1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Compact (newspaper)
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A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term as used for this came into its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for Londons commuters. Readers from other parts of the country liked the new format, the Times and The Scotsman copied the format as The Independent increased sales. All three newspapers are now printed exclusively in compact format following trial periods during which both broadsheet and compact version were produced simultaneously, the term “compact” was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail when that newspaper went tabloid, although the Mail now calls itself a tabloid. It is often used to differentiate newspapers with more content from those with a flamboyant or salacious publishing style. The functional opposite of compact is red top, as the nameplates of British sensationalist tabloids tend to be red, berliner Broadsheet List of newspapers Paper sizes Tabloid
3.
Trinity Mirror
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Trinity Mirror plc is the largest British newspaper, magazine and digital publisher after purchasing rival Local World for £220 million, in October 2015. It is Britains biggest newspaper group, publishing 240 regional papers as well as the national Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror and People, since purchasing Local World in November 2015, it has gained 83 print publications. Trinity Mirrors headquarters are at Canary Wharf in London, listed on the London Stock Exchange, it is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index. The Daily Mirror was launched by Alfred Harmsworth for gentlewomen in 1903, the company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange on 2 December 1953. In 1958 the International Publishing Company acquired Mirror Group Newspapers, in 1984 Pergamon Holdings, a company owned by Robert Maxwell, acquired the Daily Mirror from Reed International. The Company was relisted as Mirror Group in 1991, the company went on to buy Scottish & Universal Newspapers in 1992, and in 1997 it acquired the Birmingham Post and Mail. Trinity Mirror was formed in September 1999 as an acquisition by Trinity International plc, in a shrewd move, the LDPE created a new Holding company, based in Chester, moving from Old Hall Street in LIverpool where the LDPE was based. Effectively Trinity Holdings devolved from the LDPE and by distancing itself from its Liverpool flagships it made a statement of ambition, Trinity Mirror was formed when the national titles were bought by Trinity International PLC. Trinity was a company which evolved from the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo which owned newspaper titles in Canada, in the early 1980s, it was suggested that the Press Association should be floated on the market. It turned out that the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo had a substantial historic share holding in PA, the previous business strategy of the Liverpool operation was to have control over the complete process of newspaper production. Hence it bought paper mills in Canada, owned its own distribution company. The shareholders appointed David Sneddon as Chief Executive and he divested the company of all other than producing newspapers. At the time the Liverpool Echo, despite the economic conditions on Merseyside was considered to be one of the most profitable newspapers in the UK. This cannot be verified independently because the company was adept at concealing its profit centres, the only verification is from the writer of this passage who was there at the time and the subsequent expansion of the business built upon the Echos profitability. From there the company, which was cash-rich, went on to buy out many regional newspaper groups, many of these deals were subject to Monopolies and Mergers scrutiny. As part of this business purchasing strategy they eventually acquired the Daily Mirror group, and as this was a national title. During 2005 the company introduced a number of measures to manage discretionary spending more carefully, in 2007 the company sought to sell a number of titles, the Reading Chronicle was sold to Berkshire Media Group and 25 Trinity Mirror South titles were sold to Northcliffe Media. On 1 October 2007 it was announced that the sale of the Racing Post had been completed, in September 2008 the company announced that it would be closing the printing plant in Liverpool after 154 years of printing in the city, and transferring the work to Oldham
4.
Free market
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Another view considers systems with significant market power, inequality of bargaining power, or information asymmetry to be less than free. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. Others believe regulation might be part of a market, if the regulation is necessary to control significant market power, inequality of bargaining power. The latter view implies a free market is not necessarily deregulated, although some of those with the former belief speak of free markets, friedrich Hayek argued in The Pure Theory of Capital that the goal is the preservation of the unique information contained in the price itself. The definition of free market has been disputed and made complex by collectivist political philosophers, during the marginal revolution, subjective value theory was rediscovered. Various forms of socialism based on free markets have existed since the 19th century, early notable socialist proponents of free markets include Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Benjamin Tucker, and the Ricardian socialists. These economists believed that free markets and voluntary exchange could not exist within the exploitative conditions of capitalism. Advocates of free-market socialism such as Jaroslav Vanek argue that free markets are not possible under conditions of private ownership of productive property. Socialists also point out that free market capitalism leads to excessive disparities in the distribution of income, corporate monopolies run rampant in free markets, with endless agency over the consumer. Thus, free market capitalism desires government regulation of markets to prevent social instability and this implies that economic rents, i. e. profits generated from lack of perfect competition, must be reduced or eliminated as much as possible through free competition. Economic theory suggests the returns to land and other resources are economic rents that cannot be reduced in such a way because of their perfect inelastic supply. Some economic thinkers emphasize the need to share those rents as a requirement for a well functioning market. It is suggested this would eliminate the need for regular taxes that have a negative effect on trade as well as release land. Two features that improve the competition and free market mechanisms, winston Churchill supported this view by his statement Land is the mother of all monopoly. The American economist and social philosopher Henry George, the most famous proponent of this thesis, followers of his ideas are often called Georgists or Geoists and Geolibertarians. Léon Walras, one of the founders of the neoclassical economics who helped formulate the general theory, had a very similar view. He argued that competition could only be realized under conditions of state ownership of natural resources. Additionally, income taxes could be eliminated because the state would receive income to public services through owning such resources and enterprises
5.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
6.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
7.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
8.
West Midlands (region)
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The West Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It covers the western half of the area known as the Midlands. The city of Coventry is also located within the West Midlands county, the region is geographically diverse, from the urban central areas of the conurbation to the rural western counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire which border Wales. The region also encompasses five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the Wye Valley, Shropshire hills, Cannock Chase, Malvern Hills, Warwickshire is home to the town of Stratford upon Avon, the birthplace of the writer William Shakespeare. The highest point in the region is Black Mountain, at 703 metres in west Herefordshire on the border with Powys, Wales. The region contains five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, including all of the Shropshire Hills, Malvern Hills and Cannock Chase, the Peak District national park also stretches into the northern corner of Staffordshire. Served by many lines in the areas such as the West Coast Main Line. The Welsh Marches Line and the Cotswold Line transect the region as well as the Cross Country Route, there are plans to reopen the Honeybourne Line. Numerous notable roads pass through the region, with most converging around the central conurbation, the M6 toll provides an alternative route to the M6 between Coleshill and Cannock, passing north of Sutton Coldfield and just south of Lichfield. The M40 connects the region through South East England to London, with its terminus at its junction with the M42, it passes close to Warwick. The M42 connects the M5 at Bromsgrove, passing around the south and east of Birmingham, joining the M40 and M6, passing Solihull and Castle Bromwich, to Tamworth, the M50 connects the M5 from near Tewkesbury to Ross-on-Wye in the southwest. The M54 connects Wellington in the west, passing Telford, to the M6 near Cannock, the A5 road traverses the region northwest-southeast, passing through Shrewsbury, Telford, Cannock, Tamworth and Nuneaton. As part of the planning system, the Regional Assembly is under statutory requirement to produce a Regional Transport Strategy to provide long term planning for transport in the region. This involves region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the Highways Agency, within the region, the local transport authorities carry out transport planning through the use of a Local Transport Plan which outlines their strategies, policies and implementation programme. The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006-11, in the West Midlands region, the following transport authorities have published their LTP online, Herefordshire, Shropshire U. A. The transport authority of Stoke-on-Trent U. A, Major towns and cities in the West Midlands region include, Bold indicates city status. The region is based on the former region of Mercia. The Battle of Edgehill in October 1642 started the English Civil War, jane Bunford of Bartley Green until 1982 was the tallest woman ever in the world, and now the second tallest, and the tallest person ever in the UK, at 7 ft 11in
9.
Chartism
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Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain that existed from 1838 to 1857. Support for the movement was at its highest in 1839,1842, and 1848, the strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though there were some who became involved in activities, notably in south Wales. The Peoples Charter called for six reforms to make the system more democratic, A vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind. The secret ballot to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote, no property qualification for Members of Parliament in order to allow the constituencies to return the man of their choice. Payment of Members, enabling tradesmen, working men, or other persons of modest means to leave or interrupt their livelihood to attend to the interests of the nation. Equal constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the number of electors. This sense that the class had been betrayed by the middle class was strengthened by the actions of the Whig governments of the 1830s. Notably, the hated new Poor Law Amendment was passed in 1834, depriving working people of outdoor relief and driving the poor into workhouses, where families were separated. It was the wave of opposition to this measure in the north of England in the late 1830s that gave Chartism the numbers that made it a mass movement. In 1836 the London Working Mens Association was founded by William Lovett and Henry Hetherington, the origins of Chartism in Wales can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Mens Association. Both nationally and locally a Chartist press thrived in the form of periodicals, the Poor Mans Guardian in the 1830s, edited by Henry Hetherington, dealt with questions of class solidarity, manhood suffrage, property, and temperance, and condemned the Reform Act of 1832. The paper explored the rhetoric of violence versus non-violence, or what its writers referred to as moral versus physical force and it was succeeded as the voice of radicalism by an even more famous paper, the Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser. The Star was published between 1837 and 1852, and in 1839 was the provincial newspaper in Britain, with a circulation of 50,000 copies. Like other Chartist papers it was read aloud in coffee houses, workplaces. Other Chartist periodicals included the Northern Liberator, English Chartist Circular, the papers gave justifications for the demands of the Peoples Charter, accounts of local meetings, commentaries on education and temperance and a great deal of poetry. The papers also advertised upcoming meetings, typically organised by local grass roots branches, held either in public houses, readers also found denunciations of imperialism—the First Opium War was condemned—and of the arguments of free traders about the civilizing and pacifying influences of free trade. In 1837, six Members of Parliament and six working men, including William Lovett formed a committee and this set out the six main aims of the movement
10.
John Jaffray
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Sir John Jaffray, 1st Baronet was a Scottish journalist and newspaper proprietor. Born in Stirling, he moved to Birmingham in 1844, to work for John Frederick Feeney on the Birmingham Journal, together they founded the Birmingham Daily Post, in 1857. He founded the Birmingham Mail with Feeneys son John Feeney in 1870 and he served as High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1888 and was created a Baronet, of Skilts in Studley in the County of Warwick, in 1892, taking his title from the estate he had bought there. New York, St Martins Press,1990, leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Birmingham City Archives, MS1784, introduction. Parishes, Studley, A History of the County of Warwick, Volume 3, Barlichway hundred, pp. 175–187
11.
George Dawson (preacher)
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George Dawson was an English nonconformist preacher, lecturer and activist. He was a voice in the calls for radical political and social reform in Birmingham. Dawson was born in Brunswick Square, London, in 1821 and his father was headmaster of a Baptist school. He was educated at home, then at Marischal College, Aberdeen, oxford and Cambridge were not an option as Nonconformists were banned from these universities. In 1843 Dawson accepted a call to the pastorate of the Baptist church at Rickmansworth. The key doctrine preached there was inscribed on a tablet above the entrance, There is but one law – thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart. In the Church of the Saviour, Dawson developed the concept of the Civic Gospel and he called upon his congregation to join him in the struggle to improve conditions in the town and the quality of life enjoyed by its citizens. Between 1847 and 1867,17 members of his congregation were elected to the Town Council, both Dawson and Dale were disqualified as ministers from seats on the town council, but both served on the Birmingham school board. Dawson strongly advocated to the worshippers in his Church and in Birmingham the idea of service in politics as a civic duty, Dawson did not consider himself to be a Unitarian, although modern Unitarians count him as one of their own. He left the Baptist Church to be free of any creed or doctrinal rigidity. True Religion, Dawson believed, was social, unitive, for him, Christianity was a set of fruitful principles, not a code of laws or a theological dogma. Dawson was famous during his lifetime for lecturing on a range of subjects from Shakespeare to German poetry. He became a figure, in demand as a lecturer throughout the country. Charles Kingsley described him as the greatest talker in England, Dawson also lectured on English literature at the Birmingham and Midland Institute and helped to found the Shakespeare Memorial Library in Birmingham. He died suddenly at Kings Norton on 30 November 1876, and was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, four volumes of Sermons, two of Prayers and two of Biographical Lectures were published after his death. Dawson married Susan Fanny Crompton in 1846 and they had two children, Rachel Annie and Bernard. Rachel, from some inexplicable arrest in the bones of her skull at an early age and her early death in May 1873 sent Dawson into a temporary fit of depression. Following Dawsons death in 1876, his friend Sam Timmins was asked to write his biography, with contributions from G. J. Johnson, J. D. Morell
12.
British Newspaper Archive
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The British Newspaper Archive web site provides access to searchable digitised archives of British newspapers. It was launched in November 2011, the British Library Newspapers section was based in Colindale in North London, until 2013, and is now divided between the St Pancras and Boston Spa sites. The Library has an almost complete collection of British and Irish newspapers since 1840 and this is partly because of the legal deposit legislation of 1869, which required newspapers to supply a copy of each edition of a newspaper to the library. London editions of daily and Sunday newspapers are complete back to 1801. In total the collection consists of 660,000 bound volumes and 370,000 reels of microfilm containing tens of millions of newspapers with 52,000 titles on 45 km of shelves. After the closure of Colindale in November 2013, access to the 750 million original printed pages was maintained via an automated and climate-controlled storage facility in Boston Spa, in May 2010 a ten-year programme of digitisation of the newspaper archives with commercial partner DC Thomson subsidiary Brightsolid began. In November 2011, BBC News announced the launch of the British Newspaper Archive, the same newspapers from this partnership have also been made available to view on Findmypast and Genes Reunited. The digitisation project established a search facility which people could consult without having to visit the British Library newspaper depository in person. The Thomason Tracts and Burney collections are held at St Pancras, the section also has extensive records of non-British newspapers in languages that use the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. The Librarys substantial holdings of newspapers in the languages of Asia and the Middle East may be accessed at the Librarys reading rooms at St. Pancras. While access within the British Library is free, online access is via a system based on daily or item charges. As part of The Wikipedia Library, Brightsolid provided free one-year subscriptions to a number of experienced Wikipedia editors from July 2014. The agreement was terminated in 2016 because structural changes at their parent organisation mean that there is no longer interest in continuing the partnership with The Wikipedia Library. Reviews of the service have been mixed, with some early responses complimentary about the ability to access, however, there have been complaints of the excessive cost and the general policy of the British Library allowing a private company the rights to the newspapers. One writer noted that, The BNA demonstrates what happens to our cultural heritage when there is no political will for public investment, web site of the British Newspaper Archive
13.
Joseph Chamberlain
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He split both major British parties in the course of his career. Chamberlain made his career in Birmingham, first as a manufacturer of screws and he was a radical Liberal Party member and an opponent of the Elementary Education Act 1870. As a self-made businessman, he had never attended university and had contempt for the aristocracy and he entered the House of Commons at 39 years of age, relatively late in life compared to politicians from more privileged backgrounds. Rising to power through his influence with the Liberal grassroots organisation, Chamberlain resigned from Gladstones Third Government in 1886 in opposition to Irish Home Rule. He helped to engineer a Liberal Party split and became a Liberal Unionist, from the 1895 general election the Liberal Unionists were in coalition with the Conservative Party, under Chamberlains former opponent Lord Salisbury. In that government Chamberlain promoted the Workmens Compensation Act 1897 and he served as Secretary of State for the Colonies, promoting a variety of schemes to build up the Empire in Asia, Africa, and the West Indies. He had major responsibility for causing the Second Boer War in South Africa and was the government minister most responsible for the war effort and he became a dominant figure in the Unionist Governments re-election at the Khaki Election in 1900. In 1903, he resigned from the Cabinet to campaign for tariff reform and he obtained the support of most Unionist MPs for this stance, but the Unionists suffered a landslide defeat at the 1906 general election. Shortly after public celebrations of his 70th birthday in Birmingham, he was disabled by a stroke, despite never becoming Prime Minister, he was one of the most important British politicians of his day, as well as a renowned orator and municipal reformer. Historian David Nicholls notes that his personality was not attractive, he was arrogant and ruthless and he never succeeded in his grand ambitions. However, he was a highly proficient grassroots organizer of democratic instincts and he is most famous for setting the agenda of British colonial, foreign, tariff and municipal policies, and for deeply splitting both major political parties. Chamberlain was born in Camberwell, then in Surrey to a shoe manufacturer also named Joseph. His younger brother was Richard Chamberlain, later also a Liberal politician and he was educated at University College School 1850–1852, excelling academically and gaining prizes in French and mathematics. At 18 he joined his uncles screw-making business, Nettlefolds of Birmingham, the company became known as Nettlefold and Chamberlain when Chamberlain became a partner with Joseph Nettlefold. During the businesss most prosperous period, it produced two-thirds of all metal screws made in England, Chamberlain married Harriet Kenrick, the daughter of Archibald Kenrick, in July 1861. Their daughter Beatrice Mary Chamberlain was born in May 1862, Harriet, who had had a premonition that she would die in childbirth, became ill two days after the birth of their son Joseph Austen in October 1863, and died three days later. Chamberlain devoted himself to business, while bringing up Beatrice and Austen with the Kenrick parents-in-law, in 1868, Chamberlain married for the second time, to Harriets cousin, Florence Kenrick, daughter of Timothy Kenrick. Chamberlain and Florence had four children, Arthur Neville in 1869, Ida in 1870, Hilda in 1871, on 13 February 1875, Florence gave birth to their fifth child, but she and the child died within a day
14.
Civic Gospel
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The Civic Gospel was a philosophy of municipal activism and improvement that emerged in Birmingham, England in the mid-19th century. After Dawsons death in 1876 it was the Congregationalist pastor R. W. Dale who took on the role as the movements leading nonconformist spokesman, other major proponents included the Baptist Charles Vince and the Unitarian H. W. Crosskey. Under Dale it evolved into a systematic and thorough philosophy. T. Bunce, J. A. Langford, Robert Martineau, Samuel Timmins, A. F. Osler, Jesse Collings, William Kenrick, between 1847 and 1867,17 members of Dawsons congregation were elected to the Town Council, of whom 6 were elected mayor. Roy Hartnell writes, It was nothing less than a revolution which had been engineered from above by the exploiting class. By 1890, a visiting American journalist could describe Birmingham as the city in the world. Chamberlains reforms were influential on Beatrice Webb, one of the leaders of the Fabian movement, Beatrice Webbs husband, Sidney Webb, wrote in 1890 in Socialism in England, It is not only in matters of sanitation that this Municipal Socialism is progressing. Water supply is coming to be universally a matter of public provision. The prevailing tendency is for the municipalities to absorb also the industry,31 localities already owning their own lines. Briggs, Asa, Birmingham, The Making of a Civic Gospel, Victorian Cities, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, pp. 184–240, ISBN 0-520-07922-1, retrieved 2011-07-10 Hartnell, art and civic culture in Birmingham in the late nineteenth century. George Dawson and the Civic Gospel
15.
Sir John Bright, 1st Baronet
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Sir John Bright, 1st Baronet was an English parliamentarian, of Carbrook and Badsworth, Yorkshire. John Bright was born in 1619, the third, but only surviving, son of Stephen Bright, Bright took up arms for the parliament at the outbreak of the civil war. He raised several companies in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, and received a commission from Lord Fairfax. Bright was named one of the commissioners for the West Riding. About the same date he became a colonel of foot, in May 1643, Bright was involved in a daring night time raid on Wakefield. Details were published in the pamphlet A Miraculous Victory held in Wakefield Libraries Local Studies collection and he accompanied Sir Thomas Fairfax in his expedition into Cheshire, commanded a brigade at the battle of Selby. He ordered the delivery of new cannon from Doncaster forcing the surrender of Sheffield castle, briefly, he was appointed governor of that place, and a little later promoted as military governor of York. He probably served in the line during the Battle of Marston Moor, in the second civil war he served under Cromwell in Scotland, and also took part in the siege of Pontefract. On Cromwells second expedition into Scotland, Bright threw up his commission when the arrived at Newcastle. Cromwell suggested to the offering the regimental command to Colonel Monck. However Bright was a friend of Lilburne, and his men dismissed the Scots officer as a secret royalist, Bright was reinstated to general acclaim of his men. He was part of the New Model Army command that defeated Sir Marmaduke Langdales command at Newcastle, and he assisted Cromwells crushing rout of the Scots army at Battle of Preston, where the enemy army was outflanked. Bright continued to take a part in public affairs. In 1651 he was commissioned to raise a regiment to oppose the march of Charles II into England, Bright was also part of the army command that helped foil the attempted assassination of Lord Protector in 1654. After his service in the Parliamentary army, he settled down as a gentleman with estates mainly at Badsworth. In 1654 he was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire, acted as governor of York and he married first, about 1645, Catherine Lister, daughter of Sir Richard Hawksworth. Secondly, about 1665, he married Elizabeth Norcliffe, daughter of Sir Thomas Norcliffe, in July 1682 he married Susanna Vane, daughter of Sir Thomas Liddell, 2nd baronet, and widow of Thomas Vane. Fourthly he married on 7 June 1683 Susannah Wharton, daughter of Michael Wharton and he left his estates to his grandson John Liddell, son of his only surviving child, Catherine, wife of Sir Henry Liddell of Ravensworth Castle, Durham
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Robert William Dale
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Robert William Dale was an English Congregationalist church leader. Dale was born in London and educated at Spring Hill College, Birmingham, in 1853 he was invited to Carrs Lane Chapel, Birmingham, as co-pastor with John Angell James, on whose death in 1859 he became sole pastor for the rest of his life. In the University of London M. A. examination, he came first in philosophy, the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him in 1883 by the University of Glasgow during the lord rectorship of John Bright. Yale University gave him its D. D. degree, although he never used it and he served as Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1868 and President of the International Congregational Council in 1891. Dale normally read his sermons, because if I spoke extemporaneously I should never sit down again and he did not use the title Reverend. In church government he believed strongly that congregationalism was the most fitting environment for Christianity, Dales integrity, intelligence, moral passion and oratory soon made him a national figure in an age when the strength of non-conformity was at its highest. He welcomed social improvement and was an advocate, with George Dawson, the health, housing, sanitation and living conditions in Birmingham had suffered from its rapid population expansion in the previous thirty years. He was an advocate of public education, social improvement, the extension of the franchise, the recognition of trades unions. In 1886 he opposed Irish Home Rule along with Joseph Chamberlain and he played a major part in opposing the religious elements of the Forster Education Act of 1870. When Forsters Elementary Education Bill appeared, Dale attacked it and he argued that the resulting schools would often be purely denominational institutions and the Bills conscience clause gave inadequate protection to Nonconformists. Dale criticised the way school boards would be empowered to make out of the rates to maintain sectarian schools. He was himself in favour of education, claiming that it was the only logical solution and was consistent with Nonconformist principles. In Birmingham this controversy was ended in 1879 by a compromise and his interest in educational affairs had led him to accept a seat on the Birmingham school board. He was appointed a governor of Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI in Birmingham, Dale took a great interest in Spring Hill Congregational College, Moseley. Dale died on 13 March 1895 and was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, a statue of Dale sculpted by Edward Onslow Ford in 1898 was rediscovered in 1995, and is now on loan from Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery to Carrs Lane Church Centre. The National Portrait Gallery holds two pictures of him, there is a blue plaque commemorating him on Carrs Lane Church, Carrs Lane, Central Birmingham. Victorian People, a reassessment of persons and themes, 1851–67, Dale, A. W. W. Fairbairn, A. M. Rogers, J. G. The Life of R. W. Dale, of Birmingham, Dale, R. W. Manual of Congregational Principles
17.
Hyde baronets
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There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Hyde. The baronetcy became extinct on the death in 1665 of the second Baronet and he was the grandson of John Frederick Feeney founder of the Birmingham Post. He was born at Worcester, the son of a surgeon and he became the proprietor in 1905 on the death of his uncle John Feeney. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1933, the title became extinct on his death in 1942. Sir Charles Hyde was a benefactor to the University of Birmingham. In 1925 he gave £100,000, part of which was to be devoted to the building of the Birmingham University Students Union building and he contributed £10,000 to the Birmingham University appeal fund in 1920. He bought and equipped a hostel for men undergraduates, known as Chancellor’s Hall and he also gave £10,000 in 1936 for a Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Museum in Birmingham Universitys Medical School
18.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
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Baron Iliffe
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Baron Iliffe, of Yattendon in the County of Berkshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1933 for the newspaper magnate Sir Edward Iliffe, the first Baron also represented Tamworth in Parliament as a Conservative. As of 2010 the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron and he is the current Commodore of The Royal Yacht Squadron of Cowes, Isle of Wight. Lord Iliffe and the rest of the Iliffe family holds a fortune of £200m. The family surname and the title of the barony is pronounced EYE-liff, new York, St Martins Press,1990
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Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
21.
Coventry Telegraph
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The Coventry Telegraph is a local English tabloid newspaper. It was founded as The Midland Daily Telegraph in 1891 by William Isaac Iliffe, sold for half a penny, it was a four-page broadsheet newspaper. It changed its name to the Coventry Evening Telegraph on 17 November 1941, the newspaper became a part of the then Mirror Group, in 1997. In April 2015, the publication had a daily circulation of just over 18,000 copies. Historical copies of the Coventry Telegraph, dating back to 1914, are available to search,15 November 1940 was the only day that the newspaper was unable to publish, due to the blitz raid on the city. From 1946 until the end of April 2004, a sports publication. It provided coverage of sport from the Midlands, as well as national and international sport, the fortunes of Coventry City F. C. played a prominent role in The Pink. With the 1998-99 football season, The Pink became the first regional evening newspaper to provide same day reports from all FA Premiership matches, in 2016, Coventry Telegraph launched a new weekly podcast, centred around goings on at Coventry City F. C. titled The Pink. The headquarters for a significant period of the history was at 157 Corporation Street, Coventry. The foundation stone was laid by the proprietor, Lord Iliffe G. B. E. After 96 years of ownership by the Illife Family, American Ralph Ingersoll II bought the controlling interest of the Iliffe familys newspapers, however, in 1991, the managing director, Chris Oakley, led a management buy-out creating Midland Independent Newspapers. In 1997, Midland Independent Newspapers was sold for £297 million to Mirror Group, in 1999, Mirror Group merged with the regional newspaper group Trinity. From 2 October 2006, the changed from an evening paper to a morning paper. To reflect this change, the name changed to Coventry Telegraph. The switch to a morning paper saw a change in emphasis with the printed edition concentrating on exclusive and community news, in the summer of 2012, the paper moved its headquarters to Thomas Yeoman House at Coventry Canal Basin, in Leicester Row. The decision by the proprietors was a consequence of the patterns of work at the paper. With the number of staff reduced and no longer needing the space for the printing presses, it was decided that a smaller. The campaign drew praise from media and figures within the football world
22.
John Madin
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John Hardcastle Dalton Madin was an English architect. His company, known as John H D Madin & Partners from 1962 and he was born in Moseley, Birmingham on 23 March 1924 and died on 8 January 2012. He served in Egypt with the Royal Engineers in World War II, Madin was a significant figure of post-war Birmingham architecture. Madins work has been neglected and was not highly regarded by the early-21st century political leadership within Birmingham. Clive Dutton, the citys former Director of Planning and Regeneration, a replacement, The Library of Birmingham was opened on 3 September 2013 in Centenary Square, which resulted in the previous building being demolished, starting early in 2015. John Madin Design Group were also responsible for the designs for Dawley New Town. Chamber of Commerce and Industry building BBC Documentary,1965
23.
Post and Mail building, Birmingham
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The Birmingham Post and Mail building was constructed in the 1960s and was a symbol of the rebuilding of Birmingham, England, following the devastation of World War II. Designed in 1960 by John H. D and it was home to the Birmingham Post and Evening Mail newspapers following its completion in 1964. The tower had a core surrounded by a steel structure designed by Structural Engineers who were also the engineers on many other landmark buildings in the Birmingham area during this period. The tower was clad in aluminium, the concrete beams in the podium were clad in black Argentine granite enclosing fillets of white Sicilian marble. At the time of completion, it was hailed as great achievement by Douglas Hickman in his book Birmingham published in 1970 on buildings in Birmingham. Madin and Partners used it as their greatest achievement along with Birmingham Central Library which was completed ten years after the Post, the entrance hall to the tower was located at the left hand end of the podium. To the left of the block is the printing works with a composing room at top, a two-storey publishing area below it. During the buildings lifetime, two attempts to give it listed failed and demolition began. Demolition consisted of an excavator being placed on the top of the building and excavating through the buildings core and it was deemed unsafe to destroy the building through explosives due to the listed buildings nearby and the disruption it would cause to transport links. The original building was demolished between 2005 and 2006, the work was largely completed by summer 2015 with the car park open for business shortly thereafter. Planning approval for the phases was granted by Birmingham City Council in July 2015. Construction work is expected to restart in 2016 with completion expected to be in 2018, list of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham The Twentieth Century Society. org, Birmingham Post and Mail building Emporis entry, Post and Mail building, Birmingham
24.
Birmingham Evening Mail
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The Birmingham Mail is a tabloid newspaper based in Birmingham, England but distributed around Birmingham, The Black Country, Solihull, Warwickshire and parts of Worcestershire and Staffordshire. The newspaper, which was re-branded from the Birmingham Evening Mail in October 2005, is one of the biggest selling newspapers in the UK. The Mail is published Monday to Saturday in the editions, - Daily Edition. The Sunday Mercury is a paper published on a Sunday. The newspapers currently owned by the Trinity Mirror Group who also owns the Daily Mirror and the Birmingham Post, the current Birmingham Mail editor is David Brookes, who is also Editor-in-Chief of the Birmingham Post and Sunday Mercury. The former Editor of the newspaper was Steve Dyson, who held the role from 2005 until 2010, the paper hits the streets at 06,00 and is on sale until the end of the day. The advertising deadlines are until 17,00 to get into the days edition. Daily circulation registered with the ABC is 19,200 copies, down -20. 9% year on year
25.
Sports Argus
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The Sports Argus was a Saturday sports paper printed on distinctive pink paper and published in Birmingham, England between 1897 and 2006. Its great appeal was that it was very shortly after all the Saturday 3pm games had been completed. The first edition was published on 6 February 1897, for many years the Argus was the largest-selling sports newspaper in Britain and had between 32 and 40 pages. Its final edition as a newspaper was published on 13 May 2006. Although its circulation in 2005 averaged 10,000, it was losing nearly £100,000 a year, the title survives as the name of the 16 page pull out sport sections in the Saturday and Monday editions of the Birmingham Mail
26.
Fort Dunlop
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Fort Dunlop, is the common name of the original tyre factory and main office of Dunlop Rubber in the Erdington district of Birmingham, England. It was established in 1917, and by 1954 the entire factory area employed 10,000 workers, at one time it was the worlds largest factory, when it employed 3,200 workers. Fort Dunlop, the building of the former factory area, is next to the M6 motorway. It is a Grade A locally listed building and it was designed by Sidney Stott and W. W. Gibbings in the 1920s. The buildings use was the storage of tyres and was called Base stores, an almost identical building housing administrative and general offices was located on Wood Lane. Dunlop Tyres now occupies a part of the building. Ltd was set up in Birmingham in 1901 to manufacture Dunlop tyres, initially for bicycles and later for motor vehicles. The First World War initiated an expansion in the demand for solid tyres for lorries. Post-war, the industry grew and Dunlop was well placed to supply the demand for tyres. Dunlop Tyres continued to produce specialised vintage, motorcycle and motorsport tyres on the site, the factory was to close in September 2014, with production moving to Germany and France. The company Urban Splash acquired the building and the 4, Urban Splash possess the building by a 999-year lease from Advantage West Midlands. The Fort Dunlop building, derelict for twenty years, has been redeveloped into an office, work on the redevelopment commenced in December 2004. It now has 300,000 square feet of space within the main building as well as recreational leisure space. There are also 1,150 basement and surface car parking spaces, the developers were Urban Splash and the architects were Liverpool-based Hazel Rounding of shedkm. The landscape designer for the setting was Martha Schwartz Inc. By March 2005, all windows and poor quality extensions were removed to reveal the shell, the steel structure which would house the 100-bed Travelodge hotel began construction and the largest advertisement hoarding in the world at that time was constructed on the front of the building. The steel structure was completed in June 2005 along with the roof structure, the concrete was added to the steel structure two months later. They were manufactured offsite and transported to the building where they were fitted into place and they contained the circular holes on one side to allow for the circular windows
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Daily Mirror
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The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had a daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror, originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large, lowbrow audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners and it was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991, the paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror. The paper has supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth as a newspaper for women, hence the name, he said, I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides. To be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull and it was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904, when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue of the paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added, circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913, in 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow, in 1919, some issues more than a million copies a day. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day, in 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror
28.
Sunday Mirror
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The Sunday Mirror is the Sunday sister paper of the Daily Mirror. It began life in 1915 as the Sunday Pictorial and was renamed the Sunday Mirror in 1963, the paper launched as the Sunday Pictorial on 14 March 1915. Although the newspaper has gone through many refinements in its near 100-year history those original core values are still in place today. Ever since 1915, the paper has published the best and most revealing pictures of the famous and the infamous. The first editor of the Sunday Pictorial, or the Sunday Pic as it was known, was F. R Sanderson. His launch edition led with three stories on the front page, two of which reported from the front line of the war, “THE TASK OF THE RED CROSS” and “ALL THAT WAS LEFT OF A BIG GUN”. From day one the paper was a success and within six months of launch the Sunday Pictorial was selling more than one million copies. One of the reasons for early success was due to a series of articles written by Winston Churchill. In 1915, Churchill, disillusioned with government, resigned from the Cabinet, the articles he then wrote for the Sunday Pictorial attracted such high levels of interest that sales lifted by 400,000 copies every time his stories appeared. A further reason for the success was its political influence. As a popular paper that always spoke its mind, the Sunday Pictorial struck a chord with millions, sport was also a key ingredient of the Sunday Pictorials success. Football, even then, made it onto the front pages, although the paper’s early life started with a flourish, by the mid-1930s its success began to flounder. That, however, all changed when the editorship was given to 24-year-old Hugh Cudlipp in 1937. Within three years of taking over he saw the circulation of the rise to more than 1,700,000 by the time he went to fight in World War II in 1940. On resuming the editorship in 1946, Cudlipp successfully developed the Sunday Pic to reflect the social awareness of the post-war years. In all, Cudlipp edited the title for three spells and has often been described as the “greatest of all popular journalists”. Most people know there are such things – pansies – mincing, effeminate, young men who call themselves queers but simple decent folk regard them as freaks and rarities. The Sunday Pictorial compared homosexuality to a fungus that had contaminated generals, admirals, fighter pilots
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The Sunday People
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The Sunday People is a British tabloid Sunday newspaper, founded as The People on 16 October 1881. It was bought by the Mirror group in 1961 along with the Daily Herald and it is still published by the Trinity Mirror Group, and shares a website with the Mirror papers. In July 2011, when it benefited from the closure of the News of the World, by December 2016 the circulation had shrunk to 239,364. Despite its tagline claim to be an independent newspaper, The People endorsed the Labour Party at the 2015 general election on the recommendation of polling data from its readers. Garry Bushell had a two-page television opinion column, Bushell On the Box, jimmy Greaves, the former England footballer Fred Trueman, former England cricketer and fast bowler. Fred Harrison an established author of 19 books
30.
Daily Record (Scotland)
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The Daily Record, part of Trinity Mirror, is a Scottish tabloid newspaper based in Glasgow. It is published six days a week, and its paper is the Sunday Mail. It has a kinship with the Daily Mirror, with major stories of UK significance being reported in both titles. The Daily Record had a print circulation in December 2016 of 160,557, according to NRS PADD figures, the Daily Record is by far the leading news brand in Scotland with a total audience of 3.1 million. This compares with The Scottish Suns audience in Scotland of 1.41 million, the Daily Records print sales are dropping at a rate of over 20,000 a year. Its January 2010 circulation was 323,831 and this has dropped to a January 2017 circulation of 155,772. The Daily Record was founded in 1895, the North British Daily Mail ceased publication in 1901 and was then incorporated into the Daily Record, which was renamed the Daily Record and Mail. Lord Kemsley bought the paper for £1 million in 1922, forming a company known as Associated Scottish Newspapers Limited. Production was transferred from Renfield Lane to 67 Hope Street in 1926, in 1971 the Daily Record became the first European newspaper to be printed with run-of-paper colour, and was the first British national to introduce computer page make-up technology. It was purchased by Trinity Mirror in 1999, from the estate of Robert Maxwell, historical copies of the Daily Record from the years 1914 to 1918 are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive. In August 2006, the paper launched afternoon editions in Glasgow, both papers initially had a cover price of 15p, but in January 2007, it was announced that they would become freesheets, which are distributed on the streets of the city centres. It was simultaneously announced that new editions were to be released in Aberdeen, the PM is no longer published by the Daily Record. Politically, the Daily Record supported the conservative Unionist Party until the 1964 general election, the paper continues to support the Labour Party and has a close relationship with it, including donating £10,000 to the party in 2007. It opposes both the Scottish National Party and Scottish independence, on the day of the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, it ran a front-page editorial attacking the SNP. Since Murray Foote became editor in February 2014, the stance has become less clear cut. For many years there has been a relationship between Daily Record journalists and Labour Party politicians in Scotland, and a revolving door between newspaper staff and Labour advisers. Helen Liddell went from being General Secretary of the Scottish Labour Party to being Robert Maxwell’s Head of Corporate Affairs at the Daily Record. Tom Brown worked as one of the Daily Record’s highest-profile columnists and served as its editor, before advising his friend
31.
Western Mail (Wales)
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The Western Mail is a daily newspaper published by Media Wales Ltd in Cardiff, Wales owned by the UKs largest newspaper company, Trinity Mirror. The Sunday edition of the newspaper is published under the title Wales on Sunday and it describes itself as the national newspaper of Wales, although it has a very limited circulation in North Wales. The paper was published in broadsheet format until 2004, when it became a compact, as of 2015 it has an average circulation of 16,754. The Western Mail was founded in Cardiff in 1869 by John Crichton-Stuart, henry Lascelles Carr, editor since 1869, bought the paper with Daniel Owen in 1877. Under Carr, and later William Davies, the paper became influential in Wales, historically in South Wales the Western Mail has always been associated with its original owners, the coal and iron industrialists. Often this led to the paper being regarded with a degree of enmity. This association between newspaper and its owner was so there is still a degree of distrust of the paper in South Wales. In contrast, and particularly following devolution, the newspaper has adopted a populist, localist, pro-Wales stance, the newspaper has also stressed the community issues such as the closure of Welsh schools. The newspaper devotes a great deal of its coverage to Welsh rugby, the paper has varied the amount of space given over to Welsh language coverage, but currently at least two full pages of Welsh are provided in the Saturday supplement. Gareth Jones List of newspapers in Wales Website of the Western Mail and South Wales Echo
32.
Birmingham Mail
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The Birmingham Mail is a tabloid newspaper based in Birmingham, England but distributed around Birmingham, The Black Country, Solihull, Warwickshire and parts of Worcestershire and Staffordshire. The newspaper, which was re-branded from the Birmingham Evening Mail in October 2005, is one of the biggest selling newspapers in the UK. The Mail is published Monday to Saturday in the editions, - Daily Edition. The Sunday Mercury is a paper published on a Sunday. The newspapers currently owned by the Trinity Mirror Group who also owns the Daily Mirror and the Birmingham Post, the current Birmingham Mail editor is David Brookes, who is also Editor-in-Chief of the Birmingham Post and Sunday Mercury. The former Editor of the newspaper was Steve Dyson, who held the role from 2005 until 2010, the paper hits the streets at 06,00 and is on sale until the end of the day. The advertising deadlines are until 17,00 to get into the days edition. Daily circulation registered with the ABC is 19,200 copies, down -20. 9% year on year
