Bishops' Wars
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The Bishops' Wars were two separate conflicts fought in 1639 and 1640 between Charles I and his Covenanter opponents in Scotland. They were the first of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which also incl
The Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard by William Allan, 1838
Riots over the Prayer book, allegedly sparked by Jenny Geddes
Covenanter political leader, the Marquess of Argyll
Alexander Leslie; Covenanter military commander
Battle of Newburn
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The Battle of Newburn took place on 28 August 1640, during the Second Bishops' War, near Newburn in northern England. A Scottish Covenanter army of 20,000 under Alexander Leslie defeated an English fo
Covenanter cavalry fording the River Tyne during the battle
John Pym, leader of the English Parliamentary opposition; defeat forced Charles to recall Parliament in November 1640