1.
List of mayors of New York City
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The Mayor of New York City is the chief executive of New York Citys government, as stipulated by New York Citys charter. The current mayor, the 109th in the sequence of regular mayors, is Bill de Blasio, during the Dutch colonial period from 1624 to 1664, New Amsterdam was governed by the Director of New Netherland. The office of Mayor of New York was established in 1665 and were appointed by colonial governors until 1777, the year prior, New York was run by Richard Nicolls, the British military governor of the Province of New York. Thomas Willett was the first person to be appointed mayor. In 1777, during the American Revolution, a Council of Appointment was formed by the State of New York, in 1821 the New York City Council – then known as the Common Council – began appointing mayors. Since 1834, mayors have been elected by popular vote. Before 1898, the city included little beyond the island of Manhattan, the 1898 consolidation created the city as it is today with five boroughs, Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The longest-serving mayors have been Fiorello H, la Guardia, Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Ed Koch, and Michael Bloomberg each of whom was in office for twelve years. The shortest terms in office since 1834 have been those of acting mayors, Thomas Coman and Samuel B. H. Vance, every mayor so far has been white, with the solitary exception of David Dinkins, the citys first and only African American mayor. New York has not had a Hispanic or Latino mayor, with the exception of John Purroy Mitchel. New Yorks mayors have been diverse, the city has had Protestant, Jewish. No woman has served as mayor of New York City. Before 1680, mayors served one-year terms, as of 1680, they served two-year terms. A dagger indicates mayoralties cut short by death in office, note Peter Delanoy was the first and only directly-elected mayor of New York until 1834. Appointed mayors resumed in the wake of Leislers Rebellion, † died in office After 1820, the mayor was appointed by the citys Common Council. Under the Charter of 1834, mayors were elected annually, after 1849, they served two-year terms. Notes John T. Hoffman resigned after his election as Governor of New York state, Thomas Coman, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Hoffmans term as acting mayor until his elected successor, A. Oakey Hall, took office. William F. Havemeyer died during his last term of office, Samuel B. H. Vance, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Havemeyers term as acting mayor until his elected successor, William H. Wickham, took office
2.
Mayor of New York City
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The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York Citys government. The mayors office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, the budget overseen by the mayors office is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $70 billion a year. The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to more than 1.1 million students, levies $27 billion in taxes. The mayors office is located in New York City Hall, it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City, Manhattan, Brooklyn, the mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayors regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules, according to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office. It was changed two to three terms on October 23,2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly, the current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio, who was elected on November 5,2013. In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York, for 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointments in which the governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor, an amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year, gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardias administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum, the mayor is entitled to a salary of $225,000, but early 21st century mayor Michael Bloomberg, the 16th-richest man in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly. Bloomberg had a net worth of $33 billion as of 2014. In 2000 direct control of the public school system was transferred to the mayors office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education, tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner. The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter, the post was created by Fiorello La Guardia to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend
3.
Michael Bloomberg
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Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
4.
New York City Public Advocate
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The office of Public Advocate for the City of New York is a citywide elected position in New York City, which is first in line to succeed the Mayor. The office serves as a link between the electorate and city government, effectively acting as an ombudsman, or watchdog, for New Yorkers. The office was created in 1993, when the New York City Council voted to rename the position of President of the City Council, at the time, it was thought likely that the post would be abolished altogether. The position survived, and has held by Democrats throughout its history. Mark Green was the first Public Advocate and served through his run for Mayor in 2001. He was succeeded by Betsy Gotbaum, the 2009 election to succeed Gotbaum was highly competitive and was won by Bill de Blasio, who later became the first Public Advocate to win the Mayors office. In November 2013, Brooklyn Councilwoman Letitia James was elected Public Advocate, the Public Advocate is a non-voting member of the New York City Council with the right to introduce and co-sponsor legislation. Prior to a 2002 charter revision, the Public Advocate was also the officer of the Council. These duties, worded somewhat ambiguously, are out in Section 24 of the City Charter. The Public Advocate also serves as chair of the Commission of Public Information and Communication established by Section 1061 of the New York City Charter, along with the Mayor and the Comptroller, the Public Advocate is one of three municipal offices elected by all the citys voters. New York City Public Advocate election,2013 New York City Public Advocate election,2009 New York City Council#Presiding officers since 1898 Official website
5.
Letitia James
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Letitia A. Tish James is an American lawyer, activist, and politician in the Democratic Party. She is the current and fourth New York City Public Advocate, in 2013, James ran for New York City Public Advocate and received 36% of the vote in the first Democratic primary, just under the 40% threshold that would have avoided a runoff election. However, James won the Democratic runoff on October 1,2013 against Daniel Squadron, 59%–41%, without a Republican opponent, James subsequently won the general election with over 83% of the vote. James was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Nellie and she attended New York City public schools and received her B. A. from the City University of New Yorks Lehman College in 1981. James graduated from the Howard University School of Law in Washington and she is attending Columbias School of International and Public Affairs for a degree in Master of Public Administration. In 1994, she promoted the Primary Health Case Development Bill in the City Council, in 1996, James negotiated the Welfare Reform Act on behalf of the New York State Black and Puerto Rican Caucus. She served on former New York Governor Mario Cuomos Task Force on Diversity in the Judiciary and she served as counsel for Albert Vann, Chief of Staff for Roger L. Green in the New York State Assembly, and in the administration of New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. She was appointed the first Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Brooklyn regional office in 1999, while working in that position, James worked in many capacities but notably focused on consumer complaints involving predatory lending and other unlawful business practices. James first run for the 35th Council District was in November 2001, in a close race, James received 42% of the vote on the Working Families Party line but lost to James E. Davis, a Democrat. In July 2003, just months before the election, Davis was assassinated by Othniel Askew. During her 2003 race, James officially became a member of the Working Families Party, James is the first member of the Working Families Party to win office in New York State, and the first third-party member to be elected to the city council since 1977. James again won the Working Families and the Democratic parties nominations by a margin over Samuel Eric Blackwell. She was re-elected on the Democratic line on November 8,2005, with 88. 11% of the vote, compared to 6. 80% for Republican Anthony Herbert, and 5. 08% for Independence Party candidate Charles B. On October 10,2006 there was a fire at the Broken Angel House. The fire attracted attention from the New York City Department of Buildings, James represented Broken Angels owner, Arthur Wood, pro bono in his negotiations to keep his home. The agency decided to allow Wood to re-occupy Broken Angel provided the upper levels were taken down, in 2008, James, with Bill de Blasio, advocated against Mayor Michael Bloombergs attempts to seek a third term without a voter referendum. James went on to win re-election for a second term and she was also one of four councilmembers to sue the NYPD over its treatment of protesters at Occupy Wall Street. BB&T was specifically requested to drop the accounts of SIG Sauer of New Hampshire, James accomplished her first-place finish in spite of her campaign trailing Daniel Squadrons and Reshma Saujanis, in fundraising
6.
New York City Council
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The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs, the Council serves as a check against the mayor in a strong mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and makes land use decisions as well as legislating on a variety of other issues. The City Council also has responsibility for approving the city budget. The head of the City Council is called the Speaker, and is currently Melissa Mark-Viverito, the Speaker sets the agenda and presides at meetings of the City Council. Proposed legislation is submitted through the Speakers Office, there are 47 Democratic council members led by Majority Leader Jimmy Van Bramer. The three Republican council members are led by Minority Leader Steven Matteo, the Council has 35 committees with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees, the standing committees meet at least once per month. The Speaker of the Council, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader are all ex members of every committee. Council members are elected every four years, except for two consecutive two year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting between the terms due to the national census. Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, Members receive no additional compensation for serving as a committee chairperson or other officer under the new salary raise. The New York City Charter is the law of the government of New York City including the Council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the Council and is composed of 29 titles, the regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has an equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature. Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York, but they have not done so in recent years. The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2,1653, the town of New Amsterdam, a Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council, in 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the Council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers
7.
Brad Lander
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Bradford S. Brad Lander is the Council member for the 39th District of the New York City Council. He is a member of the Democratic Party, a graduate of the University of Chicago where he received the Harry S. Truman Scholarship and he attended University College London on a Marshall Scholarship, and Pratt Institute. He directed the Pratt Center for Community Development and the Fifth Avenue Committee, in 1999 Rolling Stone Magazine awarded Lander the Do Something Brick Award for his community work in affordable housing. Other awards from the Ford Foundation, the Fannie Mae Foundation, Lander is the former Director of the Pratt Center for Community Development. He stepped down after six years as head of the organization to seek a seat on the New York City Council and he still teaches community planning, housing, and urban policy at Brooklyn Law School. As the director of the Pratt Center, Lander has been a critic of the Bloomberg administrations development policies and he has also been a critic of the Atlantic Yards project. He co-led the completion of the One City One Future platform, a Brooklyn resident of nearly two decades, he lives in Park Slope with his wife, Meg Barnette, the Vice President of Strategic Initiatives at Planned Parenthood NYC, and their children. He also served as the Housing Chair of Brooklyn Community Board 6, serves on the board of directors of the Jewish Funds for Justice, and is a little league coach in the 78th Precinct Youth Council. Lander was first elected to office on the Democratic Party and Working Families Party lines on November 4,2009, Lander won a hotly contested Democratic Primary on September 15,2009 with 41% of the vote in a field of five. Lander was reelected on the Democratic Party and Working Families Party lines on November 5,2013 to serve for a second term and his current term runs from January 1,2014 to December 31,2017. He holds the title of Deputy Leader for Policy in the Democratic Conference and chairs the Committee on Rules, Privileges, due to current law, Landers current City Council term is his final term. Lander is a co-founder of the Progressive Caucus in the New York City Council, for his first term, Brad shared the title of Co-Chair of this caucus with his Manhattan colleague Melissa Mark-Viverito, who was unanimously elected Speaker of the City Council in early 2014. New York City Council, District 39 – Brad Lander Brad Landers office page
8.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
9.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
10.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
11.
Chirlane McCray
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Chirlane Irene McCray is an American writer, editor, communications professional, and political figure. She has published poetry and worked in politics as a speechwriter, married to current New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, she is the First Lady of New York City. They have two children, Chiara and Dante and they moved from their home in Park Slope, Brooklyn, into Gracie Mansion, the traditional residence of New York City mayors. McCray was born in and spent her years in Springfield. Her mother, Katharine Clarissa Eileen, was a worker at an electronics factory. She is of Bajan and St. Lucian descent, but traces her grandmothers last name to Ghana, when she was ten years old, her family moved to Longmeadow, Massachusetts, becoming only the second black family in the area. Other families in the neighborhood circulated petitions demanding they leave, in high school, McCray was for a time the only black student in her entire school. McCray cites this experience with racism and bullying as part of the reason she began to write. She also wrote a column for her newspaper, in which she denounced classmates for their racism. McCray enrolled at Wellesley College in 1972, while studying there, she became a member of the Combahee River Collective, a black feminist lesbian organization, which inspired her to write prose and poetry. After graduation, she moved to New York City to work for Redbook and she published an essay in Essence magazine in 1979, entitled I Am a Lesbian, an essay described as groundbreaking for how a black woman discussed her sexuality in a black magazine. The purpose of the essay was to dispel the myth that there are no gay black people, some of her poetry is included in Home Girls, A Black Feminist Anthology. She worked as a speechwriter for the mayor David Dinkins, during the Clinton administration, she worked for the New York Foreign Press Center as a public affairs specialist. She also worked as a writer for the state comptroller, Carl McCall. In 2004, she left Thompsons office to work in the private sector and she worked for five years at Maimonides Medical Center. She also worked for Citigroup in its public relations department for six months, during her husbands campaign for mayor of New York City in the 2013 election, she edited his speeches and helped interview candidates for staff positions. When de Blasio became mayor, he hired publicist Rachel Noerdlinger to be McCrays chief of staff, McCray met Bill de Blasio in 1991, when they both worked at New York City Hall for Mayor David Dinkins. At the time, de Blasio was an aide to a deputy mayor, McCray and de Blasio were married in 1994 in Prospect Park, Brooklyn
12.
Gracie Mansion
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Archibald Gracie Mansion is the official residence of the Mayor of the City of New York. Built in 1799, it is located in Carl Schurz Park, at East End Avenue, the mansion overlooks Hell Gate channel in the East River. George Washington commandeered a different building on approximately the site, during the American Revolutionary War. That building, called Belview Mansion, was the residence of Jacob Walton. The British destroyed this house during that war, archibald Gracie then built another building, now known as Gracie Mansion, on the site in 1799, and used it as a country home until 1823, when he had to sell it to pay debts. Other people lived in the house until 1896, when the government seized it. It served various functions as part of that park until 1924, from 1924 until 1936, it housed the Museum of the City of New York, and from 1936 until 1942, it was shown as a historical house. In 1942, Robert Moses convinced Mayor Fiorello H, la Guardia to appropriate the house as a mayoral residence. Its main two floors are open to the public on a basis for guided tours and serve as a small museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, the house may only be used for official city business. Only visiting public officials and the family may reside with the mayor at the mansion. As a result, Mayor Rudy Giuliani was unable to have his mistress live with him, because it would have violated laws concerning using a taxpayer-funded home for a private citizen. Likewise, Mayor Michael Bloomberg never resided at Gracie Mansion, although he used it for meetings and events, at the beginning of Bloombergs term he initiated a major restoration of the mansion, funded by an anonymous donor, suspected of being the billionaire mayor himself. Mayor Bill de Blasio and his family live in Gracie Mansion. Archibald Gracie built the two-story wooden mansion in the Federal style, by suggestion of Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. s wife, Susan, plans were initiated for a new west wing, completed in 1966. The architect of the Susan B. Wagner Wing, as it is now called, was Mott B. Though criticized at the time for not being modern, the wing has come to be regarded as a solution to the problem of expanding the small house for official functions. The Gracie Mansion Conservancy restored portions of the building during 1981-84, the mansion is featured in the film The Taking of Pelham One Two Three
13.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
14.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
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Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
16.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
17.
Borough Park, Brooklyn
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Borough Park is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City in the United States. As the average number of children in Hasidic and Hareidi families is 6.72 and it is an economically diverse neighborhood. Originally, the area was called Blythebourne, a hamlet composed of cottages built and developed in 1887 by Electus Litchfield. It was served by the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island, a railroad that is todays elevated BMT West End Line. This line was put on a structure in 1917. The Sea Beach Railroad was another steam railroad and this railroad was named after the Sea Beach Palace Hotel, its southern terminal in 1879. In 1913, it was electrified and placed in an open cut, in 1902, State Senator William H. Reynolds bought the land northeast of Blythebourne. The new area was then named Borough Park, Blythebourne was absorbed into Borough Park by the 1920s. Jewish immigrants began populating Borough Park at the turn of the 20th century, through the 1930s, 13th Avenue was lined with pushcart vendors and pickle sellers. In the late 1930s the city opened a market on 42nd Street to force an end to the pushcart trade. Thirteenth Avenue gentrified into an avenue of specialty shops interspersed with regular merchandise stores, in the 1980s, the neighborhood changed demographically from one of Italian, Irish, and Modern Orthodox Jewish to Hasidic Jewish families. By 1983, an estimated 85 percent of the residents of Borough Park were Jewish, New shops and restaurants opened on 13th Avenue to serve the expanding Haredi community. In 1987, two of the most popular stores debuted, Eichlers Judaica bookstore and Kosher Castle Dairy Cafeteria, New stores also opened selling imported goods and computer technology. At the end of the 1990s, businesses began selling electronics and Jewish books, music, the area continued developing into a very large Jewish enclave around that time period. In a 2000 Census study, it was reported that an estimated 76,600 Jews lived in Borough Park, since that time, Borough Park has grown significantly, and has earned the title of baby boom capital of New York City because of its high birth rate. The population in 2011 was 140,000, the neighborhood recorded 4,523 births in 2004, the highest in the city. The closest Brooklyn neighborhood in terms of growth was Williamsburg, home to many Satmar Hasidim. Borough Parks birth rate,24.4 per 1,000 residents, has translated into major growth in the neighborhood, many of these births occur at Maimonides Medical Center, a hospital in the Borough Park area
18.
Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn
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Carroll Gardens is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Taking up around 40 city blocks, it is bounded by Degraw and Warren Streets, Hoyt and Smith Streets, Ninth Street or the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Queens and Gowanus Expressways. Originally considered to be part of South Brooklyn or, more specifically, Red Hook, the name also reflects the large front gardens of brownstones in the Carroll Gardens Historic District and elsewhere in the neighborhood. Despite having an Irish surname, in recent times it has known as an Italian American neighborhood. Carroll Gardens is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6, and receives police services from the New York City Police Departments 76th Precinct at 191 Union Street, the Fire Department of New York Citys firehouses are located at 299 Degraw Street and 187 Union Street. The development of the South Brooklyn area, including Carroll Gardens, was aided by the foundation in 1846 by philanthropists Henry Pierrepont and Jacob E. Leroy of the Hamilton Avenue Ferry. In the late 1840s, Carroll Park, Brooklyns third-oldest, an area of playgrounds, walkways. In 1846, surveyor Richard Butt planned gardens in front of the houses in the oldest section of the neighborhood when he developed it. The homes are set back from the street than is common in Brooklyn. The same year, a law was passed requiring all buildings between Henry Street and Smith Street have 33 feet 5.25 inches between the building and the street for courtyards. The large gardens can be seen from First to Fourth Place between Henry and Smith Streets, as well as on President, Carroll and Second Streets between Smith and Hoyt Streets and this provoked land speculation and a building boom throughout the area. It was during this period, from the late 1860s to the early 1880s, the rise of the Italian population provoked questions about the role of the Mafia in the neighborhood. Carroll Gardens had long considered to be part of either the larger area referred to as South Brooklyn. Violence between the two groups was common and this began the gentrification of the neighborhood, and a response from older residents, who did not appreciate these hippie newcomers who had no ties to the community. Regardless, the neighborhood received its own name at that time. One result was that the control of the area by a political machine was ended. Today, Carroll Gardens is more class, while Red Hook. The ethnic divide between the two neighborhoods now has a character as well
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Cobble Hill, Brooklyn
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Cobble Hill is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Court Street, Degraw Street, other sources add to the neighborhood a rectangle bounded by Wyckoff Street on the north, Hoyt Street on the east, Degraw Street on the south and Court Street on the west. Through its early history, the now called Cobble Hill was considered to be part of South Brooklyn, Red Hook, or simply the Sixth Ward. The current name, a revival of a name which had died out by the 1880s, was adopted in 1959, much of the neighborhood, which has one of the citys finest collections of nineteenth-century houses, is included in the Cobble Hill Historic District. Cobble Hill is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6, and is served by the 76th Precinct of the New York City Police Department at 191 Union Street, engine Company 206 and Ladder Company 108 of the Fire Department of New York City in nearby Carroll Gardens services the neighborhood. They also seized the estate of Philip Livingston for use as a naval hospital, Cobble Hill was again fortified for the War of 1812, and was then called Fort Swift. In 1834, the Village of Brooklyn – chartered in 1816 and primarily made up of present-day Brooklyn Heights – became a city, until the establishment of the South Ferry, which connected Atlantic Avenue to Manhattans Whitehall Street in 1836, South Brooklyn was primarily rural. After that time, with the guidelines for a street pattern already established in 1834. The transformation of the neighborhood was completed by 1860, none of the farm houses from the neighborhoods rural period are extant. According to the 1840 tax list and street directory, the neighborhood of present-day Cobble Hill contained 45 houses and 112 residents. Although this housing boom caused prices to rise, in 1850 it was possible for a clerk to pay rent of $200 a year for a row house with a large backyard. This provoked an influx of new residents from Manhattan, philanthropist Alfred Tredway White built two experimental housing projects in the neighborhood. These were intended for more upscale workers. All were built in 1876 and were designed by William Field & Son, they were restored in 1986 by Maitland, Strauss & Behr. With these projects, which served Native Americans, Irish, Swedes, Norwegians, English and German workmen and his philosophy was Philanthropy plus 5%. Beginning in the 1840s and progressing into the 1870s, wealthier Manhattanites, including bankers and merchants, began to move to various parts of Brooklyn, including Cobble Hill. By 1880 the population of the area was solidly upper-middle class, the 20th century saw an influx of immigrants into the neighborhood from Ireland, Italy and the Middle East, some low-rise apartment buildings were constructed prior to the 1920s. Organized community groups fought against large housing projects, and prevailed on the city to make the area an historic district and its area measures approximately twenty-two city blocks
20.
Gowanus, Brooklyn
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Gowanus is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, within the South Brooklyn area. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6, Gowanus is bounded by Wyckoff Street on the north, Fourth Avenue on the east, the Gowanus Expressway to the south, and Smith and Hoyt Streets to the west. In 1636, Gowanus Bay was the site of the first settlement by Dutch farmers in what is now Brooklyn, the ponds of Gowanus meadowlands served to drive gristmills of early settlers. During the American Revolutionary War Gowanus was the scene of fighting in the Battle of Long Island, after the Gowanus Canal was built through Gowanus, the area became an industrial center, and the draining of the ponds began in the 1860s. Since then, the area has been a center of industrial, after World War II, the decline of shipping at the port of Red Hook and of manufacturing around New York City prompted large industry to leave and changed the vibrancy of industry in Gowanus. The area is zoned for light to mid-level manufacturing, the Gowanus Canal was also an alleged Mafia dumping ground. Because of millennials and freelancers jobs, coworking spaces were formed in Gowanus in the 2010s, more restaurants, bars, and art galleries moved to the neighborhood, and new real estate became available. On the New York City Subway, the D N R W trains on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line, bike routes cross the canal on the Union Street, 3rd Street and 9th Street bridges. The elevated Gowanus Expressway runs through the edge of the neighborhood. The Carroll Street Bridge, built in 1889, is the oldest of the four remaining retractable bridges in the country, media related to Gowanus, Brooklyn at Wikimedia Commons Gowanus and Red Hook travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Kensington, Brooklyn, New York
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Kensington is a neighborhood in the center of the New York City borough of Brooklyn in the zip code 11218. It is the south of Prospect Park and the Green-Wood Cemetery. Kensington is a residential area that consists of housing types that run the gamut from brick rowhouses to detached one-family Victorians to apartment buildings. Pre-war brick apartment buildings dominate the Ocean Parkway and Coney Island Avenue frontage, the main commercial streets are Coney Island Avenue, Church Avenue, Ditmas Avenue and McDonald Avenue. Ocean Parkway bisects the neighborhood east-west, Kensington is served by the NYPDs 66th Precinct. More than 300 immigrants from Darfur have also settled in Kensington as of 2010, the land where Kensington now sits was first colonized by Dutch farmers during the seventeenth century within the Town of Flatbush. It was re-settled by British colonists in 1737, developed in 1885 after the completion of Ocean Parkway, the neighborhood was named after the place and borough in West London, at the turn of the century. Homebuilding began in earnest in the 1920s and attracted Italian and Irish immigrants to the neighborhood, brick and brownstone townhouses coexist with single- and two-family homes with yards and garages. Five- and six-story pre- and post-war apartment buildings and co-ops are also common, the New York City Subways IND Culver Line runs along the western part of the neighborhood and stops underground at Fort Hamilton Parkway and at Church Avenue. The line rises above ground to a structure to serve the Ditmas Avenue. In addition, Kensington is served by the B8, B16, B35, B67, B68, B69, B70, B103 local buses, as well as the BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4 express buses to Manhattan. Founded as a station in 1908 by the Mothers Kindergarten Club of P. S. 134 and the Kensington Improvement League, Kensingtons branch library quickly outgrew two locations before becoming a branch at 770 McDonald Avenue in 1912. The branch moved again in 2012, opening on November 15 at its new facilities at 4207 18th Avenue, New York City Public Schools in Kensington include, four public primary schools, P. S.130, P. S. There are two schools, J. H. S. The area has no high schools. Sid Luckman, Hall of Fame quarterback for the Chicago Bears from 1939 to 1950, according to the 1940 Federal Census, Luckman lived at 318 East 8th Street in Kensington. Frank Terpil Rogue CIA agent, arms trader, international felon, media related to Kensington, Brooklyn at Wikimedia Commons
22.
Park Slope, Brooklyn
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Park Slope is a neighborhood in northwest Brooklyn, New York City. Park Slope is roughly bounded by Prospect Park and Prospect Park West to the east, Fourth Avenue to the west, Flatbush Avenue to the north, the neighborhood takes its name from its location on the western slope of neighboring Prospect Park. Fifth Avenue and Seventh Avenue are its primary streets, while its east-west side streets are lined with brownstones. The neighborhood had a population of about 62,200 as of the 2000 census, resulting in a density of approximately 68, 000/square mile, or approximately 26. Park Slope is considered one of New York Citys most desirable neighborhoods, Park Slope is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6. The area that comprises the neighborhood of Park Slope was first inhabited by the Native Americans of the Lenape people. The Dutch colonized the area by the 17th century and farmed the region for more than 200 years, during the American Revolutionary War, on August 27,1776, the Park Slope area served as the backdrop for the beginning of the Battle of Long Island. In this battle, over 10,000 British soldiers and Hessian mercenaries routed outnumbered American forces, the historic site of Battle Pass is now preserved in Prospect Park, and on Fifth Avenue there is a reconstruction of the stone farmhouse where a countercharge covered the American retreat. In the 1850s, a lawyer and railroad developer named Edwin Clarke Litchfield purchased large tracts of what was then farmland. Through the American Civil War era, he sold off much of his land to residential developers, during the 1860s, the City of Brooklyn purchased his estate and adjoining property to complete the West Drive and the southern portion of the Long Meadow in Prospect Park. However, Park Slope’s bucolic period ended soon after, many of the large Victorian mansions on Prospect Park West, known as the Gold Coast, were built in the 1880s and 1890s to take advantage of the beautiful park views. Today, many of these buildings are preserved within the 24-block Park Slope Historic District, by 1883, with the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, Park Slope continued to boom and subsequent brick and brownstone structures pushed the neighborhoods borders farther. The 1890 census showed Park Slope to be the richest community in the United States, in 1892, President Grover Cleveland presided over the unveiling of the Soldiers and Sailors Arch at Grand Army Plaza, a notable Park Slope landmark. The Park Slope Armory was completed in 1893, nearby, Old Stone House is a 1930 reconstruction of the Vechte-Cortelyou House which was destroyed in 1897. It is located on Third Street between Fourth and Fifth Avenues, beside the former Gowanus Creek, realtors and community members saw a clear connection between Park Slopes bucolic setting and the comfort of living there. Baseball had also played a prominent role in the history of the Park Slope area, from 1879 to 1889, the Brooklyn Atlantics played at Washington Park on 5th Avenue between 3rd and 4th Streets. When the park was destroyed by a fire, the moved to their part-time home in Ridgewood, Queens. In 1898, the New Washington Park was built between Third and Fourth Avenues and between First and Third Streets near the Gowanus Canal, the team, by this point known as the Dodgers, played to an ever-growing fan base at this location
23.
Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn
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Windsor Terrace is a small residential neighborhood in the northwestern part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. As of the 2010 United States Census, Windsor Terrace had 20,988 people living within its 0. 503-square-mile area and its ZIP codes are 11215 and 11218. Windsor Terrace is situated between Prospect Park on the east and northeast, Park Slope to the northwest, Green-Wood Cemetery to the southwest and it is considered to be within the area historically known as South Brooklyn. A part of Community Board 7, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 72nd Precinct, before the coming of Europeans to the New World, the area which is now Windsor Terrace was inhabited by the Canarsee Indians. Specifically, the Gowanus and Werpos tribes inhabited the surrounding area, the land, which was then in the far northwestern corner of the Town of Flatbush, was purchased as a farm by John Vanderbilt. Some parts of the land were also maintained by the Martense family, following Vanderbilts death, his land was divided in two. Vanderbilts land were sold to William Bell, a real estate developer, Bell subdivided the land into 47 building lots, and, unlike some other developers in the general area, was able to sell them rather quickly. Bell then renamed the area one of the multiple places named Windsor in England. Bell sold part of the land to Edward Belknap in 1851, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle first referred to the area as Windsor Terrace in March 1854. By 1856, Belknap had lost his land due to foreclosure, additional blocks were developed in 1862, when the village had 30 inhabitants living in twelve houses. The village kept growing through the 1870s, boasting a Protestant chapel by 1874, a school by 1876. The village remained rural in feel until around 1900, when row houses began to be throughout the area. Between 1902 and 1919, builder and future Republican U. S, senator for New York State, William M. Calder, erected 700 two-story homes along Prospect Park SW. Development began to pick up pace around 1925 as rumors circulated that the neighborhood would soon be served by the New York City Subway. There were a lot of single-family and two-family houses being built, as well as stores being opened on 11th Avenue, many of the new occupants of these residences were Irish-American workers, some of whose families then remained there for generations. The 1933 arrival of the Independent Subway System ushered in an era of apartment-building construction, even into the 1960s, Windsor Terrace was an isolated neighborhood with a quiet small-town feel to it, although the construction of the Prospect Expressway brought more through traffic into the area. Gentrification of the began in the 1980s, with families who could not afford the prices in Brooklyn Heights. Additional two-family housing funded with public assistance was built and sold by lottery, in the late 1980s, the neighborhood was rezoned to prevent the construction of high-rise buildings
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New York City mayoral election, 2013
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The 2013 New York City mayoral election occurred on November 5,2013, along with elections for comptroller, public advocate, borough presidents, and members of the New York City Council. The incumbent Mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg, a Republican-turned-Independent, was term-limited, primary elections were held on September 10,2013. The Republican nominee was former Metropolitan Transportation Authority Chairman Joe Lhota, New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio was the Democratic nominee. Republican and Republican-endorsed candidates have won five successive elections in New York City. Republican Rudy Giuliani was elected in 1993 and re-elected in 1997, Republican Michael Bloomberg was then elected in 2001 and re-elected in 2005. He left the Republican Party in 2007 and successfully persuaded the city council to extend the term limits law so that he could run for a third term. He was re-elected as an Independent on the Republican and Independence/Jobs & Education ballot lines in 2009, the term limits law was subsequently changed by a referendum in 2010, reverting the limit to two terms. R. Bernard, pastor S. E. Cupp, conservative political commentator Daniel M. Donovan, the Mayor of Spring Valley and local Republican party leaders were also arrested. S. These parties have ballot access. Joseph Melaragno Jack Hidary Michael K. Greys Michael J and it was soon after ruled by the Libertarian Executive Committee that this nomination was invalid and void due to the attending voters of this first Convention not being properly credentialed. A second nominating convention was held on June 11,2013, Michael Sanchez, activist Randy Credico, comedian and former Director of the William Moses Kunstler Fund for Racial Justice Kristin M
25.
Joe Lhota
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Joseph J. Joe Lhota /ˈloʊtə/ is a former American politician and a former public servant. He served as the chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and was also a deputy mayor of New York City. He was the Republican nominee in a bid for the 2013 election for Mayor of New York City. In January 2014, he became vice president, vice dean. Joe Lhota was born in the Bronx, New York, the son of Jackie and Joseph Joe Lhota and his paternal grandfather was a New York City firefighter, and his maternal grandfather was a New York City taxi driver. His maternal grandfather was of Italian descent and his grandmother was Jewish. Lhota was raised Catholic, and self-identifies as a Christian, although he is considered Jewish according to Jewish law, the family later moved to Lindenhurst. He was the first member of his family to attend college and he received an M. B. A. degree from Harvard Business School in 1980. Upon graduating from Georgetown University, Lhota joined Arthur Andersen & Co. in Washington, D. C. and he worked there for two years before entering the Harvard Business School. Following Harvard, Lhota returned to New York City and began a career as an investment banker at First Boston. He specialized in finance, serving state and local governments throughout the United States. In 2010, he joined The Madison Square Garden Company as executive vice president as a member of the management team. From 2002 to 2015, Lhota served as a member of the board of directors of First Aviation Services, in 2015, FAVS became a private company. In 2014, Lhota became a member of Cablevision Systems Corporation and was chairman of its audit committee until the company was sold in June 2016 to Altice USA. In 2016, Lhota became an independent member of the board of directors, in 1994, Lhota joined the administration of Mayor Rudy Giuliani, where he held several positions over Giulianis two terms. He first served as chief of staff to the deputy mayor for finance and economic development, in 1995, he was selected as director of the office of management and budget. In 1998, Giuliani appointed Lhota to deputy mayor for operations, as the head of the mayors rat abatement task force, he was humorously known as the Rat Czar. Lhota served as Mayor Giulianis liaison to the White House, United States Congress, governor of New York, New York State Legislature, additionally, he was responsible for oversight of the city’s relationships with the public employee unions and development of collective bargaining agreement strategies
26.
David Dinkins
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David Norman Dinkins is an American politician who served as the 106th Mayor of New York City, from 1990 to 1993. He was the first and, to date, only African American to hold that office, before entering politics, Dinkins served in the U. S. Marine Corps, graduated cum laude from Howard University, and received a law degree from Brooklyn Law School. He served as Manhattan borough president before becoming mayor, under the Dinkins administration, crime in New York City decreased more dramatically and more rapidly than at any time in previous New York City history. After leaving office Dinkins was named professor of public affairs at Columbia University, Dinkins was a member of the Board of Directors of the United States Tennis Association, and a member of The Jazz Foundation of America. He serves on the boards of the New York City Global Partners, the Childrens Health Fund, the Association to Benefit Children, Dinkins was born in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Sally Lucy and William Harvey Dinkins, Jr. His mother was a worker and his father a barber. He was raised by his father, his parents having separated when he was six years old, Dinkins moved to Harlem as a child but returned to Trenton and attended Trenton Central High School, where he graduated in 1945 in the top 10 percent of his class. After graduation, Dinkins attempted to enlist in the United States Marine Corps, after traveling the Northeastern United States, he finally found a recruiting station that had not, in his words, filled their quota for Negro Marines. He became a Marine, but World War II was over before Dinkins finished boot camp and he served in the Marine Corps from 1945 through 1946, and was among the Montford Point Marines awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Dinkins graduated cum laude from Howard University with a degree in mathematics and he received a law degree from Brooklyn Law School. Dinkins rose through the Democratic Party organization in Harlem, beginning at the Carver Democratic Club under the aegis of J, as an investor, Dinkins was one of fifty African American investors who helped Percy Sutton found Inner City Broadcasting Corporation in 1971. Dinkins was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1966 and he was nominated as a Deputy Mayor by Mayor Abraham D. Beame but was ultimately not appointed. Dinkins was President of the Board of Elections from 1972 to 1973 and he was elected Manhattan borough president in 1985 on his third run for that office. Dinkins came to visit the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, seeking his blessing, Dinkins was elected in the wake of a corruption scandal that involved several New York City Democratic leaders. Additionally, the fact that Dinkins is African American helped him to criticism that he was ignoring the black vote by campaigning to whites. While a large turnout of African American voters was important to his election, Dinkins campaign manager was noted political consultant William Lynch, Jr. who became one of his First Deputy Mayors. Dinkins entered office pledging racial healing, and famously referred to New York Citys demographic diversity as a gorgeous mosaic, despite the actual abating of crime, Dinkins was hurt by the perception that crime was out of control during his administration. Dinkins also initiated a program that expanded the police department nearly 25%
27.
Stop and frisk
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In the United States, a Terry stop is a brief detention of a person by police on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity but short of probable cause to arrest. The name derives from Terry v. Ohio,392 U. S, reasonable suspicion depends on the totality of the circumstances, and it can result from a combination of facts, each of which by itself innocuous. In some jurisdictions, persons detained under the doctrine of Terry must identify themselves to police upon request, in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada,542 U. S. A traffic stop is, for practical purposes, a Terry stop, for the duration of a stop, driver, drivers and passengers may be searched for weapons upon reasonable suspicion they are armed and dangerous. Writing for a unanimous Court in Arizona v. Johnson,129 S. Ct,781, Justice Ginsburg gives a comprehensive summary of most of the above-cited jurisprudence relating to traffic stops. Proactive policing Stop and search, a UK equivalent
28.
New York City Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
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African American
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
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Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
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Body worn video
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Parking inspectors in some areas also wear these devices, to capture an assault or offense. BWVs are notable because their placement, often on the front of a shirt, provides for first-person perspective, BWV is a form of closed-circuit television. The cameras are located on the police officer’s chest or head. The first generation of police body cameras was introduced around 2005 in the United Kingdom. That means these cameras have only been around for a short period of time. The current body camera is much lighter and smaller than the first experiments with wearable cameras, there are several types of body cameras made by several different companies. Each camera basically serves the purpose, yet some function in slightly different ways than others. Some are meant to be mounted on one’s chest or shoulder, as far as sizing goes most are roughly the size of a Scotch Tape dispenser and weigh anywhere from about 2 ounces to 5 ounces. Thats somewhere between a strawberry and a lemon. These lightweight cameras are designed to be worn without any discomfort, in 2014, the three top companies that had been producing body cameras throughout the United States were Taser International, VieVu, and Digital Ally. In 2016, a survey described 66 body worn video cameras produced by 38 different vendors. Body camera manufacturers have constantly looked for technical innovations to improve their products to ensure the most professional, each company has their own specific reasons for providing certain features in their body cameras. Axon cameras, similar to body cameras on the market, were created for the purpose of ensuring public safety through obtaining the truth behind actions carried out by law enforcement agencies. Taser chose not to include the use of HD video quality in their first model because the files were five to ten times larger than a regular resolution of 640 x 240. Vievu found that HD video quality serves as a great help when evidence is presented in courtrooms due to the ability to get a clearer picture of what occurred. The Axon Body 2 that was introduced later does support HD recording, factors like these are addressed by each company throughout the process of designing and producing their body cameras. Many body cameras offer specific features that include options of HD footage, infrared, night vision, fisheye lenses, and varying degrees of view. Ever since body cameras have been worn by officers, there has been a debate over whether video qualities that make the camera superior to that of the officer’s eyes should be allowed
32.
Central Park jogger case
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The Central Park jogger case concerned the assault, rape, and sodomy of Trisha Meili, a female jogger, and attacks on others in New York Citys Central Park, on April 19,1989. The attack on the female jogger left her in a coma for 12 days, Meili was a 28-year-old investment banker at the time. The attacks were, according to The New York Times, one of the most widely publicized crimes of the 1980s, Five juvenile males—four black and one of Hispanic descent—were tried, variously, for assault, robbery, riot, rape, sexual abuse, and attempted murder. They were convicted of most charges by juries in two trials in 1990, and received sentences ranging from five to 15 years. Four of the convictions were appealed, they were affirmed by appellate courts, the defendants spent between six and 13 years in prison. In 2002, Matias Reyes, another Hispanic male who had been a juvenile at the time of the attack, confessed to raping the jogger and he also said he committed the rape alone. Reyes at the time of his confession was a serial rapist and murderer. He was not prosecuted for raping Meili, because the statute of limitations had passed by the time Reyes confessed and their convictions were vacated in 2002. However, after Bill de Blasio became mayor and supported the settlement, as of December 2014, the five men were pursuing an additional $52 million in damages from New York State in the New York Court of Claims. The victim, then 28-year-old Trisha Ellen Meili, lived on East 83rd Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. At the time of the attack she was a president in the corporate finance department. At the time of the attack, she weighed less than 100 pounds, Meili was born in Paramus, New Jersey, and raised in affluent Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. She is the daughter and youngest of three children of John, a Westinghouse senior manager, and Jean Meili, a board member. She attended Upper St. Clair High School, graduating in 1978, Meili was a Phi Beta Kappa economics major at Wellesley College, where she received a B. A. in 1982. The chairman of Wellesleys Economics Department said, She was brilliant, in 1986, she earned an M. A. from Yale, and an M. B. A. in Finance from the Yale School of Management. She worked from the summer of 1986 on through the time of the attack as an associate and then a president in the corporate finance department. Meili was referred to in most media accounts of the incident at the time simply as the Central Park Jogger, the Open Line hosts on WRKS were credited with helping continue to cover the case until the convicted youths were cleared of the crime. In April 2003, Meili confirmed her identity to the media, published a memoir entitled I Am the Central Park Jogger and she also works with victims of sexual assault and brain injury in the Mount Sinai sexual assault and violence intervention program
33.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
34.
Populist
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Populism is a political doctrine that proposes that the common people are exploited by a privileged elite, and which seeks to resolve this. The underlying ideology of populists can be left, right, or center and its goal is uniting the uncorrupt and the unsophisticated little man against the corrupt dominant elites and their camp of followers. It is guided by the belief that political and social goals are best achieved by the actions of the masses. Political parties and politicians often use the terms populist and populism as pejoratives against their opponents, such a view sees populism as demagogy, merely appearing to empathize with the public through rhetoric or unrealistic proposals in order to increase appeal across the political spectrum. Populism is most common in democratic nations, historically, academic definitions of populism vary, and people have often used the term in loose and inconsistent ways to reference appeals to the people, demagogy, and catch-all politics. The term has also used as a label for new parties whose classifications are unclear. In recent years, academic scholars have produced definitions that facilitate populist identification and comparison, in the United States and Latin America, populism has generally been associated with the left, whereas in European countries, populism is more associated with the right. In both, the tenet of populism—that democracy should reflect the pure and undiluted will of the people—means it can sit easily with ideologies of both right and left. Cas Mudde says, Many observers have noted that populism is inherent to representative democracy, after all, most recently, many observers have categorized the rise of Donald Trump in the U. S. and Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines as populist in nature. Populism has taken left-wing, right-wing, and even centrist forms, as well as forms of politics that bring together groups and individuals of diverse partisan views. The use of populist rhetoric in the United States has recently included references such as the trial lawyer lobby. Subsistence peasant movements, such as the Eastern European Green Rising militias, intellectuals who romanticize hard-working farmers and peasants and build radical agrarian movements like the Russian narodniki. Populist democracy, including calls for political participation through reforms such as the use of popular referenda. Politicians populism marked by non-ideological appeals for the people to build a unified coalition, reactionary populism, such as the white backlash harvested by George Wallace. Populist dictatorship, such as established by Getúlio Vargas in Brazil. Scholars have argued that populist elements have appeared in authoritarian movements. Conspiracist scapegoating employed by various populist movements can create a seedbed for fascism, National Socialist populism interacted with and facilitated fascism in interwar Germany. In this case, distressed middle–class populists mobilized their anger against the government, the Nazis parasitized the forms and themes of the populists and moved their constituencies far to the right through ideological appeals involving demagoguery, scapegoating, and conspiracism
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Andrew Cuomo
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Andrew Mark Cuomo is an American politician and attorney who has been the 56th Governor of New York since January 1,2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in 2010, holding the position his father, Mario Cuomo. Born in Queens, New York City, Cuomo is a graduate of Fordham University and Albany Law School of Union University, New York in New York. He began his working as the campaign manager for his father. He founded HELP USA, and was appointed Chair of the New York City Homeless Commission, in 1993, Cuomo joined the Clinton Administration, when he was appointed Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development in the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. From 1997 to 2001, he was U. S. Secretary of Housing, in 2006, Cuomo was elected Attorney General of New York. In May 2010, Cuomo announced he was running for Governor in the 2010 election, during his first term, New York legalized same-sex marriage and toughened gun control. In 2014, he was elected to a term with 54% of the vote. Cuomo was born on December 6,1957, in the New York City borough of Queens and his parents were both of Italian descent, his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in South Italy, while his maternal grandparents were both from Sicily. His younger brother is CNN journalist Chris Cuomo and he graduated from St. Gerard Majellas School in 1971 and Archbishop Molloy High School in 1975. He received a B. A. from Fordham University in 1979, from 1984 to 1985, Cuomo was a New York assistant district attorney, and briefly worked at the law firm of Blutrich, Falcone & Miller. He founded Housing Enterprise for the Less Privileged in 1986 and left his law firm to run HELP full-time in 1988, budgets enacted during his term contained initiatives to increase the supply of affordable housing and home ownership, and to create jobs and economic development. During Cuomos tenure as HUD Secretary, he called for an increase in home ownership and he also pushed government-sponsored lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to buy more home loans issued to poor homeowners, in an attempt to end discrimination against minorities. Some believe that this lead to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. Edward J. Pinto, former chief credit officer at Fannie Mae, Cuomo was pushing mortgage bankers to make loans and basically saying you have to offer a loan to everybody. But others disagree with the assessment that Cuomo caused the crisis, dean Baker, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said Cuomo was a contributor in terms of him being a cheerleader, but I dont think we can pin too much blame on him. He championed a new program called Community Builders, created without appropriation by Congress, in a June 16,1999, speech, Cuomo declared that one purpose of the program was to fight against HUDs abolition. In August 1999, Community Builders distributed a letter to community groups to fight against proposed tax cuts, in 1999, Gaffneys office concluded that most Community Builders goals were activities rather than actual accomplishments
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Affordable housing
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Affordable housing is housing which is deemed affordable to those with a median household income as rated by country, State, region, or municipality by a recognized Housing Affordability Index. In the United Kingdom affordable housing includes social rented and intermediate housing, the notion of housing affordability became widespread in the 1980s in Europe and North America. Housing choice is a response to a complex set of economic, social. For example, some households may choose to spend more on housing because they feel they can afford to, the Median Multiple indicator, recommended by the World Bank and the United Nations, rates affordability of housing by dividing the median house price by gross annual median household income). A common measure of affordability is the number of homes that a household with a certain percentage of median income can afford. 50% affordability for the median home indicates a balanced market, determining housing affordability is complex and the commonly used housing-expenditure-to-income-ratio tool has been challenged. In the United States and Canada, a commonly accepted guideline for housing affordability is a housing cost that does not exceed 30% of a gross income. Canada, for example, switched to a 25% rule from a 20% rule in the 1950s, in the 1980s this was replaced by a 30% rule. One of the greatest strengths of the HAI developed by MIT is its ability to capture the Total Cost of Ownership of individuals housing choices, in computing the index the obvious cost of rents and mortgage payments are modified by the hidden costs of those choices. Income is the primary factor—not price and availability, that housing affordability. In a market economy the distribution of income is the key determinant of the quantity and quality of housing obtained, therefore, understanding affordable housing challenges requires understanding trends and disparities in income and wealth. Housing is often the single biggest expenditure of low and middle income families, for low and middle income families, their house is also the greatest source of wealth. The most common approach to measure the affordability of housing has been to consider the percentage of income that a household spends on housing expenditures, another method of studying affordability looks at the regular hourly wage of full-time workers who are paid only the minimum wage. The hope is that workers will be able to afford at least a small apartment in the area where they work. Some countries look at those living in poverty, which is usually defined as making less than 60% of the median household income. In their policy reports, they consider the presence or absence of housing for people making 60% of the median income, Housing affordability can be measured by the changing relationships between house prices and rents, and between house prices and incomes. There has been an increase among policy makers in affordable housing as the price of housing has increased creating a crisis in affordable housing. Since 2000 the world experienced an unprecedented house price boom in terms of magnitude and duration, never before had house prices risen so fast, for so long, in so many countries
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Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
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Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
39.
Sant'Agata de' Goti
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SantAgata de Goti is a comune in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 35 km northeast of Naples and about 25 km west of Benevento near the Monte Taburno. The name does not derive from the Gothic domination of Italy, santAgata is not far from the ancient Samnite town of Saticula. Cathedral, founded in the 10th century, due to the repeated reconstruction, little remains of the original edifice. The Romanesque crypt shows parts which could belong to several pre-existing buildings, palace and church of St. Francis. It houses 15th-century frescoes, and a diptych of the Annunciation dating to the same age, the Council Room in City Hall was decorated in 1899 by Vincenzo Severino
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Province of Benevento
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The Province of Benevento is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Benevento, the province has an area of 2,071 km², and a total population of 316,464. There are 78 comuni in the province, the biggest municipalities, the only ones over 10,000 inhabitants, are Benevento, Montesarchio, SantAgata de Goti and San Giorgio del Sannio. The territory of the province of Benevento closely approximates that of the Principality of Benevento in the mid and it borders Molise on the North, Apulia on the East, the province of Avellino and that of Napoli on the South, and the province of Caserta on the West. The lowest point is in the comune of Limatola, while the highest point is Monte Mutria, one of the mountains of the Matese range, which separates the province of Benevento from Molise
41.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and is a part of the Boston metropolitan area. According to the 2010 Census, the population was 105,162. As of July 2014, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Cambridge was one of the two seats of Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 1997, Lowell was the other. The site for what would become Cambridge was chosen in December 1630, because it was located safely upriver from Boston Harbor, Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon, were among the first settlers of the town. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631, the settlement was initially referred to as the newe towne. Official Massachusetts records show the name capitalized as Newe Towne by 1632, the original village site is in the heart of todays Harvard Square. In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge itself to the city of Boston were pursued and rejected, in 1636, the Newe College was founded by the colony to train ministers. Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court primarily—according to Cotton Mather—to be near the popular, in May 1638 the name of the settlement was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. Hooker and Shepard, Newtownes ministers, and the colleges first president, major benefactor, in 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. It was Governor Thomas Dudley who, in 1650, signed the charter creating the corporation which still governs Harvard College, Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles by road from Boston, the capital of the colony. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town. Coming up from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3,1775, most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24,1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, a second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts, in the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature. Cambridge was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires, the Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day. Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846, the citys commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the downtown of the city around this time. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge then led to three changes in the city, the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave. For many decades, the citys largest employer was the New England Glass Company, by the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world
42.
Smith College
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Smith College is a private, independent womens liberal arts college with coed graduate and certificate programs, located in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest member of the Seven Sisters, in its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked it tied for 12th among the best National Liberal Arts Colleges. The college was chartered in 1871-1891 by a bequest of Sophia Smith and opened its doors in 1875 with 14 students, by 1915–16 the student enrollment was 1,724 and the faculty numbered 163. Today, with some 2,600 undergraduates on campus, and 250 students studying elsewhere, on August 28,1942, a total of 120 women reported to the school for training. Smith has been led by 11 presidents and two acting presidents, for the 1975 centennial, the college inaugurated its first woman president, Jill Ker Conway, who came to Smith from Australia by way of Harvard and the University of Toronto. The campus was planned and planted in the 1890s as a garden and arboretum. The campus landscape now encompasses 147 acres and includes more than 1,200 varieties of trees, Smith College has 285 professors in 41 academic departments and programs, for a faculty, student ratio of 1,9. Smith Colleges acceptance rate in 2015 was 35. 97% and it was the first womens college in the United States to grant its own undergraduate degrees in engineering. The Picker Engineering Program offers a single ABET accredited Bachelor of Science in engineering science, Smith recently joined the SAT optional movement for undergraduate admission. Smith runs its own junior year abroad programs in four European cities, Paris, Hamburg, Florence and these programs are notable for requiring all studies to be conducted in the language of the host country. In some cases live in homestays with local families. Nearly half of Smiths juniors study overseas, either through Smith JYA programs or at more than 40 other locations around the world, junior math majors from other undergraduate institutions are invited to study at Smith College for one year through the Center for Women in Mathematics. The Center also offers a year of math study to women who either did not major in mathematics as undergraduates or whose mathematics major was not strong. The Louise W. and Edmund J. Kahn Liberal Arts Institute supports collaborative research without regard to the boundaries of academic departments. Each year the Institute supports long-term and short-term projects proposed, planned and organized by members of the Smith College faculty, by becoming Kahn Fellows, students get involved in interdisciplinary research projects and work alongside faculty and visiting scholars for a year. Students can develop skills through Smiths two-year Phoebe Reese Lewis Leadership Program. Participants train in public speaking, analytical thinking, teamwork strategies, through Smiths internship program, Praxis, The Liberal Arts at Work, every undergraduate is guaranteed access to one college funded internship during her years at the college. This program enables students to access interesting self-generated internship positions in social welfare and human services, the arts, media, health, education, the 2017 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes Smith as more selective
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Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
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