1.
Rock am Ring and Rock im Park
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The Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals are two simultaneous rock music festivals held annually. While Rock am Ring takes place at Mendig on an old airbase, Rock im Park takes place at the Zeppelinfeld in Nuremberg, both festivals are usually regarded as one event with a mostly identical lineup for both festivals. All artists perform one day at Mendig and another day in Nuremberg during the three-day event, there have been minor exceptions in the past years where an artist would be announced for one of the festivals only. However, after a dip in attendance for the 1988 event, in 1991, the festival returned with a new concept, as well as featuring well-known artists, event organizers present lesser known up-and-coming bands to the public. In 1993, Rock im Park took place for the first time in Vienna, for the 1994 event, Rock im Park moved to the disused Munich-Riem airport, and the following year to Munichs Olympiastadion, where it found a home for the 1995 and 1996 event. 1997 Rock im Park moved to Nurembergs Frankenstadion where it was held until the venue was unavailable in 2004 because the stadium was being renovated for the 2006 Football World Cup. Since 2004 the venue moved again to the current Zeppellinfeld, where Rock im Park was since held with the exception of the 2006 festival, the 2007 festival was used in a science experiment to test the effects of large bodies of people simultaneously jumping. The experiment data was used to calculate the result if the entire Chinese population were to jump in unison, the experiment concluded no significant results would come from the theoretical event. After 29 editions of Rock am Ring, the new owner of the Nürburgring decided that the contract wont be extended, the festival continued at another location in 2015. The 2008 festival took place on 6–8 June 2008,91 acts have been officially confirmed. Both festivals were sold out on 1 May, confirmed acts,3 Doors Down,36 Crazyfists, Against Me. Glory of Joanns MySpace profile lists them as performing at Rock am Ring, the headling acts for 2009 were Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, The Prodigy, KoЯn, Marilyn Manson, The Killers, Placebo and Billy Talent. Other bands included 2raumwohnung, Alexisonfire, All That Remains,1, Juliette Lewis, Kettcar, Kilians, Killswitch Engage, Kitty, Daisy & Lewis, Little Man Tate, Machine Head, Madina Lake, Madness, Mando Diao, M. I. A. The headliners for the 2011 festival were System of a Down, motörhead, The Offspring, Opeth, Periphery, Shinedown, Skrillex, Soundgarden, Tenacious D, The Subways, and Trivium. Headliners, Linkin Park, Metallica, Iron Maiden, Kings Of Leon. 1, John Newman, Karnivool, Klangkarussell Live, Kvelertak, Left Boy, Mando Diao, Marteria, Mastodon, Maximo Park, Milky Chance, Nine Inch Nails, Of Mice & Men, Opeth, Portugal. The Man, Queens Of The Stone Age, Rob Zombie, Rudimental, SDP, Sierra Kidd, Slayer, Suicide Silence, Teesy, Triggerfinger, headliners, Foo Fighters, Die Toten Hosen, Slipknot, Motionless in White. Official Rock am Ring site Official Rock im Park site Ringrocker. com Parkrocker. net Rockpalast – Rock am Ring 2007 Rock am Ring live sets audio files archive, Rockpalast broadcast
2.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
3.
Rodeo, California
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Rodeo /roʊˈdeɪ. oʊ/ is a census-designated place located in Contra Costa County, California on the shore of San Pablo Bay. The population was 8,679 at the 2010 census, the town is named for the livestock roundups common in the late 19th century. The town of Rodeo is served by the Interstate 80 freeway, the Southern Pacific Railroad main line passes through Rodeo. Rodeo has not been a stop on the railroad since the 1950s, Rodeo owes much of its history to brothers John and Patrick Tormey, who purchased tracts of land from the Ygnacio Martinez Rancho El Pinole estate in 1865 and 1867. They became successful ranchers and businessmen, amassed sizable fortunes and held public office, Patrick Tormey had visions of this area of Contra Costa County becoming the meatpacking and canning center of the Pacific coast. In partnership with the Union Stockyard Co. in 1890, he sold some of the land to them and began to lay out plans, eventually, streets were graded and lots were prepared for homesteads, thus creating the town of Rodeo. Patrick Tormey also sold land in the town of Oleum to the California Lumber Co. for use as a lumberyard. He also sold land in nearby Selby, which was used by the Selby Smelting & Lead Co and he funded the meatpacking plant, corrals and the Rodeo Hotel. The first post office opened in 1892, residents were able to find work in nearby towns of Crockett, Vallejo, Hercules, and Union Oil Co. in Oleum. Rodeo as a community managed to continue, but was devastated in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, in the aftermath, the town would rebuild much like other communities around the San Francisco Bay area. There is a oil refinery adjacent to Rodeo, it was built in 1896 currently operated by Phillips 66. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 4.6 square miles, 81% is land. The 2010 United States Census reported that Rodeo had a population of 8,679, the population density was 1,873.6 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Rodeo was 3,823 White,1,410 African American,53 Native American,1,762 Asian,62 Pacific Islander,885 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,134 people. The Census reported that 99. 5% of the lived in households and 0. 5% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 175 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 21 same-sex married couples or partnerships,583 households were made up of individuals and 207 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96, there were 2,191 families, the average family size was 3.40. The median age was 38.2 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males
4.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
5.
Pop punk
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Pop punk is a punk rock music genre and a fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with elements of pop music. Pop punk typically combines fast punk rock tempos, power chord changes and loud, distorted guitars with pop-influenced melodies. Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a style that was stylistically similar to power pop. By the mid-1980s, several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new, faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty, Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s. Pop punk particularly thrived in California, where independent record labels adopted a do it approach to releasing music. By the mid-1990s, a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive radio and television airplay. By 1994, pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity, the late 1990s, exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182s Enema of the State, represented the genres mainstream peak, although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s. In the mid-2000s, emo pop, a genre combining emo and pop punk. By the end of the 2000s, the pop sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity. Pop punk typically merges upbeat pop melodies with catchy hooks, catchy choruses, harmonies, speedy tempos, punk rock power chord changes and loud, distorted electric guitars. About. com has described second-wave pop punk bands as having a radio friendly sheen to their music, club, pop punk often pits sweet harmonies against bratty, rowdy riffs. Lyrical topics that are common in pop punk include love, lust, drunkenness, adolescence, cartoonish violence, some pop punk lyrics focus on jokes and humor. Some pop punk music features elements of rock, power pop. According to Ryan Cooper of About. com, pop punk is a style that more to the Beatles. It is not clear when the pop punk was first used. Protopunk and power pop bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s helped lay the groundwork for the pop punk sound, the Beatles, the Kinks and the Beach Boys all paved the way for pop punk. With their love of the Beach Boys and late 1960s bubblegum pop, the Ramones loud and fast melodic minimalism differentiated them from other bands in New York Citys budding art rock scene, but pop punk was not considered a separate subgenre until later. An early use of the pop punk appeared in a 1977 New York Times article, Cabaret
6.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
7.
Garage rock
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Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada. The term derives from the perception that groups were made up of young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage. The style, a precursor to rock, is characterized by aggressive and unsophisticated lyrics and delivery. In the US and Canada, surf rock—and later the Beatles, hundreds of acts produced regional hits, and some had national hits. Though largely associated with North America, counterparts were present elsewhere as part of the beat boom of the era. As critics of the period began to prescribe a scope for genre, they used the term punk rock. Garage rock has experienced various revivals in the years and continues to influence acts who prefer a back to basics. In the early- to mid-1980s, several garage revival scenes sprung up featuring acts that consciously attempted to replicate the look, in the 2000s, a wave of garage rock revival acts associated with the post-punk revival emerged, and a handful achieved airplay and commercial success. The term garage rock comes from the perception that its performers were young and amateurish, while numerous bands were made up of middle-class teenagers from the suburbs, others were from rural or urban areas or were composed of professional musicians in their twenties. The term garage band often refers to acts in this genre. Garage bands performed in a variety of venues, less-established groups typically played at parties, school dances, and teen clubs. For acts of legal age, bars, nightclubs, and college fraternity socials also provided regular engagements, occasionally, local groups had the opportunity to open at shows for famous touring acts. Some garage rock bands went on tour, particularly better-known acts, groups often competed in battles of the bands, which gave musicians an opportunity to gain exposure and a chance to win a prize, such as free recording time in a local studio. Battles of the bands were held, locally, regionally and nationally, and two of the most prestigious contests were held annually by the Tea Council of the U. S. A. and the Music Circus. Performances often sounded amateurish, naïve or intentionally raw, with typical themes revolving around the traumas of high school life, instrumentation was characterized by electric guitars often distorted through a fuzzbox, teamed with bass and drums. Guitarists sometimes played using aggressive-sounding bar chord riffs, sometimes referred to as power chords, organs such as the Farfisa were commonly used as well as mouth harmonicas or hand-held percussion such as tambourines. Occasionally, the tempo sped up in certain passages, sometimes referred to as raveups, Garage rock acts were diverse in both musical ability and in style, ranging from crude two- and three-chord music to near-studio musician quality. There were also variations in flourishing scenes, such as in California
8.
Reprise Records
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Reprise Records /rəˈpriz/ is an American major record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It was mostly inactive from 1976 to 1987 and it is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Bros. Reprise Records was formed in 1960 by Frank Sinatra in order to more artistic freedom for his own recordings. Hence, he garnered the nickname The Chairman of the Board, having left Capitol/EMI, and after trying to buy Norman Granzs Verve Records, the first album Sinatra released on Reprise was Ring-a-Ding-Ding. As CEO of Reprise, Sinatra recruited several artists for the label, such as fellow Rat Pack members Dean Martin and Sammy Davis. The original roster from 1961 to 1963 included Bing Crosby, Jo Stafford, Rosemary Clooney, Nancy Sinatra, Esquivel, the label still issues any Sinatra work recorded while on the label and, after his death in 1998, it had great success with his greatest hits collections. One of the founding principles under Sinatras leadership was that each artist would have full creative freedom. This is the reason why recordings of early Reprise artists are distributed through other labels. In Martins case, his Reprise recordings were out of print for nearly 20 years before a deal was struck with Capitol Records, in 1963, as part of a film deal, Warner Bros. purchased Reprise from Sinatra, who nonetheless retained a 20% interest in the label. Many of the artists on the label were dropped by Warner Bros. Reprise president Mo Ostin was retained as the head of the label, warner-Reprise executives began targeting younger acts, beginning by securing the American distribution rights to the Pye Records recordings by the Kinks in 1964. Reprise would soon add teen-oriented pop acts like Dino, Desi & Billy to the roster, as well, Franks own daughter Nancy Sinatra would be retained by Ostin, becoming a major pop star starting in late 1965. The label moved almost exclusively to rock-oriented music in the late 1960s, rex, the Meters, John Cale, Gordon Lightfoot, Michael Franks, Richard Pryor, Al Jarreau, Fleetwood Mac, Fanny, and the Beach Boys. In 1976, the Reprise label was deactivated by Warner Bros. an unconfirmed explanation for this move is that Sinatra wanted to be the only artist on Reprise, and Young is said to have been the only Reprise act who refused to agree to a change in labels. In late 1985, some copies of the Dream Academys hit single Life in a Northern Town were pressed with Warner Bros. labels bearing a Reprise logo,1986 saw releases bearing Reprise labels from the Dream Academy as well as Dwight Yoakam. Vice President of Promotion Rich Fitzgerald was appointed as label Vice-President and it was formerly home to the Jimi Hendrix and the Barenaked Ladies catalogs in the U. S. When the Bee Gees back catalog was remastered by Rhino Records in the 2000s, neil Young stated in a documentary about his life that Marilyn Manson was turned down by Reprise. In September 2011, several took place at Reprise Records
9.
Lookout! Records
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Records was an independent record label, initially based in Laytonville, California and later in Berkeley, focusing on punk rock. In 2005 the label ran into difficulties after several high-profile artists rescinded the rights to their Lookout. After a period of rapid contraction the label slowly expired, terminating operations, thus in October of that year was launched a circulation magazine called Lookout, the first issue of which was typed and photocopied with a press run of just 50 copies. Opposition emerged to the controversial local topics upon which Livermore opined and so he turned to the punk rock. Livermore also decided to start a band, drafting a 12-year-old neighbor to play drums — given the rock name Tré Cool by Livermore. Cool would later gain fame as the drummer of Green Day, after a few ill-attended shows in 1985 Livermore took his band, The Lookouts, into a local recording studio to record their songs, with a 26-song demo tape resulting. He also began living part-time in the San Francisco Bay Area, early in 1987 Livermore decided that it was time for The Lookouts to release a record. Livermore chose to take the Do It Yourself route to such an album. The duo would soon join forces as co-founders of a permanent label, both Lawrence Livermore and David Hayes were deeply inspired by the energetic East Bay punk rock scene and sought to further document its leading bands. David Hayes initially wanted to start a new label of his own for the purpose, to be known as Sprocket Records, with a view to a first release for the band Corrupted Morals. Livermore, a columnist for Maximum Rocknroll who knew Hayes as a so-called shitworker for the publication, the companys iconic beady eyes logo was the early creation of David Hayes, who also handled much of the artwork for the labels early sleeves and LP jackets. With Hayes Corrupted Morals project moving forward as LK-02, a 7-inch EP entitled Chet, Livermore and this would be yet another 7 EP, a record by raw-edged ska-punkers Operation Ivy called Hectic. In an effort to make a splash, four 7-inch vinyl records were released simultaneously, including releases by popular 924 Gilman bands Crimpshrine. This initial barrage of new releases went far in cementing Lookouts place as a cutting edge local label for the Berkeley punk scene, the Gilman bands began to form friendships amongst themselves and to play out together at other venues on the road. Before long Appelgren would be traveling to Livermores Laytonville home to help with the stuffing of 7 vinyl into sleeves and packaging records for mailorder, but all was not well with the fledgling record label. In addition, Hayes and Livermore differed greatly with respect to commercial motivation, in a 2015 memoir, Livermore recalled that Even when it came to music we both liked, we found things to disagree about. Didnt want to hear me speculate about bands becoming popular even on an underground — let alone a mainstream — level and it almost felt as if he thought it was our job to stop that from happening, or at least delay it as much as possible. I saw no reason why some of our bands shouldnt sell hundreds of thousands
10.
Adeline Records
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Adeline Records is a record label which was formed in Oakland, California in late 1997. It was created by Billie Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day, Screw 32s Doug Sangalang, Green Day guitarist Jason White, Green Days management company, Pat Magnarella Management, now owns the label. Adeline Records was named after a street runs from The Port of Oakland through West Oakland and NOBE, terminating at Ward St. The range was called Adeline Street and included clothes, accessories and jewellery for men, women, the Adeline street logo is a skull and crossbones with a heart in the center of the crossed bones in pink for women and khaki for men. The clothing line ceased trading in 2008, list of record labels Official website
11.
Recess Records
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Recess Records is an independent record label founded in 1989 with the release of F. Y. Ps Extra Credit, an 11 song 7-inch record. Label founder Todd Congelliere originally created the label as a vehicle to release F. Y. Ps material, Congelliere promoted Extra Credit by running classified ads in Berkeley based Maximum Rocknroll fanzine and going to skateboard contests. He quickly sold his initial pressing of 500 copies, in between touring the U. S. Europe, and Japan, Congelliere began releasing records for fellow punk rock and DIY bands, eventually having a roster of close to 20 artists on his label. Pinhead Gunpowder, fronted by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong, Recess started in a bedroom in Torrance, California in 1989. In 1995 Recess was moved out of the apartment into a warehouse, in 1997 Recess relocated to San Pedro, California and has been there ever since. Y
12.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
13.
Green Day
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Green Day is an American punk rock band formed in 1986 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist Mike Dirnt. For much of the career, the band has been a trio with drummer Tré Cool. Guitarist Jason White, who has worked with the band as a member since 1999, was an official member from 2012 to 2016. Green Day was originally part of the scene at the DIY924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley. The bands early releases were with the independent record label Lookout, in 1994, its major label debut Dookie became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U. S. The bands rock opera, American Idiot, reignited the bands popularity with a younger generation, the bands eighth studio album, 21st Century Breakdown, was released in 2009 and achieved the bands best chart performance to date. 21st Century Breakdown was followed up by a trilogy of albums called ¡Uno, ¡Dos. and ¡Tré. which were released in September, November and December 2012 respectively. The bands twelfth album, Revolution Radio was released on October 7,2016 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Green Day has sold more than 85 million records worldwide, in 2010, a stage adaptation of American Idiot debuted on Broadway. The musical was nominated for three Tony Awards, Best Musical, Best Scenic Design and Best Lighting Design, losing only the first, also in 2010, Green Day was ranked no.91 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. On April 18,2015, the band was inducted into the Rock, in 1986, friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt,14 years old at the time, formed a band called Sweet Children. The groups first live performance took place on October 17,1987, at Rods Hickory Pit in Vallejo, in 1988, Armstrong and Dirnt began working with former Isocracy drummer John Kiffmeyer, also known as Al Sobrante. As said in the film Punks Not Dead, Armstrong cites the band Operation Ivy as an influence. In 1988, Larry Livermore, owner of Lookout, Records, saw the band play an early show and signed the group to his label. In 1989, the band recorded its debut extended play,1,000 Hours, before 1,000 Hours was released, the group dropped the name Sweet Children, according to Livermore, this was done to avoid confusion with another local band Sweet Baby. The band adopted the name Green Day, due to the fondness for cannabis. Released Green Days debut studio album, 39/Smooth in early 1990, Records re-released 39/Smooth under the name 1, 039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, and added the songs from the bands first two EPs, Slappy, and 1,000 Hours. In late 1990, shortly after the bands first nationwide tour, Kiffmeyer left the East Bay area to attend Humboldt State University in Arcata, California
14.
The Network
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The Network is a six-piece new wave band. The band released its debut album Money Money 2020 on Adeline Records on September 30,2003, a re-release of the album with two bonus tracks followed in 2004. The band was speculated to be a project of the punk rock band Green Day. The band has remained inactive since a live performance since October 13,2005 opening for Green Day at the Warfield Theater in San Francisco, the band formed in 2003, and the band started working on material on mid-2003. After rumors started surfacing that Green Day was starting a new project, the group recorded and released Money Money 2020 in 2003. Since Armstrongs voice is heard in several songs of the album. After 2 years of speculation, Armstrong stated that he was not in the project, nor any members of Green Day. That being said, fans did not believe Armstrong, and The Network then ceased touring together, since about 2008, a new album has been rumoured, which is Omega 3000, but nothing from The Network has been heard. Green Day has performed covers from the Network as the Foxboro Hot Tubs, the original Money Money 2020 release came with a companion DVD with music videos directed and produced by Roy Miles of AntiDivision. A segment of the song Joe Robot can also be heard on several VH1 specials like All Access, MTV 2s High School Stories, the following information may or may not link the members of Green Day to certain stage names in the band. Members of The Network include Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool and Jason White, the stage names of The Network are Fink, The Snoo, Van Gough, Captain Underpants and Balducci. Armstrong denies the involvement of any Green Day members in The Network, although the style of music is different, Warner/Chappell Music cites the three Green Day members as having writing credits for The Networks album Money Money 2020. I just wanted to talk about the rumors and the bullshit that has been going on lately, All I gotta say is fuck The Network. These guys are totally spreading rumors, I try to do those guys a favour by bringing them to this country and putting out their record and this is how I get repaid, by talking shit about my band. Unfortunately there is a contract and I have to put out their record, the only thing I can say is Fuck you, Network. -Billie Joe Armstrong The bands website was registered by Green Day, WHOIS details for the domain can be seen at Network Solutions. Green Day also utilized the domain in July 2007 to host the bands rendition of The Simpsons theme song for The Simpsons Movie, Fink, Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong has written songs for Pinhead Gunpowder under the alias Wilhelm Fink. Fink of The Network and Armstrong are also born under the same astrological sign, Aquarius
15.
Foxboro Hot Tubs
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Foxboro Hot Tubs is a garage rock side project of Green Day, formed in 2007. The band includes all members of Green Day, and features Kevin Preston of Prima Donna Their first album Stop Drop, the name Foxboro Hot Tubs is the alias Green Day uses to book secret shows. When performing as Foxboro Hot Tubs, Billie Joe Armstrong and Jason White go by the names Reverend Strychnine Twitch and Frosco Lee respectively. The band was brought to the attention of Green Day fans through messages sent to a few members of the Idiot Club in December 2007. While the bands history is, as yet, unknown, they comprise the official and backing members of Green Day, who are performing garage music under a nom de plume. He also went on to explain where the name Foxboro Hot Tubs came from, The Foxboro Hot Tubs were a place we used to sneak booze, but most of the time it was just dude soup. Foxboro is a housing development located in Hercules, California, on December 8,2007, Green Day site released six tracks, in streaming and downloadable mp3 formats, free of charge to the listener. Five days later, on December 13, the MP3s were taken off the site, the MP3s were reinstated on December 16, but were again removed and replaced with the clock, later the website was changed to simply redirect to the bands MySpace. All the tracks were included on the debut album Stop Drop. Soon after, the song Mother Mary became a hit on rock radio. The Pedestrian was released as the single off the album. During this performance they played Stop Drop and Roll and Mother Mary, on April 23,2010, the band played their first new song since 2008 at a show in New York City called Fuck Time. On June 14,2012, Green Day released a trailer for their upcoming album ¡Uno, on August 22,2012, in an interview on BBC Radio One, Armstrong, confirmed that the song would appear on ¡Dos. and stated that it could be a possible single. In various interviews promoting Green Days upcoming trilogy of albums called ¡Uno, ¡Dos. and ¡Tré. they have stated that the album ¡Dos. would have a Foxboro Hot Tubs-garage kind of feel, even going so far to call it the second Foxboro Hot Tubs album. On October 26,2013, The Foxboro Hot Tubs played a show at Elis Mile High Club in Oakland. Along with performing a majority of their album, they performed songs from Green Days album ¡Dos. On March 14,2014, the performed for the SXSW festival in Austin. Singles Mother Mary The Pedestrian Stop, Drop and Roll Official website Green Day official website
16.
Rancid (band)
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Rancid is an American punk rock band formed in Berkeley, California in 1991. Over their 26-year career, Rancid remained signed to an independent record label and retained much of its original fan-base, Rancid has had only a few lineup changes since its inception, with Armstrong and Freeman being the only constant members. Their current lineup consists of Armstrong on guitar and vocals, Freeman on bass and vocals, Lars Frederiksen on guitar and vocals, the band was formed by Armstrong, Freeman, and former drummer Brett Reed, who left the band in 2006 and was replaced by Steineckert. Frederiksen joined Rancid in 1993 when the band was searching for a guitar player. The band has sold over four million records worldwide, making it one of the most successful independent punk rock groups of all time. The band rose to fame in 1994 with its studio album, Lets Go. In the following year, Rancid released its highly successful album and its next four albums — Life Wont Wait, Rancid, Indestructible and Let the Dominoes Fall — were also critically acclaimed, though not as successful as. And Out Come the Wolves. Rancid released. Honor Is All We Know, their first studio album in five years and they are currently working on a new album. Childhood friends Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman grew up together in the small, working-class town of Albany, California, the two had been playing together in the influential ska punk band Operation Ivy from 1987 to 1989. The band became popular in the scene at 924 Gilman Street. When Operation Ivy broke up, Armstrong and Freeman decided to form a new band, and formed a ska band called Downfall. They then started a punk band called Generator, which also disbanded shortly after. They also started the ska influenced Dance Hall Crashers, though left the band shortly after it was formed, during this time, Armstrong was struggling with alcoholism, and to keep him focused on other interests, Freeman suggested they form a new band. In 1991, they recruited Armstrongs roommate Brett Reed as their drummer, a few months after the bands inception, Rancid began performing around the Berkeley area, and quickly developed a fan following. Rancids first recorded release was a 1992 EP for Operation Ivys old label Lookout, shortly after releasing the extended play, the band left Lookout. and was signed to Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitzs record label, Epitaph Records. Rancid released its debut album through Epitaph in 1993. While Rancid was writing for an album, Billie Joe Armstrong joined them to co-write the song Radio. Tim had previously asked Lars Frederiksen to be Rancids second guitarist, after Billie Joe turned down the request, Frederiksen changed his mind and joined Rancid
17.
The Lonely Island
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The Lonely Island is an American comedy trio, formed by Akiva Schaffer, Andy Samberg, and Jorma Taccone in Berkeley, California in 2001. The trio first met the previous decade in junior high, after graduating from college, they regrouped and moved to Los Angeles, California, where they struggled to find work and began making short films, combining absurdist comedy and occasionally music. Among the first performers to post their material on the Internet, they involved themselves with Channel 101 and their popularity at the screenings led to unsuccessful pilot deals with Fox and Comedy Central, but also a writing job for the 2005 MTV Movie Awards. The shows host, Jimmy Fallon, recommended them to Lorne Michaels, the group was hired for Saturday Night Live in 2005, with all three as writers and Samberg as a featured player. Bypassing the traditional process of pitching, they recorded their own material independently and their second sketch to air, Lazy Sunday, became an online sensation, the first of many viral videos they produced while at SNL. Their musical comedic work has comprised three full albums, Incredibad, Turtleneck & Chain, and The Wack Album. The three retired from SNL in the early 2010s, but occasionally make guest appearances. The troupe has written, directed and starred in two films, Hot Rod, released in 2007, and Popstar, Never Stop Never Stopping, co-produced by Judd Apatow. The Lonely Island first formed at Willard Junior High School in Berkeley, Schaffer and Taccone first met in seventh grade Spanish class, and the group later expanded to include Samberg, a year behind the two. The trio belonged to a group of friends interested in skateboarding. Each had plans to pursue the arts following their graduation from Berkeley High School, Taccone attended the University of California, Los Angeles to study theatre, while Schaffer and Samberg both attended the University of California, Santa Cruz as film students. Samberg later transferred to New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts in his sophomore year, following college, the trio regrouped in Berkeley to decide their future. Their two options — either stay in Berkeley and begin making films or move to Los Angeles, get real jobs. In September 2000, they moved to Los Angeles and created their website and they named themselves The Lonely Island, after the modest, low-rent L. A. apartment they shared. Their roommate was a musician, and their nights together often led to the trio making comedic rap songs. They released their work under Creative Commons licenses, which allowed anyone to distribute their content, in December 2001, they produced a pilot for a television series titled The Lonely Island, the first episode, White Power. Involved the three becoming addicted to teeth whitening products, the video gained the trio agents, and was notable for a scene in which they mug an elderly woman. During the shoot, actor Kiefer Sutherland, not realizing it was a video and their agents requested they convert their shorts to VHS tape, as they did not have high-speed Internet at the time
18.
Norah Jones
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Norah Jones is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Throughout her career, Jones has won awards and has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Billboard named her the top jazz artist of the 2000–2009 decade and she has won nine Grammy Awards and was 60th on Billboard magazines artists of the 2000–2009 decade chart. In 2002, Jones launched her music career with the release of Come Away with Me. It was certified diamond, selling over 26 million copies, the record earned Jones five Grammy Awards, including the Album of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best New Artist. They were also well received by critics. Jones fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts, was released on April 27,2012, Jones is the daughter of Indian sitar player and composer Ravi Shankar, and half-sister of fellow musician Anoushka Shankar. Jones was born Geetali Norah Shankar on March 30,1979 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, to American concert producer Sue Jones, after her parents separated in 1986, Shankar lived with her mother, growing up in Grapevine, Texas. She attended Colleyville Middle School and Grapevine High School before transferring to Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing, while in high school, she sang in the school choir, participated in band, and played the alto saxophone. At the age of sixteen, with parents consent, she officially changed her name to Norah Jones. Jones always had an affinity for the music of Bill Evans and Billie Holiday and she once said, My mom had this eight-album Billie Holiday set, I picked out one disc that I liked and played that over and over again. As a child, Jones began singing in church and also took piano and she considers herself spiritual and appreciates the rituals of her church but does not consider herself deeply religious. She attended Interlochen Center for the Arts during the summers, while at high school, she won the Down Beat Student Music Awards for Best Jazz Vocalist and Best Original Composition. Jones attended the University of North Texas, where she majored in jazz piano, during this time, she had a chance meeting with future collaborator Jesse Harris. She gave a ride to a band playing at the university whose members happened to be friends of Harris and he was on a cross-country road-trip with friend and future Little Willies member Richard Julian, and stopped to see the band play. After meeting Jones, Harris started sending her lead sheets of his songs, in 1999, Jones left Texas for New York City. Less than a later, she started a band with Harris. As artist Peter Malick states in the notes, I started looking for a singer who could record for me
19.
The Replacements (band)
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The Replacements were an American rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1979. Initially a punk band, they are considered pioneers of alternative rock. The band was composed of the guitarist and vocalist Paul Westerberg, guitarist Bob Stinson, bass guitarist Tommy Stinson, following several acclaimed albums, including Let It Be and Tim, Bob Stinson left the band in 1986, and Slim Dunlap joined as lead guitarist. Steve Foley replaced Mars in 1990, towards the end of the bands career, Westerberg exerted more control over the creative output. The group disbanded in 1991, with the members ultimately pursuing various projects, a reunion was announced on October 3,2012. The Replacements never had significant commercial success, except for Ill Be You, which hit No.1 on the Alt Rock Billboard listing, unlike many of their underground contemporaries, the Replacements played heart-on-the-sleeve rock songs that combined Westerbergs raw-throated adolescent howl with self-deprecating lyrics. The Replacements were a notoriously wayward live act often performing under the influence of alcohol, the Replacements history began in Minneapolis in 1978, when nineteen-year-old Bob Stinson gave his eleven-year-old brother Tommy Stinson a bass guitar to keep him off the streets. That year Bob met Mars, a school dropout. With Mars playing guitar and then switching to drums, the trio called themselves Dogbreath and began covering songs by Aerosmith, Ted Nugent, One day as Westerberg, a janitor in U. S. Senator David Durenbergers office, was walking home from work, he heard a band playing in the Stinsons house, after being impressed by the bands performance, Westerberg regularly listened in after work. Mars knew Westerberg and invited him over to jam, Westerberg was unaware Mars drummed in Dogbreath. Dogbreath auditioned several vocalists, including a hippie who read lyrics off a sheet, the band eventually found a vocalist however, Westerberg wanted to be the singer and took him aside one day to say, The band doesnt like you. The vocalist soon left and Westerberg replaced him, before Westerberg joined the band, Dogbreath often drank and took various drugs during rehearsals, playing songs as an afterthought. In contrast to the rest of the band, the relatively disciplined Westerberg appeared at rehearsals in neat clothes, after being banned from the venue for disorderly behavior, they changed the name to the Replacements. The band soon recorded a demo tape in Marss basement. Jesperson was the manager of Oar Folkjokeopus, a rock record store in Minneapolis. Westerberg originally handed in the tape to see if the band could perform at Jays Longhorn Bar and he eavesdropped as Jesperson put in the tape, only to run away as soon as the first song, Raised in the City, played. Jesperson played the song again and again, if Ive ever had a magic moment in my life, it was popping that tape in, said Jesperson
20.
SWMRS
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SWMRS is an American punk rock band formed in Oakland, California in 2004 by Cole Becker and Joey Armstrong, with Coles brother Max joining only a few weeks afterwards. They drew on a mix of influences ranging from the Beach Boys to the Ramones to create their own brand of rock, the band added Travis Neumann in 2009, who later left in 2014 due to creative differences. The band released a demo and a string of EPs from 2008 to 2010, the band released their first album, Dont Be a Dick, on June 14,2011. The bands second album, Lost at Seventeen, was released on June 11,2013 and they added Sebastian Mueller as the bassist 2014. The bands third album, and their first under the name SWMRS after dropping their former name, Drive North, was released February 12,2016. Drive North was later re-released and remastered after the band was signed to record label Fueled By Ramen on October 13,2016, the band was formed by Cole Becker and Joey Armstrong after watching the movie School of Rock together in school. Coles brother, Max Becker, later joined the band to play bass, the band was originally named The Raining Souls, but they briefly changed to The Clocks. After realizing there were many bands with the same name, they changed it to Emilys Army in honor to Maxs and Coles cousin Emily. Their goal was to money and create more awareness for Cystic Fibrosis. In 2008, they released a set of songs on their MySpace page under the album name This Kid, the band played many small shows and festivals in California during this time. In 2009 the band added guitarist Travis Neumann whose first appearance was on the bands 2009 EP, the band spent all of 2010 working and recording their first studio album with Green Day frontman and Joeys father, Billie Joe Armstrong. In 2011, the released their first full-length album, Dont Be a Dick. The album featured six re-recorded songs from their earlier releases, the album was Billie Joe Armstrongs first ever professionally produced album. The album was compared to Green Days early work and had major punk influences, in support of the album the band went on an East and West Coast tour in 2011. In late 2011 and early 2012, the band resided in Tulsa OK, in 2012 the band returned to touring, most notably on Warped Tour and a brief West Coast tour in late 2012. In 2013, the once again worked with producer Billie Joe Armstrong. Lost at Seventeen, was released on June 11,2013 via Adeline Records, the band went on tour with Vans Warped Tour to support the album for the second time in their career. They also toured for the very first time in Great Britain and they played their final shows as Emilys Army during the Soundwave Festival in 2015 in Australia
21.
The Lookouts
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The Lookouts were an American punk rock band that existed from 1985 to 1990 on Iron Peak, a remote rural mountain community outside of Laytonville, California, United States. The members were Larry Livermore on guitar and vocals, Kain Kong on bass and vocals, the band is most famous for being Tré Cools first band before joining Green Day. Looking to start a band, Livermore had trouble finding members, citing the majority of the local musicians being hippies. Eventually, Livermore recruited 14-year-old Kain Hanschke on bass and 12-year-old Frank Edwin Tré Wright III on drums. Although he had never played drums before, young Tré showed an instant affinity for them, likely because, as Livermore said, he loved making a lot of noise. Claiming that the members needed punk rock names, Livermore gave his fellow musicians new last names, kains surname went from Hanschke to Kong, while Tré went from Wright to Cool. It has often claimed that Livermore was the person to dub Cool with Tré. His family had long before him the nickname, a play on the word tres. Its the Lookouts, One Planet One People, and Spy Rock Road, I was never that great at lead guitar, so I asked a friend named Billie Joe to play on the recordings. From there, Livermore went on to running his label, named Lookout Records. Livermore eventually sold Lookout Records to business partner Chris Appelgren in the mid-1990s, Kong became a National Park Service park ranger. Cool became drummer for Green Day, after they were left in a lurch by their first drummer, One Planet One People Spy Rock Road Mendocino Homeland IV Spy Rock Road and Other Stories. Insane, Recycled Love, The Mushroom Is Exploding & Friends of Mine, on Limited Potential — Limited Potential Records Outside, & California on Bay Mud — Very Small Records Recycled Love on Lethal Noise, Vol. Records Lookout. Its the Lookouts The Lookouts Fansite Larry Livermores blog History of The Lookouts by Larry Livermore Lookout
22.
Miranda Lambert
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Miranda Leigh Lambert is an American singer and songwriter. Outside of her career, she is a member of the Pistol Annies alongside Ashley Monroe. Lambert has been honored by the Grammy Awards, the Academy of Country Music Awards, Lamberts debut album Kerosene was certified Platinum in the United States, and produced the singles Me and Charlie Talking, Bring Me Down, Kerosene, and New Strings. All four singles reached the top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and her second album, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, was released in early 2007. Her third album, Revolution, was released in September 2009, two of its songs–The House That Built Me and Heart Like Mine–topped the Hot Country Songs chart. 2011s Four the Record, included the singles Baggage Claim, Over You, Fastest Girl in Town, Mamas Broken Heart, Lambert released her fifth album, Platinum, in 2014. The record won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album, and her sixth studio album, The Weight of These Wings, was released on November 18,2016. From 2011 to 2015, Lambert was married to country singer Blake Shelton. Miranda Leigh Lambert was born November 10,1983, in Longview, Texas and she was named after her great-grandmother, Lucy Miranda. Her father, Rick Lambert, was an officer who played in a country-rock group called Contraband in the 1970s. He later became an investigator in partnership with Mirandas mother. She has English, Irish and Native American ancestry, while still in high school, Lambert made her professional singing debut with The Texas Pride Band. At 16, Lambert appeared on the Johnnie High Country Music Revue in Arlington, Texas, Lambert then acquired a recording session in Nashville, Tennessee, but left the studio after she became frustrated with the pop type of music presented to her. She went back to Texas in 2000 and asked her dad to teach her how to play guitar, in 2002, Dusty Meador hired Miranda to perform at Tye Phelps country music restaurant and venue Love And War in Texas. Miranda continued to perform around the Texas Music Scene opening for Cooder Graw, Kevin Fowler, in 2003 she auditioned for the talent competition Nashville Star, where she earned a third-place finish behind Buddy Jewell and John Arthur Martinez. During her 9 week stay on Nashville Star Miranda caught the attention of the judge and Sony Record executive, Tracy Gershon. On September 15,2003, she signed with Epic Records and her debut single, Me and Charlie Talking, co-written by her father and Heather Little, was released in summer of 2004 as the lead single to her debut album. Titled Kerosene, Lamberts first album comprised 12 songs,11 of which she wrote or co-wrote, overall, the album produced four Top 40 singles on the Billboard country charts, including the title track which was a Top 20 hit
23.
Mike Dirnt
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Michael Ryan Pritchard, known professionally as Mike Dirnt, is an American musician, songwriter and composer. He is best known as the co-founder, bassist, backing vocalist and he has also played in several other bands, including The Frustrators. As a child, his father was often away obtaining a degree, while his mother stayed at home to care for him, Dirnt excelled in school despite missing classes, often as a result of various illnesses believed to be caused by his biological mothers drug use. After an argument between his parents resulted in a call to the police, the couple divorced and his mother and sister moved to Rodeo, CA while he stayed in El Sobrante, CA with his father. However, missing his mother, he moved in with her. Having been previously described as bright and fearless, Dirnt became sullen, in the cafeteria in Carquinez Middle School, ten-year-old Dirnt met Billie Joe Armstrong, with whom he bonded instantly. Armstrong began to play guitar with Mike, and the two spent much time in Armstrongs house and they played songs by artists, most notably The Ramones. At the age of 15, they formed a group named Sweet Children where Billie playing lead guitar, dirnts family struggled with financial troubles, in an effort to help out, he worked as a chef at Nantucket, a seafood restaurant in Crockett. He eventually saved up money to purchase a used pickup truck that he and Armstrong often drove to Berkeley to attend shows at 924 Gilman Street. The pair got jobs at the club as security guards, despite their small physiques, Dirnt recalled, We lived and died for that place. At that time, it meant everything, while at Pinole Valley High School, Dirnt and classmate Billie Joe Armstrong formed a band called Sweet Children. Dirnts mother struggled to provide for him and his sister as a single parent, unwilling to leave Sweet Children, Armstrong and Dirnt convinced each others parents to allow Dirnt to move into Armstrongs garage. After drummer John Kiffmeyer, who was known as Al Sobrante, joined the group. The band performed several well-received sets, which encouraged Armstrong to drop out of school to focus his energy on music. Dirnt, however, worried that he needed a backup plan, hughes, who was not as dedicated to the group as the other members, left Sweet Children, leaving Dirnt to play bass. Dirnt often brought his bass to school, and the noise of the unamplified strings led classmates to jokingly call him by the onomatopoeia Dirnt. While performing at the 1998 KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine, California, Third Eye Blind bassist Arion Salazar ran onstage and bear-hugged Dirnt, the incident escalated into an on-stage scuffle before security took Salazar away. After the performance, Dirnt confronted Salazar backstage, and as the two argued, a beer bottle struck Dirnt in the head, causing a fracture in his skull
24.
Nimrod (album)
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Nimrod is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Green Day, released on October 14,1997 through Reprise Records. The group began work on the album in the wake of their cancellation of a European tour after the release of Insomniac, recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles, the album was written with the intent of creating a set of stand-alone songs as opposed to a cohesive album. The album peaked at ten on the Billboard U. S. charts and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The record was certified triple platinum in Australia and double platinum in Canada. Upon release, Nimrod received generally positive reviews critics, who praised Armstrongs songwriting. The album yielded the acoustic hit Good Riddance, which appeared in pop culture events. To promote the album, Green Day embarked on a touring schedule. Retrospectively, Nimrod is noted for its diversity and experimentation. It contains elements of folk, surf rock, and ska, the themes discussed on the record include maturity, personal reflection. In 1995, Green Day released Insomniac, which did not perform as well commercially as the bands breakthrough major-label debut Dookie. Speaking of Insomniac, vocalist/guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong noted, It did a lot better than I thought it was going to do. From the sound of it, we knew it wasnt going to sell as much as Dookie. The members became uncomfortable with the level of stardom they had attained, Armstrong recalled, We were becoming the things we hated. It was beginning to be not fun anymore, Green Day also became homesick as touring forced the members to leave behind their families. The band eventually decided to cancel the late 1996 European leg of the Insomniac tour to take time off to spend at home, during this time, the band continued to write, and eventually completed over three dozen new songs by the beginning of 1997. The album was recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles, Nimrod took four months to record and, Armstrong partially attributed the lengthy recording time to spending a little too much time playing pool and foosball during the sessions. The recording schedule, which lasted from noon to two in the every day, became frustrating for the group members, who began drinking heavily. Bassist Mike Dirnt recalled, One night one of us was walking down the halls knocking on peoples doors while naked, another incident involved drummer Tre Cool throwing his hotel room television set out of his window. Armstrong noted, There was a lot of glass and you have to live that arrogant lifestyle every now and then
25.
AFI (band)
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AFI is an American rock band from Ukiah, California, formed in 1991. Of the current lineup, Havok and Carson are the two remaining original members and they have released ten studio albums, ten EPs, one live album and one DVD. The band first reached substantial success with their fifth album, The Art of Drowning. AFI broke into the mainstream with their album, Sing the Sorrow. The album was supported by popular singles Girls Not Grey and Silver and Cold, the Leaving Song Pt. II was also released as a single, reaching number 16 on the chart. Sing the Sorrow was certified Platinum by the RIAA in 2006 and is AFIs best-selling release, another single, Love Like Winter, reached number four on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. Decemberunderground was certified Platinum by the RIAA in 2013, AFIs eighth studio album, Crash Love, was released in 2009 and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard 200. Their ninth album, Burials, was released in 2013 and peaked at nine on the Billboard 200. The bands tenth self-titled album was released on January 20,2017, while still in high school in Ukiah, California, Davey Havok, Mark Stopholese and Vic Chalker formed a band called AFI in November 1991. At the time, the band did not know how to play any instruments, Stopholese suggested his friend, Adam Carson, who had a drum kit join the band. AFIs beginnings were somewhat inauspicious, as Davey Havok laughed in a 1999 interview, Kresge moved to New York where he played with street punk band Blanks 77. Between 1993 and 1995 the band released several vinyl EPs independently and their first full-length, Answer That and Stay Fashionable was released July 4,1995 on Wingnut Records, and was produced by Tim Armstrong. The album featured fast and upbeat songs, with humorous lyrical themes, which are well-vocalized in songs such as Nyquil, Cereal Wars. The albums cover is a parody of the film Reservoir Dogss promotional poster, the album title takes root from a quote spoken in British TV show The Comic Strip Presents. Audio samples from both films/shows and European Vacation are featured in several of the tracks, namely Dont Make Me Ill. AFI signed on to Nitro Records, Dexter Holland of The Offsprings label and they would remain with the label until the release of the 336 EP. Around this time they coined the term East Bay hardcore to describe their genre of music, in 1996, AFI then released their second album, Very Proud of Ya. Two songs from their previous album, Yurf Rendenmein and Two of A Kind, were re-recorded for this album, after several tours in support of the album Very Proud of Ya, Kresge decided to leave the group
26.
Safeway Inc.
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Safeway, Inc. is an American supermarket chain founded in 1915. It is a subsidiary of Albertsons, having been acquired by private equity investors led by Cerberus Capital Management in January 2015, Safeways primary base of operations is in the western and central United States, with some stores located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern Seaboard. The subsidiary is headquartered in Pleasanton, California with parent company headquarters in Boise, in April 1915, Marion Barton Skaggs purchased his fathers 576-square-foot grocery store in American Falls, Idaho, for $1,089. The chain, which operated as two businesses, Skaggs Cash Stores and Skaggs United Stores, grew quickly, and Skaggs enlisted the help of his five brothers to help grow the network of stores. M. B. s business strategy, to give his customers value and to expand by keeping a narrow profit margin, by 1926, he had opened 428 Skaggs stores in 10 states. M. B. almost doubled the size of his business that year when he merged his company with 322 Safeway stores and incorporated as Safeway, the original slogan was an admonition and an invitation to Drive the Safeway, buy the Safeway. The point of the name was that the grocery operated on a cash-and-carry basis — it did not offer credit and it was the safe way to buy because a family could not get into debt via its grocery bill. In 1926, Charles E. Merrill, the founder of the Merrill Lynch brokerage firm, towards this end, he purchased the 322-store Safeway chain of W. R. H. Weldon, who wished to exit retailing and concentrate on wholesale, then, in June 1926, Merrill offered Skaggs either $7 million outright or $1.5 million plus 30,000 shares in the merged firm. On July 1,1926, Safeway merged with the 673 stores from Skaggs United Stores of Idaho, on completion of the Skaggs/Safeway merger, M. B. Skaggs became the Chief Executive of the business, two years later, M. B. listed Safeway on the New York Stock Exchange. In the 1930s, Safeway introduced produce pricing by the pound, adding sell by dates on perishables, nutritional labeling, the merger instantly created the largest chain of grocery stores west of the Mississippi. In the 1930s, Charles E. Merrill temporarily left Merrill Lynch to help manage Safeway, at the time of the merger, the company was headquartered in Reno, Nevada. In 1929, it was relocated to a grocery warehouse in Oakland. Safeway headquarters remained there until the move to Pleasanton, California in 1996, the initial public offering price of Safeway stock was $226 in 1927. A five for one split in 1928 brought the price down to under $50, over the next few years, Charles Merrill, with financing supplied by Merrill Lynch, then began aggressively acquiring numerous regional grocery store chains for Safeway in a rollup strategy. Early acquisitions included significant parts of Piggly Wiggly chain as part of the breakup of that company by Merrill Lynch, most transactions involved the swap of stock certificates, with little cash changing hands. Most acquired chains retained their own names until the mid-1930s, in 1929, there were rumors of a Safeway-Kroger merger
27.
Wake Me Up When September Ends
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Wake Me Up When September Ends is a song by American rock band Green Day, released on June 13,2005, as the fourth single from the groups seventh studio album, American Idiot. The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father, the song became a hit single, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom, Belgium, New Zealand, the song became the fourth single from American Idiot to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The songs music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War, wake Me Up When September Ends was written by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father, who died of cancer in September 1982 when Billie Joe was ten. Armstrong, at one point, dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point, considering it therapeutic, the song is largely unrelated to the storyline that is central to American Idiot. The single peaked at six in the United States, becoming Green Days second top 10 single. It also peaked at number 8 in Canada and the UK, wake Me Up When September Ends had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010, and was the second highest-selling single in the US from American Idiot, behind Boulevard of Broken Dreams. The song ended the streak of Green Days three consecutive number one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, but it hit number 2 on the chart, the song also hit number 2 on the Adult Top 40 and number 4 on the Mainstream Top 40. This was the bands most successful song to the contemporary market, hitting number 13 on its own chart. The song was certified Silver in the United Kingdom for sales of 200,000, rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the groups 1997 single Good Riddance. The songs music video was directed by Samuel Bayer, best known for his work with Nirvana, Bayer wrote the treatment for the video, which he envisioned as a mini-movie. Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War-themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement, the songs music video thus attempts to turn the machine on itself by acting as a commercial for free thought or peace. Although it was far from the literal meaning, Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the songs theme of loss. Bayer noted that he felt bored with music videos. Consequently, he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals, the clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2004. The video focuses on a couple in love, the boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps. The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents and this scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field. The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war, the clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits
28.
El Cerrito, California
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El Cerrito is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, and forms part of the San Francisco Bay Area. It has a population of 23,549 according to the 2010 census, El Cerrito was founded by refugees from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It was incorporated in 1917 as a village with 1500 residents, as of the census in 2000, there were 23,171 people,10,208 households and 5971 families in the city. El Cerrito was founded by refugees from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and they settled in what was then Don Víctor Castros Rancho San Pablo, and adjacent to the ranch owned by the family of Luís María Peralta, the Rancho San Antonio. A post office opened at the settlement in 1909 and the camp became known as Rust, after Wilhelm F. Rust. The villages residents did not care for the name and changed it to El Cerrito in 1916, a year later, El Cerrito was incorporated as a village with 1,500 residents. The name means hill or knoll. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.7 square miles. The city is at an elevation of 69 feet, El Cerrito is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. The hilly areas of El Cerrito provide spectacular views of its famous neighbor, El Cerrito is located along Interstate 80, and nearby Interstate 580. The city is less than 30 miles from two major airports, El Cerrito is bordered by Albany and Kensington to the south, the Richmond annex to the west, East Richmond Heights to the north, and Wildcat Canyon Regional Park to the east. Local landmark Albany Hill is in Albany, just across the border with El Cerrito, the Hayward Fault runs through El Cerrito. In addition, El Cerrito is within 150 meters of Berkeley to the southeast, El Cerrito is approximately 5 miles from the University of California Berkeley campus and has two BART stations, El Cerrito del Norte and El Cerrito Plaza. FAST, Golden Gate Transit, Vallejo Transit, Napa VINE, San Pablo Avenue stretches the length of El Cerrito and is the primary commercial and retail corridor of the city. The shopping center is surrounded by commercial and retail businesses along San Pablo Avenue. El Cerrito city parks include both recreation/sports parks as well as undeveloped nature areas, most notable are the 80-acre Hillside Natural Area open space, Huber Park, Cerrito Vista Park, and Arlington Park, Tassajara Park, Poinsett Park, and the Canyon Trail Park and Art Center. The city is home to Arhoolie Records, part of the Smithsonian Institution, also located in the city is Playland-Not-At-The-Beach, a popular amusement park museum. The 2010 United States Census reported that El Cerrito had a population of 23,549, the population density was 6,385.3 people per square mile
29.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
30.
Basilicata
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Basilicata, also known as Lucania, is a region in the south of Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia to the north and east, and Calabria to the south. It also has two coastlines, one on the Tyrrhenian Sea between Campania and Calabria, and a coastline along the Gulf of Taranto between Calabria and Apulia. The region can be thought of as the instep of Italy, with Calabria functioning as the toe, the region covers about 10,000 km2 and in 2010 had a population slightly under 600,000. The region is divided into two provinces, Potenza and Matera, the president of Basilicata is Marcello Pittella. The name derives from basilikos, which refers to the basileus, the Byzantine emperor, others argue that the name may refer to the Basilica of Acerenza which held judicial power in the Middle Ages. During the Greek and Roman Ages, Basilicata was known as Lucania, Basilicata covers an extensive part of the southern Apennine Mountains between Ofanto in the north and the Pollino massif in the south. It is bordered on the east by a part of the Bradano river depression which is traversed by numerous streams. The region also has a coastline to the southwest on the Tyrrhenian Sea side of the peninsula. Basilicata is the most mountainous region in the south of Italy, of the remaining area, 45% is hilly, and 8% is made up of plains. Notable mountains and ranges include Monte Alpi, Monte Carmine, Dolomiti lucane, Monti Li Foj, Pollino, Toppa Pizzuta, and Monte Vulture. Geological features of the include the volcanic Monte Vulture and the seismic faults in the Melfi and Potenza areas in the north. Much of the region was devastated in the 1857 Basilicata earthquake, more recently, there was another major earthquake in 1980. The combination of the terrain combined with the rock and soil types makes landslides prevalent. While the lithological structure of the substratum and its chaotic tectonic deformation contribute to the cause of landslides and this area, similar to others in the Mediterranean region, while originally abundant with dense forests, was stripped and made barren during the time of Roman rule. The variable climate is influenced by three coastlines and the complexity of the physical features. The climate is continental in the mountains and Mediterranean along the coasts, the first traces of human presence in Basilicata date to the late Paleolithic, with findings of Homo erectus. Late Cenozoic fossils, found at Venosa and other locations, include elephants, rhinoceros, examples of rock art from the Mesolithic have been discovered near Filiano. From the fifth millennium, people stopped living in caves and built settlements of huts up to the leading to the interior
31.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
32.
Scotch-Irish Americans
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While an estimated 36 million Americans reported Irish ancestry in 2006, and 6 million reported Scottish ancestry, an additional 5.4 million identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The term Scotch-Irish is used primarily in the United States, with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots people and these included 200,000 Scottish Presbyterians who settled in Ireland between 1608-1697. Many English-born settlers of this period were also Presbyterians, although the denomination is today most strongly identified with Scotland, when King Charles I attempted to force these Presbyterians into the Church of England in the 1630s, many chose to re-emigrate to North America where religious liberty was greater. Later attempts to force the Church of Englands control over dissident Protestants in Ireland were to lead to further waves of emigration to the trans-Atlantic colonies, the term Scotch-Irish is first known to have been used to refer to a people living in Northeastern Ireland. In a letter of April 14,1573, in reference to Ulster, Elizabeth I of England wrote, We are given to understand that a nobleman named Sorley Boy and others, who be of the Scotch-Irish race. This term continued in usage for over a century before the earliest known American reference appeared in a Maryland affidavit in 1689/90, today, Scotch-Irish is an Americanism, rarely used in England, Ireland or Scotland. Smaller numbers of migrants came from Wales and the southeast of England, and others were Protestant religious refugees from Flanders, the German Palatinate. What united these different national groups was a base of Calvinist religious beliefs and that said, the large ethnic Scottish element in the Plantation of Ulster gave the settlements a Scottish character. Upon arrival in North America, these migrants at first usually identified simply as Irish, at first, the two groups had little interaction in America, as the Scots-Irish had become settled decades earlier, primarily in the backcountry of the Appalachian region. Many of the new Irish migrants also went to the interior in the 19th century, attracted to jobs on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, the usage Scots-Irish developed in the late 19th century as a relatively recent version of the term. The word Scotch was the favored adjective for things of Scotland, including people, until the early 19th century and it was never properly used as a noun. People in Scotland refer to themselves as Scots, as a noun, although referenced by Merriam-Webster dictionaries as having first appeared in 1744, the American term Scotch-Irish is undoubtedly older. An affidavit of William Patent, dated March 15,1689, in a case against a Mr. Matthew Scarbrough in Somerset County, Maryland and it was no more sin to kill me then to kill a dogg, or any Scotch Irish dogg. Leyburn cites the following as early American uses of the term before 1744, another Church of England clergyman from Lewes, Delaware, commented in 1723 that great numbers of Irish have transplanted themselves and their families from the north of Ireland. The Oxford English Dictionary says the first use of the term Scotch-Irish came in Pennsylvania in 1744,1744 W. MARSHE Jrnl,21 June in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 177, The inhabitants are chiefly High-Dutch, Scotch-Irish, some few English families and its citations include examples after that into the late 19th century. In Albions Seed, Four British Folkways in America, historian David Hackett Fischer asserts and it is true that many sailed from the province of Ulster. Part of much larger flow which drew from the lowlands of Scotland, the north of England, Many scholars call these people Scotch-Irish
33.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
34.
Scottish people
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The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century, and are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons. In modern usage, Scottish people or Scots is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, the Latin word Scotti, originally the word referred specifically to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also used for Scottish people. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and he states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in countries other than Scotland. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture, large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their origin myths. The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland, Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was emigration from France, England. Some famous Scottish family names, including bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, south-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking, from 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders and the Inglis-speaking Lowlanders
35.
Spaniards
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Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the countrys complex history and diverse culture. There are several commonly spoken languages, most notably Basque. There are many populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain, the Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of languages, with the exception of Basque. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial conquered the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula was conquered and brought under the rule of the Arab Umayyads in 711 and by the Berber North African dynasties the Almohads, in the early 16th century the Kingdom of Navarre was also conquered. In parallel, a wave of emigration began to the Americas began with over 16 million people emigrating to the Americas during the colonial period. In the post-colonial period, a further 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, as a result, Spanish-descendants in Latin America number in the hundreds of millions. Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people, the Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup, are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. The population of Spain is became increasingly diverse due to recent immigration, the earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35, 000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast, celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries, the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC transformed most of the region into a series of Latin-speaking provinces, hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca and Quintilian. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial, the Suebi became the first Germanic kingdom to convert officially to Roman Catholicism in 447 AD. under king Rechiar. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711 and this army consisted mainly ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, which were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus, the Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenees into France
36.
Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
37.
Welsh people
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The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL
38.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
39.
Van Halen
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Jan Van Halen, born Jan van Halen, was a Dutch musician and the patriarch of the Van Halen family. He was the father of Eddie Van Halen and Alex Van Halen, Van Halen was born on January 18,1920, to Jannetje Berg and Hermanus van Halen, a butcher in Amsterdam. He had already made a career in music when in 1939, at the age of 19 and he joined the Royal Dutch Air Force and played marches for the troops until the country was occupied in 1940, forcing him to play propaganda music for the Third Reich. After the war ended in 1945, Van Halen emigrated to the Dutch East Indies, where he pursued his career and met his future wife. They married on August 11,1950 in Jakarta, Alex was born two months later in Amsterdam. The Van Halen family moved to Nijmegen, where Eddie was born in January 1955, in 1960, Jan played his biggest gig with the Ton Wijkamp Quintet, playing the Loosdrecht Jazz Festival. However, after hearing stories from her side of the family and they left in February 1962 by boat and moved across the continent by train to Pasadena, California. To complete their transition, they Americanized their surname from van Halen to Van Halen, in May 1986, Jan suffered a heart attack. He died due to the effects of alcoholism on December 9,1986 and his sons dedicated their 1988 album OU812 to their father, quoting This ones for you, pa. On August 4,2005, his wife Eugenia Van Halen passed away at the age of 89
40.
Davis, California
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Davis is a city in the U. S. state of California and the most populous city in Yolo County. It had a population of 65,622 in 2010, not including the population of the University of California, Davis. The city is a suburb of Californias capital, Sacramento, Davis grew into a Southern Pacific Railroad depot built in 1868. It was then known as Davisville, named after Jerome C, however, the post office at Davisville shortened the town name simply to Davis in 1907. The name stuck, and the city of Davis was incorporated on March 28,1917, from its inception as a farming community, Davis has been known for its contributions to agricultural policy along with veterinary care and animal husbandry. The farm, later renamed the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in 1922, was upgraded into the seventh UC general campus, the University of California, Davis, in 1959. Davis is located in Yolo County, California,11 mi west of Sacramento,70 mi northeast of San Francisco,385 mi north of Los Angeles, at the intersection of Interstate 80, neighboring towns include Dixon, Winters, and Woodland. Davis lies in the Sacramento Valley, the portion of the Central San Joaquin Valley, in Northern California. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.5 square miles. 10.4 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water, the topography is flat, which has helped Davis to become known as a haven for bicyclists. The Davis climate resembles that of nearby Sacramento and is typical of Californias Central Valley Mediterranean climate regime, dry, hot summers and cool, rainy and it is classified as a Köppen Csa climate. Average temperatures range from 46 °F in December and January to 75 °F in July, thick ground fog called tule fog settles into Davis during late fall and winter. This fog can be dense with visibility to nearly zero, as in other areas of northern California, the tule fog is a leading cause of road accidents in the winter season. Record temperatures range from a high of 116 °F on July 17,1925, Davis is internally divided by two freeways, a north–south railroad, an east-west mainline and several major streets. The city is divided into six main districts made up of smaller neighborhoods, Central Davis, north of Fifth Street and Russell Boulevard. East of SR113, and west of the tracks running along G Street. Within these boundaries is the officially denoted neighborhood of Old North Davis, Downtown Davis, roughly the numbered-and-lettered grid north of I-80, south of Fifth Street, east of A Street, and west of the railroad tracks, including the Aggie Village and Olive Drive areas. East Davis, north of I-80, south of Covell Blvd. North Davis, north of Covell Blvd
41.
San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the U. S. state of California. It is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California and it then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay. The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2,2013, the bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles, depending on which sub-bays, estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. The main part of the bay measures 3 to 12 miles wide east-to-west and it is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas. Later, wetlands and inlets were filled in, reducing the Bays size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bays size, despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands, from the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The idea was, and remains, controversial, there are five large islands in San Francisco Bay. Alameda, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut in 1901 and it is now predominantly a bedroom community. Angel Island was known as Ellis Island West because it served as the point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a park accessible by ferry. Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the federal penitentiary. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site, despite its name, Mare Island in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island. During the last ice age, the now filled by the bay was a large linear valley with small hills
