1.
Coutchman, Texas
–
Coutchman is a ghost town in northern Freestone County, Texas, United States, some 4 miles southwest of Streetman off of Texas Farm to Market Road 246, near CR994 and CR995. Coutchman was settled around 1850 and named after local landowner William Coutchman and it had a peak population of about 300 people. Coutchman had a post office from January 1894 to February 1905, in the 1910 census Coutchman was listed as having a population of 100 people. By 1980 there was no listing, the area ceased to have an identity as a separate community later in the 20th century. Coutchman is best known as the birthplace of blues great Blind Lemon Jefferson, handbook of Texas Online article Post offices of Freestone County Hammonds Modern Atlas of the World, C. S. Hammond & Company, New York,1917
2.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
Texas blues
–
Texas blues is a style of blues music. It usually has more jazz- or swing-influences than other blues styles, Texas blues began to appear in the early 1900s among African Americans who worked in oilfields, ranches and lumber camps. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, many moved to cities including Galveston, Houston. It was from these urban centers that a new wave of performers appeared, including slide guitarist. Future bluesmen, such as, Lightnin Hopkins, Lil Son Jackson, T-Bone Walker relocated to Los Angeles to record his most influential work in the 1940s. His swing-influenced backing and lead guitar became an influential part of the electric blues. It was T-Bone Walker, B. B. King once said, I can still hear T-Bone in my mind today, from that first record I heard, ‘Stormy Monday. ’ He was the first electric guitar player I heard on record. He made me so that I knew I just had to go out and get an electric guitar. ”He also influenced Goree Carter, whose Rock Awhile featured an electric guitar style and has been cited as a strong contender for the first rock. Freddie King, an influence on electric blues, was born in Texas. His instrumental number Hide Away, was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton, in the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing, the most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. Clarence Gatemouth Brown Goree Carter Gary Clark, Jr
4.
Blues
–
Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
5.
Gospel music
–
Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
6.
Rock and roll
–
While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
7.
Sharecropping
–
Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. Sharecropping has a history and there are a wide range of different situations. Some are governed by tradition, and others by law, legal contract systems such as the Italian mezzadria, the French métayage, the Spanish mediero, or the Islamic system of muqasat, occur widely. Sharecropping has benefits and costs for both the owners and the tenant and it encourages the cropper to remain on the land, solving the harvest rush problem. At the same time, since the cropper pays in shares of his harvest, owners and croppers share the risks of harvests being large or small and of prices being high or low. Because tenants benefit from larger harvests, they have an incentive to work harder, however, by dividing the working force into many individual workers, large farms no longer benefit from economies of scale. On the whole, sharecropping was not as efficient as the gang agriculture of slave plantations. In the U. S. tenant farmers own their own mules and equipment, and sharecroppers do not, Sharecropping occurred extensively in Scotland, Ireland and colonial Africa, and came into wide use in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era. The South had been devastated by war - planters had ample land, at the same time, most of the former slaves had labor but no money and no land - they rejected the kind of gang labor that typified slavery. A solution was the system focused on cotton, which was the only crop that could generate cash for the croppers, landowners, merchants. Poor white farmers, who previously had done little cotton farming, needed cash as well, jeffery Paige made a distinction between centralized sharecropping found on cotton plantations and the decentralized sharecropping with other crops. The former is characterized by political conservatism and long lasting tenure, tenants are tied to the landlord through the plantation store. Their work is heavily supervised as slave plantations were and this form of tenure tends to be replaced by wage slavery as markets penetrate. Decentralized sharecropping involves virtually no role for the landlord, plots are scattered, peasants manage their own labor, leases are very short which leads to peasant radicalism. This form of tenure becomes more common when markets penetrate, use of the sharecropper system has also been identified in England. It is still used in many poor areas today, notably in Pakistan. It has therefore been seen as an issue of reform in contexts such as the Mexican Revolution. Sharecropping agreements can however be made fairly, as a form of tenant farming or sharefarming that has a variable rental payment, there are three different types of contracts
8.
Streetman, Texas
–
Streetman is a town in Freestone and Navarro counties in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census the population was 247, up from 203 at the 2000 census, Streetman is located in northern Freestone County at 31°52′37″N 96°19′28″W. A largely undeveloped part of the town extends north into Navarro County, Streetman is on Texas State Highway 75, which leads southeast 14 miles to Fairfield, the Freestone County seat. Interstate 45 passes southwest of Streetman, with access from Exits 211 and 213, i-45 leads north 74 miles to Dallas and south 165 miles to Houston. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.48 square miles, of which 0.0039 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 203 people,102 households, the population density was 421.6 people per square mile. There were 128 housing units at a density of 265.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 83. 74% White,14. 78% African American,0. 99% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 43% of the population. 40. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.59. In the town, the population was out with 15. 8% under the age of 18,5. 4% from 18 to 24,26. 1% from 25 to 44,27. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47 years, for every 100 females there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $19,531, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had an income of $31,667 versus $20,313 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,599, about 5. 0% of families and 9. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 19. 6% of those sixty five or over. Streetman is served by the Fairfield Independent School District
9.
1910 United States Census
–
The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
10.
Conscription in the United States
–
The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the countrys first peacetime draft, from 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. The draft was ended when the United States Armed Forces moved to a military force. In colonial times, the Thirteen Colonies used a system for defense. This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns, for long-term operations, conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower. President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812. This proposal was criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire. The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War, the vast majority of troops were volunteers, of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers, about 2% were draftees, and another 6% were substitutes paid by draftees. The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28,1862, Resistance was both widespread and violent, with comparisons made between conscription and slavery. Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place, in the Union, many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment. They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army, although both sides resorted to conscription, the system did not work effectively in either. The Confederate Congress on April 16,1862, passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty-five not legally exempt, it extended the obligation. The U. S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers, quotas were assigned in each state, the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription. Still, men drafted could provide substitutes, and until mid-1864 could even avoid service by paying commutation money, many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted. Families used the provision to select which member should go into the army. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft,117,986 were substitutes, the problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges. Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the government of the Confederacy. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community and these boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions
11.
Dallas
–
Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
12.
1920 United States Census
–
In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
13.
Freestone County, Texas
–
Freestone County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,816, the county was created in 1850 and organized the next year. The farming Kichai band of the Caddoan Mississippian culture dates as far back as 200 BCE in the area, the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1541 resulted in violent encounters. Spanish and French missionaries brought smallpox, measles, malaria, eventually, the Caddo were forced to reservations. The Tawakoni branch of Wichita Indians originated north of Texas, from 1843 onward, the Tawakoni were part of treaties made by both the Republic of Texas and the United States. Tawakoni were also known as Tehuacana. In 1826, empresario David G. Burnet received a grant from the Coahuila y Tejas legislature to settle 300 families, by contracting how many families each grantee could settle, the government sought to have some control over colonization. The threat of Indian hostilities kept most from homesteading in Freestone County until the Treaty of Birds Fort, within three years of the treaty, colonization, primarily from Southern states, had been so successful that the counties surrounding Freestone had already been organized. In 1850 the Texas legislature formed Freestone County from Limestone County, Freestone is a descriptive name referring to the quality of the soil. The county was organized in 1851, of the countys total 1860 population of 6,881, more than half were slaves. Freestone County voted 585–3 in favor of secession from the Union, while the loss of slave labor may have hurt the economy, by Reconstruction, the number of farms doubled. The Houston and Texas Central Railway and the International – Great Northern Railroad skirted the county to the west and south in 1870, the Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway, laid track across the county in 1906, helping the growing economy. It put food on the table during a period when the economy was in a downward slide. In 1969, Texas Utilities Generating Company located a new plant near Fairfield. A dam was built to create Fairfield Lake as a system for the plant. Fairfield Lake State Park was opened to the public in 1972, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 892 square miles, of which 878 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water. Interstate 45 U. S. Highway 79 U. S. Highway 84 U. S, the population density was 20 people per square mile. There were 8,138 housing units at a density of 9 per square mile
14.
Street performance
–
Street performance or busking is the act of performing in public places for gratuities. In many countries the rewards are generally in the form of money but other such as food. Street performance is practiced all over the world by men, women and children, People engaging in this practice are called street performers or buskers. Performances are anything that people find entertaining, the term busking was first noted in the English language around the middle 1860s in Great Britain. The verb to busk, from the word busker, comes from the Spanish root word buscar, the Spanish word buscar in turn evolved from the Indo-European word *bhudh-skō. It was used for many acts, and title of a famous Spanish book about one of them. Today, the word is used in Spanish but mostly relegated for female street sex workers. There have been performances in places for gratuities in every major culture in the world. For many musicians street performance was the most common means of employment before the advent of recording and personal electronics. Prior to that, a person had to any music or entertainment, save for a few mechanical devices such as the barrel organ, the music box. Organ grinders were commonly found busking in the old days, Busking is common among some Romani people, who are called gypsies, a description that is no longer socially acceptable in some societies. Romantic mention of Romani music, dancers and fortune tellers are found in all forms of poetry, prose. The Roma brought the word busking to England by way of their travels along the Mediterranean coast to Spain and the Atlantic Ocean and then up north to England, in medieval France buskers were known by the terms troubadours and jongleurs. In northern France they were known as trouveres, in old German buskers were known as Minnesingers and Spielleute. In obsolete French it evolved to busquer for seek, prowl and was used to describe prostitutes. In Russia buskers are called skomorokh and their first recorded history appears around the 11th century, mariachis, Mexican bands that play a style of music by the same name, frequently busk when they perform while traveling through streets and plazas, as well as in restaurants and bars. Around the mid-19th century Japanese Chindonya started to be using their skills for advertising. Another Japanese street performance form dating from the Edo period is Nankin Tamasudare, in the United States, medicine shows proliferated in the 19th century
15.
East Texas
–
East Texas is a distinct cultural, geographic and ecological area in the U. S. state of Texas. The East Texas Regions includes Tyler, Longview, Marshall, Palestine, Jacksonville, Mount Pleasant, most of the region consists of the Piney Woods ecoregion, and East Texas can sometimes be reduced to include only the Piney Woods. Houston is rarely regarded as a part of East Texas and is closely associated with the Coastal Bend along the Gulf of Mexico. At the fringes, towards Central Texas, the forests expand outward toward sparser trees, outside of the Greater Houston area the average population density is around 18–45 per square mile, with the population density near the Big Thicket dropping below 18 people per sq mi. East Texass population is large and is centered around the Golden Triangle which is Beaumont/Port Arthur/Orange in Southeast Texas. Moving north from the coast, Lufkin and Nacogdoches anchor the center of Deep East Texas. Only eight miles from the Texas border, Shreveport, Louisiana, is considered the economic and cultural center for the Ark-La-Tex, the area where Arkansas, Louisiana, East Texas receives more rainfall,35 to 60 inches, than the rest of Texas. All of East Texas also lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain, local vegetation also varies from north to south with the lower third consisting of the temperate grassland extending from South Texas to South Louisiana. The upper two-thirds of the region dominated by temperate forest known as the Piney Woods, the Piney Woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The Piney Woods thins out as it nears the Gulf of Mexico, west of the Piney Woods are the ranchlands and remnant oak forests of the East Central Texas forests ecoregion. The Sabine River, Trinity River, Neches River, Angelina River and Sulphur River are the rivers in East Texas. The Brazos cuts through the southwest portion of the region while the Red River forms its border with Oklahoma. In East Texas and the rest of the South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called Bayous, bald cypress and Spanish moss are the dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous are Cypress Bayou and Buffalo Bayou, Cypress Bayou surrounds the Big, Little, and Black Cypress rivers around Jefferson. They flow east into Caddo Lake and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim, East Texas is often considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. The predominant cultural influence comes from customs and traditions passed down from European-American and African-American Southerners who settled the region during the mid, african Americans were first brought to the area as enslaved workers for the plantations. These influences are noticeable in the sub-dialect of Texan English that is throughout the region. East Texas did not have the influence of late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants from Germany and Central Europe
16.
Moonshine
–
Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the US Department of Justice, such enforcers of these laws are known by the often derisive nickname of revenooers. The distillation was done at night to avoid discovery, Moonshine was especially important to the Appalachian area. This white whiskey most likely entered the Appalachian region in the late 18th century to early 1800s, scots-Irish immigrants from the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland brought their recipe for their uisce beatha, Gaelic for water of life. The settlers made their whiskey without aging it, and this is the recipe that became traditional in the Appalachian area. As a study of farmers in Cocke County, Tennessee, observes, One horse could haul ten times more value on its back in whiskey than in corn. Moonshiners in Harlan County, Kentucky, like Maggie Bailey, made the whiskey to sell in order to provide for their families, others, like Amos Owens, from Rutherford County, North Carolina and Popcorn Sutton from Maggie Valley, North Carolina sold moonshine to nearby areas. Marvin Popcorn Suttons life was covered in a documentary on the Discovery Channel called Moonshiners, the legendary bootlegger once said that the malt is what makes the basic moonshine recipe work. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in the construction of the still, stills employing automotive radiators as condensers are particularly dangerous, in some cases, glycol, products from antifreeze, can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may lead at the connections to the plumbing. These methods often resulted in blindness or lead poisoning for those consuming tainted liquor and this was an issue during Prohibition when many died from ingesting unhealthy substances. Moonshine can be both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the foreshot—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol, the foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle and this is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. A quick estimate of the strength, or proof, of the distillate is often achieved by shaking a clear container of the distillate. Large bubbles with a short duration indicate a higher alcohol content, a common folk test for the quality of moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a spoon and set it on fire. The theory was that a safe distillate burns with a blue flame, practitioners of this simple test also held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, Lead burns red and makes you dead, although the flame test will show the presence of lead and fusel oils, it will not reveal the presence of methanol, which burns with an invisible flame
17.
Lead Belly
–
Huddie William Ledbetter /ˈhjuːdi/ was an American folk and blues musician notable for his strong vocals, virtuosity on the twelve-string guitar, and the folk standards he introduced. He is best known as Lead Belly, though many releases list him as Leadbelly, he himself wrote it as Lead Belly, which is also the spelling on his tombstone and the spelling used by the Lead Belly Foundation. Lead Belly usually played a guitar, but he also played the piano, mandolin, harmonica, violin. In some of his recordings he sang while clapping his hands or stomping his foot. Lead Bellys songs covered a range, including gospel music, blues about women, liquor, prison life, and racism, and folk songs about cowboys, prison, work, sailors, cattle herding. He also wrote songs about people in the news, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, Jean Harlow, Jack Johnson, Lead Belly was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008. Lead Belly was born Huddie William Ledbetter on the Jeter Plantation near Mooringsport, Louisiana, the 1900 United States Census lists Hudy Ledbetter as 12 years old, born January 1888, and the 1910 and 1930 censuses also give his age as corresponding to a birth in 1888. The 1940 census lists his age as 51, with supplied by wife. However, in April 1942, when Ledbetter filled out his World War II draft registration, he gave his date as January 23,1889. His grave marker bears the date given on his draft registration, Ledbetter was the younger of two children born to Wesley Ledbetter and Sallie Brown. The pronunciation of his name is purported to be HYEW-dee or HUGH-dee and he can be heard pronouncing his name as HUH-dee on the track Boll Weevil, from the Smithsonian Folkways album Lead Belly Sings for Children. His parents had cohabited for several years, but they married on February 26,1888. When Huddie was five years old, the family settled in Bowie County, by 1903, Huddie was already a musicianer, a singer and guitarist of some note. He performed for nearby Shreveport audiences in St. Pauls Bottoms, the 1910 census of Harrison County, Texas, shows Hudy Ledbetter living next door to his parents with his first wife, Aletha Lethe Henderson. Aletha is registered as age 19 and married one year, others say she was 15 when they married in 1908. It was in Texas that Ledbetter received his first instrument, an accordion from his uncle Terrell, by his early twenties, having fathered at least two children, Ledbetter left home to make his living as a guitarist and occasional laborer. Influenced by the sinking of the Titanic in April 1912, Ledbetter wrote the song The Titanic, his first composed on the twelve-string guitar, which later became his signature instrument. Initially played when performing with Blind Lemon Jefferson in and around Dallas, Texas, Johnson had in fact been denied passage on a ship for being black, but it was not the Titanic
18.
Deep Ellum, Dallas
–
Deep Ellum is a neighborhood composed largely of arts and entertainment venues near downtown in East Dallas, Texas. The neighborhood is north of Exposition Park and south of Bryan Place, Deep Ellum developed in the late 19th century as a residential and commercial neighborhood on the east side of downtown Dallas. The area was originally called Deep Elm, but the pronunciation Deep Ellum by early residents led to its current, because of its proximity to the Houston and Texas Central railroad, the area was also referred to as Central Track. As one of Dallas first commercial districts for African-Americans and European immigrants, the district boasts the citys largest collection of commercial storefronts from the early 20th century and includes many individual structures significant in their own right. Robert S. Munger built his first cotton gin factory, the Continental Gin Company, in a series of warehouses along Elm Street. A Dallas Landmark District, the complex was converted to loft apartments in 1997. In 1914, Henry Ford selected Deep Ellum as the site for one of his earliest automobile plants, designed by architect John Graham, who designed many regional facilities for Ford during the early 1900s, the building was constructed as an assembly plant for the famous Ford Model T. The plant remained in location at 2700 Canton Street until the mid-1930s, Adam Hats moved into the four-story brick. The Dallas Landmark was converted to apartments in 1997, giving new life—and adding yet another layer of history to the building. Union Bankers Trust Building, located at 2551 Elm Street, is one of the better known Landmarks in Deep Ellum, the building was Pittmans largest built work. Other Dallas Landmarks within Deep Ellum include The Palace Shop at 2814 Main Street, the 1990s were a high point for Deep Ellum as Dallas liveliest entertainment district. By 1991, Deep Ellum had 57 bars and nightclubs, there were restaurants, tattoo parlors, other diverse retail shops, and an increasing amount of high-rent residential loft space. An interesting success story involved Eduardo Greene, owner of Eduardos Aca y Alla, in the mid-90s, Greene divorced his wife, had a highly publicized sex-change and reopened under her new name, Monicas Aca y Alla. In 2011, the microbrewery Deep Ellum Brewing Company opened in Deep Ellum, DEBC currently distributes its brews to bars across Texas and hosts public tours. At one point, Deep Ellum had become such an attraction that the streets often were blocked off to traffic. It also spawned several events like the Deep Ellum Film Festival, however, weekend nights later found the streets much emptier than did the 1990s. New events such as the CODE events, and Dallas Rock Meetup Group monthly festival, involve multi-venue, on May 2,2001, John Battaglia murdered his daughters Faith and Liberty in his loft in Deep Ellum. For a time, Deep Ellum struggled with a perception of a crime rate that made people reluctant to visit the area
19.
T-Bone Walker
–
In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent and his parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington, taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jeffersons protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs, in 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single Wichita Falls Blues backed with Trinity River Blues. Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, the pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record. Walker married Vida Lee in 1935, the couple had three children, by the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hites orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, in 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long-time stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, Call It Stormy Monday. Other notable songs he recorded during this period were Bobby Sox Blues, throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner, the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott, and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea. He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records, Walkers only record in the next five years was T-Bone Blues, recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955,1956 and 1959 and released by Atlantic Records in 1960. However, several acclaimed albums followed, such as I Want a Little Girl. Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingways music publishing company, Walkers career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died of pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975. Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B. B. King cited hearing Walkers recording of Stormy Monday as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar, Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walkers trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Stormy Monday was a live number of the Allman Brothers Band. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, T-Bone Walker discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs T-Bone Walker at the Internet Movie Database T-Bone Walker at Find a Grave
20.
Sara Martin
–
Sara Martin was an American blues singer, in her time one of the most popular of the classic blues singers. She was billed as The Famous Moanin Mama and The Colored Sophie Tucker and she made many recordings, including a few under the names Margaret Johnson and Sally Roberts. Martin was born in Louisville, Kentucky, and was singing on the African-American vaudeville circuit by 1915 and she began a successful recording career when she was signed by Okeh Records in 1922. Through the 1920s she toured and recorded with such performers as Fats Waller, Clarence Williams, King Oliver and she was among the most-recorded of the classic blues singers. She was possibly the first to record the blues song Taint Nobodys Busness if I Do, with Waller on piano. On stage she was noted for a performing style and for her lavish costumes. In his book Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers, Derrick Stewart-Baxter said of her. she was never a great blues singer. The records she made varied considerably, on many she sounded stilted, occasionally, she did hit a groove and when this happened, she could be quite pleasing, as on her very original Brother Ben. The sides she did with King Oliver can be recommended, particularly Death Sting Me Blues, according to the blues historian Daphne Duval Harrison, Martin tended to use more swinging, danceable rhythms than some of her peers. Martins stage work in the late 1920s took her to New York, Detroit, and Pittsburgh and to Cuba, Jamaica and she made one film appearance, in Hello Bill, with Bill Bojangles Robinson, in 1929. Her last major appearance was in Darktown Scandals Review in 1930. She performed with Thomas A. Dorsey as a singer in 1932, after which she worked outside the music industry. Martin died in Louisville of a stroke in May 1955, black Pearls, Blues Queens of the 1920s. New Brunswick, N. J. and London, Rutgers University Press, aint Nobodys Business if You Do, The Absurdity of Consensual Crimes in Our Free Country. Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers
21.
Lee Morse
–
Lena Corinne Lee Morse was an American jazz and blues singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress. Morses greatest popularity was in the 1920s and early 1930s as a singer, although her career began around 1917. Morse was known for her strong, deep singing voice and vocal range and she possessed a contralto vocal range, and one of her trademarks was her unique style of yodeling. Recording over 200 songs over her career, Morse was one of the most recorded female singers of the 1920s and she was also moderately successful as an actress on the Broadway stage. Her life and career, however, were marred by alcoholism, Morses group the Blue Grass Boys had no relation neither to their later namesake of Bill Monroe nor bluegrass music. In 2014, Morses rendition of If You Want the Rainbow was used in an episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, Morse was born Lena Corinne Taylor in Cove, Oregon, a small town in the Grande Ronde Valley. Some sources list Morses birthplace as Portland, Oregon, though this is disputed by her death certificate and she was the ninth of twelve children of Pleasant John Taylor, a local pastor from Texas, and his wife Olive Higgins Fleming. Morses other siblings included six other brothers, Robert, Davis, Jackson, Ephraim, Ruford, and Paul, two half-sisters, Elinor and Carrie, and two half-brothers, Lemuel and Pleasant. The Taylor family was musical and prior to Lenas birth had toured Idaho by covered wagon as the Taylor Family Concert Company, affording them enough money to purchase a ranch in La Grande, Oregon. After their ranch was foreclosed on, the relocated to the small town of Kooskia, Idaho. She had learned to sing by the time she was three years old by impersonating her brothers, which accounts for her ability to master deeper registers in her vocal range. In 1908 the Taylors moved to Clearwater Valley, three miles east of Kooskia, the family had little money, and father John Taylor spent time as a traveling preacher in Colorado and across Oregon. Lena Taylor would often be heard singing on her way to school, on May 2,1915, Lena married Elmer Morse, a local woodworker from Wallace, Idaho. She gave birth to a son, Jack, the following year, Lena, however, had a desire for a career as a singer and separated from Morse in 1920. Her first professional notice came around 1918, when she performed under the name Mrs. Elmer Morse at a silent movie house. During the next few years she played shows largely in small Pacific Northwestern towns such as Spokane, Washington and Chewelah, Lee Morses family was involved in politics as well as music. In 1920 her father was elected as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, Morse accompanied her father to San Francisco and, while there, performed in a convention at the Hotel St. Francis. As a result, she was noticed by Will King, a vaudeville producer of the day
22.
Honky-tonk
–
A honky-tonk is both a bar that provides country music for the entertainment of its patrons and the style of music played in such establishments. Bars of this kind are common in the South and Southwest United States, many eminent country music artists, such as Jimmie Rodgers, Loretta Lynn, Patsy Cline, Ernest Tubb, and Merle Haggard, began their careers as amateur musicians in honky-tonks. The modern-day, honk-tonk atmosphere has continued, with likes of Dwight Yoakam, the origin of the term honky-tonk is disputed, originally referring to bawdy variety shows in areas of the old West and to the actual theaters showing them. This honky-tonk music was an important influence on the piano style. Before World War II, the industry began to refer to hillbilly music being played from Texas. In the 1950s, honky-tonk entered its age, with the popularity of Webb Pierce, Hank Locklin, Lefty Frizzell, Ray Price, Faron Young, George Jones. The origin of the term honky-tonk is unknown, the Tonk brothers, William and Max, established the Tonk Bros. An early source purporting to explain the derivation of the term was an article published in 1900 by the New York Sun, the article, however, reads more like a humorous urban legend or fable, so its veracity is questionable. Some honky-tonks offered dancing to music played by pianists or small bands, katrina Hazzard-Gordon wrote that the honky-tonk was the first urban manifestation of the jook, and that the name itself became synonymous with a style of music. Related to the blues in tonal structure, honky-tonk has a tempo that is slightly stepped up. It is rhythmically suited for many African-American dance, as Chris Smith and Charles McCarron wrote in their 1916 hit song Down in Honky Tonk Town, Its underneath the ground, where all the fun is found. Although the derivation of the term is unknown, honky tonk originally referred to bawdy variety shows in the West, the earliest mention of them in print refers to them as variety theaters and describe the entertainment as variety shows. The theaters often had a gambling house and always a bar. In recollections long after the closed, writers such as Wyatt Earp. Abbott referred to honky-tonks in the cowtowns of Kansas, Nebraska and their recollections contain lurid accounts of the women and violence accompanying the shows. As late as 1913, Col. Edwin Emerson, a former Rough Rider commander, the Rough Riders were recruited from the ranches of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Territories, so the term was still in popular use during the Spanish–American War. The honky-tonk sound has a rhythm section playing a two-beat rhythm with a crisp backbeat. Steel guitar and fiddle are the dominant instruments, honky-tonk music influenced the boogie-woogie piano style, as indicated by Jelly Roll Mortons 1938 record Honky Tonk Music and Meade Lux Lewiss hit Honky Tonk Train Blues
23.
Phonograph record
–
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
24.
Paramount Records
–
Paramount Records was an American record label known for its recordings of jazz and blues in the 1920s and early 1930s, including such artists as Ma Rainey and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Paramount Records was founded in 1917 by the Wisconsin Chair Company, the labels offices were located in Port Washington, Wisconsin and the pressing plant was in Grafton. The label was managed by Fred Dennett Key, the Wisconsin Chair Company made wooden phonograph cabinets for Edison Records. In 1915 it started making its own phonographs in the name of its subsidiary and it made phonographs under the Vista brand name through the end of the decade, the line failed commercially. In 1918, a line of gramophone records debuted on the Paramount label, advertisements, however, stated, Paramounts are recorded in our own New York laboratory. In its early years, the Paramount label fared only slightly better than the Vista phonograph line, the product had little to distinguish itself. Paramount released pop recordings with average audio quality pressed on average quality shellac, in the early 1920s, Paramount was accumulating debt while producing no profit. Paramount began offering to press records for other companies on a basis at low prices. Paramount was contracted to press discs for Black Swan Records, when the Black Swan company later floundered, Paramount bought out Black Swan and made records by and for African-Americans. These so-called race music records became Paramounts most famous and lucrative business, Paramounts race record series was launched in 1922 with vaudeville blues songs by Lucille Hegamin and Alberta Hunter. The company had a large mail-order operation which was a key to its early success, most of Paramounts race music recordings were arranged by black entrepreneur J. Mayo Williams. Williams did not know at the time that the market had become Paramounts prime business. Problems with low fidelity and poor pressings continued, Blind Lemon Jeffersons 1926 hits, Got the Blues and Long Lonesome Blues, were quickly rerecorded in the superior facilities of Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used the rerecorded version. Both versions were released on compilation albums, in 1927, Ink Williams moved to competitor Okeh Records, taking Blind Lemon Jefferson with him for just one recording, Matchbox Blues. Paramounts recording of the song can be compared with Okehs on compilation albums. In 1929, Paramount was building a new studio in Grafton, so it sent Charley Patton —sent up by Jackson, Mississippi, storeowner H. C. Speir —to the studio of Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, where on June 14 he cut 14 famous sides, as the 12000 race series sold well, Paramounts 20000 popular series floundered. Paramount turned to its label, Broadway Records, which was taken over by Paramount following the collapse of Bridgeport Die & Machine Company in 1924
25.
Blind Blake
–
Arthur Blind Blake was an American blues and ragtime singer and guitarist. He is known for numerous recordings he made for Paramount Records between 1926 and 1932, little else is known about his life. Little is known of Blakes life, promotional materials from Paramount Records indicate he was born blind and give his birthplace as Jacksonville, Florida, and it seems that he lived there during various periods. He seems to have had relatives in Patterson, Georgia, some authors have written that in one recording he slipped into a Geechee or Gullah dialect, suggesting a connection with the Sea Islands. Blind Willie McTell indicated that Blakes real name was Arthur Phelps, in 2011 a group of researchers led by Alex van der Tuuk published various documents regarding Blakes life and death in the journal Blues & Rhythm. One of these documents is his 1934 death certificate, which states he was born in 1896 in Newport News, Virginia, to Winter, nothing else is known of Blake until the 1920s, when he emerged as a recording musician. Blake recorded about 80 tracks for Paramount Records from 1926 to 1932 and he was one of the most accomplished guitarists of his genre and played a diverse range of material. He is best known for his guitar playing, which was comparable in sound. He seems to have lived in Jacksonville and to have gone to Chicago for his sessions, at one point having an apartment at 31st Street. According to van der Tuuk et al. he apparently returned to Florida for the winter, in the 1930s he was reported to be playing in front of a Jacksonville hotel. Blake married Beatrice McGee around 1931, in the following year he made his final recording at the Paramount headquarters, in Grafton, Wisconsin, just before the label went out of business. For decades nothing was known of him after this point, and it was rumored that he met with a violent death, Reverend Gary Davis heard he had been hit by a streetcar in 1934. The research of van der Tuuk et al. suggests that Blake stayed in Wisconsin, living in Milwaukees Brewers Hill neighborhood and he seems not to have found work as a musician. In April 1933 he was hospitalized with pneumonia and never fully recovered, on December 1,1934, after three weeks of decline, Beatrice Blake summoned an ambulance. He suffered a hemorrhage and died on the way to the hospital. The cause of death was listed as pulmonary tuberculosis and he was buried in Glen Oaks Cemetery, in Glendale, Wisconsin. Blakes first recordings were made in 1926, and his records sold well and his first solo record was Early Morning Blues, with West Coast Blues on the B-side. Both are considered excellent examples of his guitar style and were prototypes for the burgeoning Piedmont blues
26.
Ma Rainey
–
Ma Rainey was one of the earliest African American professional blues singers and one of the first generation of blues singers to record. She was billed as the Mother of the Blues and she began performing as a young teenager and became known as Ma Rainey after her marriage to Will Rainey, in 1904. They toured with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels and later formed their own group, Rainey and Rainey and her first recording was made in 1923. In the next five years, she made over 100 recordings, including Bo-Weevil Blues, Moonshine Blues, See See Rider Blues, Black Bottom, Rainey was known for her powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a moaning style of singing. Her powerful voice was never captured on her records, because she recorded exclusively for Paramount. However, her other qualities are present and most evident in her early recordings Bo-Weevil Blues, Rainey recorded with Louis Armstrong, and she toured and recorded with the Georgia Jazz Band. She continued to tour until 1935, when she retired and went to live in her hometown, Pridgett claimed to have been born on April 26,1886, in Columbus, Georgia. However, the 1900 census indicates she was born in September 1882 in Alabama and she was the second of five children of Thomas and Ella Pridgett, from Alabama. She had at least two brothers and a sister, Malissa, with whom Gertrude was later confused by some writers and she began her career as a performer at a talent show in Columbus, Georgia, when she was about 12 to 14 years old. A member of the First African Baptist Church, she began performing in minstrel shows. She later claimed that she was first exposed to music around 1902. In 1910, she was described as Mrs. Gertrude Rainey and she continued with the Rabbits Foot Company after it was taken over by a new owner, F. S. Wolcott, in 1912. Beginning in 1914, the Raineys were billed as Rainey and Rainey, wintering in New Orleans, she met numerous musicians, including Joe King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Pops Foster. As the popularity of blues music increased, she became well known, around this time, she met Bessie Smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name for herself. A story later developed that Rainey kidnapped Smith, forced her join the Rabbits Foot Minstrels, and taught her to sing the blues, from the late 1910s, there was an increasing demand for recordings by black musicians. In 1920, Mamie Smith was the first black woman to be recorded, in 1923, Rainey was discovered by Paramount Records producer J. Mayo Williams. She signed a contract with Paramount, and in December she made her first eight recordings in Chicago, including Bad Luck Blues, Bo-Weevil Blues. She made more than 100 other recordings over the five years
27.
J. Mayo Williams
–
Jay Mayo Ink Williams was a pioneering African-American producer of recorded blues music. Ink Williams earned his nickname by his ability to get the signatures of talented African-American musicians on recording contracts and he was the most successful race records producer of his time, breaking all previous records for sales in this genre. Williams was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, the son of Millie, when he was 7 years old, his father was murdered, and the family returned to his mothers hometown of Monmouth, Illinois, where he grew up. Williams attended Brown University, where he was a track star and he also served in the First World War. During the 1920s, he played football with the Hammond Pros. His playing career lasted until 1926, during that span he played for the Canton Bulldogs, the Dayton Triangles, the Hammond Pros and the Cleveland Bulldogs. But his primary focus at this time was not the gridiron, after graduating in 1921, he moved to Chicago. Although he continued to play football until 1926, his first love was music, and in 1924 he joined Paramount Records, Williams became a talent scout and supervisor of recording sessions in the Chicago area, becoming the most successful blues producer of his time. He recorded Blind Lemon Jefferson, Tampa Red, Thomas A. Dorsey, Ida Cox, Jimmy Blythe, Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver and he also managed a crew of songwriters, including Tiny Parham. In 1927, he left Paramount and started The Chicago Record Company, releasing jazz, blues, Black Patti soon failed, and Williams moved to Brunswick Records and its subsidiary label Vocalion, where he recorded Clarence Pine Top Smith and Leroy Carr, among others. However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, record sales plummeted, Williams was accused by some black musicians of a dicty attitude – that is, acting as though he was a member of the white middle class. His efforts to refine the articulation of rural blues artists and polish their images were often met with hostility, in addition to producing, he also managed some of the many artists he recorded, even sharing ownership of some songs as a co-writer. Williams set up the Chicago Music Publishing Company as publisher for all the titles he recorded, the CMPC collected all royalties generated by the materials it held copyrights on, and was responsible for passing on some of the profits to the composer or performer. However, many artists that Williams recorded, including Blind Blake and Blind Lemon Jefferson. After leaving Decca in 1945, Williams worked freelance and ran several small, from 1945 through 1949, he ran the Harlem label, and the Chicago, Southern, and Ebony label, one of the artists he recorded was the young Muddy Waters. After a period of producing, he reopened the Ebony label in 1952 and kept it going through the early 1970s, recording Lil Armstrong, Bonnie Lee, Oscar Brown. As plans were being initiated to conduct interviews with Williams to gather his life story in 1980, Williams was a member of the National Football Hall of Fame Association. In 2004, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame
28.
Furry Lewis
–
Walter E. Furry Lewis was an American country blues guitarist and songwriter from Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis was one of the first of the blues musicians active in the 1920s to be out of retirement. Lewis was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, many sources give 1893, the date he gave in his later years, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest 1899, based on his 1900 census entry, and other sources suggest 1895 or 1898. His family moved to Memphis when he was seven and he acquired the nickname Furry from childhood playmates. By 1908, he was playing solo at parties, in taverns and he was also invited to play several dates with W. C. In his travels as a musician, he was exposed to a variety of performers, including Bessie Smith, Blind Lemon Jefferson. Like his contemporary Frank Stokes, he tired of traveling. His position as a sweeper for the city of Memphis. Lewis made his first recordings for Vocalion Records in Chicago in 1927, a year later he recorded for Victor Records at the Memphis Auditorium, in a session with the Memphis Jug Band, Jim Jackson, Frank Stokes, and others. He again recorded for Vocalion in Memphis in 1929, the tracks were mostly blues but included two-part versions of Casey Jones and John Henry. He sometimes fingerpicked and sometimes played with a slide and he made many successful records in the late 1920s, including Kassie Jones, Billy Lyons & Stack-O-Lee and Judge Harsh Blues. In 1969, the record producer Terry Manning recorded Lewis in his Fourth Street apartment iin Memphis and these recordings were released in Europe at the time by Barclay Records and again in the early 1990s by Lucky Seven Records in the United States and in 2006 by Universal Records. Joni Mitchells song Furry Sings the Blues, is about her visit to Lewiss apartment, Lewis despised the Mitchell song and demanded she pay him royalties. In 1972 he was the performer in the Memphis Blues Caravan, which included Bukka White, Sleepy John Estes, Clarence Nelson, Hammie Nixon, Memphis Piano Red, Sam Chatmon. He opened twice for the Rolling Stones, performed on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, had a part in a Burt Reynolds movie, Lewis began to lose his eyesight because of cataracts in his final years. He contracted pneumonia in 1981, which led to his death from heart failure in Memphis on September 14 of that year, at the age of 88
29.
Charley Patton
–
Charley Patton, also known as Charlie Patton, was an American Delta blues musician. Considered by many to be the Father of the Delta Blues, he created a body of American music. The musicologist Robert Palmer considered him one of the most important American musicians of the twentieth century, Patton spelled his name Charlie, but many sources, including record labels and his gravestone, use the spelling Charley. Patton was born in Hinds County, Mississippi, near the town of Edwards, most sources say he was born in April 1891, but the years 1881,1885 and 1887 have also been suggested. Pattons parentage and race also are uncertain, biographer John Fahey described Patton as having light skin and Caucasian features. Patton was considered African-American, but because of his light complexion there has been speculation that he was Mexican or Cherokee and it is now generally agreed that Patton was of mixed heritage, with both white and black ancestors, as well as a Cherokee grandmother. In 1897, his family moved 100 miles north to the 10, 000-acre Dockery Plantation, there, Patton developed his musical style, influenced by Henry Sloan, who had a new, unusual style of playing music, which is now considered an early form of the blues. Patton performed at Dockery and nearby plantations and began an association with Willie Brown, tommy Johnson, Fiddlin Joe Martin, Robert Johnson, and Chester Burnett also lived and performed in the area, and Patton served as a mentor to these younger performers. He was popular across the southern United States and performed annually in Chicago, in 1934, unlike most blues musicians of his time, who were often itinerant performers, Patton played scheduled engagements at plantations and taverns. He gained popularity for his showmanship, sometimes playing with the guitar down on his knees, behind his head, Patton settled in Holly Ridge, Mississippi, with his common-law wife and recording partner, Bertha Lee, in 1933. He died on the Heathman-Dedham plantation, near Indianola, on April 28,1934 and his death certificate states that he died of a mitral valve disorder. The death certificate does not mention Bertha Lee, the only informant listed is one Willie Calvin, Pattons death was not reported in the newspapers. A memorial headstone was erected on Pattons grave, paid for by musician John Fogerty through the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund in July 1990, the spelling of Pattons name was dictated by Jim ONeal, who also composed the epitaph. Screamin and Hollerin the Blues, The Worlds of Charley Patton and it also features recordings by many of his friends and associates. The set won three Grammy Awards in 2003, for Best Historical Album, Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package, another collection of Patton recordings, The Definitive Charley Patton, was released by Catfish Records in 2001. Pattons song Pony Blues was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006, the board annually selects recordings that are culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In 2013, Jack Whites Third Man Records teamed up with Document Records to reissue The Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order of Charley Patton, Blind Willie McTell and the Mississippi Sheiks. The marker commemorates the lyrics of Pattons Peavine Blues, which refer to the branch of the Yazoo, the marker notes that riding on the railroad was a common theme of blues songs and was seen as a metaphor for travel and escape
30.
Barbecue Bob
–
Robert Hicks, better known as Barbecue Bob, was an early American Piedmont blues musician. His nickname was derived from his working as a cook in a barbecue restaurant, one of the two extant photographs of him show him playing a guitar and wearing a full-length white apron and cooks hat. Hicks was born in Walnut Grove, Georgia and his parents, Charlie and Mary Hicks, were farmers. He and his brother, Charlie Hicks, together with Curley Weaver, were taught how to play the guitar by Curleys mother, Bob began playing the 6-string guitar but picked up the 12-string guitar after moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1923 or 1924. He became one of the prominent performers of the newly developing Atlanta blues style, in Atlanta, Hicks worked at various jobs, playing music on the side. While working at Tidwells Barbecue in a north Atlanta suburb, he came to the attention of Columbia Records talent scout Dan Hornsby. Hornsby recorded him and used Hickss job to publicize his records, having Hicks pose in chefs whites and hat for publicity photos, before his death in 1931, he married a woman named Claudine and lived off of Hillard Street in Atlanta. During his short career Hicks recorded 68 78-rpm sides and his first, Barbecue Blues, was recorded in March 1927. The record quickly sold 15,000 copies and made him a best-selling artist for Columbias race series, following this initial success, his next release firmly established him in the race market. At his second recording session, in New York City in June 1927, he recorded Mississippi Heavy Water Blues and this song and his other blues releases were popular, and his records sold better than those of other Atlanta blues musicians. With his brother Charley Lincoln he recorded It Wont Be Long Now, in April 1928, Hicks recorded two sides with the singer Nellie Florence, whom he had known since childhood, and also produced Mississippi Low Levee Blues, a sequel to Mississippi Heavy Water Blues. In April 1930, he recorded We Sure Got Hard Times Now, Barbecue Bob also recorded as a member of the Georgia Cotton Pickers in December 1930, a group consisting of Bob and the guitarist Curley Weaver and harmonica player Buddy Moss. As a group they recorded a handful of sides, including their adaptation of Blind Blakes Diddie Wa Diddie, Hicks died in Lithonia, Georgia, of a combination of tuberculosis and pneumonia brought on by influenza, at the age of 29, on October 21,1931. His recording of Mississippi Heavy Water Blues was apparently played at his graveside before the burial, Hicks developed a flailing or frailing style of guitar playing more often associated with the traditional clawhammer banjo. He regularly used a bottleneck on his 12-string guitar, playing in a style that relied on an open Spanish tuning. He had a voice, which he embellished with growling and falsetto. Barbecue Bobs Motherless Child Blues was recorded and performed on stage by Eric Clapton, john Fahey attributed his arrangement of Poor Boy a Long Ways from Home to Barbecue Bob in his 1979 Best Of book of tablature. Fahey attributed the song to the fictitious Blind Joe Death, writing that Death learned this from an old Columbia record by Barbecue Bob, which the Death household at one time possessed
31.
Riff
–
In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm
32.
Johnson City, Tennessee
–
Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U. S. state of Tennessee, with most of the city being in Washington County. As of the 2010 census, the population of Johnson City was 63,152, Johnson City is the principal city of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which covers Carter, Unicoi, and Washington counties and had a combined population of 200,966 as of 2013. The MSA is also a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the Tri-Cities region and this CSA is the fifth largest in Tennessee with an estimated 500,538 people in residence. William Bean, traditionally recognized as Tennessees first colonizer, built his cabin along Boones Creek near Johnson City in 1769, in the 1780s, Colonel John Tipton established a farm just outside what is now Johnson City. During the State of Franklin movement, Tipton was a leader of the loyalist faction, in February 1788, an armed engagement took place at Tiptons farm between Tipton and his men and the forces led by John Sevier, the leader of the Franklin faction. Founded in 1856 by Henry Johnson as a station called Johnsons Depot, Johnson City became a major rail hub for the Southeast. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Johnson City served as headquarters for the narrow gauge East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad, both rail systems featured excursion trips through scenic portions of the Blue Ridge Mountains and were engineering marvels of railway construction. The Southern Railway also passes through the city, during the American Civil War, before it was formally incorporated in 1869, the name of the town was briefly changed to Haynesville in honor of Confederate Senator Landon Carter Haynes. Henry Johnsons name was restored following the war, with Johnson elected as the citys first mayor on January 3,1870. The town grew rapidly from 1870 until 1890 as railroad and mining interests flourished, however, the national depression of 1893, which caused many railway failures and a resulting financial panic, halted Johnson Citys boom town momentum. In 1901, the Mountain Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Mountain Home, construction on this 450-acre campus, designed to serve disabled Civil War veterans, was completed in 1903 at a cost of $3 million. Prior to completion of the facility, the value of the entire town was listed at $750,000. The East Tennessee State Normal School was authorized in 1911 and the new campus located directly across from the National Soldiers Home. Johnson City began rapidly growing and became the fifth-largest city in Tennessee by 1930, together with neighboring Bristol, Johnson City was noted as a hotbed for old-time music, it hosted noteworthy Columbia Records recording sessions in 1928 known as the Johnson City Sessions. Native son Fiddlin Charlie Bowman became a recording star via these sessions. The Fountain Square area in downtown featured a host of local, during the 1920s and the Prohibition era, Johnson Citys ties to the bootlegging activity of the Appalachian Mountains earned the city the nickname of Little Chicago. Stories persist that the town was one of distribution centers for Chicago gang boss Al Capone during Prohibition. Capone had a distribution network within the southern United States for alcohol smuggling
33.
Okeh Records
–
Okeh Records was a record label founded by the Otto Heinemann Phonograph Corporation, a phonograph supplier established in 1916, which branched out into phonograph records in 1918. Since 1926, it has been a subsidiary of Columbia Records, today, Okeh is an imprint of Sony Masterworks, a specialty label of Columbia. Okeh was founded by Otto K. E. Heinemann, a German-American manager for the U. S. branch of German-owned Odeon Records, Heinemann formed the name of the record label from his initials, on early disc labels, the name is spelled OkeH. The first discs were vertical cut, in 1919, Okeh switched to the lateral-cut method of sound recording, more commony used for disc records. In that year the parent company was renamed the General Phonograph Corporation. The common 10-inch discs retailed for 75 cents each, the 12-inch discs for $1.25, the companys musical director was Fred Hager, who was also credited under the pseudonym Milo Rega. Okeh produced lines of recordings in German, Czech, Polish, Swedish, some were pressed from masters leased from European labels, others were recorded by Okeh in New York. In 1920, Ralph Peers recordings of the African-American blues singer Mamie Smith were a smash hit for Okeh. The company perceived the significant, little-tapped market for blues and jazz by African-American artists, in 1922, Okeh hired Clarence Williams as director of race recordings for Okehs New York studios, in addition to making recordings under his own name. Okeh then opened a studio in Chicago, the center of jazz in the 1920s. Many classic jazz performances by prominent artists as King Oliver, Lucille Bogan, Sidney Bechet, Hattie McDaniel, Louis Armstrong. As part of the Carl Lindstrom Company, Okeh recordings were distributed by other Lindstrom labels, King Oliver and Bennie Moten recorded for Okeh before moving on to other labels. The 8000 race series is highly prized by collectors, partly because Okeh recorded many blues, in 1926, Okeh was sold to Columbia Records. Columbia and its subsequent parent companies have controlled Okeh since then, the original Mamie Smith recording was in 1920, of Crazy Blues. General Phonograph Corp, Okehs manufacturer, used Smith’s success as the press to cultivate the new found market. Okeh had further prominence in the demographic, as African-American artists such as Sara Martin, Eva Taylor, Shelton Brooks, Esther Bigeou, Okeh started a special 8000 series devoted exclusively to race artists. The success of this series led Okeh to start recording where the music was being performed, the 8000 series, which began in 1921, lasted until late 1934, the final number being 8966. Okeh Records pioneered the practice of recording in 1922
34.
Blind Lemon Jefferson discography
–
This is a comprehensive discography of Blind Lemon Jefferson, who was an East Texas–born and Chicago-based Texas blues musician. He recorded 79 singles from 1925 to 1929, Jefferson was notable among blues musicians of his time for recording both spiritual and secular music, and he recorded both blues and ragtime songs. Document Records 5020,5021,5022,5023. The Complete Recorded Sides, JSP Records JSP7706. Too Late, Too Late Blues, vol
35.
Lightnin' Hopkins
–
Samuel John Lightnin Hopkins was an American country blues singer, songwriter, guitarist, and occasional pianist, from Centerville, Texas. Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 71 on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time, the musicologist Robert Mack McCormick opined that Hopkins is the embodiment of the jazz-and-poetry spirit, representing its ancient form in the single creator whose words and music are one act. Hopkins was born in Centerville, Texas, and as a child, was immersed in the sounds of the blues and he developed a deep appreciation for this music at the age of 8, when he met Blind Lemon Jefferson at a church picnic in Buffalo, Texas. That day, Hopkins felt the blues was in him and he went on to learn from his older cousin, the country blues singer Alger Texas Alexander. Hopkins began accompanying Jefferson on guitar at informal church gatherings, Jefferson reputedly never let anyone play with him except young Hopkins, and Hopkins learned much from Jefferson at these gatherings. In the mid-1930s, Hopkins was sent to Houston County Prison Farm, in the late 1930s, he moved to Houston with Alexander in an unsuccessful attempt to break into the music scene there. By the early 1940s, he was back in Centerville, working as a farm hand, Hopkins took a second shot at Houston in 1946. While singing on Dowling St. in Houstons Third Ward, he was discovered by Lola Anne Cullum from the Los Angeles–based Aladdin Records and she convinced Hopkins to travel to Los Angeles, where he accompanied the pianist Wilson Smith. The duo recorded twelve tracks in their first sessions in 1946, an Aladdin executive decided the pair needed more dynamism in their names and dubbed Hopkins Lightnin and Wilson Thunder. Hopkins recorded more sides for Aladdin in 1947 and he returned to Houston and began recording for Gold Star Records. In the late 1940s and 1950s he rarely performed outside Texas, only traveling to the Midwest and East for recording sessions. It has been estimated that he recorded between eight hundred and a thousand songs in his career and he performed regularly at nightclubs in and around Houston, particularly on Dowling St. where he had been discovered by Aladdin. He recorded the hit records T-Model Blues and Tim Moores Farm at SugarHill Recording Studios in Houston, by the mid- to late 1950s, his prodigious output of high-quality recordings had gained him a following among African Americans and blues aficionados. In 1959, the blues researcher Mack McCormick contacted Hopkins, hoping to bring him to the attention of a broader musical audience engaged in the folk revival, mcCormack presented Hopkins to integrated audiences first in Houston and then in California. He made his debut at Carnegie Hall on October 14,1960, alongside Joan Baez and Pete Seeger, in 1960, he signed with Tradition Records. The recordings which followed included his song Mojo Hand in 1960, in 1968, Hopkins recorded the album Free Form Patterns, backed by the rhythm section of the psychedelic rock band 13th Floor Elevators. He toured extensively in the United States and played a six-city tour of Japan in 1978, Hopkins was Houstons poet-in-residence for 35 years. He recorded more albums than any other bluesman, Hopkins died of esophageal cancer in Houston on January 30,1982, at the age of 69
36.
Matchbox (song)
–
Matchbox is a rockabilly song recorded by Carl Perkins in December 1956. It shares some lyrics with 1920s blues songs by Ma Rainey, Sam Phillips and Sun Records released the song as the B-side to Your True Love. Although only the A-side became a chart hit in 1957. A variety of musicians have recorded the song, including the Beatles, Ma Rainey recorded Lost Wandering Blues in Chicago in March 1924. Paramount Records issued it on the standard ten-inch 78 rpm single, Blues author Paul Oliver stated that both Rainey and Jefferson may have absorbed from traditional usage. Jefferson recorded the song more in April 1927 for Paramount Records. After recording Your True Love at Sun Records studio, Carl Perkinss father Buck suggested that he write a song based on snatches of lyrics that he remembered, Buck knew only a few lines from the song from the recordings by Jefferson or the Shelton Brothers. As Perkins sang the few words his father had suggested, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl began picking out a melody on the guitar and improvised lyrics. The Sun recording on December 4,1956 was produced by Sam Phillips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Perkins maintained that he had never heard Jeffersons song when he recorded Matchbox. The songs are musically, thematically, and lyrically totally different, Jeffersons song is about a mean spirited woman, Perkins is about a lovelorn poor boy with limited prospects. The impromptu group formed at this jam session known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Carl Perkins performed the song on ABC-TVs Ozark Jubilee on February 2,1957, Perkins and his band also performed the song on the syndicated TV show Ranch Party hosted by Tex Ritter in 1957. There was also an ad for the release of the Sun single in Billboard magazine. The song was published and copyrighted in 1957 in the US with words and music by Carl Lee Perkins by Knox Music/Hill and their then-drummer, Pete Best, performed the lead vocals. The only known recording of the song featuring Best singing the song is a live recording. In 1962, John Lennon sang the song during a performance at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany, a recording of this exists and was included on Live. at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany,1962. The next year, the Beatles performed Matchbox with Ringo Starr on lead vocals for their BBC radio show, Starr also sang lead vocals when it was recorded in 1964. There are suggestions that Perkins may have been present in the studio at that time, as was usually the case, all instruments on the song are played by the Beatles themselves, with the exception of the piano, which was played by producer George Martin
37.
The Beatles
–
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
38.
Rockabilly
–
Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating back to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered classic rock, some have also described it as a blend of bluegrass with rock and roll. The term rockabilly itself is a portmanteau of rock and hillbilly, other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie woogie, jump blues, and electric blues. An interest in the genre endures even in the 21st century, Rockabilly has left a legacy, spawning a variety of sub-styles and influencing other genres such as punk rock. There was a relationship between blues and country music from the very earliest country recordings in the 1920s. The first nationwide country hit was Wreck of the Old 97, backed with Lonesome Road Blues, during the 1930s and 1940s, two new sounds emerged. Recordings of Willss from the mid 1940s to the early 1950s include two beat jazz rhythms, jazz choruses, and guitar work that preceded early rockabilly recordings, wills is quoted as saying Rock and Roll. Why, man, thats the kind of music weve been playin since 1928. But its just basic rhythm and has gone by a lot of different names in my time and its the same, whether you just follow a drum beat like in Africa or surround it with a lot of instruments. The Maddox Brothers and Rose were at the edge of rockabilly with the slapped bass that Fred Maddox had developed. Maddox said, Youve got to have somethin they can tap their foot, or dance to, after World War II the band shifted into higher gear leaning more toward a whimsical honky-tonk feel, with a heavy, manic bottom end - the slap bass of Fred Maddox. They played hillbilly music but it sounded real hot and they played real loud for that time, too. The Maddoxes were also known for their antics and stuff. I mean it just wasnt us up there pickin and singing, there was something going on all the time. The demonstrative Maddoxes, helped release white bodies from traditional motions of decorum, more and more younger white artists began to behave on stage like the lively Maddoxes. Others believe that they were not only at the leading edge, Bill Monroe is known as the Father of Bluegrass, a specific style of country music. Many of his songs were in form, while others took the form of folk ballads, parlor songs. Bluegrass was a staple of music in the early 1950s
39.
Carl Perkins
–
Carl Lee Perkins was an American singer-songwriter who recorded most notably at the Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, beginning in 1954. His best-known song is Blue Suede Shoes, according to Charlie Daniels, Carl Perkins songs personified the rockabilly era, and Carl Perkins sound personifies the rockabilly sound more so than anybody involved in it, because he never changed. Perkins songs were recorded by artists as influential as Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Johnny Cash, Paul McCartney claimed that if there were no Carl Perkins, there would be no Beatles. Called the King of Rockabilly, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and he also received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award. Perkins was born near Tiptonville, Tennessee, the son of sharecroppers, Buck. He grew up hearing Southern gospel music sung by friends in church. During spring and autumn, school days would be followed by a few hours of work in the fields, in the summer, workdays were 12 to 14 hours, from can to cant. Perkins and his brother Jay together would earn 50 cents a day, All his family members worked, so there was enough money for beans and potatoes, tobacco for Perkinss father, and occasionally the luxury of a five-cent bag of hard candy. On Saturday nights Perkins would listen to the Grand Ole Opry on his fathers radio, Roy Acuffs broadcasts inspired him to ask his parents for a guitar. Since they could not afford one, his father made one from a cigar box, finally, a neighbor in hard times offered to sell his dented and scratched Gene Autry model guitar with its worn-out strings. Buck Perkins bought it for his son for a couple of dollars, Perkins taught himself parts of Acuffs Great Speckled Bird and The Wabash Cannonball, having heard them played on the Opry. He also cited Bill Monroes fast playing and vocals as an early influence, Perkins learned more about the guitar from John Westbrook, an African American field worker in his sixties. Uncle John, as Perkins called him, played blues and gospel music on an old acoustic guitar, Westbrook advised Perkins to Get down close to it. You can feel it travel down the strangs, come through your head, Perkins could not afford new strings, and when they broke he had to retie them. The knots cut his fingers when he would slide to another note, so he began bending the notes, Perkins was recruited to be a member of the Lake County Fourth Grade Marching Band. Since his family was too poor to afford them, Lee McCutcheon, the woman in charge of the band, gave him a new shirt, cotton pants, a white band cap. In January 1947, the Perkins family moved from Lake County, Tennessee, to Madison County, a new radio that ran on house current rather than a battery, and the closeness to Memphis exposed Perkins to a greater variety of music. At age fourteen, using the I-IV-V chord progression common in music of the day, he wrote a song that came to be known around Jackson as Let Me Take You to the Movie
