1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Kanye West
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Kanye Omari West is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. Intent on pursuing a career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success. He went on to pursue a variety of different styles on subsequent albums Late Registration, Graduation, and 808s & Heartbreak. In 2010, he released his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to rave reviews from critics, West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. His seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016, Wests outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy for his conduct at award shows, on social media and he is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to media coverage. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time, three of his albums have been included and ranked on Rolling Stones 2012 update of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. He has also included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015, West was born on June 8,1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three years old, after the divorce, he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, according to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in school, West replied, I got As. West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age and his mother recalled that she first took notice of Wests passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in Chicago, West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene and he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists
3.
Yeezus
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Yeezus is the sixth solo album and seventh studio album by American rapper Kanye West. It was released on June 18,2013 by Def Jam Recordings, West gathered a number of artists and close collaborators for production on the album, including Mike Dean, Daft Punk, Noah Goldstein, Hudson Mohawke, Arca, and Travis Scott. Yeezus also features guest vocals from Justin Vernon, Chief Keef, Kid Cudi, Assassin, King L, Charlie Wilson, fifteen days before its release date, West enlisted the help of producer Rick Rubin to strip down the records sound in favor of a more minimalist approach. Yeezus has been characterized as Wests most experimental and sonically abrasive work and it draws from an array of genres, including industrial, acid house, electro, dancehall, punk, and Chicago drill. It also continues Wests unconventional use of samples, as on Blood on the Leaves, the release features no album artwork, and the physical CD edition of the album was released in a clear jewel box with only a strip of red tape and sample credits. Initial promotion of Yeezus included worldwide video projections of the albums music, West released two singles from the album, the song Black Skinhead in July 2013 and Bound 2 the following month. Yeezus received widespread acclaim from critics, many of whom named it among Wests best work and commended its brash direction, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 327,000 copies in its first week of release. It topped the charts of 30 other countries, including the United Kingdom, Yeezus was nominated in two categories at the 2014 Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Album. As of 2016, the album has sold 750,000 copies in the United States, following the release of his fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, West collaborated with longtime friend Jay Z on Watch the Throne. In July 2012, producer No I. D, the album features additional vocals by Justin Vernon, Frank Ocean, Kid Cudi, Chief Keef, King L, Assassin and Charlie Wilson. West was influenced primarily by minimalist design and architecture during the production of Yeezus, a single Le Corbusier lamp was his greatest inspiration. West worked closely with the architect Oana Stanescu, and took trips to Le Corbusier homes. West also wanted a deep influence on the album. Alejandro Jodorowskys The Holy Mountain was also an inspiration for the album, in 2012, West began recording his seventh studio album with collaborators, including No I. D. and DJ Khaled. The first recordings were held in January 2013, in the room of his personal loft at a Paris hotel. West kept compositions simple in order to hear the more clearly. The beats emanating from the space, which sometimes lasted through the night. Reports emerged that he and his then-girlfriend Kim Kardashian had moved to the loft in order for West to begin work on the album, the atmosphere in the studio was described by contributor Evian Christ as very focused, and West once again brought in several close collaborators
4.
Industrial hip hop
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Industrial hip hop is a fusion genre of industrial music with the rhythms or vocals of hip hop. The origins of hip hop are in the work of Mark Stewart, Bill Laswell. In 1985, former Pop Group singer Mark Stewart released As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade, in the late 1980s, Laswells Material project began to take increasing influence from hip hop. Adrian Sherwood was a figure in British dub, as well as working with industrial groups such as Cabaret Voltaire, Einstürzende Neubauten, Ministry, KMFDM. Tackhead, a collaboration between Sherwood and the Sugar Hill band, picked up where Mark Stewart left off, the Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy, from San Francisco, and Meat Beat Manifesto, from the UK, are also early representatives of the style. Industrial hip hop groups tend to take a deal of influence from Public Enemys intensity, volume. The industrial group 23 Skidoo, Miles Daviss album On the Corner, industrial hip hop was carried forward by figures from a diverse number of scenes. Perhaps the most unlikely adopters were Justin Broadrick and Mick Harris, previously known for their invention of the style of extreme metal. After participating in the jazzcore group Pain Killer with Bill Laswell, Harriss Scorn project delved into dark ambient, subsequently, Broadrick began to work with Kevin Martin, previously of God. The later work of Broadricks Godflesh, as well as his collaborations with Martin, Ice, Techno Animal, the last of these was also a collaboration with Alec Empire, from Berlin, who also participated in the style in a number of his albums. The German label Mille Plateaux developed the sound throughout their series of Electric Ladyland compilations, Ice and Techno Animal also collaborated at times with El-P and other representatives of the Def Jux label. DJ Spookys illbient style is related to these developments in industrial hip hop. Industrial rock band Acumen Nation adopts hip hop influences, as does the side project DJ. A few other bands that combine hip hop elements in their music are Rabbit Junk, The Mad Capsule Markets, and The Shizit. Atari Teenage Riot have also known to incorporate hip hop elements in some of their songs. In the electro-industrial/industrial metal genre there is Steril, notable for combining hip hop beats, dj scratches, the Kompressor, often uses vocal distortion in the style of many Aggrotech artists. The industrial super group The Damage Manual is known to incorporate hip hop with their music, in beats. Corporate Avenger the rap metal band, often does industrial hip hop in their music
5.
Def Jam Recordings
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Def Jam Recordings is an American record label, focused predominantly on hip hop and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group. In the UK, the takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI, while in Japan. The label distributes various record labels, including Kanye Wests GOOD Music, Ludacris Disturbing Tha Peace, Def Jam was founded by Rick Rubin in his dormitory in Weinstein Hall at New York University and its first release was a single by his punk-rock group Hose. Russell Simmons joined Rubin shortly after they were introduced to other, according to one story. Another cites DJ Jazzy Jay as their connector, Rubin has said he met Simmons on the TV show, Graffiti Rock and recognized him then as the face of hip hop, He was five years older than me, and he was already established in the music business. And I had no experience whatsoever, the first single released with the Def Jam Recordings logo was T La Rock & Jazzy Jays Its Yours. The first releases with Def Jam Recordings catalog numbers were LL Cool Js I Need a Beat, the singles sold well, eventually leading to a distribution deal with CBS Records through Columbia Records the following year. A few years later, Russell Simmons and Lyor Cohen started a label called Rush Associated Labels to handle Def Jam. RAL became the home to Nice & Smooth and EPMD after both acts were acquired due to the folding of their former label Sleeping Bag Records, other acts under the RAL umbrella included Redman, Onyx, Flatlinerz, Domino, Warren G and Jayo Felony. As the decade drew to a close, the label signed Public Enemy, Lyor Cohen became president of Def Jam/RAL in 1988, after winning a power struggle with Rubin, who would shortly thereafter leave the company to form Def American Recordings. Rubin would take Slayer with him to Def American in its initial stages, by 1992, despite recent multi-platinum selling releases from Public Enemy, and EPMD, Def Jam ran into severe financial troubles and was faced with folding. However, in 1994, PolyGram purchased Sonys 50% stake in Def Jam Recordings — subsequently bringing the label into its fold, following PolyGrams purchase, Def Jam distributed the Violator Records-signed artist Warren Gs Regulate. G Funk Era album, which went triple platinum and brought much-needed revenue to Def Jam through its distribution deal with Violator, PolyGram acquired an additional 10% in Def Jam Recordings in 1996, further strengthening its ownership of Def Jam. Shortly thereafter, Rush Associated Labels was renamed Def Jam Music Group, the label remained profitable as its veteran star LL Cool J released his successful album Mr. Smith in 1995. The label later signed Foxy Brown, whose debut album Ill Na Na became a seller in 1997. In 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and merged with the MCA family of labels and it then purchased the remaining interest of Def Jam Recordings from Russell Simmons for a reported $100 million. UMG merged 14+ record labels including, Def Jam, Island Records, despite the formation of IDJMG, the Def Jam, Mercury, and Island labels continued to operate as separate imprints underneath the bigger umbrella. Lyor Cohen was appointed co-president of IDJMG, and Kevin Liles succeeded him as president of Def Jam, Def Soul also issued recordings by Musiq, Montell Jordan, Case,112, Patti LaBelle, and Christina Milian
6.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
7.
Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
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He has also produced several works from his record label Crydamoure with label co-owner Éric Chedeville. He and Chedeville formed the musical duo Le Knight Club, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo was born in the Paris, France suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine. He is of Portuguese descent, his great-grandfather was the writer and fascism advocate Homem Cristo Filho, in a video interview, Homem-Christo stated that he was given a toy guitar and keyboard at around seven years of age. He was eventually given a guitar at age 14. He has also stated that he uses a guitar when writing music, Homem-Christo met Thomas Bangalter when they were attending the Lycée Carnot school together in 1987. It was there that they discovered their mutual fascination for films and music of the 1960s and 70s, very basic cult teenager things, the two and Laurent Brancowitz eventually joined to form an indie rock trio called Darlin, in which Homem-Christo performed guitar. Bangalter felt that It was still more a teenage thing at that time. Its like, you know, everybody wants to be in a band, a negative review referred to their music as a daft punky thrash, which inspired Bangalter and Homem-Christos new name. The two soon became interested in dance music after going to a club in 1992. Homem-Christo is credited for designing the Daft Punk logo in the notes of Homework. Regarding Daft Punks creative process and working with Bangalter, Homem-Christo commented that hes more of the tech guy than I am. He added, Im more critical of everything we do, were two-halves of one solid combination. Theres balance there – completeness between us, yeah, de Homem-Christo is also a co-founder of the group Le Knight Club, along with Éric Chedeville from Pumpking Records. They are the founders of the record label Crydamoure, named after a variation of the French phrase cri damour or cry of love in English, Crydamoure also published works by Homem-Christos brother Paul de Homem-Christo, under the name Play Paul. In regards to Crydamoure, Guy-Manuel stated, Myself and Thomas have the same tastes in music, when I make records for Crydamoure its a different style than what may end up as Daft Punk music. I know what Thomas likes, and he knows what I like, Crydamoure is not so production oriented, even if its not too far from Daft Punk. The Daft Punk material is more orchestrated and slightly different, I may be working on a sample for Crydamoure, and maybe no one else can hear the difference, but we know. He produced Sébastien Telliers 2008 album titled Sexuality, in 2010, de Homem-Christo co-produced Kavinskys Nightcall EP with SebastiAn
8.
Thomas Bangalter
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He has also recorded and released music as a member of the trio Stardust, the duo Together, and as a solo artist including compositions for the film Irréversible. Thomas Bangalter owns a music label called Roulé, outside of music production, his credits include film director and cinematographer. Bangalter lives with his wife, French actress Élodie Bouchez, Thomas Bangalter was born in Paris, France. He began playing the piano at the age of six, Bangalter stated in a video interview that his parents were strict in keeping up his practice, for which he later thanked them. His father, Daniel Vangarde was a songwriter and producer for performers such as the Gibson Brothers, Ottawan. As expressed by Bangalter, I never had any intention to do what my father was doing, Bangalters father is Jewish, but the family did not consider itself religious. Bangalter met Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo while attending the Lycée Carnot school in 1987 and it was there that they discovered their mutual fascination with films and music of the 1960s and 1970s, very basic cult teenager things, from Easy Rider to the Velvet Underground. They and Laurent Brancowitz eventually joined to form a rock trio called Darlin, in which Bangalter performed bass guitar. Bangalter felt that It was still more a teenage thing at that time. Its like, you know, everybody wants to be in a band, a negative review from Melody Maker magazine referred to their music as a daft punky thrash, which inspired Bangalter and de Homem-Christos new band name. Shortly before reaching the age of 18, Daft Punk grew interested in electronic music, in 1993 Bangalter presented a demo of Daft Punk material to Stuart Macmillan of Slam that led to their first single The New Wave. Daniel Vangarde provided valuable advice for the duo and he helped us by presenting to us what the situation was with the record industry and how it worked. Knowing that, we made certain choices in order to achieve what we wanted, in 1996, Bangalter was in a group known as Da Mongoloids, consisting of Armand Van Helden, Thomas Bangalter, and Junior Sanchez. They were under the record label Strictly Rhythm and they created the song Spark da Meth. Vangarde was thanked for his efforts in the notes of Homework. The title of the album is attributed to the fact that Homework was recorded in Bangalters bedroom. As he remarked, I had to move the bed into another room to make space for the gear, in the years following the 1997 release, Bangalter focused on his own record label, Roulé. The label released singles by Romanthony, Roy Davis Jr. Bangalters solo works were released on two vinyl-only EPs titled Trax on da Rocks in 1995 and 1998 respectively
9.
Cyhi the Prynce
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Cydel Young, better known by his stage name Cyhi the Prynce, is an American hip hop recording artist from Stone Mountain, Georgia. In 2009, Young signed his first major-label contract with Konvict Muzik, in 2010, he signed with Kanye Wests GOOD Music label imprint. He was released from his Def Jam contract in August 2015, growing up in Georgia, Young played various sports including football, basketball, and track and field, in addition to singing in school choirs and participating in school plays and dances. He was raised Baptist by strict parents, who didnt allow him to listen to hip hop music as a youth, however, Young cites his parents methods as a foundation upon which he could build himself in character, especially growing up in the area that he was. In 2009, Young signed a contract with Akons Konvict Muzik label imprint. Young first gained attention in 2010 when he received a co-sign from fellow American rapper. Young reports that American singer Beyoncé, a friend of West and this culminated in Youngs inclusion on Wests weekly free music giveaway GOOD Fridays, and his fifth studio album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. Young recorded his second mixtape, Royal Flush II, with producer CPK, League, No I. D. and Kanye West, as well as DJ Toomp, The Alchemist and Just Blaze. Young released his mixtape, Jack of All Trades, later in 2011. Young appeared on GOOD Musics compilation album Cruel Summer, released September 18,2012, on January 29,2013 he released his fifth mixtape, Ivy League, Kick Back. The tape features guest appearances from 2 Chainz, B. o. B, Travis Porter, Yelawolf, Childish Gambino, Trae Tha Truth, despite not being featured on Kanye Wests Yeezus album, Young has writing credits on all but one of the albums songs. CyHi is continuing to prepare his debut studio album Hardway Musical for release, as of August 2015, CyHis album had yet to receive a release date. Frustrated with his situation and having dropped from Def Jam Recordings, he released a diss track called Elephant In The Room. Music, its owner Kanye West, Pusha T and Teyana Taylor, CyHi would later clarify that the track was not in fact a diss. Rather it was similar to the insults that Eminem would inflict on Dr. Dre. An upcoming album to be titled L. I. O. N. was announced amid this increase in media attention, Music imprints logo, further indicating that CyHi was still with the label, and on good terms. No Dope On Sundays Reverbnation. com Nanci O Is Hip Hop Interview With CyHi The Prynce
10.
Lupe Fiasco
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Wasalu Muhammad Jaco, better known by his stage name Lupe Fiasco, is an American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur. He rose to fame in 2006 following the success of his debut album and he also performs as the frontman of rock band Japanese Cartoon under his real name. As an entrepreneur, Fiasco is the executive officer of 1st. Raised in Chicago, Jaco developed an interest in hip hop after initially disliking the genre for its use of vulgarity, after adopting the name Lupe Fiasco and recording songs in his fathers basement, 19-year-old Fiasco joined a group called Da Pak. The group disbanded shortly after its inception, and Fiasco soon met rapper Jay-Z who helped him sign a deal with Atlantic Records. In September 2006, Fiasco released his debut album Lupe Fiascos Food & Liquor on the label and he released his second album, Lupe Fiascos The Cool, in December 2007. The lead single Superstar became his first top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, after a two-year delay, Lasers was released in March 2011 to mixed reviews, however, it became his first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200. His latest album, Tetsuo & Youth, was released in January 2015, in addition to music, Fiasco has pursued other business ventures, including fashion. He runs two clothing lines, Righteous Kung-Fu and Trilly & Truly, he has designed sneakers for Reebok and he has been involved with charitable activities, including the Summit on the Summit expedition, and in 2010 he recorded a benefit single for victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Fiasco is also noted for his anti-establishment views, which he has expressed in interviews and his music. Fiasco was born Wasalu Muhammad Jaco on February 16,1982 in Chicago, Fiasco is of West African descent, one of nine children of Shirley, a gourmet chef, and Gregory, an engineer. His father, a member of the Black Panther Party, was a prolific African drummer, karate teacher, operating plant engineer, Fiasco was raised Muslim on the West Side of Chicago on Madison Terrace housing project. At the age of three, Fiasco began taking martial arts classes and his parents divorced when he was five, and he went on to live with his mother, but his father still remained an important part of his life. In sixth grade, he went to live with his father full-time in Harvey and his father lived next door to a crack house and taught Fiasco to use guns to defend himself from drug dealers. As a teenager, Fiasco participated in Academic Decathlon competitions and his mother described him by saying, He was a great spirited child. Smart, a bit complex, he kind of was a loner, always had a book bag over his shoulder and some type of a writing tablet. Fiasco initially disliked hip hop music for its use of vulgarity and his struggle to learn to play an instrument led him to create poetry instead, which led to his interest in the lyrical aspects of music. He began rapping his poems in the grade, and upon hearing Nas 1996 album, It Was Written
11.
Fonzworth Bentley
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Derek Watkins, better known as Fonzworth Bentley or Farnsworth Bentley, is a musician and author. He is perhaps best known for being Sean Combs former personal valet and assistant, as first seen in Making the Band 2 and he was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He first appeared rapping on Da Bands 2002 album Too Hot for TV, in the track Cheers to Me, in 2003, Bentley was featured on the Good Day, Good Sir skit on OutKasts Speakerboxxx/The Love Below. In 2004, he had a role in the video of Kanye Wests The New Workout Plan. His debut album, C. O. L. O. U. R. S. was released via iTunes on April 26,2011 and he was also featured, playing the violin in the Yes We Can music video in support of Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign. Bentley was a producer for Borrow My Crew in 2005, in which he allowed one boy, Cory Cole. Since 2008, he has been hosting the MTV series From Gs to Gents, in 2007, Bentley authored an etiquette book, Advance Your Swagger, How to Use Manners, Confidence and Style to Get Ahead. In May 2009, Bentley hosted one of the parties following the White House Correspondents Dinner in Washington. In 2007, Bentley contributed to KnowHow2GO, recently, Bentley sang as a member of the chorus for We Are The World, a remake of the original for Haiti, in February 2010. From Gs to Gents Top Ten Gentlemens Club Confessions of a Celebrity Assistant VH1 Fashion Rocks All Shades of Fine,25 Hottest Women of the Past 25 Years P
12.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
13.
Daft Punk
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Daft Punk are a French electronic music duo formed in 1993 by Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter. The duo were managed from 1996 to 2008 by Pedro Winter, the duo released their debut studio album Homework through Virgin Records in 1997 to highly positive reviews. The duos next album Discovery was even more successful, driven by the release of the hit singles One More Time, Digital Love, in March 2005, the duo released their third album Human After All to mixed reviews. However, the singles Robot Rock and Technologic achieved considerable success in the United Kingdom, Daft Punk toured throughout 2006 and 2007 and released the live album Alive 2007, which won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album. The duo later composed the score for the Disney film Tron, Legacy in 2010, in January 2013, Daft Punk left Virgin for Columbia Records, and released their next album Random Access Memories in 2013 to worldwide critical acclaim. The albums lead single Get Lucky became a success, peaking on top 10 charts in 32 countries. Random Access Memories won five Grammy Awards in 2014, including Album of the Year, Daft Punk later gained their first number one on the Billboard Hot 100 with the song Starboy, a collaboration with The Weeknd. Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo met in 1987 while attending the Lycée Carnot, the two became good friends and later recorded demo tracks with others from the school. This eventually led to the formation of the group called Darlin with Laurent Brancowitz in 1992. Bangalter and de Homem-Christo played bass and guitar, respectively, while Brancowitz performed on drums, the trio had branded themselves after The Beach Boys song of the same name, which they covered along with an original composition. Stereolab released both tracks on a multi-artist Duophonic Records EP and invited the band to open for stage shows in the United Kingdom, Bangalter felt that The rock n roll thing we did was pretty average, I think. It was so brief, maybe six months, four songs, a negative review in Melody Maker by Dave Jennings subsequently dubbed the music a daft punky thrash. Instead of dismissing the review, they found it amusing, as de Homem-Christo stated, We struggled so long to find Darlin, and this happened so quickly. Darlin soon disbanded, leaving Brancowitz to pursue other efforts with Phoenix, Bangalter and de Homem-Christo formed Daft Punk and experimented with drum machines and synthesisers. In September 1993, Daft Punk attended a rave at EuroDisney, the demo tape given to Macmillan at the rave formed the basis for Daft Punks debut single, The New Wave, a limited release in 1994. The single also contained the final mix of The New Wave called Alive, Daft Punk returned to the studio in May 1995 to record Da Funk. It became the duos first commercially successful single the same year, after the success of Da Funk, Daft Punk looked to find a manager. The duo eventually settled on Pedro Winter, who promoted them
14.
Gesaffelstein
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Mike Lévy, better known as Gesaffelstein, is a French techno artist and DJ. He has worked alongside, and remixed tracks for artists as varied as Tiga, Miss Kittin, ASAP Rocky, Lana Del Rey. Gesaffelstein released his debut album ALEPH on October 28,2013 under Parlophone Records and EMI Music and his remix of Shockwave by The Hacker is featured in the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V, on the Soulwax FM radio station. In 2015 Gesaffelstein released the track Conquistador in collaboration with French electronic music pioneer Jean-Michel Jarre, Gesaffelstein is a portmanteau of Gesamtkunstwerk and Albert Einstein. Danny Brown - The Black Brad Pitt 2014, Phoenix - Bankrupt, Gesaffelstein - Hate Or Glory Gesaffelstein website Gesaffelstein on Instagram Gesaffelstein on Facebook Gesaffelstein discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
15.
No ID
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Ernest Dion Wilson, professionally known as No I. D. is an American hip hop and R&B music producer from Chicago, Illinois. Wilson is also a jockey, music arranger and rapper, having released an album in 1997, titled Accept Your Own and Be Yourself. He is perhaps best known for his work with Chicago-based rapper Common. Wilson, who has served as a mentor for several artists. Wilson was once president of Wests GOOD Music record company and although he would resign from that position, in June 2011, Wilson announced he formed the supergroup Cocaine 80s, alongside Common and several other artists. In August 2011, Wilson became the Executive Vice President of A&R for Def Jam Recordings and he subsequently launched his own record label imprint, ARTium Recordings. He is currently the Executive Vice President and Head of Creative at Def Jam Recordings, in 1996, Wilson released an album under the pseudonym No I. D. titled Accept Your Own and Be Yourself. The moniker No I. D. is a half-palindrome of his birth name and he also released a beat tape, titled Invisible Beats. In Wilsons early career he was working as a co-producer for Jermaine Dupri, Wilson also introduced Chicago-based rapper Kanye West to hip hop production, inviting him to his sessions with Common, when West was only beginning. West cites Wilson as his mentor on Last Call, the outro to his acclaimed debut album The College Dropout. West also referenced Wilsons mentorship on songs such as Big Brother, Wilsons second official release was with Dug Infinite, a two-album package titled The Sampler, vol. In 2007, he was the focus of perhaps the most attention of his career for producing two songs from Jay-Zs album American Gangster. At the time he worked with such as Jay-Z, Rhymefest, Plies, Big Sean, Killer Mike, Rick Ross, Drake, and Kanye West, Young Jeezy. Wilson produced D. O. A. the first single for Jay-Zs eleventh studio album The Blueprint 3, as well as the second single Run This Town, which features Kanye West and Rihanna. He once again teamed up with Common for the first time since 1997, after resigning as President of Kanye West GOOD Music record company, in August 2011, it was announced No I. D. was appointed Executive Vice President of A&R for Def Jam Recordings. In addition, Def Jam has signed a joint venture label deal for No I. D. s Artium Recordings. In 2013, Wilson served as the producer of GOOD Music recording artist Big Seans second album Hall of Fame. In an August 2013 interview with Complex, Wilson said he was working on Jhene Aiko
16.
Salem (Michigan band)
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Salem is an American band from Traverse City and Chicago, composed of vocalists John Holland and Heather Marlatt, and rapper Jack Donoghue. All three members also produce all of the bands music, the bands debut release, Yes I Smoke Crack, was released on Acéphale in 2008 - the EP sold out in pre-sales. Salem formed in Chicago in 2006, two years before the release of their first official EP and their single Asia was featured in the fifth season of Skins. In 2010, the band released its first LP, King Night, for its 2011 collection, Parisian fashion house Givenchy used the bands song King Night to open and close the runway show, selected by Riccardo Tisci. Their song Trapdoor was featured in the 2012 film The Place Beyond the Pines, Salem had been inactive since 2012, with no new releases since their 2011 EP Im Still In The Night. This lack of activity caused fans to question the status of the band, in July 2016, a new Salem album was announced via photographer Wolfgang Tillmans Instagram account. Strangely, the announcement did not mention Heather Marlatt as being involved with the band or production of the album, Salem officially returned with a remix of Make It Up As You Go Along by Wolfgang Tillmans on his Device Control EP. Shallow Tears originally by Light Asylum, elemental Light originally by The Cult. Media related to Salem at Wikimedia Commons Official website
17.
Clique (song)
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Clique is a song by American rappers Kanye West, Jay-Z, and Big Sean. The song serves as the single from the album Cruel Summer. The songs production was handled by Hit-Boy and West, Clique was released as a single to the iTunes Store on September 7,2012. Additional vocals on the song are provided by American R&B singer James Fauntleroy II, West debuted the song on his website on September 6,2012. The same day, DJ Funkmaster Flex gave the song a radio premiere on his Hot 97 radio show. It was released as a download to the iTunes Store the following day. The song was produced by Hit-Boy, who was signed to Wests label GOOD Music, the song contains vocal samples of American funk musician James Browns 1974 song Funky President. Big Sean said in an interview with Tim Westwood that originally, in the end all the other rappers were cut except Sean, Kanye West and Jay-Z. Jay-Zs guest verse was named the fifth best of 2012 by Complex magazine, on November 14,2012 a remix was released featuring rapper T. I. Complex magazine named the song #15 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2012, the track was ranked at #96 on the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2012. Digital download Clique –4,54 The credits for Clique are adapted from the single release. Songwriting – Kanye West, Chauncey Hollis, Sean Anderson, Shawn Carter, James Fauntleroy, Alexander Izquierdo Production – Hit-Boy, Kanye West
18.
Bound 2
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Bound 2 is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featured as the final track from his sixth studio album, Yeezus. It was produced by West and Che Pope, with production being handled by Eric Danchick, Noah Goldstein, No ID. The song features vocals from American soul singer Charlie Wilson and serves as the second single. Bound 2 incorporates samples from Bound by Ponderosa Twins Plus One, the controversial music video features his wife Kim Kardashian West, topless, riding on a motorbike with West through various landscapes. The song peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart and 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, on June 1,2013, West revealed the cover of his sixth studio album Yeezus and premiered a 13-second preview of Bound 2. It was only one of three songs that were previewed prior to the release, the others being New Slaves. Bound 2 features substantial soul music samples, which critics noted as reminiscent of Wests production style in his earlier work. The song is built around a sample taken from Bound. Lee reacted to the sampling of her song on the track, saying, As Ive said and it says a wonderful thing about Ronnie Self, who wrote the song. That 50 years after it was written, somebody in Kanyes camp knew the song and said, on February 15,2014, Hudson Mohawke played an original version of Bound 2 during a DJ set in Leeds. The earlier version features piano-driven production and a more stripped down ending compared to the album version. Rapper/Producer Tyler, The Creator revealed over Twitter that he helped produce the version along with Hudson Mohawke. Bound 2 was revealed to be the single released from Yeezus in August 2013. On September 9,2013, West appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon for the first time, during his appearance, he performed Bound 2 with Charlie Wilson, The Roots and a male childrens choir. It was his first national performance of the song. The song was performed on the season premiere of Later. With Jools Holland by West and Wilson on September 17,2013, to take a more minimal approach, they were accompanied by just the songs signature Ponderosa Twins sample and a brief piano intro for the Later. Bound 2 received universal acclaim from music critics, rolling Stone described Bound 2 as maybe the most audacious song hes ever written, not to mention the most beautiful
19.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
20.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
21.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
22.
Computer-generated imagery
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The term CGI animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films, etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, the evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where runs of the simulated camera are not constrained by the laws of physics. Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery, natural looking landscapes are generated via computer algorithms. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the triangular mesh method, relying on the construction of special case of a de Rham curve. The creation of a Brownian surface may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created, thus a topographical map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the plasma fractal, modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be accurate than traditional drawings. Architectural animation can also be used to see the relationship a building will have in relation to the environment. The rendering of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now an accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems. Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform walk-throughs in an interactive manner, Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind those of sophisticated in-house modeling systems, in some applications, computer-generated images are used to reverse engineer historical buildings. Computer generated models used in animation are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute have developed anatomically correct computer-based models, Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a body of artist produced medical images continue to be used by medical students, such as images by Frank H. Netter. However, a number of anatomical models are becoming available. A single patient X-ray is not a computer generated image, even if digitized, however, in applications which involve CT scans a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from a large number of single slice x-rays, producing computer generated image
23.
Random Access Memories
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Random Access Memories is the fourth studio album by French electronic music duo Daft Punk, released on 17 May 2013 by the duos imprint Daft Life and Columbia Records. The album pays tribute to the late 1970s and early 1980s American music and this theme is reflected in the albums packaging, as well as its promotional campaign, which included billboards, television advertisements and a web series. The album features collaborations with Giorgio Moroder, Panda Bear, Julian Casablancas, Todd Edwards, DJ Falcon, Chilly Gonzales, Nile Rodgers, Paul Williams and it is the first Daft Punk album released by Columbia Records. Random Access Memories received critical acclaim, scoring an 87 out of 100 on review aggregator site Metacritic and it is one of Daft Punks most commercially successful albums, topping the charts in more than 25 countries worldwide. It was their first album to top the United States Billboard 200 chart, the lead single Get Lucky was a critical and commercial success, topping the charts in more than 30 countries and becoming one of the best-selling digital singles of all time. Shortly after finishing off their Alive 2006/2007 tour, Daft Punk began working on new material in 2008. Thomas Bangalter of the duo recalled, the two of us would go in with a lot of keyboards, guitars, drums, and stuff and started to do demos for six, seven months. Daft Punk put these aside and started work on the Tron. As Bangalter mentioned after the release in 2010, Making music for a movie is very humbling. We’ve been working on some of our music concurrently, Daft Punk then decided to work extensively with live musicians on what would become Random Access Memories, We wanted to do what we used to do with machines and samplers, but with people. They avoided the use of samples on the album, with the exception of the closing track Contact, the album features Chic frontman Nile Rodgers, who commented that a collaboration was something weve talked about for a long time. Daft Punk eventually visited Rodgers home for a jam session. Musician Paul Williams announced in a 2010 interview that he had worked with the group, in May 2012 Daft Punks collaboration with Giorgio Moroder was announced—Moroder had recorded a monologue about his life for use in a track on the album. Rodgers was also present during the Moroder recording session, Moroder clarified that he was not involved in the composition of the track or its use of a synthesizer, They did not let me get involved at all. Thomas asked me if I wanted to tell the story of my life, then they would know what to do with it. Daft Punk had been in contact with Moroder in relation to a contribution for the Tron, Legacy score. Chilly Gonzales stated in an interview that his contribution was recorded in a session, I played for hours and theyre gonna grab what they grab. He had previously recorded a version of Daft Punks song Too Long that appeared on the duos 2003 album Daft Club
24.
New Slaves
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New Slaves is a song performed by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West, taken from his sixth studio album Yeezus. It was produced by West and Ben Bronfman, with production from Mike Dean, Travis Scott, Noah Goldstein, Sham Joseph. The song features vocals from American recording artist Frank Ocean, whom West previously collaborated with on Watch the Throne, the song discusses slavery and segregation as well as racism in general, materialism, and stereotypes of African Americans in the United States. The song, despite not having been released as a single, charted in Canada, France, the United Kingdom, the songs conclusion features Ocean singing over a sample of Gyöngyhajú lány by Hungarian rock band Omega. Prior to the release, it was played at 66 locations whilst a black-and-white video of West performing it was projected on various buildings in various countries. Locations where it was projected include Wrigley Field as well as the Royal Ontario Museum, miriam Coleman said the simplicity of the video provided a striking context for the rappers searing lyrics on race and materialism. Two projections in Texas were dismissed by police prior to commencing due to a lack of permit, the song also generated early interest when it was performed multiple times by West at venues such as the Met Ball, the Governors Ball Music Festival, and Saturday Night Live. On May 17, West unveiled the previously unreleased song through video projections in 66 assorted locations, New Slaves was performed along with Black Skinhead on May 18,2013 on Saturday Night Live. New Slaves received widespread acclaim from music critics, farber of the Daily News said the song has a heavy metal girth that still swings and called the sampling of Gyöngyhajú lány by Omega the most cool, and obscure, sample on Yeezus. Robert Christgau cited New Slaves, along with Hold My Liquor, on June 26,2013, Time Magazine named New Slaves the Best Song of 2013 and later on December 20,2013 placed it first on its The 25 Best Songs of 2013. On December 2,2013, Complex named New Slaves the best song of 2013, dave Bry commented saying, Plenty of artists sold more records than Kanye West in 2013. No one did anything near to as artistically powerful, New Slaves is the best song of the year. NME ranked the song at number 36 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2013 and it was named the second best song of 2013 by Pitchfork Media. They elaborated saying, New Slaves is the cartilage of Yeezus. There isnt a wasted breath or unnecessary word, every single thought cleaves through meat, yes, Kanye is a wealthy man, and yes, the particulars of his rage might be convoluted, involving his lack of access to the upper reaches of the fashion industry. But its source comes from an acute, unwavering awareness of a fact, Even in the elite corridors of power where he now walks. On New Slaves, he transforms into the hordes demanding entry, to paraphrase the words of his one-time mentor, The whole industry could hate him, hell flail his way through. The check was not cashed, and Presser filed a lawsuit against West, just two days before West was slated to be deposed in the case the hip-hop impresario reached an out-of-court deal with Presser on 20th of March,2017
25.
2013 MTV Video Music Awards
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The 2013 MTV Video Music Awards were held on August 25,2013 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. Marking the 30th installment of the show, they were the first to be held in New York City not to use a venue within the borough of Manhattan. Nominations were announced on July 17,2013, leading the nominees were Justin Timberlake and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis with six, followed by Bruno Mars, Miley Cyrus, and Robin Thicke with four. Justin Timberlake was the big winner on the night with four awards, including Video of the Year for Mirrors, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, Bruno Mars and Taylor Swift were also among the winners of the night. The ceremony drew a total of 10.1 million viewers, winners were announced on August 25,2013. The performance began with Cyrus performing We Cant Stop in bear-themed attire, following this, Thicke entered the stage and Cyrus stripped down to a skin-colored two-piece latex outfit while they performed Blurred Lines in a duet. Cyrus subsequently touched Thickes crotch area with a giant pedicured foam finger, an article published in The Hollywood Reporter described the performance as crass and reminiscent of a bad acid trip. The performance was described by XXL critic B. J, for lack of a better term, it was a hot mess. This amounted to a total 112% increase in Cyrus social media activity, the performance topped Twitter during the East Coast telecast, with Timberlake behind with 219,800 tweets per minute at its peak. The most-mentioned performers on Twitter were Cyrus, Timberlake and Lady Gaga
26.
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
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The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American biographical black comedy crime film directed by Martin Scorsese. Matthew McConaughey, Rob Reiner, Jon Favreau, Joanna Lumley, the Wolf of Wall Street premiered in New York City on December 17,2013 and was released theatrically on December 25,2013 in the United States, distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film was the first to be released entirely through digital distribution and it was a major commercial success, grossing more than $392 million worldwide during its original theatrical run to become Scorseses highest-grossing movie and the 17th-highest-grossing film of 2013. The film was controversial for its morally ambiguous depiction of events, explicit content, profanity, depiction of hard drug use. The film also caused controversy due to revelations that it was financed by illegally obtained funds from 1Malaysia Development Berhad, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with praise for Scorseses direction, the comedic performance of DiCaprio and the fast-paced and consistent humor. It was also recognized by numerous other awards ceremonies, as well as guilds, the word fuck and its numerous conjugations are said between 506 and 569 times, making this the film with the most uses of the word in a mainstream, non-documentary film. Jordan soon finds his career terminated following Black Monday, and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks, thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions, Jordan makes a small fortune. Jordan befriends his neighbor Donnie Azoff, and the two found their own company and they recruit several of Jordans friends, whom Jordan trains in the art of the hard sell. The basic method of the firm is a pump and dump scam, to cloak this, Jordan gives the firm the respectable name of Stratton Oakmont. After an exposé in Forbes, hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company, Jordan becomes immensely successful, and slides into a decadent lifestyle of prostitutes and drugs. He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia, when his wife finds out, they divorce and he marries Naomi. Meanwhile, the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont, Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours upon securing the IPO of Steve Madden. This brings him and his firm to the attention of the FBI and he uses the wife and in-laws of his friend Brad Bodnick, who have European passports, to smuggle the cash into Switzerland. Donnie gets into a brawl with Brad, and while Donnie escapes. Jordan also learns from his private investigator that the FBI is wiretapping his phones, fearing for his son, Jordans father advises him to leave Stratton Oakmont and lie low while Jordans lawyer negotiates a deal to keep him out of prison. Jordan, however, cannot bear to quit, and talks himself into staying in the middle of his farewell speech, Jordan, Donnie and their wives are on a yacht trip to Italy when they learn that Aunt Emma has died of a heart attack. Jordan decides to travel to Switzerland immediately to settle the bank account, in order to bypass border controls, he forces his yacht captain to sail to Monaco, and the ship is capsized in a storm. After their rescue, the plane sent to them to Geneva is destroyed when a seagull flies into the engine
27.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
28.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
29.
Social media
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Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. User-generated content, such as posts or comments, digital photos or videos. Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the media organization. Social media facilitate the development of social networks by connecting a users profile with those of other individuals or groups. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between businesses, organizations, communities and individuals, Social media changes the way individuals and large organizations communicate. These changes are the focus of the field of technoself studies. In America, a reported that 84 percent of adolescents in America have a Facebook account. Over 60% of 13 to 17-year-olds have at least one profile on social media, according to Nielsen, Internet users continue to spend more time on social media sites than on any other type of site. For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building a reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income. Social media differ from paper-based or traditional media such as TV broadcasting in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy. Social media operate in a Dialogic transmission system and this is in contrast to traditional media which operates under a monologic transmission model, such as a paper newspaper which is delivered to many subscribers. Some of the most popular social media websites are Baidu Tieba, Facebook, Gab, Google+, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, Tumblr, Twitter, Viber, WeChat, Weibo, WhatsApp, and YouTube. These social media websites have more than 100,000,000 registered users, observers have noted a range of positive and negative impacts of social media use. At the same time, concerns have been raised about possible links between social media use and depression, and even the issues of cyberbullying, online harassment. Currently, about half of adults have been cyberbullied and of those,20 percent said that they have been cyberbullied on a regular basis. Another survey was carried out among 7th grade students in America which is known as the Precaution Process Adoption Model, according to this study,69 percent of 7th grade students claim to have experienced cyberbullying and they also said that it is worse than face to face bullying. The variety and evolving stand-alone and built-in social media services introduces a challenge of definition, the terminology is unclear, with some referring to social media as social networks. A2015 paper reviewed the prominent literature in the area and identified four commonalities unique to then-current social media services, in 2016, Merriam-Webster defined social media as Forms of electronic communication through which people create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc
30.
Middle finger
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The middle finger, long finger, or tall finger is the third digit of the human hand, located between the index finger and the ring finger. It is usually the longest finger, in anatomy, it is also called the third finger, digitus medius, digitus tertius, or digitus III. In Western countries, extending the finger is an offensive and obscene gesture. The middle finger is used for finger snapping together with the thumb
31.
Pitchfork Media
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Pitchfork is an American online magazine launched in 1995 by Ryan Schreiber, based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by Condé Nast. The site generally concentrates on new music, but Pitchfork journalists have also reviewed reissues, in late 1995, Ryan Schreiber, a recent high school graduate, created the magazine in Minneapolis. Influenced by local fanzines and KUOM, Schreiber, who had no writing experience. At first being Turntable, the site was updated monthly with interviews and reviews, in May 1996, the site began publishing daily and was renamed Pitchfork, alluding to Tony Montanas tattoo in Scarface. In early 1999, Schreiber relocated Pitchfork to Chicago, Illinois, by then, the site had expanded to four full-length album reviews daily, as well as sporadic interviews, features, and columns. It had also begun garnering a following for its coverage of underground music and its writing style. In October, the added a daily music news section. Pitchfork has launched a variety of subsidiary websites, Pitchfork. tv, a website displaying videos related to many independent music acts, launched in April 2008. It features bands that are found on Pitchfork. In July 2010, Pitchfork announced Altered Zones, a blog devoted to underground. On 21 May 2011, Pitchfork announced a partnership with Kill Screen, Altered Zones was closed on November 30. On December 26,2012, Pitchfork launched Nothing Major, a website that covered visual arts such as fine art, Nothing Major closed in October 2013. On October 13,2015, Condé Nast announced that it had acquired Pitchfork, following the sale, Schreiber remained as editor-in-chief. On March 13,2016, Pitchfork was redesigned, some publications have cited Pitchfork in having played a part in breaking artists such as Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Interpol, The Go. Conversely, Pitchfork has also seen as being a negative influence on some indie artists. A dismissive 0.0 review of former Dismemberment Plan frontman Travis Morrisons Travistan album led to a sales drop. On the other hand, an endorsement from Pitchfork – which dispenses its approval one-tenth of a point at a time, up to a maximum of 10 points – is very valuable, indeed. Examples of Pitchforks impact include, Arcade Fire is among the bands most commonly cited to have benefited from a Pitchfork review
32.
Ku Klux Klan
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Historically the KKK used terrorism, both physical assault and murder, against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the purification of American society, and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations, the first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, with numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes, robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be terrifying, the second group was founded in 1915, and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West. This second organization adopted a white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings. The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of small, local and they have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a group by the Anti-Defamation League. As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, the second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to Americas Anglo-Saxon blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK, the manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. According to The Cyclopædia of Fraternities, Beginning in April,1867, the members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. Although there was little organizational structure above the level, similar groups rose across the South and adopted the same name. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movement promoting resistance, for example, Confederate veteran John W. Morton founded a chapter in Nashville, Tennessee. As a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies, it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans. In 1870 and 1871, the government passed the Enforcement Acts. The first Klan had mixed results in terms of achieving its objectives and it seriously weakened the black political establishment through its use of assassinations and threats of violence, it drove some people out of politics. Rable argues that the Klan was a failure and therefore was discarded by the Democratic leaders of the South. He says, the Klan declined in strength in part because of weaknesses, its lack of central organization. More fundamentally, it declined because it failed to achieve its central objective – the overthrow of Republican state governments in the South, for instance, the Red Shirts are credited with helping elect Wade Hampton as governor in South Carolina
33.
Subdermal implant
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A subdermal implant refers to a body modification that is placed underneath the skin, therefore allowing the body to heal over the implant and creating a raised design. Such implants fall under the category of body modification. Many subdermal implants are made out of silicone, either carved or mold injected, many people who have subdermal implants use them in conjunction with other types of body modification to create a desired, dramatic effect. This process is known as a 3-D implant, or pocketing. The first subdermal implant was implanted in 1994 and it is generally agreed upon that they were pioneered by Steve Haworth. In his shop, HTC Body Piercing, in Phoenix, Arizona and he concluded that he could put a row of beads under the womans wrist to create the effect she desired. This was followed in 1998 by the scientist Kevin Warwick who experimented with both an RFID and an electrode array implant, since then, many different artists have done many kinds of implants. Some of the names in the industry include Samppa Von Cyborg, Max Yampolskiy, Russ Foxx, Brian Decker, Emilio Gonzales and Stelarc. According to the Church of Body Modification, there are two types of subdermal implants, subdermal implants and transdermal implants. Subdermal implants as defined by the Church of Body Modification are completely buried in the skin, the cosmetic ones can be used to create any shape desired, though usually made of molded silicone, Teflon ones exist as well. Transdermal implants are placed partially under the skin, with the rest exposed and this is done through a process known as dermal punching. First the implant is placed in between the layers of skin and it is necessary for the part of the implant that will be located under the skin to have a proper shape. This must be one with holes in it so that the body will be able to grow around it, once the implant is placed, the part that will protrude out is exposed using a dermal punch. To have one of these implants installed, an incision is made down to the layer of the skin. A dermal elevator, a widely used instrument, separates the subcutis. After the implant is placed, the incision is stitched shut, surgical tape is often applied to minimize movement while the skin fuses around the implant. Local anesthetic is usually available for the extraction, but is not required, subdermal implants placed under the skin of the penis can provide physical stimulation for both sexual partners. The most frequent form is genital beading, using small, round implants, short, curved rods are also used, and are called genital ribs
34.
Doberman
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The Doberman Pinscher, or Dobermann, or Doberman, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog originally developed around 1890 by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany. The muzzle is long, and so affords the leverage for a strong bite. The Doberman stands on its toes and is not usually heavy-footed, ideally, they have an even and graceful gait. Traditionally, the ears are cropped and posted, and the tail is docked, however, in some countries it is illegal to do so. Dobermans have markings on the chest, paws/legs, muzzle, above the eyes, Doberman Pinschers are well known as intelligent, alert, and tenaciously loyal companions and guard dogs. Personality varies a great deal between each individual, but if taken care of and trained properly they tend to be loving, the Doberman is driven, strong, and sometimes stubborn. Owning one requires commitment and care, but if trained well, unlike some breeds, Dobermans are eager to please only after their place is established in their pack and that place is not as an alpha. With a consistent approach they can be easy to train and will very quickly. As with all dogs, if trained, they can be excellent with children. Dobermans adapt quickly, though they take their cue from their leader, Breed standards describe Doberman Pinschers as dogs of medium-large size with a square build and short coat. They are compactly built and athletic with endurance and swiftness, the Doberman Pinscher should have a proud, watchful, determined, and obedient temperament. The dog was originally intended as a dog, so males should have a masculine, muscular. Females are thinner, but should not be spindly, the Doberman has a square frame, its length should equal its height to the withers, and the length of its head, neck and legs should be in proportion to its body. There are no standards for the weight of the Doberman Pinscher except as given in the used by the FCI. The ideal dog must have sufficient size for a combination of strength, endurance. The male generally weighs between 40–45 kilograms and the female between 32–35 kilograms, two different color genes exist in the Doberman, one for black and one for color dilution. There are nine possible combinations of alleles, which result in four different color phenotypes, black, red, blue. The traditional and most common occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele, and is commonly referred to as black or black
35.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
36.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
