1.
White House Press Secretary
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The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the presidents administration and issues the administrations reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media, and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis and it was not until after President Abraham Lincolns administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grants White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, one of Abraham Lincolns private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard, andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. It should be noted that while various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U. S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington, the media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size, the number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines. The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president, Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. President Cleveland relied on his secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus. The debate over the coverage of Grover Clevelands honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him, at the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories. He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President, competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the White House beat. Some point to this as the origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House, Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers, which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era. The White House beat concept that had started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration
White House Press Secretary
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Incumbent
Josh Earnest since June 20, 2014
White House Press Secretary
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White House Press Secretary
White House Press Secretary
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In August 2006, President
George W. Bush hosted seven White House Press Secretaries before the
James S. Brady Press Briefing Room underwent renovation. From left,
Joe Lockhart,
Dee Dee Myers,
Marlin Fitzwater, Bush,
Tony Snow,
Ron Nessen and
James Brady (seated) with his wife
Sarah Brady.
2.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Johnson in 1964
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Lyndon Johnson with his trademark cowboy hat—age seven
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Johnson's boss, U.S. Rep. Richard Kleberg
Lyndon B. Johnson
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LCDR Johnson, March 1942
3.
George Reedy
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George Edward Reedy was White House Press Secretary for President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1964 to 1965. Born in East Chicago, Indiana, Reedy attended Senn High School in Chicago, Reedy was a reporter for United Press in Washington, D. C. before joining Johnsons Senate staff in 1951. He worked as an aide to Johnson during his campaign in 1960, term as vice-president. When Pierre Salinger resigned as secretary in August 1964, Reedy was named to the position. In 1965 Reedy took a leave of absence over his disagreement with Johnsons Vietnam policies, in 1968 he returned to the White House to work as a special assistant shortly before Johnsons surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection. After Johnson left office, Reedy started a newspaper serving South America. The book was a critical and influential look at the modern American presidency and, in particular, while the book was not specifically critical of Johnson, the former president was reportedly unhappy with its frank assessment of the presidency and refused to speak with Reedy ever again. Early in his presidency, Gerald Ford asked his White House staff to read it. In 1972 Reedy accepted an appointment as professor and dean of the school at Marquette University. Reedy resigned as dean in 1976, but continued as Lucius W. Nieman Professor of Journalism, Reedy was married to fellow journalist Lillian Greenwald from 1948 until her death in 1984. He was married to Ruth Wissman from 1988 until his death in Milwaukee in 1999, the Twilight of the Presidency, An Examination of Power and Isolation in the White House ISBN 0-453-00567-5 The Presidency in Flux ISBN 0-231-03736-8 Lyndon B. Johnson, A Memoir ISBN 0-8362-6610-2 The U. S. Senate, Paralysis, or a Search for Consensus
George Reedy
–
Akerson
4.
George Christian (journalist)
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George Eastland Christian, Jr. was a U. S. journalist and White House press secretary from 1966 to 1969. Christian was born in Austin, Texas, after graduating from Austin High School in 1944, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and saw duty in the Pacific theater and in Japan during the occupation. Upon his discharge from the military, Christian returned to Austin and he subsequently spent seven years covering Texas state government for the International News Service. He left journalism for politics, serving as press secretary first for Governors Price Daniel, subsequently he moved to Washington, D. C. to join the staff of U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Replacing Bill Moyers, Christian held the post of White House press secretary during the turbulent period from 1966 to 1969, at the close of President Johnsons term of office, Christian returned to Austin. He established in Austin a public relations, consulting, and lobbying firm, the Texas Civil Justice League, which he continued to operate until his death. In 1978 his son John, then thirteen years of age, shot his English teacher, Wilbur Grayson, for this offense of murder, John spent almost 2 years in Timberland Hospital in Dallas. He graduated from Highland Park High School in Dallas, and then attended college and he is currently an attorney in Austin, Texas. His awards include selection as a Distinguished Alumnus of The University of Texas at Austin and he also received the Texas Award for Historical Preservation from the Texas Historical Commission and the Harvey Penick Award from Caritas of Austin. Also in 1982, a professorship in journalism was established in his name at UT-Austin. He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, beside his father and mother and his father, George Eastland Christian, Sr. was a district attorney and a member of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. His mother was the former Ruby Scott, Christian was married to the former Jo Anne Martin, his surviving widow. No.557 George Eastland Christian, Jr Resolution George Eastland Christian Texas State Cemetery Official Website
George Christian (journalist)
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George Christian grave at
Texas State Cemetery in his native
Austin,
Texas
5.
Hugo, Oklahoma
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Hugo is a city and county seat of Choctaw County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located in southeastern Oklahoma about 9 miles north of the Texas state line, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 5,310. The city was founded in 1901 and named for the French novelist Victor Hugo, the city serves as winter quarters for some circus performers. It is adjacent to one of the oldest schools west of the Mississippi, Goodland Academy, begun in 1848. The town is located in a area of the state known as Little Dixie, as it was settled by Native American tribes, African Americans. It is near the tourist area of Kiamichi Country and this was part of the Indian Territory to which the United States government relocated Native American tribes from east of the Mississippi River in the 1830s under its Indian Removal policy. Among the nations relocated here were the Choctaw, for whom the county is named and they were one of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes of the southeastern United States, as they had adopted numerous elements of European-American culture. When they relocated, they brought them the numerous African-American slaves whom they held. As the Choctaw allied with the Confederate South during the American Civil War, the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway built a line from Hope, Arkansas, to Ardmore, Oklahoma, in 1901. It crossed the north-south line Frisco had built in 1887 to connect Monett, Missouri, to Paris, the territorial town that sprung up at the crossing would soon be named Hugo. The towns name was recommended by the wife of local surveyor W. H. Darrough, in late 1993, the town suffered several violent incidents. Before Christmas, a shootout occurred in a Wal-Mart parking lot, within one week in December, two fires occurred, the first was at the Booker T. Washington gymnasium on December 26. On December 28 a fire erupted in the business district of Hugo, consuming five buildings. The Belmont Hotel, which the historical society was renovating, was destroyed. Area authorities suspected that the fires were arson, in 1937, artist Joseph Fleck painted an oil-on-canvas mural, titled The Red Man of Oklahoma Sees the First Stage Coach, in the United States post office. The original post office is now the Oklahoma School System Administration Building, murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. Hugo is located at the center of Choctaw County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.42 square miles, of which 6.40 square miles is land and 0.02 square miles
Hugo, Oklahoma
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Hugo Daily News building
6.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
Democratic Party (United States)
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Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic
President of the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
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The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President
Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State
William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908),
Josephus Daniels,
Breckinridge Long,
William Phillips, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
Democratic Party (United States)
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John F. Kennedy,
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
7.
University of North Texas
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Ten colleges, two schools, an early admissions math and science academy for exceptional high-school-age students from across the state, and a library system comprise the university core. Its research is driven by 34 doctoral degree programs, during the 2013–2014 school year, the university had a budget of $865 million, of which $40 million was allocated for research. In 1901, North Texas was formally adopted by the state, UNT is the main campus of the University of North Texas System, which includes additional campuses in Dallas and Fort Worth. The Denton campus is located in the largest populated region of Texas under two categories defined by the U. S. Census, core based statistical area and combined statistical area, as a state, Texas, as of 2011, had the second highest GDP in the country. On behalf of the state, the university, in its advocacy for the state. In 2009, the University of North Texas at Dallas became its own independent institution and that same year, the Texas legislature approved the creation of University of North Texas at Dallas College of Law, opening in 2014 in Downtown Dallas as part of UNT Dallas. In 2004, North Texas opened UNT Discovery Park —290 acres — in Denton, north of the campus with technology incubator facilities dedicated to science. In 1985 the Governors Select Committee on Higher Education recommended that North Texas be designated a national research university. Nine years earlier, in 1976, the Carnegie Foundation designated North Texas as a Class 1 Doctorate-Granting Institution, in 1992, UNT was elected to full membership in the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities. And, in 2011, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board included UNT as one of eight Emerging Research Institutions in its accountability system, certified enrollment as of the fall of 2013 was 36,198, the fourth largest in the state. For the 2011 academic year, the university awarded 8,608 degrees, North Texas awarded 459 PhD degrees from fiscal years 2009 to 2011. Of the thirteen constituent collegiate units, ten sponsor 97 bachelors degree programs, the Toulouse Graduate School coordinates admissions, recruiting, and other aspects of the 81 masters and 34 doctorate degree programs offered by the ten collegiate units. The Honors College is described below, the student-faculty ratio at UNT is 23,1, and 28.8 percent of its classes consist of fewer than 20 students. The most popular majors include business, management, marketing, communication, journalism, English, multi/interdisciplinary studies, and visual and performing arts. As of this year,2017, North Texas is a member of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is among the twenty-seven universities in Texas at Level VI. As of 2013, the university was home to research centers and institutes. Three have been sponsored by the Office of the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, simultaneously, the university launched six additional strategic research areas, some of which involving frontiers in science, medicine, and hi-tech. In 2015, the National Science Foundation ranked UNT 83rd out of 428 academic institutions for number of doctorates awarded
University of North Texas
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Hurley Administration Building
University of North Texas
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University of North Texas
University of North Texas
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Chemistry Building
University of North Texas
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Life Sciences Complex B (prior to opening in 2011)
8.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
University of Texas at Austin
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The university's Old Main building in 1903
University of Texas at Austin
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The University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at Austin
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The Tower, completed in 1937, stands 307 ft (94 m) tall and dons
different colors of lighting on special occasions.
University of Texas at Austin
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Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
9.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
10.
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
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SWBTS was originally established in 1901 was the theological department of Baylor University and was labeled as Baylor Theological Seminary. By 1905, Carroll had managed to convert the department of five professors into the Baylor Theological Seminary, in 1907, while Baylor University President Samuel Palmer Brooks was on vacation in Europe, B. H. Carroll, then chairman of the Baylor Board of Trustees, made a motion that the department of religion be separated from the University, the seminary was established in 1908, with B. H. Carroll as its founding president. The 200-acre campus was located on what came to be known as Seminary Hill, the first building was named Fort Worth Hall in honor of the seminarys new location. In 1925, the Baptist General Convention of Texas passed control to the Southern Baptist Convention, the Department of Religious Education and the Department of Gospel Music were established within the seminary in 1915. These departments were converted into schools within the seminary in 1921, becoming the School of Gospel Music. As of 2009, the School of Religious Education is now known as the Jack D. Terry, School of Church and Family Ministries and the School of Gospel Music is now known as the School of Church Music. In 1994, the experienced a sudden change in leadership with the dismissal of Russell H. Dilday as president. Board trustees voted 26 yea to 7 nay to dismiss Dilday after his 16 year tenure as seminary president. On March 9,1994, Dilday was called to a meeting where he was removed without warning. The Associated Press reported that the elected trustee chairman stated that the institution needed new direction for the 21st century. Students gathered in front of the home in protest and support for Dilday. The appointment of Ken Hemphill followed, President Dilday was the only president of SWBTS ever to be removed. On June 24th 2003, the board of trustees unanimously elected Paige Patterson as the seminarys 8th President, Patterson also served as the president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1998 to 2000 and was a leading figure behind the Conservative Resurgence movement within the convention. In 2006 the seminary imposed a prohibition on professors or administrators promoting charismatic practices, in 2007 a gender discrimination suit in federal court was filed by Professor Sheri Klouda over her dismissal. Klouda claimed she was dismissed from the faculty due to her gender, in response, the seminary commented that Klouda was not dismissed but that she would not have tenure. The Klouda lawsuit was dismissed because of church-state concerns, in 2014, the school received criticism from other evangelicals when it admitted its first Muslim student from Palestine. The Muslim student was enrolled in Southwesterns PH. D. in archaeology program, Seminary president, Paige Patterson defended his decision to accept the students application, despite criticism
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
–
B.H. Carroll
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
–
B. H. Carroll Memorial Building, the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary's main administrative building.
11.
Lyndon B. Johnson Administration
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Johnson had been Vice President of the United States for 1,036 days when he succeeded to the presidency. A Democrat, he ran for and won a full term in the 1964 election. Following the 1968 presidential election he was succeed by Republican Richard Nixon, assisted in part by a growing economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during Johnsons presidency. Civil rights legislation signed by Johnson banned racial discrimination in voting, public facilities, housing, with the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the countrys immigration system was reformed and all racial origin quotas were removed. His presidency marked the tide of modern liberalism in the United States. Johnsons popularity waned as other issues came to the fore, Johnson pursued a policy of containment in Vietnam, hoping to stop the spread of Communism into Southeast Asia during the Cold War. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963, to 550,000 in early 1968, in combat roles. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, public support for Johnson declined as the war dragged on and domestic unrest across the nation increased. At the same time, the New Deal Coalition that had long-unified the Democratic Party dissolved, Although desiring another four-year term, Johnson announced on March 31,1968, that he would not seek renomination. In recent years, Johnsons standing has improved due to his domestic programs, President John F. Kennedy, in office since 1961, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22,1963. Johnson was sworn in as president on the Air Force One plane in Dallas just 2 hours and 8 minutes after Kennedys assassination, Johnson was sworn in by U. S. District Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a family friend. In the rush, a Bible was not at hand, so Johnson took the oath of office using a Roman Catholic missal from President Kennedys desk. Cecil Stoughtons iconic photograph of Johnson taking the oath of office as Mrs. Kennedy looks on is the most famous photo ever taken aboard a presidential aircraft. Johnson was convinced of the need to make a transition of power after the assassination to provide stability to a grieving nation in shock. He and the Secret Service were concerned that he could also be a target of a conspiracy, Johnsons rush was greeted by some with assertions that Johnson was in too much haste to assume power. In the days following the assassination, Lyndon B. Kennedy Space Center, Johnson was alert to the public demand for answers. To head off snowballing speculation about such conspiracies, he created a panel headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, known as the Warren Commission
Lyndon B. Johnson Administration
–
Johnson in 1964
Lyndon B. Johnson Administration
–
Lyndon Johnson with his trademark cowboy hat—age seven
Lyndon B. Johnson Administration
–
Johnson's boss, U.S. Rep. Richard Kleberg
Lyndon B. Johnson Administration
–
LCDR Johnson, March 1942
12.
Public broadcasting
–
Public broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In much of the world, funding comes from the government, the great majority are operated as private not-for-profit corporations. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country, in some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages, historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries. Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of countries, the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century. The primary mission of public broadcasting that of service, speaking to. The British model has been accepted as a universal definition. In the context of a national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste. Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity, one is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters and this dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters. Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters, in some countries like the UK public broadcasters are not sanctioned by government departments and have independent means of funding, and thus enjoy editorial independence. Public broadcasters may receive their funding from a television licence fee, individual contributions. One of the principles of broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers and this frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising. Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a cultural policy, examples include, The Canadian government is committed to official bilingualism. As a result, the broadcaster, the CBC employs translators
Public broadcasting
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Amherst Island public radio
Public broadcasting
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Inter-European cooperation of public TV
Public broadcasting
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The Gregory Hall on the campus of
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign hosted an important meeting of the
National Association of Educational Broadcasters in the 1940s, that spawned both
PBS and
NPR [
citation needed]
13.
White House
–
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
White House
–
Top: the northern facade, facing
Lafayette Square Bottom: the southern facade, facing
The Ellipse
White House
–
First Presidential Mansion:
Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.
White House
–
Second Presidential Mansion:
Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.
White House
–
Third Presidential Mansion:
President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.
14.
Oval Office
–
The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. It is located in the West Wing of the White House Complex, the room features three large south-facing windows behind the presidents desk, and a fireplace at the north end. Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their taste, choosing new furniture, new drapery. Artwork is selected from the White Houses own collection, or borrowed from museums for the term in office. The Oval Office has become associated in Americans minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. George Washington never occupied the White House and he spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, 1790–1800, while Washington, D. C. was under construction. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the Presidents House in Philadelphia, Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through a door, made their salutations to the President. The apsidal end of a room was a site of honor, for a host. President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in 1797, curved foundations of Washingtons Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the Presidents House site. Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792, the following month, he was named winner of the design competition for The White House. The elliptic salon at the center of the White House was the feature of Hobans original plan. An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism, Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture. In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House, during the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White Houses second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library. The one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan. Roosevelt moved the offices of the branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room. The furniture, including the desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company
Oval Office
–
President
Barack Obama edits his remarks in the Oval Office prior to making a televised statement detailing the
May 1, 2011 mission which killed Osama bin Laden.
Oval Office
–
The Oval Office in 1981, during the administration of
Ronald Reagan. President Reagan used the
Resolute Desk, which President
Jimmy Carter had returned to the White House. The rug from the
Gerald R. Ford administration was replaced when the Reagans redecorated in 1988.
Oval Office
–
President's House, Philadelphia, PA. George Washington's Bow Window is echoed in the shape of the Oval Office.
Oval Office
–
The
Yellow Oval Room as President
Grover Cleveland 's library and study, 1886. Note his use of the
Resolute Desk.
15.
Choctaw County, Oklahoma
–
Choctaw County is a county located in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,205, the county was created in 1907, at the time of Oklahoma statehood. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the name is derived from Chahta, the Choctaw Nation moved into the area now occupied by Choctaw County in 1831 –32, as a result of their forcible expulsion from the Southeastern United States. The U. S. Army had already established Fort Towson in the area in 1824, in 1837, the Chickasaws settled the area around Doaksville, which was adjacent to the fort. Both the town of Fort Towson and Doaksville served as the capital of the Choctaw Nation, Doaksville became a ghost town after the Civil War. In 1848, the Presbyterian church established a mission, which exists and is now known as Goodland Academy. The St. Louis and San Francisco Railway built a line through the town of Hugo in 1902, before statehood, the area of Choctaw County was part of Jackson, Kiamichi, Cedar, and Towson counties, Choctaw Nation. When Oklahoma became a state in 1907, Choctaw County was created, in October 2011 the U. S. Navy announced plans to honor Choctaw County with the naming of a ship. The upcoming vessel—a Joint High Speed Vessel --will simultaneously honor the three American counties named Choctaw County, in Alabama, Mississippi, and Oklahoma, I grew up in Choctaw County, Miss. Where people work hard to raise their families and provide for their children, I chose to name JHSV after Choctaw County to honor those men and women who represent rural America. USNS Choctaw County will bear hull number JHSV-2, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 800 square miles, of which 770 square miles is land and 29 square miles is water. The major streams in the county are the Kiamichi River, the Muddy Boggy River and the Clear Boggy River, lakes include Hugo Lake, on the Kiamichi River, and Raymond Gary Lake. The population density was 20 people per square mile, there were 7,539 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. 1. 60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,97. 1% spoke English,1. 6% Spanish and 1. 3% Choctaw as their first language. 28. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 26. 00% under the age of 18,7. 80% from 18 to 24,24. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 90.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $22,743, and the median income for a family was $28,331
Choctaw County, Oklahoma
–
The Choctaw County Courthouse in Hugo.
Choctaw County, Oklahoma
–
Map of Choctaw County, 1909
16.
Oklahoma
–
Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
Oklahoma
–
State rock (
rose rock) specimens from Cleveland County, with a
US quarter for size reference.
Oklahoma
–
Flag
Oklahoma
–
The state's high plains stretch behind a greeting sign in the
Oklahoma Panhandle.
Oklahoma
–
A view of
Mt Scott
17.
Marshall, Texas
–
Marshall is a city in and the county seat of Harrison County in the northeastern corner of the U. S. state of Texas. Marshall is a cultural and educational center in East Texas. At the 2010 census, the population of Marshall was about 23,523, Marshall was a political and production center of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Later it was a railroad center of the T&P Railroad from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. This area of Texas was developed for cotton plantations, planters brought slaves with them from other regions or bought them in the domestic slave trade. It had a proportion of slaves than other regions of the state, and the wealth of the county depended on slave labor. The city was founded in 1841 as the seat of Harrison County after failed attempts to establish a county seat on the Sabine River. The Republic of Texas decided to choose the land donated for the seat by Peter Whetstone, the citys growing importance was confirmed when Marshall was linked by a telegraph line to New Orleans, it was the first city in Texas to have a telegraph service. By 1860, Marshall was the fourth-largest city in Texas and the seat of its richest county, developed as cotton plantations, the county held more slaves than any other in the state. Many planters and other whites were strongly anti-Union because of their investment in slavery, for example, brothers Lionel and Emmanuel Kahn, Jewish merchants in Marshall, fought on opposing sides in the conflict. When Governor Sam Houston refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, pendleton Murrah, Texass third Confederate governor, was also from Marshall. The city became a major Confederate supply depot and manufactory of gunpowder for the Confederate Army, the city was used as the capital of Missouris Confederate government-in-exile, earning it the nickname the City of Seven Flags. This was a nod to the flag of Missouri, in addition to the six flags of nations, Marshall became the seat of Confederate civil authority and headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Postal Department after the fall of Vicksburg. The city may have been the target of a failed Union advance that was rebuffed at Mansfield. Toward the end of the American Civil War, the Confederate government had $9.0 million in Treasury notes and they may have intended Marshall as the destination of a government preparing to flee from advancing armies. Marshall was occupied by Union forces on June 17,1865, during Reconstruction, the city was home to an office of the Freedmens Bureau and was the base for Union troops. In 1873 the Methodist Episcopal Church founded Wiley College to educate freedmen, African Americans came to the city seeking opportunities and protection until 1878. The White Citizens Party, led by former Confederate General Walter P. Lane and his brother George and their militia ran Unionists, Republicans and many African Americans out of town
Marshall, Texas
–
Marshall, Texas
Marshall, Texas
–
Location in the state of
Texas
Marshall, Texas
–
The Wyalucing
plantation was the childhood home of
Lucy Holcombe Pickens, the only woman whose image was used on
Confederate currency. It housed the office of the Trans-Mississippi Postal Department.
Marshall, Texas
–
Many African-Americans came to Marshall during
Reconstruction. After Union troops departed, founding of the White Citizens Party produced an insurgent militia dedicated to white supremacy. A former slave displays a horn formerly used to call slaves on the outskirts of Marshall in 1939.
18.
Reporter
–
A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
Reporter
–
A
television reporter holding a
microphone in front of a
cameraman.
Reporter
–
Photojournalists at the
2013 World Championships in Athletics.
Reporter
–
A reporter interviewing Boris Johnson, Mayor of London.
Reporter
–
Journalism
19.
Media of Marshall, Texas
–
Marshall is a city in and the county seat of Harrison County in the northeastern corner of the U. S. state of Texas. Marshall is a cultural and educational center in East Texas. At the 2010 census, the population of Marshall was about 23,523, Marshall was a political and production center of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Later it was a railroad center of the T&P Railroad from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. This area of Texas was developed for cotton plantations, planters brought slaves with them from other regions or bought them in the domestic slave trade. It had a proportion of slaves than other regions of the state, and the wealth of the county depended on slave labor. The city was founded in 1841 as the seat of Harrison County after failed attempts to establish a county seat on the Sabine River. The Republic of Texas decided to choose the land donated for the seat by Peter Whetstone, the citys growing importance was confirmed when Marshall was linked by a telegraph line to New Orleans, it was the first city in Texas to have a telegraph service. By 1860, Marshall was the fourth-largest city in Texas and the seat of its richest county, developed as cotton plantations, the county held more slaves than any other in the state. Many planters and other whites were strongly anti-Union because of their investment in slavery, for example, brothers Lionel and Emmanuel Kahn, Jewish merchants in Marshall, fought on opposing sides in the conflict. When Governor Sam Houston refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, pendleton Murrah, Texass third Confederate governor, was also from Marshall. The city became a major Confederate supply depot and manufactory of gunpowder for the Confederate Army, the city was used as the capital of Missouris Confederate government-in-exile, earning it the nickname the City of Seven Flags. This was a nod to the flag of Missouri, in addition to the six flags of nations, Marshall became the seat of Confederate civil authority and headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Postal Department after the fall of Vicksburg. The city may have been the target of a failed Union advance that was rebuffed at Mansfield. Toward the end of the American Civil War, the Confederate government had $9.0 million in Treasury notes and they may have intended Marshall as the destination of a government preparing to flee from advancing armies. Marshall was occupied by Union forces on June 17,1865, during Reconstruction, the city was home to an office of the Freedmens Bureau and was the base for Union troops. In 1873 the Methodist Episcopal Church founded Wiley College to educate freedmen, African Americans came to the city seeking opportunities and protection until 1878. The White Citizens Party, led by former Confederate General Walter P. Lane and his brother George and their militia ran Unionists, Republicans and many African Americans out of town
Media of Marshall, Texas
–
Marshall, Texas
Media of Marshall, Texas
–
The Wyalucing
plantation was the childhood home of
Lucy Holcombe Pickens, the only woman whose image was used on
Confederate currency. It housed the office of the Trans-Mississippi Postal Department.
Media of Marshall, Texas
–
Many African-Americans came to Marshall during
Reconstruction. After Union troops departed, founding of the White Citizens Party produced an insurgent militia dedicated to white supremacy. A former slave displays a horn formerly used to call slaves on the outskirts of Marshall in 1939.
Media of Marshall, Texas
–
The community has developed in and around Whetstone Square, shown here in 1939. Guests lodged in the Capitol Hotel, right, and the taller Hotel Marshall directly behind it. In the 1960s the Harrison County Courthouse, center, hosted the first
sit-ins in Texas.
20.
East Texas
–
East Texas is a distinct cultural, geographic and ecological area in the U. S. state of Texas. The East Texas Regions includes Tyler, Longview, Marshall, Palestine, Jacksonville, Mount Pleasant, most of the region consists of the Piney Woods ecoregion, and East Texas can sometimes be reduced to include only the Piney Woods. Houston is rarely regarded as a part of East Texas and is closely associated with the Coastal Bend along the Gulf of Mexico. At the fringes, towards Central Texas, the forests expand outward toward sparser trees, outside of the Greater Houston area the average population density is around 18–45 per square mile, with the population density near the Big Thicket dropping below 18 people per sq mi. East Texass population is large and is centered around the Golden Triangle which is Beaumont/Port Arthur/Orange in Southeast Texas. Moving north from the coast, Lufkin and Nacogdoches anchor the center of Deep East Texas. Only eight miles from the Texas border, Shreveport, Louisiana, is considered the economic and cultural center for the Ark-La-Tex, the area where Arkansas, Louisiana, East Texas receives more rainfall,35 to 60 inches, than the rest of Texas. All of East Texas also lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain, local vegetation also varies from north to south with the lower third consisting of the temperate grassland extending from South Texas to South Louisiana. The upper two-thirds of the region dominated by temperate forest known as the Piney Woods, the Piney Woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The Piney Woods thins out as it nears the Gulf of Mexico, west of the Piney Woods are the ranchlands and remnant oak forests of the East Central Texas forests ecoregion. The Sabine River, Trinity River, Neches River, Angelina River and Sulphur River are the rivers in East Texas. The Brazos cuts through the southwest portion of the region while the Red River forms its border with Oklahoma. In East Texas and the rest of the South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called Bayous, bald cypress and Spanish moss are the dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous are Cypress Bayou and Buffalo Bayou, Cypress Bayou surrounds the Big, Little, and Black Cypress rivers around Jefferson. They flow east into Caddo Lake and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim, East Texas is often considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. The predominant cultural influence comes from customs and traditions passed down from European-American and African-American Southerners who settled the region during the mid, african Americans were first brought to the area as enslaved workers for the plantations. These influences are noticeable in the sub-dialect of Texan English that is throughout the region. East Texas did not have the influence of late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants from Germany and Central Europe
East Texas
–
Railroad map of Texas, east of the 100th meridian (circa 1884)
East Texas
–
Red counties show the core of East Texas; the inclusion of pink and red counties varies from source to source, and thus or may not be included in East Texas.
East Texas
–
Lucas Gusher,
Spindletop near
Beaumont, Texas
East Texas
–
Caddo Lake
21.
Denton, Texas
–
Denton is a city in and the county seat of Denton County, Texas. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 113,383, making it the 27th most populous city in Texas, a Texas land grant led to the formation of Denton County in 1846, and the city was incorporated in 1866. Both were named after pioneer and Texas militia captain John B, the city experiences hot, humid summers and relatively few extreme weather events. Its diverse citizenry is represented by a city council, and numerous county. With over 45,000 students enrolled at the two located within its city limits, Denton is often characterized as a college town. As a result of the growth, educational services play a large role in the citys economy. Residents are served by the Denton County Transportation Authority, which provides commuter rail, the formation of Denton is closely tied with that of Denton County. White settlement of the began in the middle of the 1800s when William S. Peters of Kentucky obtained a land grant from the Texas Congress. After initial settlement in the southeast part of the county in 1843, both the county and the town were named for John B. Denton, a preacher and lawyer who was killed in 1841 during a skirmish with Kichai people in what is now Tarrant County, pickneyville and Alton were selected as the county seat before Denton was named for that position in 1857. That year, a laid out the city and named the first streets. Denton incorporated in 1866, its first mayor was J. B. Sawyer, as the city expanded, it became an agricultural trade center for the mill and cottage industries. The arrival of the Texas and Pacific Railway in 1881 gave Denton its first rail connection, North Texas Normal College, now the University of North Texas, was established in 1890, and the Girls Industrial College, now Texas Womans University, was founded in 1903. As the universities increased in size, their impact on Dentons economy, Denton grew rapidly from a population of 26,844 in 1960 to 48,063 in 1980. In the 1980s, heavy manufacturing companies like Victor Equipment Company and Peterbilt joined older manufacturing firms such as Moore Business Forms, the population jumped from 66,270 in 1990 to 80,537 in 2000. The proposal drew opposition from residents, who sought to preserve the area as a historic. The Denton City Council approved a new proposal for the area from Dinerstein Cos in 2010, Denton is located on the northern edge of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area. These three cities form the known as the Golden Triangle of North Texas
Denton, Texas
–
Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square
Denton, Texas
–
Map of Denton in 1883
Denton, Texas
–
Denton Historic Town Square
Denton, Texas
–
Denton County Courts Building
22.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
–
United States Senate
United States Senate
–
Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
–
The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
–
A typical Senate desk
23.
The Daily Texan
–
The Daily Texan is the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin. The paper has won national, regional and state awards than any other college newspaper in America. The Texans origins date back to October 1900, with the merger of two privately owned newspapers, The Ranger and The Ranger and the Calendar. In 1902 The Texan was taken over by the Student Association, from 1900-1907, the newspaper came out weekly, and from 1907-1913 The Texan was published semiweekly. In 1913, the student body voted to publish the paper each weekday, in 2008, The Daily Texan was one of three student newspapers that owned and operated its own printing press. Originally acquired in 1973 for US$222,000, the press was put on the market in 2009, in May 2009, the Austin American-Statesman began printing The Daily Texan. Most of the positions are paid and the top two positions offer a stipend that covers nearly nine hours of paid in-state tuition and fee scholarships. Historically, the position of editor of The Daily Texan has been elected, the logic of an elected editor historically has been based on the newspapers having been founded and owned by students and then given over to the student body. In addition, the editor has been seen as a way to protect the paper from institutional censorship from the university. In modern times, editorial candidates have been screened by the Texas Student Publications Board, an entity with faculty, student, the TSM Board publishes a handbook which sets forth the requirements an editorial candidate must meet before his or her name may be placed on the ballot. The board has been resistant to the idea of an editor and has made several attempts to convert the position to an appointed one. The most recent attempt, led by the president, was in 2005. The TSM Board currently appoints the editor, who oversees the daily operation of the paper while the elected editor generally stewards the editorial page. However, the elected editor retains the final say over the content of the newspaper, most recently the Texan won TAPMEs Newspaper of the Year Award for 2015. A number of artists who began at the Texan have gone on to attain commercial success. Hepcats by Martin Wagner and Eyebeam by Sam Hurt also found continued success after their creators left the University of Texas at Austin, list of college newspapers Notes Bibliography Copp, Tara, and Rogers, Robert L. The Daily Texan, The First 100 Years – Copp, Tara, Rogers, the Daily Texan The Daily Texan from the Handbook of Texas Online Editors of The Daily Texan — compiled by John Economidy
The Daily Texan
–
The December 5, 2005 front page of The Daily Texan.
24.
KLBJ-AM
–
KLBJ is a commercial AM Radio station licensed to Austin, Texas. It carries a News/Talk Radio format, KLBJ is owned by Emmis Communications of Indianapolis, Indiana but once was owned by the family of President Lyndon Baines Johnson and still carries his initials as its call letters. On October 30,2009,590 AM began simulcasting its programming on FM translator K259AJ99.7 MHz, the station has studios along Interstate 35 in North Austin, and the transmitter site is located east of Austin near the Colorado River in unincorporated Travis County. KLBJ590 operates at 5,000 watts daytime/1,000 watts nighttime, KLBJ carries both local and nationally syndicated programs. National shows include The Rush Limbaugh Show, Dana Loesch, Clyde Lewis, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory, America in The Morning, The Kim Komando Show, some weekend hours are paid Brokered programming. Both hosts issued an apology the next day, and were put on a 2-week unpaid suspension. It was announced on July 20 that the show was canceled, the Todd and Don Show returned to KLBJ on December 7,2009, with a transformed perspective on community history and cultural sensitivity. KLBJ first went on the air in 1939 as KTBC, the letters standing for Texas Broadcasting Company. It was acquired by the family of future president Lyndon Johnson, the Johnson Family put Austins first TV station on the air in 1952, KTBC-TV7 and a co-owned FM station signed on the air in 1960, KTBC-FM. KLBJ delivers Austins news at the top and bottom of every hour, with Austins most frequent and accurate traffic and weather reports
KLBJ-AM
–
v
25.
Lady Bird Johnson
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Claudia Alta Lady Bird Johnson was First Lady of the United States, as the wife of the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson. Notably well-educated for a woman of her era, she proved a capable manager and she bought a radio station, followed by a TV station, which generated revenues making them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, Lady Bird Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nations cities and highways. The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Birds Bill and she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest U. S. civilian honors. Claudia Alta Taylor was born in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County and her birthplace was The Brick House, an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth. She is a descendant of Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor and she was named for her mothers brother Claud. During her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle, said that she was as purty as a ladybird, opinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a ladybug in North America. The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life and her father and siblings called her Lady, and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her, a native of Alabama, her father had primarily English ancestry, and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother was also a native of Alabama, of English and Scottish descent and her father, Thomas Jefferson Taylor, was a sharecroppers son. He became a businessman, and owned 15,000 acres of cotton. My father was a strong character, to put it mildly. He lived by his own rules and it was a whole feudal way of life, really. Born Minnie Lee Pattillo, her mother loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack, when Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant and died of complications of miscarriage. Her husband, however, tended to see blacks as hewers of wood and drawers of water, Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. and Antonio, also known as Tony. Her widowed father married twice more and his third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937. She was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sisters death, Lady Bird also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me
Lady Bird Johnson
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Lady Bird at the rear of the White House
Lady Bird Johnson
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A photo of Lady Bird Taylor at around age three
Lady Bird Johnson
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The Brick House, Lady Bird Johnson's birthplace and childhood home in
Karnack, Texas
Lady Bird Johnson
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A field of bluebonnets in Texas
26.
University of Edinburgh
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The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands ancient universities. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh was ranked 17th and 21st in the world by the 2014–15 and 2015-16 QS rankings. It is now ranked 19th in the according to 2016-17 QS Rankings. It is ranked 16th in the world in arts and humanities by the 2015–16 Times Higher Education Ranking and it is ranked the 23rd most employable university in the world by the 2015 Global Employability University Ranking. It is ranked as the 6th best university in Europe by the U. S. News Best Global Universities Ranking and it is a member of both the Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 research universities in Europe. It has the third largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, after the universities of Cambridge and it continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011. Edinburgh receives approximately 50,000 applications every year, making it the fourth most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants, after St Andrews, it is the most difficult university to gain admission into in Scotland, and 9th overall in the UK. This was a move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. Established as the Tounis College, it opened its doors to students in October 1583, instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the more populous. It was renamed King Jamess College in 1617, by the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. The universitys first custom-built building was the Old College, now Edinburgh Law School and its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor and it went under what was then North College Street, and under the university buildings until it reached the universitys anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged, towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of divinity at the university since the 1920s. The two oldest schools – law and divinity – are both well-esteemed, with law being based in Old College and divinity in New College on the Mound and they are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union which was founded in 1866. The medical school is renowned throughout the world and it was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and first half of the 19th century
University of Edinburgh
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King James's College, c. 1647
University of Edinburgh
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The University Of Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
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The university's
Old College
University of Edinburgh
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The university's
New College building
27.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
Scotland
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Edinburgh Castle. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of this early settlement is unclear.
Scotland
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Flag
Scotland
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The class I
Pictish stone at
Aberlemno known as Aberlemno 1 or the Serpent Stone.
Scotland
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The
Wallace Monument commemorates
William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
28.
Rotary International
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It is a non-political and non-sectarian organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 34,282 member clubs worldwide,1.2 million individuals called Rotarians have joined these clubs. Rotarians usually gather weekly for breakfast, lunch, or dinner to fulfill their first guiding principle to develop friendships as an opportunity for service, the Rotarians primary motto is Service Above Self, its secondary motto is One profits most who serves best. This objective is set against the Rotary 4-Way Test, used to see if an action is compatible with the Rotarian spirit. It is still seen as a standard for ethics in business management, the 4-Way Test considers the following questions in respect to thinking, saying or doing, Is it the truth. Is it fair to all concerned, will it build goodwill and better friendships. Will it be beneficial to all concerned, the first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. In addition to Harris and Loehr, Silvester Schiele, and Hiram E. Shorey were the two who attended this first meeting. The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Los Angeles, the National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3,1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America, in April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, in August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered. During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, in 1922, the name was changed to Rotary International. By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members, Rotary Clubs in Spain ceased to operate shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the UN Charter Conference in San Francisco, nearly fifty Rotarians served as delegates, advisors, Rotarys work in promoting peace through education began as early as 1943 with a London conference on international, cultural, and educational exchanges. Rotary International established consultative status with the UN and UNESCO beginning in 1946-47, in one of the first cooperative activities with UNESCO, the Rotary Foundation awarded a $5,000 ‘grant-in-aid’ for fellowships to social service and educational leaders in war-devastated countries. The funds were designed to provide training to those who trained others, in 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the worlds children against polio
Rotary International
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Rotary
monument in
Feira de Santana,
Brazil.
Rotary International
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A plaque showing where the local Rotary Club meets,
Durham, England.
Rotary International
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Rotary International Headquarters in
Evanston, Illinois,
USA.
Rotary International
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A sign showing where the local Rotary Club meets, San Marcos, Texas
29.
Fort Worth
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Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. The city is in North Central Texas and covers nearly 350 square miles in the counties of Denton, Parker, Wise, according to the 2015 census, estimates, Fort Worths population is 833,319. The city is the second-largest in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, the city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today, Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture, USS Fort Worth is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city. Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, designed by Tadao Ando. The Amon Carter Museum of American Art, designed by Philip Johnson, the Sid Richardson Museum, redesigned by David M. Schwarz, has one of the most focused collections of Western Art in the U. S. emphasizing Frederic Remington and Charles Russell. The Treaty of Birds Fort between the Republic of Texas and several Native American tribes was signed in 1843 at Birds Fort in present-day Arlington, Texas. Article XI of the treaty provided that no one may pass the line of trading houses without permission of the President of Texas and these trading houses were later established at the junction of the Clear Fork and West Fork of the Trinity River in present-day Fort Worth. At this river junction, the U. S, War Department established Fort Worth in 1849 as the northernmost of a system of 10 forts for protecting the American Frontier following the end of the Mexican–American War. The City of Fort Worth continues to be known as where the West begins, originally 10 forts had been proposed by Major General William Jenkins Worth, who commanded the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849, Worth proposed a line of 10 forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork, One month later, Worth died from cholera in South Texas. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas, Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6,1849, Arnold, advised by Middleton Tate Johnson, established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River, in August 1849, Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff, which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River. The United States War Department officially named the post Fort Worth on November 14,1849, E. S. Terrell from Tennessee claimed to be the first resident of Fort Worth. The fort was flooded the first year and moved to the top of the bluff, the fort was abandoned September 17,1853. As a stop on the legendary Chisholm Trail, Fort Worth was stimulated by the business of the cattle drives, millions of head of cattle were driven north to market along this trail. Fort Worth became the center of the drives, and later. It was given the nickname of Cowtown, during Civil War, Fort Worth suffered from shortages of money, food, and supplies
Fort Worth
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Montage of Fort Worth, Top: View of Downtown Fort Worth from Amon Carter Museum, Middle left: Fort Worth Modern Art Museum, Middle right: Fort Worth Stockyards Saloon, Bottom left: Tarrant County Courthouse, Bottom right: T&P Railroad Station
Fort Worth
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Seal
Fort Worth
–
Fort Worth Texas Historical Marker
Fort Worth
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Lithograph (1876)
30.
Weir, Texas
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Weir is a city in Williamson County, Texas, United States. The population was 450 at the 2010 census, Weir is located at 30°40′30″N 97°35′16″W, about six miles northeast of Georgetown and 30 miles north of Austin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 591 people,216 households, the population density was 371.0 people per square mile. There were 229 housing units at a density of 143. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 36% White,1. 02% African American,2. 88% Native American,4. 06% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 92% of the population. Weirs current mayor is Mervin Walker,21. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the family size was 3.19. In the city, the population was out with 31. 1% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $46,029, and the median income for a family was $47,813. Males had an income of $32,216 versus $22,386 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,361, about 3. 6% of families and 5. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Tennessee-native Thomas Calvin Weir came to Williamson County in 1856 and he bought land in this area and became a prosperous farmer. Alabaman James Francis Towns came in 1870 and settled nearby on the San Gabriel River and he and his brother, Robert W. Towns, operated a gin and blacksmith shop, as well as Towns Mill. In the late 19th century, the communities of Weir and Townsville grew around these early settlers, churches included Baptist and Presbyterian congregations that met at the prairie springs school, as well as an African American church that met in a school near Mankins Crossing. Calvin Weirs daughter, Lucy, served as postmaster at the post office in Townsville, the communities developed similarly until 1893, when the Georgetown and Granger Railroad came through Weir, bypassing Townsville. In 1903, after the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Rail-Road bought the line, known as the Katy, most area residents moved into the town of Weir, the Katy Lake Resort, created by Mkt on the river at Towns Mill Dam, attracted tourists to the area
Weir, Texas
–
Location of Weir, Texas
31.
White House press secretary
–
The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the presidents administration and issues the administrations reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media, and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis and it was not until after President Abraham Lincolns administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grants White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, one of Abraham Lincolns private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard, andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. It should be noted that while various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U. S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington, the media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size, the number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines. The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president, Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. President Cleveland relied on his secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus. The debate over the coverage of Grover Clevelands honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him, at the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories. He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President, competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the White House beat. Some point to this as the origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House, Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers, which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era. The White House beat concept that had started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration
White House press secretary
–
Incumbent
Josh Earnest since June 20, 2014
White House press secretary
–
White House Press Secretary
White House press secretary
–
In August 2006, President
George W. Bush hosted seven White House Press Secretaries before the
James S. Brady Press Briefing Room underwent renovation. From left,
Joe Lockhart,
Dee Dee Myers,
Marlin Fitzwater, Bush,
Tony Snow,
Ron Nessen and
James Brady (seated) with his wife
Sarah Brady.
