1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania
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Hollidaysburg is a borough and the county seat of Blair County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located on the Juniata River,5 miles south of Altoona and is part of the Altoona, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1900,2,998 people lived in the borough, in 1910,3,734 lived there, the population was 5,791 at the 2010 census. Coal, iron ore, ganister, and limestone are found in the vicinity, in the past, the borough had foundries and machine shops, a silk mill, car works and classification yards. From 1834 to 1854, the borough was an important port on Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, the famous toy known as the Slinky is manufactured within Hollidaysburg by Poof-Slinky, Inc. More than a quarter billion Slinkys have been manufactured in the toys history, the center of Hollidaysburg is frequently referred to as The Diamond, where the buildings and parking spaces form a diamond. This area serves as the hub for parades, festivals and other town celebrations, Hollidaysburg became the main transfer point between the Pennsylvania Canal and the Portage Railroad, a gateway to western Pennsylvania. The canal and Portage Railroad spurred industrial and commercial development in Hollidaysburg in the 1830s, in 1836, Hollidaysburg was established as a borough. When Blair County was organized in 1846, the Borough of Hollidaysburg was designated the county seat and this designation allowed the borough to prosper when politicians and attorneys became attracted to the borough. In 1903, the Pennsylvania Railroad constructed a large switching yard, in addition, The Pennsylvania Railroad Constructed the Hollidaysburg Car shop to help ease the bustling of the Altoona Shops. Years later, Conrail also built a car plant on the property. Hollidaysburg Reclamation plant and car shop are still operational and operated by Norfolk Southern Railway Corporation. The Borough of Hollidaysburg has a Council-Manager form of government, voters elect a seven-member Borough Council who serve four-year terms. The Borough Council is responsible for formulating policies, enacting ordinances, setting tax rates, approving the annual budget, Council is a policy making board and the Manager is Chief Administrative Officer. The roles of a Council are to adopt goals and objectives, establish priorities, approve programs, approve expenditures, the Borough of Hollidaysburg established a local Historic District in 1989 and implemented a historic district ordinance. The purpose of the ordinance is to preserve the architectural and historical qualities of the borough. This ordinance regulates alterations, additions, new construction and demolition in the district, the Hollidaysburg Historic District encompasses the central part of the Borough. There are roughly 400 structures in the District and these structures are classified as Significant, Contributing, and Non-Contributing
5.
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Altoona is a city in south central Pennsylvania Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the city of the Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 46,320 at the time of the 2010 Census and this includes the adjacent boroughs of Hollidaysburg and Duncansville, adjacent townships of Logan, Allegheny, Blair, Frankstown, Antis, and Tyrone, as well as nearby boroughs of Bellwood and Newry. Having grown around the industry, the city is currently working to recover from industrial decline. The city is home to the Altoona Curve baseball team of the Double A Eastern League and it also houses the 75-plus-year-old Altoona Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Teresa Cheung. As a major town, Altoona was founded by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1849 as the site for a shop. Altoona was incorporated as a borough on February 6,1854, and as a city under legislation approved on April 3,1867, one explanation of the citys name is that the word Altoona is a derivative of the Latin word altus, meaning high. This explanation is contradicted by Pennsylvania Place Names, although Altoona, in Blair Country, is popularly known as the Mountain City, its name has no direct or indirect etymological relation to the Latin adjective altus, signifying elevated, lofty. Two very different explanations of the origin of name are current. He was then the oldest continuous resident of the city and he was much respected, and had long been one of the private pensioners of Andrew Carnegie. The etymological derivation of the name Altona is not known with certainty, the town grew rapidly in the late 19th century, its population approximately 2,000 in 1854,10,000 in 1870, and 20,000 in 1880. The demand for locomotives during the Civil War stimulated much of this growth, Altoona was also the site of the first Interstate Commission meeting to create and design the Gettysburg National Cemetery following the devastating Battle of Gettysburg. The centrality and convenience of the rail transportation brought these two important gatherings to the city during the war. Horseshoe Curve, a section of track built by the PRR, has become a tourist attraction. The curve was used to trains to a sufficient elevation to cross the Allegheny Ridge to the west. The PRR built many of its own locomotives at the Works, some 7,873 in all, PRR had significant influence on the city, creating the citys fire departments and relocating the hospital to a site nearer to the shops gates. Today, the department employs 65 personnel and is the largest career department between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. PRR sponsored a city band and constructed Cricket Field, in 1853, the PRR built the Mechanics Library, the first industrial library in the nation which exists today as the Altoona Area Public Library
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 9th congressional district has been a relatively safe seat for the Republicans since 1933. In the 2012 general election, he beat his Democratic opponent, nurse Karen Ramsburg, in 2010, he won 73% of the vote, and in 2008 won 64%. Shuster was first elected to the district in 2001, effectively inheriting the seat from his father, Bud Shuster, according to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, in 2010 the 9th was the most Republican district in Pennsylvania, then with a score of R +17. The district was created in 1795 from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district, list of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
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Huntingdon County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 45,913, the county was created on September 20,1787, mainly from the north part of Bedford County with the addition of territory on the east from Cumberland County. Huntingdon County comprises the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 889 square miles, of which 875 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. The population density was 52 people per square mile, there were 22,365 housing units at an average density of 24 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 50% White,5. 21% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 87% from other races, and 0. 92% from two or more races. 1. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 9% were of German,17. 1% American,11. 1% Irish,7. 5% English and 5. 7% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 25. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 21. 70% under the age of 18,10. 10% from 18 to 24,29. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 109.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.20 males, almost everyone that lives in Huntingdon County speaks English as their first language. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Huntingdon County as the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 11th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, duBois Business College, Huntingdon County campus, located in the former Huntingdon High School building in the borough of Huntingdon. U. S. Route 22 enters Huntingdon County from the west at the Blair County line in Morris Township near Alexandria and it exits Huntingdon County at the Mifflin County line in Brady Township near Mount Union. The following boroughs and townships are located in Huntingdon County, Allenport McConnellstown The population ranking of the table is based on the 2010 census of Huntingdon County. Hugh Brady, U. S. Army general C. L. com Community Events and Business Directory for Huntingdon County, Pa
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Bedford County, Pennsylvania
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Bedford County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 49,762, robert MacRay opened the first trading post in Raystown on the land that is now Bedford County in 1750. The settlers had a difficult time dealing with raids from Indians, in 1759, after the capture of Fort Duquesne in Allegheny County, a road was built between the fort to the newly built Fort Bedford in Raystown. This road followed Indian trails and became Forbes Road which passed through Bedford and is now Route 30, when the Pennsylvania Turnpike was built, this interstate toll road became the main highway through Bedford County. Bedford County was created on March 9,1771 from part of Cumberland County, the area quickly increased in population once safety became more established. The land with its lush farmland and woodland became an attractive site and it also formed an important center on the way to Pittsburgh and farther west of Pennsylvania. George Washington stayed in the county in response to the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, the Bedford Springs Hotel became an important site for the wealthy. Under President James Buchanan, the became the summer White House. The U. S. Supreme Court met at the hotel once and it was the only time that the high court met outside of the Capital. The 19th century featured a population boom in the county with the doubling in size between 1870 and 1890. Railroads passing through the town connected the county with the mining industry, the story of the Lost Children of the Alleghenies originates from Blue Knob State Park in the county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,017 square miles. The northwestern border of the county is approximately at the Allegheny Front, the stratigraphic record of sedimentary rocks within the county spans from the Cambrian Warrior Formation to the Pennsylvanian Conemaugh Group. No igneous or metamorphic rocks of any kind exist within the county, chestnut Ridge is a broad anticline held up by the Devonian Ridgeley Member of the Old Port Formation, also made of sandstone and conglomerate. Broad Top, located north of Breezewood, is a plateau of relatively flat-lying rocks that are stratigraphically higher, Broad Top extends into Huntingdon County to the north and Fulton County to the east. The Raystown Branch of the Juniata River is the drainage in the northern two-thirds of the county. The river flows to the east through the mountains within the county through several water gaps caused by a group of faults trending east–west through the part of the county. The river then turns north and flows into Raystown Lake in Huntingdon County, the southern third of the county is drained by several tributaries of the Potomac River
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Brush Mountain (Blair County, Pennsylvania)
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Brush Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in the Allegheny Mountains of central Pennsylvania, USA, running east of the Allegheny Front and west of Tussey Mountain. It lies along the southeast side of Little Juniata River and both sides of the Sinking Run, and is the westernmost ridge in its section of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians, the western ridge line separates the Logan Valley from the Sinking Valley. Brush Mountain lies entirely in Blair County, no major roads or rivers cross the ridge or run through gaps. Kettle Reservoir collects surface runoff from an area in the fold. Kettle Road, a road, also runs through the ravine near the dam to the Sinking Valley. A major power line crosses the ridge twice, midway between the folds. The Brush Mountain Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes and this ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. The fold at the end of Brush Mountain forms a gap in the chain. Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 166 lies in the valley between Canoe Mountain and Brush Mountain, in April 1944 the son of Rev. and Mrs. John R. Hardt was seriously injured in an accident. Four young boys were rolling boulders down the one of them. Joseph Hardt was injured badly and was admitted to the hospital, shortly after 11,00 a. m. EST on July 19,1996, an F1 tornado touched down northeast of Altoona approximately 1 mile northwest of Sickles Corner on Brush Mountain. This tornado moved southeast taking down a swath of trees along the mountain, the path width averaged about one half mile wide. This storm was the fourth in the family of tornadoes that had crossed Clarion, Jefferson, Indiana, Clearfield, as part of the Allegheny Mountains, Brush Mountain is in the northern portion of the Ridge and Valley province of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range. The two sandstones thus form a ridge line with the harder Tuscarora at the crest. A little further south, there are several lines running across the ridge. This leaves the Tuscarora formation more parallel to the western slope. The tougher rock also protected the slope from erosion, leaving a higher southern ridge line, the tilted aspect of the rock layers leaves the Juniata formation more perpendicular to the upper portion of the shallower opposite slope, below the steep crest. The Bald Eagle formation below holds back the rock, creating a shelf above a steeper lower slope running down to the Sinking Valley
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Tussey Mountain
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Tussey Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending east of the Bald Eagle, Brush, Dunning and Evitts Mountain ridges. The ridge line separates Morrison Cove from the Woodcock Valley and Friends Cove from the Black Valley, Tussey Mountain lies in, and the ridge line forms parts of the borders of, Centre, Blair, Bedford and Huntingdon counties. The Flintstone Creek runs around the end of the mountain in Maryland. North of there, small streams run through deep gorges, the Sweet Root and Rainsburg Gaps, the Yellow Creek runs through Loysburg Gap at Loysburg, Pennsylvania. Maple Run Road passes through a gap near Pulpit Hill and Coot Hill. Pennsylvania Route 164 runs east out of Martinsburg, and climbs the west slope with a switchback before crossing the crest, Galbraith Run passes through Galbraith Gap near the north end of the ridge, adjacent to the Tussey Mountain Ski Area in Boalsburg. The Tussey Mountain Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes and this ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. It is one of the best sites in the eastern United States for viewing the migration of the golden eagle, pennsylvanias longest footpath, Mid State Trail, is atop or closely parallels Tussey Mountain for nearly its entire length. In Blair County, Tussey Mountain is sometimes called Huntingdon Mountain, conversely, in some parts of Huntingdon County it is called Williamsburg Mountain as one reaches Williamsburg by crossing it going west. Tussey Mountain is in the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains, during the Appalachian orogeny, these layers folded up with the underlying and overlying layers into the Nittany Arch. The arch was a Himalayan scale mountain that towered above what is now Nittany Valley, the Tuscarora Quartzite is more resistant to erosion than Bald Eagle Sandstone, and both are more durable than the Juniata Shale sandwiched in-between. Since the rock layers on these ridges slope down to the east, the Tuscarora Formation underlies the higher crest, drainage from the upper slope has cut a series of small ravines in the lower ridge line, leaving a terraced lower slope in the Bald Eagle Formation
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Centre County, Pennsylvania
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Centre County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 153,990, Centre County comprises the State College, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The lands of the future Centre County were first recorded by James Potter in 1764, having reached the top of Nittany Mountain, and. seeing the prairies and noble forest beneath him, cried out to his attendant, By heavens, Thompson, I have discovered an empire. Centre County was created on February 13,1800, from parts of Huntingdon, Lycoming, Mifflin, and Northumberland counties and named for its central location in the state. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,113 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in Pennsylvania by area, the population density was 139 people per square mile. There were 63,297 housing units at a density of 57 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 4% White,3. 0% Black or African American,0. 1% Native American,5. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. 2. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.91. In the county, the population was out with 15. 9% under the age of 18,28. 9% from 18 to 24,22. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 29 years, for every 100 females there were 107.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.1 males, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Centre County as the State College, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the metropolitan area ranked 13th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania and the 259th most populous in the United States with a population of 155,403. Centre County is also a part of the larger State College-DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area, the Combined Statistical Area ranked 9th in the State of Pennsylvania and 123rd most populous in the United States with a population of 236,577. Michael Pipe, Chairman Mark Higgins, Vice-Chair Steven G. Wozniak, Democrat, Pennsylvanias 35th Senatorial District Michael K. Hanna, Sr. T. Thompson, Republican, Pennsylvanias 5th congressional district Pat Toomey, Republican Bob Casey, Jr. Democrat As of November 2014, there were 108,316 registered voters in Centre County. Democratic,44,051 Republican,41,771 Libertarian,685 No party affiliation,19,162 Other,2,647 Centre County had for years been a strongly Republican county like most of rural Pennsylvania
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Cambria County, Pennsylvania
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Cambria County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 143,679, the county was created on March 26,1804, from parts of Bedford, Huntingdon, and Somerset Counties and later organized in 1807. It was named for the nation of Wales, which in Latin is known as Cambria, Cambria County comprises the Johnstown, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Johnstown-Somerset, PA Combined Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 694 square miles. The population density was 222 people per square mile, there were 65,796 housing units at an average density of 96 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 80% White,2. 83% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 38% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 25% from other races, and 0. 64% from two or more races. 0. 89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 27. 7% were of German,10. 2% Irish,10. 1% Italian,10. 0% Polish,6. 5% Slovak,6. 2% American and 5. 6% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 29. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 21. 00% under the age of 18,9. 00% from 18 to 24,26. 20% from 25 to 44,24. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males, as of November 2008, there are 92,456 registered voters in Cambria County. Cambria County is one of Pennsylvanias most competitive counties and that is primarily due to its mixed urban-rural ratio. Al Gore received 50. 3% of the county vote to 46. 4% for George W. Bush in 2000, Cambria returned to the Democratic Presidential column in 2008, with Barack Obama receiving 49. 4% of the vote to 48. 7% for John McCain. In 2011 the GOP won a majority on the county commissioners board, in 2016, Donald Trump carried the county with 66. 5% of the vote to Hillary Clintons 29. 7%, winning the county by 36. 8%. This broke the record for margin of victory in the county of 35. 4% set by Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Mark Wissinger, Republican William Smith, Democrat Thomas C, chernisky, Chairman, Democrat District Attorney, Kelly Callihan, Democrat Clerk of Courts, Susan Kuhar, Democrat Controller, Ed Cernic Jr. See, Education in Pennsylvania. Prince Gallitzin State Park is named for Demetrius Gallitzin, a Russian nobleman turned Catholic priest who was instrumental in the settlement of Cambria County, laurel Ridge State Park surrounds a 70-mile hiking trail that begins in Cambria County and ends at Ohiopyle State Park in Fayette County
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Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
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Clearfield County is a sixth-class county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 81,642, the county seat is Clearfield, and the largest city is DuBois. The county was created in 1804 and later organized in 1822, Clearfield County comprises the DuBois, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the State College-DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area. Clearfield County was formed by the Act of Assembly by the second Governor of Pennsylvania at the time, the county was created from parts of the already created counties of Huntingdon and Lycoming. The first board of county commissioners to the county were Roland Curtin, James Fleming and James Smith, the first act the commissioners did was to create a local government or seat of the newly created county. They came upon land owned at the time by Abraham Witmer at a known as Chincleclamousche. Clearfield became the new name of the old village, the two major industries of the county in the mid-1800s until the early 1900s was lumber and coal. Lumber was still being floated down the West Branch of the Susquehanna up until 1917, coal remains the main industry of the county to this day. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,154 square miles. It is the third-largest county in Pennsylvania by land area and fourth-largest by total area, the West Branch Susquehanna River flows through the county bisecting the county seat along the way. The mountainous terrain of the county made traffic difficult for early settlers, various Native American paths and trails crossing the area were used intermittently by settlers, invading armies, and escaped slaves travelling north along the Underground Railroad. The shape of Clearfield County bears a resemblance to that of the state of Arkansas. The population density was 73 people per square mile, there were 37,855 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 40% White,1. 49% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 26% from other races, and 0. 46% from two or more races. 0. 56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 9% were of German,13. 6% American,10. 2% English,9. 9% Irish,9. 1% Italian and 6. 0% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 22. 70% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,23. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 99.50 males
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Allegheny Portage Railroad
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The Portage Railroad utilized cleverly designed wheeled barges to ride a narrow-gauge rail track with steam-powered stationary engines lifting the vehicles. Except for peak moments of a storm, it was an all-weather. Along with the rest of the Main Works, it cut transport time from Philadelphia to the Ohio River from weeks to just 3–5 days. Considered a technological marvel in its day, it played a role in opening the interior of the United States beyond the Appalachian Mountains to settlement. It included the first railroad tunnel in the United States, the Staple Bend Tunnel, today, the remains of the railroad are preserved within the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site operated by the National Park Service. The site was established on 1,296 acres in 1964 and is about 12 miles west of Altoona, in Blair and Cambria counties. The Samuel Lemon House, a tavern located alongside the railroad near Cresson that was a stop for railroad passengers, has been converted into a historical museum by the National Park Service. The park service operates a visitor center with interpretive exhibits near the Lemon House. The Staple Bend Tunnel is preserved in a unit of the historic site 4 miles east of Johnstown. A skew arch bridge, a masterwork of cut stone construction, is another feature of the site, construction of the railroad began in 1831 and took three years to complete. The project was financed by the State of Pennsylvania as a means to compete with the Erie Canal in New York, the work was done largely through private contractors. The railroad used ten cable inclined planes, five on either side of the summit of the Allegheny Ridge, the vertical ascent from Johnstown was 1,172 feet. The vertical ascent from Hollidaysburg was 1,399 feet, the barges were drawn by horses along level sections, which included a tunnel 900 feet long as well as a viaduct over the Little Conemaugh River upstream from Johnstown. A typical voyage took six and seven hours. The entire Main Line system connecting Pittsburgh and Philadelphia was 400 miles long, charles Dickens wrote a contemporary account of travel on the railroad in Chapter 10 of his American Notes. In 1854 the portage railroad was rendered obsolete by the advance of progress, construction on the New Portage Railroad, a $2.14 million realignment to bypass the inclines, continued despite this, opening in 1856. On July 31,1857, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought the railroad from the state, abandoning most. Nearly half a century later, the graded roadbeds of the section east of the Gallitzin Tunnel was re-railed with standard gauge freight tracks
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Interstate 99
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Interstate 99 is an Interstate Highway with two segments, one located in central Pennsylvania, and the other in southern New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at exit 146 of the Pennsylvania Turnpike north of Bedford, the northern terminus of the Pennsylvania segment is at I-80 near Bellefonte. The New York segment follows US15 from the Pennsylvania–New York border to an interchange with I-86 in Corning, I-99 passes through Altoona and State College—the latter home to Pennsylvania State University—and is entirely concurrent to US220, within Pennsylvania. Long-term plans call for I-99 to be extended southward along the US220 corridor to an interchange with I-68 in Cumberland, Maryland. S, house Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the bills sponsor, and the representative of the district through which the highway runs. I-99 violates the AASHTO numbering convention associated with Interstate Highways, since it lies east of I-79, I-99 begins at an indirect interchange with US220 and the Pennsylvania Turnpike north of Bedford. It begins concurrent with US220, which continues south from the interchange toward the Maryland state line as a highway known as the Appalachian Thruway. The interchange with the Turnpike requires drivers to use a segment of US220 Business to access the Turnpike at exit 146. North of the Turnpike junction, the highway becomes the Bud Shuster Highway as it heads through a rural portion of Bedford County. It connects to Pennsylvania Route 56 just west of the Bedford County Airport at exit 3, here, it meets PA164 north of East Freedom at exit 23 prior to entering the Altoona area. In Hollidaysburg, a borough south of the city, I-99 and US220 connect to US22 at exit 28 and this junction allows travelers to head west towards Ebensburg, Johnstown, and Pittsburgh. The freeway continues to Altoona itself, where it connects to PA36 via exit 32. Unlike the original routing of US220 which goes through the city center, I-99 and US220 mostly bypass it to the east, at the northern edge of Altoona, PA764 joins the old alignment of US220 and parallels I-99 north for 3 miles toward Bellwood. PA764 leaves old US220 about 2 miles south of Bellwood, however, Bellwood itself is served by exit 41, which leads to PA865. The highway veers northeastward from Bellwood to serve the borough of Tyrone, located at the junction of old US220, access to the borough is made by way of exit 48, which serves PA453. Past Tyrone, I-99 and US220 head through sparsely populated areas of Blair, here, US322 joins I-99 and US220 and follows them eastward to the State College area. At exit 68, I-99 merges into the Mount Nittany Expressway, I-99, US220, and US322 follow the expressway to the Mount Nittany Interchange, a directional T interchange located on the northern fringe of the Pennsylvania State University campus. At this point, PA26 joins the freeway and follows it to Bellefonte, served by exit 83, the southern segment of I-99 ends about 2.5 miles later at an interchange with I-80, where PA26 continues north and US220 joins I-80 east. The northern segment of I-99 is entirely concurrent with US15, a four-lane freeway through the Steuben County town of Lindley, I-99 crosses through a rock cut, making a large bend to the north and bypassing the hamlet of Presho
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U.S. Route 220 in Pennsylvania
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U. S. Route 220 is a U. S. Highway that runs from Rockingham, North Carolina north to Waverly, New York. Through the state, US220 passes through the cities and towns of Bedford, Altoona, State College, Lock Haven, Williamsport, US220 is concurrent with the entire completed Pennsylvania segment of Interstate 99 between I-70/I-76 in Bedford and I-80 near Bellefonte. The remainder of US220 in Pennsylvania is mostly a surface road. US220 enters Pennsylvania from Maryland in Cumberland Valley Township, Bedford County to the north of Cumberland, Maryland, from the state line, the route heads northeast as a two-lane undivided road as it passes through a narrow agricultural valley surrounded by forested mountains. As the highway approraches Bedford, US220 Business splits off to head into Bedford while US220 bypasses the borough to the west, the bypass is initially two lanes, but widens into a four-lane freeway before it reaches an interchange with US30 Bus. A short distance later, the comes to a cloverleaf interchange with US30. The US220 freeway continues north away from Bedford to an interchange that serves US220 Bus. It is at this interchange that I-99 begins and becomes concurrent with US220, I-99/US220 continues north through farmland and continues to the next interchange near Cessna, which serves Pennsylvania Route 56 and the northern terminus of US220 Bus. Farther north, the comes to the PA869 exit in Saint Clairsville. The highway continues through a mix of farms and forests, with an interchange at Sarah Furnace Road that provides access to Blue Knob State Park. I-99/US220 crosses into Blair County and comes to an interchange with the terminus of US220 Bus. that serves the Altoona area. The freeway passes Claysburg and East Freedom before it reaches an interchange that provides access to PA36. The highway bypasses Newry to the east prior to heading into more developed surroundings as it enters the Hollidaysburg area, here, I-99/US220 has an interchange that serves US22 and PA764. Past this interchange, the freeway curves east and heads into Altoona, the highway curves north again and comes to the Frankstown Road exit which provides access to PA36 and Peoples Natural Gas Field, home of the Altoona Curve baseball team. I-99/US220 continues along the edge of Altoona and comes to the 17th Street exit which serves downtown Altoona. The road continues between development to the west and forested mountains to the east as it heads away from Altoona and reaches an interchange with the northern terminus of PA764. I-99/US220 continues northeast between a mountain to the east in a valley to the west, coming to an interchange with the southern terminus of PA865 near Bellwood. Near Tipton, the freeway has a interchange with US220 Bus. that provides access to DelGrossos Amusement Park
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U.S. Route 22 in Pennsylvania
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U. S. Route 22 is an east–west route stretching from Cincinnati, Ohio in the west to Newark, New Jersey in the east. In Pennsylvania, the runs for 337. US22 carries multiple names as it progresses across the state, including the William Penn Highway, several sections of the road are freeway, including the Lehigh Valley Thruway. US Route 22 crosses into Pennsylvania from West Virginia as the William Penn Highway and it becomes concurrent with U. S. Route 30 and then west of Pittsburgh also with I-376, as the Penn Lincoln Parkway. During the last part of its ascent, it becomes known as the Admiral Peary Highway from Armagh, Pennsylvania in Indiana County through the Blair Gap. From Duncansville to Mount Union, US22 is a road with occasional passing and truck-climbing lanes, and it passes through the business district of Huntingdon. It becomes concurrent with US522 near Mount Union and remains a two-lane road, the US522 concurrency continues until Lewistown. In Harrisburg, it continues as N Cameron Street, Arsenal Blvd, herr St. Walnut St. Jonestown Rd. and Allentown Blvd. In Fredericksburg, US22 becomes concurrent with I-78 for a 40-mile stretch before splitting off on to the Lehigh Valley Thruway. The Lehigh Valley Thruway is a 24-mile-long freeway portion of US22 from the end of the Interstate 78/US22 concurrency in Kuhnsville, west of Allentown. The highway travels just to the north of Allentown and Bethlehem, due to opposition in Phillipsburg, New Jersey on the building of a I-78/U. S. 22 highway through the town, PennDOT and NJDOT decided to reroute the I-78 highway onto the proposed I-278 bypass, traffic on the Lehigh Valley Thruway is often heavy at rush hour, particularly near the PA145 interchange. The series of curves is locally known as Cemetery Curve, and because of it. At the interchange with Bushkill Street, US22 becomes a highway until crossing into New Jersey. The speed limit drops again to 25 mph while crossing the Easton-Phillipsburg Toll Bridge. The William Penn Highway was organized as an alternative to the Lincoln Highway being parallel to the Pennsylvania Railroad west of Harrisburg, the routes New York Extension was adopted in 1916. Routes 22 and 222, and Allentown on Hamilton Street, the highway continued through Allentown on Hanover Avenue and through Bethlehem on Broad Street, Linden Street, and Easton Avenue. The New York Times was recommending use of this cutoff by early 1931, on June 8,1931, the American Association of State Highway Officials came to a resolution for the traffic problem, by replacing the PA43 corridor with US22
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Special routes of U.S. Route 220
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Several special routes of U. S. Route 220 exist. In order from south to north they are as follows, U. S. Route 220 Alternate, established in 1979, is an 27. 5-mile route that follows the old US220 route through Candor, Biscoe and Star. In 1997, it was extended north through Seagrove to its current terminus near Ulah. Predominantly a two-lane rural highway, it begins at exit 41 interchange from I-73/I-74/US220 and ends at US220 Bus, just 200 feet from exit 68. U. S. Route 220 Business was established in 1966 when mainline US220 was rerouted onto new freeway bypass south of Ulah to Vision Drive. In 1972, US220 Bus replaced some of the mainline along Vision Drive as new freeway was built north towards US311. In 1974, US220 Bus was removed from Vision Drive and continued north along the old route, through Randleman. In 1982, US220 Bus was adjusted at Level Cross, US220 Bus is two-lane along its routing outside Asheboro and three to four-lane in Asheboro. The entire route is in Randolph County, U. S. Route 220 Business begins at an interchange two miles south of Rocky Mount as South Main Street. The street continues north through residential neighborhoods as it passes Franklin Memorial Hospital, the route continues north as Main Street and intersects with Virginia State Route 40. The street becomes North Main Street as it continues north through town, North Main St intersects with State Route 919 just before the final interchange with US220. U. S. Route 220 Alternate is a 11, there, its terminus is at an interchange of I-81, US220 and US11. In the 1930s and 40s, the Bonsack to Cloverdale route was part of VA114 until it was downgraded to SR604 in April 1944. In the 1990s, the section from Bonsack to Cloverdale was widened to four lanes, previously, the Rocky Mount bypass was designated as US220 Alternate from its construction in 1960-61 until it was changed to US220 Bypass between 1968-70. The restricted traffic exits eastbound I-68 at Interchange 40 and follows US220 Truck, U. S. Route 220 Business is a 12-mile route following the original alignment of its parent. In 1973, US220 became a freeway between Bedford and Altoona, Pennsylvania, and the old tract of the route near Bedford became a business loop. South of the borough, the winds over the hilly approach to the town at much steeper grades than does the freeway. It then reaches several stoplights as it serves as a main street
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Pennsylvania Route 36
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Pennsylvania Route 36 is a 151.12 mi long state highway located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 26 near the Hopewell Township community of Yellow Creek, the northern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 27 and Pennsylvania Route 227 in Pleasantville. One of the longest and oldest highways in the commonwealth, PA36 serves as a connector between South Central and Northwestern Pennsylvania. In 1955, the highway was designated as the Colonel Drake Highway in honor of Edwin Drake, PA36 begins in the Bedford County hamlet of Yellow Creek at PA26 along the Tussey Mountain range. A short distance between Roaring Spring and the hamlet of McKee, PA36 overlaps the east–west running PA164, north of McKee, PA36 becomes Catfish Ridge Road, closely paralleling the Frankstown Branch Juniata River to the west, and the Interstate 99–U. S. Route 220 overlap to the east along the Brush Mountain range, just south of Hollidaysburg, PA36 has the only interchange with a non-freeway highway, Smith Road. North of Smith Road, PA36 enters the borough as Logan Boulevard, north of Hollidaysburg, PA36 as Logan Boulevard becomes a major 4-lane divided arterial, serving the southern suburbs of Altoona. North of the I-99/US220 underpass, PA36 enters the city of Altoona, the route briefly overlaps U. S. Route 220 Business along West Plank Road. North of the overlap, PA36 traverses the downtown areas of the city via Union Avenue, running on a west direction, 18th Street leads PA36 out of Altoona, into the Appalachian Mountains and rural areas. Near the Cambria County line, PA36 has the first of five wrong-way concurrencies with PA53 for block in the hamlet of Ashville, West of the hamlet, PA36 proceeds on a northwest direction into Clearfield County. Between the county line and the village of Mahaffey, PA36 mostly runs parallel on the banks of the Chest Creek. From Mahaffey to McGees Mills, PA36 is overlapped with U. S. Route 219 along the banks of the West Branch Susquehanna River. The highway runs through Indiana County, passing through its far northeastern portion, briefly after entering Jefferson County, PA36 takes a predominantly western course. PA traverses the borough of Punxsutawney as Main and Mahoning Streets while intersecting the Buffalo-Pittsburgh highway and PA436, outside the borough, PA36 intersects another spur, PA536, before taking a more northern alignment. In Brookville, PA36 has a concurrency with U. S. Route 322. North of the overlap, PA36 becomes Allegheny Boulevard while interchanging Interstate 80 at exit 78, north of Brookville, PA36 runs mostly on a northern course. In the northwestern sections of the county, the road intersects PA949 in Sigel, PA36 exits the county running west along the southern tips of the Clarion River in Cook Forest State Park. PA36 enters Clarion County running westward, in the town of Leeper, the route intersects PA66
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Pennsylvania Route 164
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Pennsylvania Route 164 is a 36-mile-long state highway located in Cambria, Blair, Bedford Counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at an interchange with US22 in Munster Township, the eastern terminus is at PA26 near Raystown Lake. PA164 begins at an interchange with US22 in Munster Township, Cambria County, the road runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, turning more to the south. The route heads southwest into agricultural areas, curving south to head into Portage Township, PA164 runs through more farm fields and woods with occasional residences, turning southeast. The road turns south through residential areas before coming to an intersection with PA53, upon splitting from PA53, PA164 heads south on three-lane Main Street, passing homes and narrowing to two lanes as it crosses under a Norfolk Southern railroad line. The route heads into the center of Portage and passes residences and businesses. The road passes more developed areas before crossing back into Portage Township, PA164 continues into forested areas, passing through the communities of Puritan and Martindale. PA164 enters Juniata Township in Blair County and heads east on Johnstown Road, heading from forests into a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, the road heads into more forested areas with some fields as it continues into Freedom Township. Farther east, the route heads through farmland with some homes, here, PA164 comes to an intersection with US220 Business and turns north to join that route on Dunnings Highway, running to the west of an Everett Railroad line. The road heads into areas farther from the railroad tracks before it comes to a ramp that provides access to I-99/US220. At this point, PA164 splits from US220 Business by turning southeast onto an unnamed divided highway. A short distance later, the comes to an intersection with PA36 at which point that route joins PA164. The road narrows into a road with a center left-turn lane and passes over a Hollidaysburg. PA 36/PA164 continues through areas of homes and businesses in McKee, crossing another Hollidaysburg, the road runs through forested areas between Dunnings Mountain to the south and Short Mountain to the north along with the railroad line and the creek, heading into Taylor Township. PA 36/PA164 turns south and passes between the line and woods to the west and the creek and a quarry to the east. At this point, the two routes continues east and cross into Roaring Spring, passing businesses, the road turns south near Nason Hospital, with PA164 splitting from PA136 by heading east onto two-lane East Main Street. Here, the road passes homes as it forms the border between Taylor Township to the north and Roaring Spring to the south, the route fully enters Taylor Township again and becomes an unnamed road, heading southeast into open agricultural areas with occasional residences, passing through East Sharpsburg. The road passes more farmland as it heads into North Woodbury Township, PA164 heads into Martinsburg and becomes West Allegheny Street, passing homes
29.
Pennsylvania Route 350
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Pennsylvania Route 350 is a 21. 9-mile-long state highway located in Huntingdon, Blair, and Centre Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA45 in Franklin Township, the northern terminus is at PA 53/PA504 in Philipsburg. The road heads through agricultural areas, passing through Graziers Mill. The route continues into Warriors Mark Township and runs through farmland with occasional woods and homes. Here, PA350 intersects PA550, with PA45 Truck turning southwest to follow PA550, the route continues through more agricultural areas before coming to the community of Spring Mount, where it turns west to ascend forested Bald Eagle Mountain. At the summit of the mountain, PA350 enters Snyder Township in Blair County and becomes Seven Stars Road, descending the mountain. The road passes under I-99/US220 and comes to a bridge over a Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad line before passing a few farm fields and coming to a ramp that provides access to I-99/US220. At this point, the route turns north onto an unnamed divided highway, passing through woods. PA350 passes through wooded areas with homes from this point. PA350 heads into Taylor Township in Centre County and becomes Old Tyrone Pike, turning northwest, the road enters Rush Township and turns to the north as South Centre Street, heading north through more rural areas and passing through Summit. The route heads north through forests with occasional development for several miles, PA350 heads into a mix of fields and woods with some residences, becoming the border between Rush Township to the west and Philipsburg to the east. The road turns northwest into areas and fully enters Philipsburg. PA350 splits into a pair as it comes to the square in the center of town, ending at PA53. Past the square, the continues north as part of PA53
30.
Pennsylvania Route 453
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Pennsylvania Route 453 is a 43. 7-mile-long state highway located in Huntingdon, Blair, and Clearfield Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US22 in Water Street, the terminus is at PA879 in Curwensville. The road heads through woods before heading into areas and intersecting the western terminus of PA45. At this point, the route concurrent with PA45 Truck. PA453 enters Tyrone Township in Blair County and turns north through agricultural areas as an unnamed road. The route eventually narrows from four back to two lanes and heading northwest through wooded areas in a cut. The route passes through Birmingham before heading back into Warriors Mark Township, PA453 continues into Snyder Township in Blair County as an unnamed road and passes to the south of a quarry, crossing the Little Juniata River. The road heads to the northeast of the Norfolk Southern railroad line and crosses the river again, at this point, PA45 Truck splits from PA453 by heading northeast on PA550 and PA453 turns west-northwest to cross through a gap in forested Bald Eagle Mountain. The route enters Tyrone and widens into a divided highway as it comes to an interchange with I-99/US220. Past this, PA453 becomes East 11th Street and passes businesses, at this point, the route turns north to form a concurrency with US220 Business on two-lane undivided Pennsylvania Avenue, passing a mix of homes and commercial establishments. PA453 splits from US220 Business by turning west onto West 14th Street, running more of the town and crossing a Nittany. The route turns north onto Lincoln Avenue before turning west onto West 15th Street, PA453 heads back into Snyder Township and heads into forested areas with occasional homes, passing to the southwest of the Tyrone Reservoir. The route winds northwest through dense forests before turning to the west. PA453 enters Gulich Township in Clearfield County and continues west through more forests, the route comes to an intersection with PA253 at which point that route turns northwest to join PA453 on Viola Pike. In the community of Viola, the road intersects PA153, PA 253/PA453 turns north and intersects PA729, at which point it passes between the residential community of Janesville to the west and woodland to the east. The two routes continue north-northeast through more woods with scattered fields, becoming Main Street and heading into Ramey. Here, the road heads northeast past homes, with PA453 splitting from PA253 by turning northwest onto Union Street, PA453 turns north onto Banion Road and heads through wooded areas with some fields and homes. The route comes to the community of Madera and intersects PA53, turning west to join that route on Main Street, PA453 splits from PA53 by turning northwest onto Belsena Road and winding north through dense forests along the west bank of the Clearfield Creek
31.
Pennsylvania Route 550
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Pennsylvania Route 550 is a 36 mile long state highway in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 45 Truck, the northern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 64 in Zion. The road is known as Pennington Road, Halfmoon Valley Road, Centre Line Road, Buffalo Run Road, Water Street, High Street, Bishop Street, and Zion Road. PA550 begins at an intersection with PA45 Truck and PA453 in Snyder Township, Blair County, the route passes through forested areas to the southeast of Bald Eagle Mountain, heading past the residential community of Nealmont. The road heads into Warriors Mark Township in Huntingdon County and becomes Pennington Road, running through wooded areas with fields and development. PA 550/PA45 Truck continues through areas with occasional trees and residences before running through more woodland with some homes. The road heads through a mix of farmland and woods as it comes to the community of Warriors Mark. At this intersection, PA45 Truck turns to the southeast to join PA350 and PA550 becomes Centre Lane, the route turns to the northwest before making a turn to the northeast onto Halfmoon Valley Road, continuing through more rural areas. PA550 enters Halfmoon Township in Centre County and continues northeast through a valley with some residences. The road passes farmland with a few woods and some residential subdivisions as it heads through the communities of Centennial. The route heads into Patton Township and becomes Buffalo Run Road, passing through a mix of farmland, in Buffalo Run, PA550 turns to the east and intersects Atherton Street before passing under I-99/US 220/US322. The road continues through a mix of agricultural and wooded areas with homes, farther northeast, the route runs through more rural areas, passing through the community of Briarly. Upon reaching Fillmore, PA550 crosses into Benner Township and runs through farm fields with occasional areas of residences. The road passes to the north of Bellefonte Airport before heading past housing developments and running through woods, the route heads into Spring Township and becomes West Water Street, passing homes in the community of Bush Addition and turning east. PA550 intersects PA150 and turns northeast to join that route on Willowbank Street, the road becomes South Water Street and passes residences and a few businesses, crossing a Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad line and curving to the north. PA550 splits from PA150 by turning east onto West High Street, the route intersects PA144 west of the Centre County Courthouse and turns south to follow that route along South Allegheny Street. PA550 splits from PA144 by turning east onto East Bishop Street, farther east, the road gains a center left-turn lane and heads into commercial areas. The route becomes two lanes again and the changes to Zion Road as it passes homes and businesses
32.
Pennsylvania Route 764
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Pennsylvania Route 764 is a north–south state highway in Blair County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The route is one of many major thoroughfares in Altoona. South of the city near Duncansville, a suburb and unofficial section of Altoona, the northern terminus is located several miles north of Altoona in Pinecroft, at an interchange with Interstate 99 and U. S. Route 220, at exit 39. PA764 begins interchanging U. S. Route 22, south of downtown Altoona, the junction is composed of two trumpet-style interchanges connecting PA764 with the US22 freeway. However the road itself continues much farther south and north of its designation as Route 764, from there, PA764 is aligned north–south past the southern Altoona suburbs and small hamlets. The route is also parallel west of I-99/US220, upon entering the city, PA764 becomes 6th Avenue. 6th Avenue begins intersecting high street-numbers from the south to lower numbers in the north, approaching the downtown area, PA764 splits into the 6th and 7th Avenue one-way pair upon entering the commercial district of Altoona. 6th Avenue is mostly the boundary between the downtown and Dutch Hill, the two pairs intersect Union Avenue near the heart of the city, around the edge of the downtown. The PA764 one-way couple remain parallel and separate for a distance into the northern portions of Altoona. In the northern section of the city, the two merge and turn right onto Lloyd Street, Lloyd Street turns north to become Walton Avenue. Outside of Altoona, PA764 merges onto U. S. Route 220 Business, even though the route itself turns onto Lloyd Street, the Sixth Avenue Road continues northward. In Pinecroft, PA764 leaves US220 BUS to turn east, a short distance east of the overlap, PA764 terminates an at interchange with I-99/US220, at exit 39. Throughout much of its history, PA764 was U. S. Route 220 north of Altoona, from the 1940s to the 1990s, the designation was in place. Before the bill was passed to form the high, from Duncansville to Altoona, it was designated as Pennsylvania Route 264, the entire route is in Blair County. Roads portal Pennsylvania portal Central PA/MD Roads PA 761-700 Pennsylvania State Route 764 ends
33.
Pennsylvania Route 865
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Pennsylvania Route 865 is a 19. 1-mile-long state highway located in Blair, Cambria, and Clearfield Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at I-99/US220 in Bellwood, the northern terminus is at PA53 in Coalport. PA865 begins at an interchange with I-99/US220 in Antis Township, Blair County, heading west on Old U. S.220, the road runs through wooded areas and crosses Little Juniata River, coming to an intersection with US220 Business. Past this intersection, the route becomes two-lane undivided Campbells Lane and passes homes, here, PA865 becomes East Logan Street and heads west-northwest past residences, turning west and passing over Norfolk Southerns Pittsburgh Line. The route turns northwest onto North Tuckahoe Street and runs past more homes along with a few commercial establishments, the road heads back into Antis Township and continues through rural residential areas, passing through Roots Crossing. PA865 passes a few forested fields before passing Bellwood Reservoir and heading into forested areas. PA865 enters Reade Township in Cambria County and becomes Skyline Drive, continuing north through more forests, the road turns to the southwest and runs through the residential community of Blandburg before heading through more wooded areas with some fields and homes, curving north again. The route passes through Mountaindale and heads northwest, coming to an intersection with PA253 in Glasgow, at this point, PA253 turns northwest to form a concurrency with PA865, passing a few homes. PA253 splits from PA865 by turning east onto Executive Drive, PA865 continues into Beccaria Township in Clearfield County and becomes Heverly Boulevard, heading north through more woods with occasional farm fields. After passing through Utahville, the turns to the west and heads through forested areas. Farther west, PA865 reaches its terminus at an intersection with PA53 on the southern border of Coalport
34.
Pennsylvania Route 866
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Pennsylvania Route 866 is a 22. 4-mile-long state highway located in Bedford and Blair Counties in central Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA36 in Woodbury, the northern terminus is at US22 in Frankstown Township. The road between Martinsburg and Williamsburg is a narrow, notorious stretch of up-and-down dips, PA866 begins at an intersection with PA36 in Woodbury Township, Bedford County, heading northeast on two-lane undivided Curryville Road. The road heads through agricultural areas with some woods. The route crosses into North Woodbury Township in Blair County, where it passes more farmland prior to heading through the residential community of Curryville. From here, PA866 continues through farm fields with some homes. The road heads north-northeast into Martinsburg and becomes South Market Street, passing homes, in the commercial center of town, the route crosses PA164 and becomes North Market Street, heading past more residences. The road enters Huston Township, running through open farmland with occasional homes. Farther north, the passes through the communities of Barbara. Here, PA866 continues through areas with some woods and residences. The road runs through farmland before heading into wooded areas with a few homes. The route heads into Williamsburg and becomes High Street, running north-northeast through residential areas, PA866 passes businesses and turns west-northwest onto West 1st Street, passing more homes. The route forks to the northwest onto Canal Street and passes a few industrial buildings, the road heads back into Woodbury Township and becomes Juniata River Road, heading through woodland with a few residences and running to the southwest of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River. PA866 crosses the river into Catharine Township and runs through forests along the northeast bank of the river. At Point View, the curves to the west and enters Frankstown Township
35.
Pennsylvania Route 867
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Pennsylvania Route 867 is a 12-mile-long state highway located in Bedford and Blair Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA869 in South Woodbury Township, the northern terminus is at PA 36/PA164 in Roaring Spring. PA867 begins at an intersection with PA869 in the community of Brumbaugh in South Woodbury Township, Bedford County, the road heads between forested Dunning Mountain to the west and farms to the east. The route passes more agricultural areas in a valley with occasional homes. In this area, PA867 runs through rural surroundings. Past this intersection, the continues north through more farmland with some woods and residences. PA867 enters Taylor Township in Blair County and runs north-northeast through agricultural areas with woods and homes, the road continues through rural areas before heading into Roaring Spring and becoming Bloomfield Street, heading north past homes. The route turns north onto Main Street and crosses the Hollidaysburg and Roaring Spring Railroad, the two directions of the route merge back together and continue north on Main Street between industrial areas to the west and homes to the east. PA864 crosses back into Taylor Township and heads through wooded areas, Pennsylvania Route 867 Truck is a truck route of PA867 following I-99, PA869, and PA 36/164 until the road ends and begins at PA867. It bypasses a weight-restricted bridge over a tributary of Halter Creek on which trucks on which trucks and combination loads over 36 tons are prohibited
36.
1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
37.
1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
38.
1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
39.
1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
40.
1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
41.
1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
42.
1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
I-99 / US 220
US 22
PA 36
PA 164
PA 350
PA 453
PA 550
PA 764
PA 865
PA 866
PA 867
Blair County, Pennsylvania
