1.
Corporal punishment
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Corporal punishment or physical punishment is a punishment intended to cause physical pain on a person. It is most often used where there is a disparity of power between punisher and punished. Corporal punishment is commonly practiced on minors, especially in home and also school settings, common methods in this regard often include spanking or paddling. It is however used on adults, particularly prisoners in some countries. In history most cultures have practiced corporal punishment on adults in settings of imprisonment or slavery, frequently employed methods are flagellation and caning. In some countries bastinado is still practiced on prisoners as well, official punishment for crime by inflicting pain or injury, including flogging, branding and even mutilation, was practised in most civilizations since ancient times. However, with the growth of humanitarian ideals since the Enlightenment, by the late 20th century, corporal punishment had been eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries. The legality in the 21st century of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction,52 countries, most of them in Europe and Latin America, have banned the practice as of April 2017. School corporal punishment—of students by teachers or school administrators—has been banned in countries, including Canada, Kenya, South Africa, New Zealand. It remains legal, if increasingly less common, in the United States, judicial corporal punishment, as part of a criminal sentence ordered by a court of law, has long disappeared from European countries. However, it remains lawful in parts of Africa, Asia, closely related is prison corporal punishment or disciplinary corporal punishment, ordered by prison authorities or carried out directly by staff. Corporal punishment is also allowed in some settings in a few jurisdictions. Other uses of corporal punishment have existed, for instance as once practised on apprentices by their masters, in many Western countries, medical and human-rights organizations oppose corporal punishment of children. Campaigns against corporal punishment have aimed to bring about legal reform to ban the use of punishment against minors in homes. Corporal punishment of children has traditionally used in the Western world by adults in authority roles. Withhold not correction from a child, for if thou strike him with the rod, thou shalt beat him with the rod, and deliver his soul from hell. It was certainly present in civilizations, being used in Greece, Rome. Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly, Sparta, in particular, used them as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower, although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment
2.
School corporal punishment
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School corporal punishment refers to causing deliberate pain or discomfort in response to undesired behaviour by students in schools. It often involves striking the student either across the buttocks or on the hands, with an implement such as a cane, wooden paddle. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand, Poland in 1783 was the first nation to outlaw corporal punishment in schools. School corporal punishment is no longer practised in any European country, as of 2015, most developed countries have abolished the practice, with the exception of some parts of the United States, some Australian states, and Singapore. It is still in use in a number of countries in Africa. It was banned in state funded schools, throughout the United Kingdom and it was banned in UK Public and private schools, that received no state funding, in 1999 for England and Wales,2000 in Scotland, and 2003 in Northern Ireland. It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, while most U. S. states have outlawed corporal punishment in state schools, it continues to be allowed mainly in the Southern and Western United States. According to the United States Department of Education, more than 216,000 students were subjected to corporal punishment during the 2008–09 school year, there is a vast amount of literature on this, in both popular and serious culture. Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools and more recently for all schools, the doctrine of in loco parentis lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures. The doctrine has its origins in an English common-law precedent of 1770, many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used, in most of continental Europe, school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer, depending on the country. From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems. In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys there, other communist regimes followed suit, for instance, corporal punishment was unknown by students in North Korea in 2007. In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986, although the practice remains common, School officials and policymakers often rely on personal anecdotes to argue that school corporal punishment improves students behavior and achievement. However, there is a lack of evidence showing that corporal punishment leads to better control in the classroom. In particular, evidence does not suggest that it enhances moral character development, increases students respect for teachers or other authority figures, an estimated 1 to 2 percent of physically punished students in the United States are seriously injured, to the point of needing medical attention. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, other reported injuries to students include sciatic nerve damage extensive hematomas, and life-threatening fat hemorrhage. The AAP cautions that there is a risk of punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others behaviour
3.
Caning
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Caning is a form of corporal punishment consisting of a number of hits with a single cane usually made of rattan, generally applied to the offenders bare or clothed buttocks or hand. Caning on the knuckles or shoulders is much less common, Caning can also be applied to the soles of the feet. Caning was a form of judicial punishment and official school discipline in many parts of the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. Corporal punishment has now been outlawed in much, but not all, however, caning remains legal in numerous other countries in home, school, religious, judicial or military contexts, and is also in common use in some countries where it is no longer legal. In some countries caning is still in use in the era, particularly in Southeast Asia. The practice is retained, for male only, under the criminal law in Malaysia, Singapore. African countries still using judicial caning include Botswana, Tanzania, Nigeria and, for juvenile offenders only, Swaziland and it is also imposed for certain breaches of prison rules. In Aceh caning can be imposed for adultery, the punishment is applied to foreigners and locals alike. Caning is also used in the Singapore Armed Forces to punish serious offences against military discipline, unlike judicial caning, this punishment is delivered to the soldiers clothed buttocks. The frequency and severity of canings in educational settings have varied greatly, in some schools corporal punishment was administered solely by the headmaster, while in others the task was delegated to other teachers. In many English and Commonwealth private schools, authority to punish was also given to certain senior students. In the early 20th century, such permission for prefects to cane other boys was widespread in British public schools, the perceived advantages of this were promptness of punishment and avoiding bothering the teaching staff with minor disciplinary matters. Such systems were not limited to secondary age pupils and it was regarded as having no sense of indignity for the recipient of the punishment. Some British private schools still permitted caning to be administered by prefects in the 1960s, with opportunities for it provided by sets of rules on school uniform. In 1969, when the question was raised in Parliament, it was thought that relatively few schools still permitted this, by contrast, caning in British state schools in the later 20th century was often, in theory at least, administered by the head teacher only. Like their British counterparts, South African private schools also gave free rein to administer canings whenever they felt it appropriate. The use of corporal punishment within the setting was prohibited by the South African Schools Act of 1996. In many state schools in England and Wales it was in use, mostly for boys, until 1987, while elsewhere other implements prevailed
4.
Cat o' nine tails
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The term first appears in 1695, although the design is much older. It was probably so called in reference to its claws, which inflict parallel wounds, the cat is made up of nine knotted thongs of cotton cord, about 2 1⁄2 feet or 76 cm long, designed to lacerate the skin and cause intense pain. It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of the manner in which rope is plaited, thinner rope is made from three strands of yarn plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. To make a cat o nine tails, a rope is unravelled into three small ropes, each of which is unravelled again, the closed cat, one without tails, was called a starter. During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the naval cats handle was made of rope about 2 feet long and about 1 inch in diameter, the tails were made of cord about a quarter inch in diameter and typically 2 feet long. A new cat was made for each flogging by a bosuns mate, if several dozen lashes were awarded, each could be administered by a fresh bosuns mate—a left-handed one could be included to assure extra painful crisscrossing of the wounds. One dozen was usually awarded as a highly sensitizing prelude to running the gauntlet and it was used on slave trade ships to punish the slaves. For summary punishment of Royal Navy boys, a model was made, the reduced cat, also known as boys cat, boys pussy or just pussy. If formally convicted by a court martial, however, even boys would suffer the punishment of the adult cat, the severest form of flogging was a flogging round the fleet. The number of lashes was divided by the number of ships in port, penalties of hundreds of lashes were imposed for the gravest offences, including sedition and mutiny. The prisoner was rowed round the fleet in a boat and received a number of his lashes at each ship in turn. Sentences often took months or years to complete, depending on how much a man was expected to bear at a time, normally 250–500 lashes would kill a man, as infections would spread. After the flogging was completed, the sailors lacerated back was frequently rinsed with brine or seawater, the British Army had a similar multiple whip, though much lighter in construction, made of a drumstick with attached strings. The flogger was usually a rather than a strong bosuns mate. Flogging with the cat o nine tails fell into disuse around 1870, whereas the British naval cat rarely cut but rather abraded the skin, the falls of the British Army cat were lighter and the string was in fact codline - a very dense material akin to tarred string. Although the total whip would weigh only a fraction of a naval rope cat, naturally, it was also used elsewhere in the Commonwealth, notably at the penal colonies in Australia, and also in Canada where it was used until 1881. An 1812 drawing shows a drummer apparently lashing the buttocks of a soldier who is tied with spread legs on an A-frame made from sergeants half pikes. In many places, soldiers were generally flogged stripped to the waist, in the 20th century this use was confined to very serious cases involving violence against a prison officer, and each flogging had to be confirmed by central government
5.
Flagellation
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Flagellation, flogging, whipping or lashing is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, lashes, rods, switches, the cat o nine tails, the sjambok, etc. Typically, flogging is imposed on a subject as a punishment, however, it can also be submitted to willingly, or performed on oneself. The strokes are usually aimed at the back of a person. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as bastinado, the soles of a persons feet are used as a target for beating. In some circumstances the word flogging is used loosely to any sort of corporal punishment. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn between flogging and whipping, in Britain these were both abolished in 1948. In Sparta, young men were flogged as a test of their masculinity, Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount. In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye, in addition to causing severe pain, the victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood. The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, the poet Horace refers to the horribile flagellum in his Satires. Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, two lictors alternated blows from the bare shoulders down the body to the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the number of blows inflicted—this was left to the lictors to decide, nonetheless, Livy, Suetonius and Josephus report cases of flagellation where victims died while still bound to the post. Flagellation was referred to as death by some authors, as many victims died shortly thereafter. Cicero reports in In Verrem, pro mortuo sublatus brevi postea mortuus, the Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Under this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a populated area and there tied to the end of a cart naked. In England, offenders were sentenced to be flogged at a carts tail along a length of public street, usually near the scene of the crime. In the late century, however, the courts occasionally ordered that the flogging should be carried out in prison or a house of correction rather than on the streets. From the 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate between private whipping and public whipping, over the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the proportion of whippings carried out in public declined, but the number of private whippings increased
6.
Foot whipping
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Foot whipping or bastinado is a method of corporal punishment which consists in hitting the bare soles of a persons feet. The receiving person is required to be barefoot, the uncovered soles of the feet need to be placed in an exposed position. The beating is typically performed with an object in the type of a cane or switch, the strokes are usually aimed at the arches of the feet and repeated a certain number of times. Bastinado is also referred to as foot caning or sole caning, depending on the instrument in use, the particular Middle East method is called falaka or falanga, derived from the Greek term phalanx. The German term is Bastonade, deriving from the Italian noun bastonata, in former times it was also referred to as Sohlenstreich. The Chinese term is da jiao xin, the first scripted documentation of bastinado in Europe dates back to the year 1537, in China to 960. References to bastinado have been hypothesised to be found in the Bible and this subform of flagellation differentiates from most other forms by limiting the strokes to a very narrow section of the body. The undersides of the feet have become a common target for corporal punishment in many cultures while basically different methods exist. Foot whipping is carried out within prisons and structurally similar institutions. Besides inflicting intense physical suffering it trades on the significance of bare feet as a dishonouring socio-cultural attribute, therefore it is regarded to be a particularly humiliating as well as degrading form of punishment. At this was used as a visual indicator of a subservient standing within a social structure. It was therefore routinely imposed as an identifier and obstacle on slaves and prisoners, often divested of rights. Exploiting its socio-cultural significance, people have been forced to go barefoot as a formal shame sanction, foot whipping hereby comprises a drastic aggravation of forcing a person to expose his or her bare feet as part of a punishment and the underlying significance thereof. By making the highly pain susceptible soles of a person the target for inflicting physical punishment. As the person is of course unable to evade the beatings, a sphere of his or her privacy is repeatedly invaded. As a result, a by nature entirely defenseless prison inmate often feels particularly intimidated and victimized by this specific form punishment, keeping prisoners barefoot is common practice in several countries of today. The prisoners are hereby excluded from the benefits of standard clothing items with their uncovered feet exposed to the obstacles of the surrounding area. A lack of protection can alone have an effect and make the person feel vulnerable
7.
Knout
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A knout /ˈnaʊt/ is a heavy scourge-like multiple whip, usually made of a bunch of rawhide thongs attached to a long handle, sometimes with metal wire or hooks incorporated. The English word stems from a spelling-pronunciation of a French transliteration of the Russian word кнут, some claim it was a Tatar invention and was introduced into Russia in the 15th century, perhaps by Grand Duke Ivan III the Great. Others trace the word to Varangians and derive it from the Swedish knutpiska, still others maintain it is of generic Germanic origin, not necessarily Scandinavian, comparing it with the German Knute, Dutch knoet and with Old Norse knutr, Anglo-Saxon cnotta and English knot. The Russian knout had different forms, one was a lash of rawhide,40 cm long, attached to a wooden handle,22 cm long. The lash ended in a ring, to which was attached a second lash as long, ending also in a ring. Another kind consisted of many thongs of skin plaited and interwoven with wire, ending in loose wired ends and this was soaked in milk and dried in the sun to make it harder. Knouts were used in Russia for flogging as formal corporal punishment of criminals, the victim was tied to a post or on a triangle of wood and stripped, receiving the specified number of strokes on the back. A sentence of 100 or 120 lashes was equivalent to a death sentence, even twenty lashes could maim, and with the specially extended Great Knout, twenty blows could kill, with death sometimes being attributed to the breaking of the spine. The executioner was usually a criminal who had to pass through a probation, peter the Great is traditionally accused of knouting his son Alexis to death, the latter was tortured by knouting to extract confessions. Emperor Nicholas I abolished the punishment by knout in 1845, and replaced it with the pleti and they were later abolished throughout Russia and reserved for the penal settlements, mainly in Siberia. Prisoners transported to Siberia in the late 19th century were sometimes branded on their foreheads with irons with the letters VRNK meaning V thief, R robber and this branding led to the Siberian slang word varnok, meaning either a settler or deportee. The expression under the knout is used to designate any harsh totalitarianism, in Dutch, the image is commonly used for strict party discipline, e. g. eliminating actual debate when passing a law. Nagaika Scourge This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
