Billy Graham

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For other people with the same name, see Bill Graham.
Billy Graham
Graham in a suit with his fist clenched
Graham in April 1966
Religion Christianity (evangelical Protestantism)
Denomination Baptist
Church Southern Baptist Convention[1]
Education Florida Bible Institute
Wheaton College
Personal
Born William Franklin Graham Jr.
(1918-11-07)November 7, 1918
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
Died February 21, 2018(2018-02-21) (aged 99)
Montreat, North Carolina, U.S.
Resting place Billy Graham Library
Spouse Ruth Bell (m. 1943; d. 2007)
Children 5, including Anne and Franklin
Religious career
Profession Evangelist
Website billygraham.org
Signature Billy Graham Signature.svg

William Franklin Graham Jr. KBE (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him "among the most influential Christian leaders" of the 20th century.[2]

As a preacher, he held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons broadcast on radio and television; some were still being re-broadcast into the 21st century.[3] In his six decades of television, Graham hosted annual Billy Graham Crusades, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005, he also hosted the radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954. He repudiated racial segregation;[4] in addition to his religious aims, he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds, leading them to find a relationship between the Bible and contemporary secular viewpoints. According to his website, Graham preached to live audiences of 210 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings, including BMS World Mission and Global Mission.[5]

Graham was a spiritual adviser to U.S. presidents and provided spiritual counsel for every president from the 33rd, Harry S. Truman, to the 44th, Barack Obama.[6] He was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson (one of Graham's closest friends),[7] and Richard Nixon.[8] He insisted on racial integration for his revivals and crusades, starting in 1953, and invited Martin Luther King Jr. to preach jointly at a revival in New York City in 1957. He was also lifelong friends with another televangelist, the founding pastor of the Crystal Cathedral, Robert Schuller, whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry.[9]

Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets.[10] According to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior". Graham's evangelism was appreciated by mainline Protestant and Roman Catholic denominations as he encouraged new converts to become members of these Churches.[11][12][13] As of 2008, Graham's estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, topped 2.2 billion. One special televised broadcast in 1996 alone may have reached a television audience of as many as 2.5 billion people worldwide.[14] Because of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity.[10] Graham was on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history.[15] Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator": "By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events".[16]

Early life[edit]

William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina.[17] He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham Sr., a dairy farmer.[17] Graham was raised on a family dairy farm with his two younger sisters, Catherine Morrow and Jean and a younger brother, Melvin Thomas.[18] When he was eight years old in 1927, the family moved about 75 yards (69 m) from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home.[19] He was raised by his parents in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church.[20][21] Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School,[22] he started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular Tarzan yell, scaring both horses and drivers. According to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister.[23] When he was fourteen in 1933, Prohibition ended in December, and Graham's father forced him and his sister, Katherine, to drink beer until they got sick, this created such an aversion that Graham and his sister avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.[24]

Graham had been turned down for membership in a local youth group for being "too worldly"[24] when Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go and see the evangelist Mordecai Ham.[10] According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of revival meetings in Charlotte led by Ham.[25][26]

After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, Tennessee, after one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules.[24] At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church, he was almost expelled, but Bob Jones Sr. warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks ... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours, he can use it mightily."[24]

In 1937 Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute in Temple Terrace, Florida, near Tampa,[27] he preached his first sermon that year at Bostwick Baptist Church near Palatka, Florida, while still a student.[28] In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his "calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club", which was adjacent to the Institute campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the Hillsborough River, directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps; in 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergymen at Peniel Baptist Church in Palatka, Florida.[29] In 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, with a degree in anthropology.[30]

During his time at Wheaton, Graham decided to accept the Bible as the infallible word of God. Henrietta Mears of the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood (Hollywood, California) was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the Big Bear Lake area in southern California.[31] A memorial there marks the site of Graham's decision.

Family[edit]

On August 13, 1943, Graham married Wheaton classmate Ruth Bell, whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China, her father, L. Nelson Bell, was a general surgeon.[32] Ruth Graham died on June 14, 2007, at the age of 87,[33] the Grahams were married for almost 64 years.[34]

Graham and his wife had five children together: Virginia Leftwich (Gigi) Graham (b. 1945), an inspirational speaker and author; Anne Graham Lotz (b. 1948), runs AnGeL ministries; Ruth Graham (b. 1950), founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends, leads conferences throughout the US and Canada; Franklin Graham (b. 1952), serves as president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and as president and CEO of international relief organization, Samaritan's Purse;[35] and Nelson Edman Graham (b. 1958), a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International,[36] which distributes Christian literature in China.

At the time of his death, Graham had 19 grandchildren, including former pastor Tullian Tchividjian, 41 great-grandchildren and 6 great-great-grandchildren.[37]

Ministry career[edit]

While attending college, Graham became pastor of the United Gospel Tabernacle and also had other preaching engagements.

From 1943 to 1944, Graham briefly served as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Western Springs, Illinois, which was not far from Wheaton. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, Songs in the Night, was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called Songs in the Night, Graham recruited the bass-baritone George Beverly Shea as his director of radio ministry. While the radio ministry continued for many years, Graham decided to move on in early 1945.[citation needed]

In 1948 at the age of 29, he became president of Northwestern Bible College in Minneapolis and the youngest president of a college or university in the country, from which he resigned in 1952.[38] Graham initially intended to become a chaplain in the Armed Forces, but he contracted mumps shortly after applying for a commission. After a period of recuperation in Florida, he was hired as the first full-time evangelist of the new Youth for Christ (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist Charles Templeton. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to Princeton Theological Seminary for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.[39]

Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot,[10] he attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative Hearst chain, although Hearst and Graham never met.[40] The crusade event ran for eight weeks – five weeks longer than planned. Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.[41]

Crusades[edit]

Main article: List of Billy Graham's crusades
Graham speaking at a Crusade in Oslo, Norway, 1955

From the time his ministry began in 1947, Graham conducted more than 400 crusades in 185 countries and territories on six continents, the first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 13–21, 1947, in the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was attended by 6,000 people. Graham was 28 years old, he called them crusades, after the medieval Christian forces who conquered Jerusalem.[citation needed] He would rent a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street, as the sessions became larger, he arranged a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the gospel and invite people to come forward (a practice begun by Dwight L. Moody). Such people were called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor, to clarify questions and pray together, the inquirers were often given a copy of the Gospel of John or a Bible study booklet. In Moscow, in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went forward at his call,[24] during his crusades, he frequently used the altar call song, "Just As I Am".[42]

Graham was offered a five-year, $1 million contract from NBC to appear on television opposite Arthur Godfrey, but he had prearranged commitments. He turned down the offer in order to continue his touring revivals.[32] Graham had crusades in London, which lasted 12 weeks, and a New York City crusade in Madison Square Garden in 1957, which ran nightly for 16 weeks.

Student ministry[edit]

Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's Urbana Student Missions Conference at least nine times — in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.[43]

At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives, he often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of William Whiting Borden, the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".[44] Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.

Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.[45]

In 1955 he was invited by students to lead the mission to Cambridge University, arranged by the CICCU, with the London pastor-theologian John Stott as his chief assistant, this invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of The Times.[46]

Evangelistic association[edit]

In 1950, Graham founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) with its headquarters in Minneapolis. The association relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1999. BGEA ministries have included:

  • Hour of Decision, a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for more than 50 years
  • Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada
  • A syndicated newspaper column, My Answer, carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by Tribune Media Services
  • Decision magazine, the official publication of the association
  • Christianity Today was started in 1956 with Carl F. H. Henry as its first editor
  • Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA
  • World Wide Pictures, which has produced and distributed more than 130 films

In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history, encouraging church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple Matthew in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."[47] The video, called "The Cross", is the main program in the My Hope America series and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday; in an email interview with WorldNetDaily (WND), Graham wrote that "we are close to the end of the age".[48]

Civil rights movement[edit]

Graham's early crusades were segregated, but he began adjusting his approach in the 50s,[49] during a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected in order to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."[50] He warned a white audience, "we have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."[50]

In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and Gardner C. Taylor to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee[51] and invited the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., whom he first met during the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955,[51] to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3 million gathered at Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium, and Times Square to hear them.[10] Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike," a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.[52] Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet";[51] in private, Graham advised King and other members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).[53]

Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958 when the sponsoring committee of a crusade which took place in San Antonio, Texas on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, Price Daniel,[51] on July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."[54] Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."[55] Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,[53] the two still remained friends and King told a Canadian television audience the following year that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."[53] Graham and King would also come to differ on the Vietnam War,[51] after King's "Beyond Vietnam" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.[51]

By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the Baptist World Alliance;[51] in 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the Birmingham campaign, according to Long (2008),[56] and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the Albany Movement,[57] although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.[58] Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham, Alabama, on Easter 1964 in the aftermath of the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first Selma to Montgomery march in 1965.[51]

Following his death, former SCLC official and furture Atlanta politician Andrew Young acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.[59] Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.[60]

Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation; he told a member of the Ku Klux Klan that integration was necessary primarily for religious reasons: "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."[61]

Lausanne Movement[edit]

The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the Lausanne Movement, of which Graham was a founder, it built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin.[clarification needed] In collaboration with Christianity Today, Graham convened what TIME magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"[62] with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the International Congress on World Evangelization. This took place in Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city, its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.[63] Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the Lausanne Covenant, which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham, "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."[64] The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.[65]

Multiple roles[edit]

Graham with his son, Franklin, at Cleveland Stadium, June 1994

Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other. Grant Wacker identifies eight major roles he played: preacher, icon, Southerner, entrepreneur, architect (or bridge builder), pilgrim, pastor and finally his widely recognized status as America's Protestant patriarch, on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John Paul II.[66]

Graham as bridge builder deliberately reached into the secular world, for example, as entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the 1964 New York World's Fair.[67] He appeared as a guest on a 1969 Woody Allen television special, where he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters,[68] during the Cold War, Graham-the-bridge-builder became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the Iron Curtain, addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, calling for peace.[69] During the apartheid era, Graham consistently refused to visit South Africa until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences, during his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced apartheid.[70] Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader Nelson Mandela during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.[71]

Billy Graham at the Feyenoord-stadion in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (June 30, 1955)

In 1984, he led a series of meetings in the United Kingdom summer, called Mission England, using outdoor football (soccer) grounds as venues.

Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world; in 1983, 1986 and 2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists from around the world; with the largest representations of nations ever held until that time. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the RAI Convention Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, at one revival in Seoul, South Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.[32] He appeared in China in 1988 – for Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992.[61]

On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one.[72]

On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance; in 1998, Graham spoke at TED (conference) to a crowd of scientists and philosophers.

On September 14, 2001, only three days after the World Trade Center attacks, Graham was invited to lead a service at Washington National Cathedral, which was attended by President George W. Bush and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995,[61] on June 24–26, 2005, Billy Graham began what he has said would be his last North American crusade, three days at the Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New York City. But on the weekend of March 11–12, 2006, Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, Franklin Graham, the festival was held in New Orleans, which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina.

Graham prepared one last sermon, My Hope America, released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7–10, 2013, November 7 being his 95th birthday, hoping to cause a revival.[73]

Later life, death, and memorial[edit]

President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump honor the late Reverend Billy Graham on February 28, 2018.

Graham said that his planned retirement was because of his failing health; he had suffered from hydrocephalus from 1992 on.[74] In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony, on July 9, 2006, he spoke at the Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival, held in Baltimore, Maryland, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.

In April 2010, Graham, at 91 and with substantial vision, hearing and balance loss, made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the renovated Billy Graham Library.[75]

There had been controversy over Graham's proposed burial place; he announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte. Graham's younger son Ned had argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried not in Charlotte but in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near Asheville, North Carolina, where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his mother's choice.[76][77] Novelist Patricia Cornwell, a family friend, also opposed burial at the library, calling it a tourist attraction. Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site,[76] at the time of Ruth Graham's death, it was announced that they would be buried at the library site.[77]

Graham died of natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.[78][79]

External video
Capitol Visitation for Billy Graham, February 28, 2018, C-SPAN
Funeral Service, Billy Graham Library, Charlotte, North Carolina, March 2, 2018, C-SPAN

On February 28 and March 1, 2018, Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to lie in honor at the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.[80][81] Graham is the first religious leader to be honored, at the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan called Graham "America's pastor". President Donald Trump said Graham was "an ambassador for Christ";[82] in addition, Televangelist Jim Bakker paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison.[83][84]

A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross-shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library.[85] Graham's pine plywood casket, handcrafted in 2006 by inmates at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, is topped with a wooden cross nailed to it by the prisoners.[86][87]

Politics[edit]

After his close relationships with Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says:

He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the Christian right ... His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats.[88]

Graham was a registered member of the Democratic Party;[89] in 1960 he was opposed to the candidacy of John F. Kennedy, fearing that because Kennedy was a Catholic, he would be bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against him.[90] Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, during the 1960 campaign, to discuss their mobilizing congregations to defeat Kennedy.[91] According to the PBS Frontline program, God in America (2010), Episode 5, Graham also organized a meeting in September 1960 of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C. to this purpose; Norman Vincent Peale led the meeting.[90] This was shortly before Kennedy's speech on the separation of church and state in Houston, Texas, which was considered to be successful in meeting concerns of many voters, after his election, however, Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in Palm Beach, Florida, after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy's election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together.[92][93] After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting, the two remained in touch, meeting for the last time at a National Day of Prayer meeting in February 1963;[93] in his autobiography, Graham claimed to have felt an "inner foreboding" in the week before Kennedy's assassination, and to have tried to contact him to say, "Don't go to Texas!"[94]

Graham leaned toward the Republicans during the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower.[95] He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right, saying that Jesus did not have a political party,[24] he gave his support to various political candidates over the years.[95]

In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the Panama Canal or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle in order to preach to all people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."[96]

According to a 2006 Newsweek interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel ... When Newsweek asked Graham whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"[97]

In 2012, Graham publicly endorsed the Republican presidential candidate, Mitt Romney.[98] Shortly after, apparently in order to accommodate Romney, who is a Mormon, references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.[99][100] Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as same-sex marriage coming from Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, Franklin, head of the BGEA. Franklin denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.[101]

Pastor to presidents[edit]

President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan greet Graham at the National Prayer Breakfast of 1981

Graham had a personal audience with many sitting US presidents, from Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter communism in North Korea. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting.[24] Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential.[95]

Truman was not fond of Graham, he wrote about Graham in his 1974 autobiography Plain Speaking, "But now we've got just this one evangelist, this Billy Graham, and he's gone off the beam. He's...well, I hadn't ought to say this, but he's one of those counterfeits I was telling you about. He claims he's a friend of all the Presidents, but he was never a friend of mine when I was President. I just don't go for people like that. All he's interested in is getting his name in the paper."[102]

Graham in 1966

Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower, he purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the Little Rock Nine to gain admission of black students to public schools.[24] House Speaker Sam Rayburn convinced Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first religious service on the steps of the Capitol building in 1952.[24][103] Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his deathbed.[104]

Graham met and would become a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon,[95][105] and supported Nixon, a Quaker, for the 1960 presidential election.[24] He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreaux, Switzerland, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's Roman Catholic opponent, Senator John F. Kennedy.[106] Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of Communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy.[107] Thus, he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations.[95][108]

On December 16, 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather Rev. George Washington Baines, invited Graham to the White House to give him spiritual counseling. After this visit, Johnson frequently would call on Graham for more spiritual counselling as well as companionship, as Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying to keep me there, he just never wanted me to leave."[109]

In striking contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and then pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so. Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."[109] In addition to his White House visits, Graham would visit Johnson at Camp David and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in Stonewall, Texas. Johnson would also become the first sitting President to attend one of Graham's crusades, which took place in Houston, Texas, in 1965.[109]

During the 1964 United States presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee Barry Goldwater sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham's hometown of Montreat, North Carolina, and sought the preacher's endorsement. Supportive of Johnson's domestic policies, and hoping to preserve his friendship with the President, Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election. Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified, at one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor, though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.[109] Graham's biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other President he had ever known.[107]

He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's,[104] after Nixon's victorious 1968 presidential campaign, Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's private worship services.[95] In a meeting they had with Golda Meir, Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to Israel, but he refused.[24]

Billy Graham meeting with President Barack Obama in Montreat, April 2010

In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in East Tennessee, which they thought safe politically, it drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee and protesters against the Vietnam War. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's platform,[95] their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post-Watergate behavior and the profanity heard on the Watergate tapes.[citation needed] They eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.[95]

Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral, he presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993,[24] and the death and state funeral of Richard Nixon in 1994.[citation needed] During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be "a spiritual person."[citation needed] He was unable to attend the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery,[110] this was mentioned by George W. Bush in his eulogy.

On April 25, 2010, President Barack Obama visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they "had a private prayer."[111]

Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II[edit]

Graham had a friendly relationship with Queen Elizabeth II and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events,[112][113] they first met in 1955 and Graham preached at Windsor Chapel at the Queen's invitation during the following year. Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith.[114]

Foreign policy views[edit]

Graham was outspoken against communism and supported the American Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War; in a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese." Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim's son and former North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, he had "exchanged gifts with him."[115]

In 1982, Graham preached in the Soviet Union and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of World War II, when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against Nazism, he voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against Jews, but "a nuclear holocaust" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day."[116]

Controversial views[edit]

Discussion of Jews with President Nixon[edit]

During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had agreed with many of President Richard Nixon's antisemitic opinions, but he denied them and stressed his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed when declassified "Richard Nixon tapes" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.[117] Captured on the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews control the American media, calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon, and suggesting that if Nixon was re-elected, they might be able to do something about it.[118]

When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized[119][120] and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."[121] According to Newsweek magazine, "[T]he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for conversion of the Jews."[120]

In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to Jews and "the synagogue of Satan". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the Book of Revelation[122]) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values.[123]

Ecumenism[edit]

After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his ecumenism, even calling him "Antichrist".[124]

Graham expressed inclusivist views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved; in a 1997 interview with Robert Schuller, Graham said

I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven.[125]

Iain Murray, writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."[126]

Further information: Anonymous Christian

Views on women[edit]

In 1970, Graham stated that feminism was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be "competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists",[127][128] he further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the destiny of "real womanhood" according to the Judeo-Christian ethic; Graham's assertions, published in the Ladies' Home Journal, elicited letters of protest, and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of "The New Feminism" section of the publication added following sit-in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication.[129][130][131][132]

Graham was well known for his practice of not spending time alone with any woman other than his wife, this has become known as the Billy Graham rule.[133]

Billy's daughter Bunny recounts her father denying her and her sisters higher education, as reported in The Washington Post:[134]

Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. "There was never an idea of a career for us," she said. "I wanted to go to nursing school – Wheaton had a five-year program – but Daddy said no. No reason, no explanation, just 'No.' It wasn't confrontational and he wasn't angry, but when he decided, that was the end of it." She added, "He has forgotten that. Mother has not."

Billy talked his future wife, Ruth, into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in Tibet in favor of staying in the United States to marry him – and that to do otherwise would be "to thwart God's obvious will."[134] After Ruth agreed to marry Billy, he cited the Bible for claiming authority over her, saying, "then I'll do the leading and you do the following."[134]

Views on homosexuality[edit]

Graham regarded homosexuality as a sin, and in 1974 described it as "a sinister form of perversion."[135][136] In 1993 he said that he thought AIDS might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying, "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it."[137]

Graham opposed same-sex marriage,[138] and in 2012, he took out full-page ads in favor of North Carolina Amendment 1, which banned it in North Carolina.[139][140]

Graham's stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue.[137] Corky Siemaszko, writing for NBC News, noted that after the 1993 incident, Graham "largely steered clear of the subject."[141] After his death, however, some commentators called Graham "homophobic".[142]

Awards and honors[edit]

Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American" and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world,[32] he appeared most frequently on Gallup's list of most admired people.[143] On the day of his death, Graham had been on Gallup's Top 10 "Most Admired Man" list 61 times, and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948.[15]

In 1967, he was the first Protestant to receive an honorary degree from Belmont Abbey College, a Roman Catholic school.[144]

In 1983, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Ronald Reagan.[145]

Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children, he was cited by the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He received the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion and the Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.[146]

In 1999, the Gospel Music Association inducted Graham into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame to recognize his contributions to Christian music artists such as Michael W. Smith, dc Talk, Amy Grant, Jars of Clay and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades.[147] Graham was the first non-musician inducted,[148] and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs.[149] Singer Michael W. Smith was active in Billy Graham Crusades as well as Samaritan's Purse.[150] Smith sang "Just As I Am" in a tribute to Graham at the 44th GMA Dove Awards,[151] he also sang it at the memorial service honoring Graham at the United States Capitol rotunda on February 28, 2018.[152][82]

In 2000, former First Lady Nancy Reagan presented the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to Graham. Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years.[153]

In 2001, Queen Elizabeth II awarded him an honorary knighthood, the honor was presented to him by Sir Christopher Meyer, British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6, 2001.[154]

A professorial chair is named after him at the Alabama Baptist-affiliated Samford University, the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth,[117] his alma mater Wheaton College has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.[10] The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham has received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more;[32] in San Francisco, California, the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and falsely considered to be named in his honor, but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter Bill Graham.[155]

On May 31, 2007, the $27 million Billy Graham Library was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared to celebrate with Graham.[156] A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,[76] as does I-240 near Graham's home in Asheville.

As Graham's final Crusade approached in 2005, his friend Pat Boone chose to create a song in honor of Graham,[157] which he co-wrote and produced with David Pack and Billy Dean,[158] who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a "'We Are the World'-type" production.[159] Named "Thank You Billy Graham", the song's video[160] was introduced by Bono,[159] and included Faith Hill, MxPx,[157] John Ford Coley, John Elefante, Mike Herrera, Michael McDonald, Jeffrey Osborne, LeAnn Rimes, Kenny Rogers, Connie Smith, Michael Tait and other singers, with brief narration by Larry King,[161] and was directed by Brian Lockwood[162] as a tribute album.[163] In 2013, the album My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham was recorded by Amy Grant, Kari Jobe, Newsboys, Matthew West, tobyMac and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his My Hope America with Billy Graham outreach and the publication of his book The Reason for My Hope: Salvation.[164] Other songs written to honor Graham include "Hero of the Faith" written by Eddie Carswell of NewSong, which became a hit,[165] "Billy, You're My Hero" by Greg Hitchcock,[166] "Billy Graham" by The Swirling Eddies, "Billy Graham's Bible" by Joe Nichols, "Billy Frank" by Randy Stonehill, and an original song titled "Just as I Am" by Fernando Ortega.[157]

The movie Billy: The Early Years premiered in theaters officially on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th birthday.[167] Graham didn't comment on the film, but his son, Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie."[168] Graham's eldest daughter Gigi praised the movie and was hired as a consultant to help promote the film.[169]

Other honors[edit]

1996 Congressional Gold Medal coin shows Ruth and Billy Graham in profile (obverse); the Ruth and Billy Graham Children's Health Center in Asheville, North Carolina (reverse).

Media portrayals[edit]

Works[edit]

Graham's My Answer advice column appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017.[193]

Books[edit]

Graham authored the following books;[194] many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, The Jesus Generation sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication; Angels: God's Secret Agents had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; How to Be Born Again was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies."[32]

  • Calling Youth to Christ (1947)
  • America's Hour of Decision (1951)
  • I Saw Your Sons at War (1953)
  • Peace with God (1953, 1984)
  • Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins (1955)
  • The Secret of Happiness (1955, 1985)
  • Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers (1958)
  • My Answer (1960)
  • Billy Graham Answers Your Questions (1960)
  • World Aflame (1965)
  • The Challenge (1969)
  • The Jesus Generation (1971)
  • Angels: God's Secret Agents (1975, 1985)
  • How to Be Born Again (1977)
  • The Holy Spirit (1978)
  • Evangelist to the World (1979)
  • Till Armageddon (1981)
  • Approaching Hoofbeats (1983)
  • A Biblical Standard for Evangelists (1984)
  • Unto the Hills (1986)
  • Facing Death and the Life After (1987)
  • Answers to Life's Problems (1988)
  • Hope for the Troubled Heart (1991)
  • Storm Warning (1992)
  • Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (1997, 2007)
  • Hope for Each Day (2002)
  • The Key to Personal Peace (2003)
  • Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade (2005)
  • The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (2006)
  • Wisdom for Each Day (2008)
  • Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well (2011)
  • The Heaven Answer Book (2012)
  • The Reason for My Hope: Salvation (2013)[195]
  • Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond the Now (2015)[196]

References[edit]

  • Aikman, David (2007). Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. ASIN B008JM5FE2.  short biography
  • Long, Michael G., ed. (2008). The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist. ASIN B002LE87N0.  scholarly essays
  • Miller, Steven P. (2009). Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4151-8. 
  • Schier, H. Edward (2013). "Civil Rights Movement". The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil. ISBN 978-1-4817-5876-5. 

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Indepth: Billy Graham". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011. 
  2. ^ "Billy Graham: American Pilgrim". Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 21, 2018. Billy Graham stands among the most influential Christian leaders of the twentieth century. 
  3. ^ Swank jr, J. Grant. "Billy Graham Classics Span 25 Years of Gospel Preaching for the Masses". TBN. Retrieved April 25, 2013. 
  4. ^ Ellis, Carl. "Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism: Remembering Billy Graham". Christianity Today. Retrieved March 3, 2018. 
  5. ^ "Media: Bios - William (Billy) F. Graham". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Archived from the original on January 31, 2007. 
  6. ^ "Billy Graham: Pastor to Presidents". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved November 15, 2017. 
  7. ^ Aikman 2010, p. 203.
  8. ^ "The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers". The New York Times. December 9, 1992. Retrieved December 24, 2007. 
  9. ^ "Dr. Robert H. Schuller". Crystal Cathedral Ministries. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f Horstmann, Barry M. (June 27, 2002). "Man with a mission". Cincinnati Post. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  11. ^ Sweeney, Jon M. (21 February 2018). "How Billy Graham shaped American Catholicism". America Magazine. Retrieved 2 April 2018. A few years later, in 1964, Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston (who, as archbishop, had even endorsed a Graham crusade in Boston in 1950) met with Mr. Graham upon returning from Rome and the Second Vatican Council, declaring before a national television audience that Mr. Graham’s message was good for Catholics. 
  12. ^ Killen, Patricia O'Connell; Silk, Mark. Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone. Rowman Altamira. p. 84. In the 1957 revival in New York City Graham partnered with mainline Protestant denominations and insisted that those who were converted at the revivals return to their mainline churches. 
  13. ^ Wacker, Grant (November 15, 2003). "The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline". The Christian Century. Retrieved March 1, 2018. Crusade counselors are instructed to return the favor by sending "inquirers" back to mainline churches when requested. 
  14. ^ Stammer, Larry B. (April 20, 1996). "Billy Graham Program Takes Cue From MTV". Los Angeles Times. 
  15. ^ a b Newport, Frank. "In the News: Billy Graham on 'Most Admired' List 61 Times". Gallup. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  16. ^ Wacker 2014, pp. 24–25.
  17. ^ a b Bruns, Roger (2004). "A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher". Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood biographies. Greenwood Press. pp. 5–14. ISBN 978-0-313-32718-6. 
  18. ^ "Billy Graham's Mother Dies". The New York Times Archives. August 16, 1981. 
  19. ^ "Billy Graham's Childhood Home". Billygrahamlibrary.org. Retrieved October 21, 2015. 
  20. ^ James E. Kilgore, Billy Graham, The Preacher, Exposition Press, 1968[page needed]
  21. ^ David George Mullan, Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, p. 27
  22. ^ "They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham". ccel.us. Retrieved June 23, 2015. 
  23. ^ "Billy Graham Trivia What Did Billy Graham Read as a Child". billygraham.org. August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2015. 
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gibbs, Nancy; Ostling, Richard N. (November 15, 1993). "God's Billy Pulpit". Time. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
  25. ^ "Who led Billy Graham to Christ..." Archives, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011. 
  26. ^ "An Interview with Reverend Billy Graham". The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story. Charlotte Mecklenburg Library. Retrieved October 21, 2015. 
  27. ^ The Institute is now Trinity College of Florida in New Port Richey, Florida
  28. ^ Kirkland, Gary (June 25, 2005). "Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved February 21, 2018. 
  29. ^ "Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr., Evangelist and Chairman of the Board". billygraham.org/. Charlotte, NC: Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved October 10, 2017. 
  30. ^ "Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham: 1918-2018". Wheaton.edu. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  31. ^ "Billy Graham's California Dream". californiality.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012. [permanent dead link]
  32. ^ a b c d e f Stoddard, Maynard Good (March 1, 1986). "Billy Graham: the world is his pulpit". Saturday Evening Post. 
  33. ^ "Obituary - RUTH BELL GRAHAM". ruthbellgrahammemorial.org. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 
  34. ^ "Billy Graham: Billy and Ruth". Citizen Times. Retrieved February 24, 2018. 
  35. ^ "Samaritan's Purse". Samaritanspurse.org. Retrieved May 12, 2011. 
  36. ^ "East Gates International". Eastgates.org. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2011. 
  37. ^ "World-Renowned TV Evangelist The Rev. Billy Graham Dead At 99". CBS. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018. 
  38. ^ AP and Hauser, Tom. "Evangelist Billy Graham, a former Minnesota College president, dies at 99". ABC Eyewitness News. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  39. ^ Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith.[page needed]
  40. ^ King, Randall E. (1997). "When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade". Journal of Church and State. 39 (2): 273–95. doi:10.1093/jcs/39.2.273. JSTOR 23919865. 
  41. ^ William Martin, "The Riptide of Revival," Christian History and Biography (2006), Issue 92, pp. 24–29, online
  42. ^ Usborne, David (June 24, 2005). "Billy Graham and the Last Crusade". The Independent. 
  43. ^ "Billy Graham, InterVarsity & New York City". intervarsity.org. June 21, 2005. Retrieved February 21, 2013. 
  44. ^ "William Borden: No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets". Home.snu.edu. Retrieved February 21, 2013. 
  45. ^ For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA – 1940–1990 by Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt, InterVarsity Press, 1991.[page needed]
  46. ^ "Oliver Barclay" (PDF). The Times. London: Times Newspapers Limited. October 4, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013. 
  47. ^ "New Billy Graham outreach: Hosting 'Matthew parties' to share the gospel". al.com. Retrieved August 12, 2013. 
  48. ^ Anderson, Troy (October 20, 2013). "Billy Graham sounds alarm for 2nd Coming". WND. Retrieved October 28, 2013. 
  49. ^ Schier 2013, pp. 404–5.
  50. ^ a b Miller 2009, pp. 13–38.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h "Graham, William Franklin (1918– )". Martin Luther King Jr. And The Global Freedom Struggle. Stanford University. Retrieved December 9, 2013. 
  52. ^ Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013
  53. ^ a b c Miller, Steven P. (2009). Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8122-4151-8. Retrieved April 9, 2015. 
  54. ^ "To Billy Graham" (PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2013. 
  55. ^ "From Grady Wilson" (PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2013. 
  56. ^ Long 2008, pp. 150-151.
  57. ^ "The Archive - The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change". www.thekingcenter.org. Retrieved April 5, 2018. 
  58. ^ Blake, John (February 22, 2018). "Where Billy Graham 'missed the mark'". CNN. Retrieved March 20, 2018. 
  59. ^ "Billy Graham passes away: Andrew Young remembers the reverend". Retrieved April 5, 2018. 
  60. ^ FOX. "Civil rights leader reflects on Billy Graham's impact on Atlanta, movement". Retrieved April 5, 2018. 
  61. ^ a b c "Billy Graham: an appreciation". Baptist History and Heritage. June 22, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  62. ^ "Religion: A Challenge from Evangelicals". Time (magazine). August 5, 1974. Retrieved December 12, 2013. 
  63. ^ Graham, Billy (July 16, 1974). Why Lausanne? (Audio recording). Lausanne, Switzerland: Billy Graham Center Archives. 
  64. ^ Stott, John (1997). "Foreword by Billy Graham". Making Christ known: historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989. US: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4315-8. 
  65. ^ Kennedy, John W. (September 29, 2010). "The Most Diverse Gathering Ever". Christianity Today. Retrieved December 13, 2013. 
  66. ^ Grant Wacker. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation Look for the purposes 2014) p. 2.
  67. ^ ""Man in the 5th Dimension," In 70 mm News / The 70 mm Newsletter". In70mm.com. March 6, 2005. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011. 
  68. ^ Hirsch, Foster (2001). Love, Sex, Death & The Meaning of Life: The Films of Woody Allen. Da Capo Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-306-81017-4. 
  69. ^ Duffy, Michael and Gibbs, Nancy. "Billy Graham: A Spiritual Gift to All", Time (magazine), May 31, 2007. Retrieved 2007-24-11.
  70. ^ Aikman 2007, pp. 109–10.
  71. ^ [1] Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  72. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl (October 16, 1989). "Billy Graham Now a Hollywood Star". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2012. 
  73. ^ "My Hope With Billy Graham Mission Statement". My Hope America Website. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2013. 
  74. ^ Staff, JournalNow. "Billy Graham has brain shunt adjusted". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 
  75. ^ Tim Funk, "Lion in Winter: Billy Graham, Hearing and Sight Failing, Pays a Visit", Charlotte Observer, April 2010.
  76. ^ a b c "A Family at Cross-Purposes". The Washington Post. December 13, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  77. ^ a b "Graham's wife in coma, close to death; both will be buried at library". The Herald. June 14, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2018. 
  78. ^ "The Rev. Billy Graham, prominent Christian evangelist, dead at 99". Fox News. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018. 
  79. ^ "Evangelist Billy Graham dies at age 99; reached millions". Associated Press. Retrieved February 21, 2018. 
  80. ^ Special Event – Honoring Rev. Billy Graham, U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, February 28, 2018
  81. ^ Cochrane, Emily (February 22, 2018). "Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol". The New York Times. Retrieved February 26, 2018. 
  82. ^ a b "Billy Graham Honored at US Capitol Memorial Service; Trump Recalls Dad's Love for 'America's Pastor'". Christian Post. Retrieved March 2, 2018. 
  83. ^ "Fallen evangelist Jim Bakker and wife pay their respects to Billy Graham in Charlotte". Retrieved February 27, 2018. 
  84. ^ "Fallen PTL pastor Jim Bakker recalls prison visit from Rev. Billy Graham". WBTV. Retrieved February 27, 2018. 
  85. ^ "Memorial Events". Billy Graham Memorial. Retrieved March 2, 2018. 
  86. ^ "Billy Graham's coffin was built by a prison inmate named 'Grasshopper.' Here's why". Kansas City Star. Retrieved March 2, 2018. 
  87. ^ "Here's what is special about Billy Graham's casket". Retrieved March 2, 2018. 
  88. ^ Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (January 12, 2017). "How Donald Trump is bringing Billy Graham's complicated family back into White House circles". Washington Post. 
  89. ^ "Rev. Billy Graham on his lasting legacy". Today Show. June 23, 2005. Retrieved September 20, 2008. 
  90. ^ a b Study Guide: God in America, Episode 5, "The Soul of America" PBS Frontline, October 2010, program available online
  91. ^ "God in America: 'The Soul of a Nation'". PBS. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2012. Billy Graham convenes a meeting of American Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, for the purpose of discussing how they could ensure that John Kennedy would not be elected in November 
  92. ^ Funk, Tim (February 21, 2018). "The Presidents' preacher: From Truman to Trump". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 
  93. ^ a b Mize, Douglas W. (November 2, 2013). "John F. Kennedy, Billy Graham: irrecoverable moments in 1963". Baptist Press. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 
  94. ^ Crosbie, Robert C. (November 18, 2013). "Billy Graham's Warning to JFK". HuffPost. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 
  95. ^ a b c d e f g h King, Randall E. (March 22, 1997). "When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade". Journal of Church and State. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  96. ^ Merritt, Jonathan (February 21, 2018). "Billy Graham, the Last Nonpartisan Evangelical?". The New York Times. 
  97. ^ "Pilgrim's Progress". Newsweek. August 14, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved September 20, 2008. 
  98. ^ O'Keefe, Ed (October 11, 2012). "Billy Graham to Mitt Romney: 'I'll do all I can to help you'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2012. 
  99. ^ "Billy Graham site removes Mormon 'cult' reference after Romney meeting". CNN. October 16, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. 
  100. ^ "Billy Graham Website Removes Mormon 'Cult' Reference After Romney Meeting". HuffPost. October 16, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. 
  101. ^ Gordon, Michael (October 24, 2012). "Billy Graham speaks with his own voice, son Franklin says". McClatchy News Service. 
  102. ^ Miller, Merle (1974) Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. New York: Putnam. p. 363.
  103. ^ Wacker, Grant (April 1, 1992). "Charles Atlas with a Halo". The Christian Century. pp. 336–41. 
  104. ^ a b "The President Preacher; In Crisis, White House Turns to Billy Graham". The Washington Post. January 18, 1991. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  105. ^ Aikman 2010, pp. 204–205.
  106. ^ H. Larry Ingle, Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President. pp. 101–04, University of Missouri Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-8262-2042-4
  107. ^ a b Aikman, David (2010). "Richard M. Nixon". Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. pp. 203–10. ISBN 978-1-4185-8432-0. 
  108. ^ "The Essence of Billy Graham; A Warm but Honest Biography of the Evangelist". The Washington Post. October 25, 1991. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  109. ^ a b c d Aikman, David (2010). "Lyndon B. Johnson". Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. pp. 195–203. ISBN 978-1-4185-8432-0. 
  110. ^ "Biography of Evangelist Billy Graham". Christianity.about.com. Retrieved October 20, 2012. 
  111. ^ Baker, Peter (April 25, 2010). "Obama Visits the Rev. Billy Graham". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010. 
  112. ^ "Billy Graham Reflects on His Friendship with Queen Elizabeth II". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
  113. ^ "The Crown: The Truth Behind Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Friendship with Evangelist Billy Graham". People. Retrieved January 12, 2018. 
  114. ^ Loughrey, Clarisse (February 21, 2018). "Billy Graham dead: Truth behind Queen Elizabeth II's friendship with the US evangelical preacher". The Independent. Retrieved January 25, 2018. 
  115. ^ Preacher power: America's God squad Archived August 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Independent Article, Preacher power: America's God squad, July 25, 2007;
  116. ^ "Dr. Billy Graham trying to avoid offending Soviets", United Press International story in Minden Press-Herald, May 10, 1982, p. 1
  117. ^ a b Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews, The New York Times, March 17, 2002
  118. ^ "Graham regrets Jewish slur", BBC, March 2, 2002.
  119. ^ "Graham Apology Not Enough", Eric J. Greenberg, United Jewish Communities.
  120. ^ a b "Pilgrim's Progress, p. 5". Newsweek. August 14, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2008. 
  121. ^ Newton, Christopher (Associated Press Writer) (March 2, 2002). "Billy Graham apologizes for anti-Semitic comments in 1972 conversation with Nixon". BeliefNet. Retrieved April 28, 2012. 
  122. ^ "Revelation 3:9". Bible Gateway. 
  123. ^ Grossman, Cathy Lynn (June 24, 2009). "In Nixon tapes, Billy Graham refers to 'synagogue of Satan'". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2009. 
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Further reading[edit]

  • Allison, Lon (2018) [2018]. Billy Graham: An Ordinary Man and His Extraordinary God. Paraclete Press. ISBN 978-1-64060-087-4. 
  • Bruns, Roger (2004). Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3133-2718-6. 
  • Finstuen, Andrew, et al., eds. Billy Graham: American Pilgrim (Oxford UP, 2017) 326 pp. essays by scholars
  • Himes, A. (2011). Sword of the Lord: the roots of fundamentalism in an American family Seattle: Chiara Press.
  • King, Randall E. (1997). "When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade". Journal of Church and State. 39 (2): 273–95. doi:10.1093/jcs/39.2.273. 
  • Martin, William (2007). A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-24198-7.  scholarly biography, updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow.
  • Martin, William (2013). Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zonderkidz. ASIN B004HOV0CW.  Middle-school version.
  • Pollock, John (1979). Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World. ISBN 0060666919. 
  • Sherwood, Timothy H. (2013). The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes. Lexington Books. pp. 1–158. ASIN B00E1CYKCC. 
  • Strober, Deborah Hart; Strober, Gerald S. (2006). Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-78-79-8401-4. 
  • Wacker, Grant (2009). "Billy Graham's America". Church History. 78 (3): 489–511. doi:10.1017/S0009640709990400. 
  • Wacker, Grant (2014) [2006]. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. Harvard University Press. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-674-05218-5. 

External links[edit]

Academic offices
Preceded by
William Bell Riley		 President of Northwestern Bible College
1948–1952		 Succeeded by
Richard Elvee
Awards
Preceded by
Cicely Saunders		 Templeton Prize
1982		 Succeeded by
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Daniel Inouye		 Persons who have lain in state or honor
in the United States Capitol rotunda
February 28 – March 1, 2018		 Most recent
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