, College at the Internet Movie Database College at AllMovie
