1.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Arcade (architecture)
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An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter-thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians, the walkway may be lined with stores. A blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall, blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that was taken into Gothic architecture. European shopping malls generally resemble the bazaars and souks of Asia, the word arcade comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’. One of the earliest examples of a European shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, the Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans, twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products, Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade. Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets, during the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe. An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and it was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets. A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings, shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration. Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments and sometimes brothels. S. W, australia Great Gostiny Dvor St. Petersburg, Russia The Passage St
4.
Melbourne City Centre
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Melbourne City Centre is an area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the area in which Melbourne was established in 1835, by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner, today it comprises the two oldest areas of Melbourne, the Hoddle Grid and Queen Victoria Market, as well as sections of the redeveloped areas of Docklands and Southbank/Wharf. It is not to be confused with the local government area of the City of Melbourne. The City Centre is home to five of the six tallest buildings in Australia. In recent times, it has placed alongside New York City and Berlin as one of the worlds great street art meccas. He sailed across Bass Strait, into the bay of Port Phillip, the last sentence of Batmans journal entry on this day became famous as the founding charter of the settlement. So the boat went up the large river, and, I am glad to state about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village, upon returning to Van Diemens Land, Batmans treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, under the Proclamation of Governor Bourke in August 1835. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of terra nullius, that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land. It therefore voided any contracts or treaties made without the consent of the government, at the same time, the Port Phillip Association had also funded a second expedition, which sailed from Launceston aboard the Rebecca. The settlement party aboard the Enterprize entered the Yarra River, and anchored close to the chosen by Batman. The party went ashore the following day and landed their stores, livestock, Batman was dismayed to discover the settlers of the Enterprize had established a settlement in the area and informed the settlers that they were trespassing on the Associations land. However, according to the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, both the parties were in fact trespassing on Crown land, when Fawkner arrived in October, and following tense arguments between the two parties, negotiation were made for land to be shared equally. As Fawkner had arrived after the two parties, he was aware of the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, which had gained approval from the Colonial Office in October and he knew that cooperation would be vital if the settlement was to continue to exist fait accompli. Land was then divided, and the settlement existed peacefully, and it was referred to by a number of names, including, Batmania and Bearbrass of which the latter was agreed upon by Batman and Fawkner. Fawkner assumed a role in the establishment of Bearbrass, which, by early 1836. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Charles Grant, recognised the settlements fait accompli that same year, Batman and the Port Phillip Association were compensated £7,000 for the land. And, in March 1837, it was officially renamed Melbourne by Governor Bourke in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, the City Centre is bordered by Spencer Street to the west and extends north as far as Grattan Street which borders Carlton
5.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
6.
Collins Street, Melbourne
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Collins Street is a major street in the centre of Melbourne, Victoria in Australia. It is known for its grand Victorian architecture, prestigious boutiques, as laid out by the surveyor Robert Hoddle, it was exactly one mile in length and one and half chains wide. He subsequently became the first governor of the colony of Van Diemens Land, later to become the state of Tasmania. At the western end of the street was Batmans Hill, named for the Tasmanian adventurer and grazier John Batman, who built a house at the base in April 1836, where he lived until his death in 1839. The first major improvements were carried out in the mid-1850s, including bluestone curbs and gutters. The first street trees were elms, planted in 1875, a cable tram line was laid in 1886 and was operational until 1930 when it was electrified. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the top end of Collins Street was dominated by the rooms of medical professionals, the prestigious Melbourne Club was a dominant cultural presence after its founding in 1838. Collins Street was also the location of Grosvenor Chambers which was Australias first custom designed studio complex, while some examples of boom style architecture survive, the grandest examples were lost to the wreckers ball. Many of the destroyed in this era were documented by architectural photographer Mark Strizic. One of the most popular public art statues in Melbourne, Larry La Trobe created by artist Pamela Irving and it has since been extended further west to create an intersection between Bourke Street and Collins Streets, two of Melbournes most important streets. As Melbournes commercial and former shopping centre, Collins Street possesses some of Melbournes best examples of Victorian architecture, large churches include the Collins Street Baptist Church, the St Michaels Uniting Church and the Scots Presbyterian Church. Towards the financial end are some examples of high Victorian gothic architecture or Cathedrals of Commerce. The old Commonwealth Bank of Australia Banking domed Chamber exists within the post modern 333 Collins Street tower and it was designed by Lloyd Tayler and Alfred Dunn and built in 1891. The Bank of New South Wales Melbourne building, completed in 1857, when the building was demolished in 1935, the facade was transplanted to the University of Melbourne in Parkville to become the then Commerce Building. It is now retained on the facade of the new building being constructed for the Faculty of Architecture, major shopping centres include Collins Place, Block Arcade, Georges on Collins, St. Collins Lane, Collins 234, and Centreway. Two theatres, the Athenaeum and Regent theatres, are located on Collins Street. These theatres host Australian and international productions and live throughout the year. The Melbourne Club, a private social club estbablished in the 19th century is located in renaissance revival style buildings designed by Leonard Terry
7.
Elizabeth Street, Melbourne
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Elizabeth Street is one of the main streets in the central business district of Melbourne, Australia, part of the Hoddle Grid laid out in 1837. It is presumed to have named in honour of governor Richard Bourkes wife. The street is famous as a shopping precinct, particularly for motorcycles. It is also connected with key shopping and tourist destinations such as Bourke Street Mall, Melbournes GPO, Melbourne Central Shopping Centre, the street runs roughly north-south in-between Queen Street and Swanston Street. At the southern end the street terminates at Flinders Street Station, whilst the northern end terminates at Grattan Street, Haymarket connects Elizabeth Street to Peel Street towards the south-west, Flemington Road to the north-west, Royal Parade to the north and Grattan Street to the East. This complex, high-traffic roundabout is further complicated by trams travelling through it on varying routes, traffic lights were installed on the roundabout in 2011 to limit the dangerous complexity of the intersection, it having previously functioned as a normal roundabout. Elizabeth Street is the lowest point in the Melbourne central business district, the street was built on top of a historic natural creek and has suffered numerous floods in Melbournes history. Flash flooding south towards the Yarra River occurred in 1882,1972, the Elizabeth Street drain runs from Carlton in the north to the Yarra River in the south, carrying stormwater from the inner northern suburbs and city centre. This drain is a significant source of pollutants entering the lower Yarra, Elizabeth Street is home to many historically important buildings, modern structures and works of art. These various works are listed on both the Victorian Heritage Register and National Trust of Australia, the street has been the home of motorbike retailing in inner Melbourne since 1903, the longest-existing such area in the world. As well as Flinders Street Station at the end, the western exit of Melbourne Central railway station is located at the intersection of Latrobe. A number of services run along the street, including route 19 trams to Coburg North, route 59 trams to Airport West. Australian Roads portal Media related to Elizabeth Street at Wikimedia Commons Elizabeth Street in flood,1882 State Library Victoria, Elizabeth Street in flood,1862 State Library Victoria, accessed 23 March 2015
8.
Block Place, Melbourne
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Block Place is a street in Melbourne. It is a short, narrow covered laneway, running south from Little Collins Street between Swanston Street and Elizabeth Street in the central business district of Melbourne. Cafe Segovia is one of a lunch destination and a popular record store is located in underground basements. The lane joins with the heritage Block Arcade, a 19th-century covered shopping arcade, Block Arcade and Block Place form a T-shape running from Little Collins Street through to Collins Street and Elizabeth Street. Royal Arcade is just across Little Collins and connects through to Bourke Street
9.
Little Collins Street, Melbourne
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Little Collins Street is a minor street in the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The street runs parallel to and to the north of Collins Street, the street has many boutique shops and bars in lanes at the Paris End and offices towards the Docklands end. Howey Place, Royal Arcade and The Causeway are notable arcades, Little Collins Street runs roughly from east to west and it bisects the CBD along its long axis. Little Collins Street runs between the parallel Collins Street and Bourke Street streets, the street has some notable buildings, including the CH2, Victoria Hotel, City of Melbourne buildings and ANZ World Headquarters. On the corner of Little Collins Street and King Street is the citys first and only school, Melbourne City School, at the western end is Bank Place, a significant old lane which provides pedestrian access to Collins Street between Queen Street and William Street. The block between Queen Street and William Street has a number of weekday cafes. The section between Swanston Street and Elizabeth Street adjoins several lanes and arcades, with an array of shops. Australian Jewellery Designer, Stefano Canturi, has a boutique at the entrance to the historic Royal Arcade, international designers Kenzo, Ted Baker and Escada have flagship stores on Little Collins Street. Also located within this precinct are established and well known cafes and restaurants such as Verve and Il Baccaro, and the new store allmerch, australian Roads portal A Little Collins goes a long way - Article from The Age
10.
Royal Arcade, Melbourne
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The Royal Arcade is an historic shopping arcade in the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria. Opened in 1870, it is the oldest surviving arcade in Australia, known for its elegant light-filled interior, and the large carved mythic figures of Gog and Magog flanking the southern entry. Along with Melbournes other historic arcade, the Block Arcade, it is a tourist icon of Melbourne, the arcade is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. And by the National Trust, and Melbournes Golden Mile heritage walk runs through the arcade, designed by Charles Webb, who won a competition in 1868, the arcade features a high glass roof and rows of arched windows to the storerooms above each shop. In 2002-04 a major refurbishment repaired and restored many historic features, including the recreation the 1894 shopfronts, the arcades main entry faces Bourke Street, and it connects south through to Little Collins Street, with an extension in the centre running west to Elizabeth Street. There is also a connection to the smaller Hub Arcade near the Little Collins Street end, Royal Arcade website Enter the Arcade with Google Street View
11.
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
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The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the worlds oldest shopping malls. Housed within a double arcade in central Milan, the Galleria is named after Victor Emmanuel II. It was designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877, the structure consists of two glass-vaulted arcades intersecting in an octagon covering the street connecting Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Scala. The central octagonal space is topped with a glass dome, the Milanese Galleria was larger in scale than its predecessors and was an important step in the evolution of the modern glazed and enclosed shopping mall, of which it was the direct progenitor. It has inspired the use of the term galleria for many other shopping arcades, on the ground of the central octagonal, there are four mosaics portraying the coat of arms of the three capitals of the Kingdom of Italy plus Milans. Tradition says that if a person spins around three times with a heel on the testicles of the bull from Turin coat of arms this will bring good luck and this practice causes damage to the mosaic, a hole developed on the place of the bulls genitals. The Galleria connects two of Milans most famous landmarks, The Duomo and the Teatro Alla Scala, but the Galleria is a landmark in its own right, the Milan gallery and its roof have been acknowledged as an important reference on 19th-century iron-and-glass architecture by Pevsner and Hitchcock. As one can observe today, the roof consists of four barrel vaults that are crowned with a huge dome. Jorini pointed out the accomplishments of this dome with special regard to the large dimensions, each of the roof parts is topped with a lantern. According to Geist, the Milan gallery and the roof were unprecedented in dimensions by previously built shopping arcades, another difference with already existing passages, was the monumental character of the roof at Milan. Jodice, for example, appreciated the monumental spatial effect of the dome, the construction of the whole Gallery was the result of international collaboration. This especially concerned the roof, the ironwork was produced, transported and installed by the French Atelier Henry Joret, the glass plates were made of flat ribbed glass by Saint-Gobain. The construction technology of the roof employs primary wrought-iron arches in order to support the glazing, by contrast, arcades that were built earlier were smaller and had simpler roofs, the same components were used for both load bearing and glazing purposes. In addition, the roof at Milan was equipped with invisible reinforcements in the supporting walls and this complicated roof is discussed as the unity of four systems that were skillfully combined through characteristic construction details. This construction technology was creative for avoiding visible tie-rods in the spans of the vaults, the historical roof was heavily damaged during World War II. Before that the roof had undergone multiple maintenance interventions, serious problems in the roof were reported in the 1970s and some of them were solved in the 1980s. The roof that we see today has gone through different historic modifications, the Galleria is often nicknamed il salotto di Milano, due to its numerous shops and importance as a common Milanese meeting and dining place. As of 2013, the arcade principally contains luxury retailers selling haute couture, jewelry, books and paintings, as well as restaurants, cafés, and bars
12.
Milan
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Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
13.
Victorian Football League
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The Victorian Football League is the major state-level Australian rules football league in Victoria. The league evolved from the former Victorian Football Association, and has been known by its current name since 1996. The VFA was formed in 1877 and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league, initially serving a primarily administrative function, the VFA premiership served as the top level of club competition in Victoria until 1896. The VFA became the level of club competition from 1897 after its eight strongest clubs seceded to form the VFL. From 1897 until 1995, the VFA remained independent from the VFL as Victorias secondary senior club competition and it presently comprises 14 teams from throughout Victoria, eight of which have a continuous VFA heritage. The Victorian Football Association was founded on 17 May 1877 at the meeting of club secretaries immediately preceding the 1877 season. Decisions were made based on a vote of the Board of Management, the five foundation senior clubs in the Melbourne metropolitan area were Albert-park, Carlton, Hotham, Melbourne and St Kilda. There was no system of promotion and relegation between the senior and junior levels, with it largely at a clubs discretion whether or not it joined the Association as a paying senior member. The affiliation fee for senior clubs was initially set at one guinea, through the first decade of the VFAs existence, the structure of the football season did not change significantly from the informal system which had evolved over previous years. Premierships won under this method are now considered official. Three Ballarat-based clubs – Ballarat, Ballarat Imperial and South Ballarat – were also voting members of the VFA through this time, the two new competitions competed in parallel from their respective 1897 seasons. Because the VFA was independent from the VFL, the VFA had the power to set its own rules, the VFA reduced the number of on-field players from twenty to eighteen in 1897, a move followed by the VFL two years later. The VFA tried reducing the number of players further to 17 in 1908, then to 16 in 1912, the VFA went into recess during World War I, with the 1916 and 1917 seasons cancelled and the 1915 and 1918 seasons shortened. Over first thirty years of the VFAs independence, its relationship with the VFL was, in general, the loss of the VFAs strongest three clubs to the VFL in 1925 firmly cemented the VFA as the second tier competition in the state. Between 1925 and 1929, the addition of outer suburban clubs in Coburg, Camberwell, the relationship with the VFL improved, and a new permit reciprocity agreement was established in 1931. In 1938, the VFA made a rule change by legalising throwing of the football in general play. The change helped to speed up the game, and introduced more run-and-carry play in an era which had previously dominated by a long-kicking style. Additionally, the VFA ended its agreement with the VFL
14.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
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Victorian Heritage Register
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The Victorian Heritage Register lists places of cultural heritage significance to the State of Victoria, Australia. It has statutory weight under the Heritage Act 1995 which establishes Heritage Victoria as the permit authority, Heritage Victoria is part of the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, a department of the Government of Victoria, Australia. Heritage Victoria reports to the Heritage Council who assess nominations to the register, the Minister for Planning is the responsible Minister for Heritage Victoria and the Heritage Act 1995. As of 2013, there were over 2,200 places, delisting of a site requires the intervention of the relevant government minister. All places and objects listed on the register are entitled to a Blue plaque
16.
John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun
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He is best known for his brief and controversial tenure as the first Governor-General of Australia. When he became Governor-General, he was 40 years old and he remains the youngest person to have held office, he is also the shortest-lived. In Australia he is remembered as Lord Hopetoun, Hope was born at South Queensferry, West Lothian in Scotland, the eldest son of the 6th Earl of Hopetoun and Ethelred Anne Hope. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he passed out in 1879 and he later explained the affairs of the family estate, to which I succeeded at 13, seemed to call for my personal attention. Subsequently, he devoted his attentions to managing the more than seventeen thousand hectares of family estate located around the Firth of Forth and he married, in London on 18 October 1886, girl-next-door Hersey Alice Eveleigh-de Moleyns, a Scots-born Irish aristocrat then aged 19. They would have two sons and a daughter, a daughter died in infancy. Their elder son Victor would become Viceroy and Governor-General of India, after having declined the governorship of Madras and the governor-generalship of Australia. In 1883, Hope became Conservative whip in the House of Lords and served as a Lord in Waiting to Queen Victoria from June 1885 to January 1886, from 1887 to 1889 he was also appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1889 he was appointed Governor of Victoria, where he served until 1895 and his appointment came amidst a general stylistic change in colonial governors. Reflecting Britains more flamboyant pride in Empire, Australian colonial governors began to display a new colour, increased interest in Empire had spurred the appearance of young and wealthy aristocrats in place of previous career administrators. Hopetouns time as Governor was in keeping with the emerging style. He rapidly developed a reputation for entertaining and spectacular vice-regal galas. Hopetouns term coincided with a number of serious difficulties being faced by the colonies, the economic boom in the colony was reversed by the Great Crash in 1891, leading to a decade of depression, bank failures, industrial action and political instability. In contrast to the troubles faced during this period by other colonial governors, however, the reality of the 1890s was that colonial governors had lost much of their administrative and political power, instead assuming more figurative and representative roles. Hopetouns term also coincided with the important years of the movement in Victoria. The economic crash and resultant political and social problems laid bare the inefficiencies of the colonial system, Hopetoun was an active supporter of the movement, appearing at numerous banquets and giving speeches in its favour. At one such banquet he even offered to return to Australia as their first governor-general should Federation be implemented, upon leaving the governorship and returning to the United Kingdom in 1895, Hopetoun was a widely popular figure in Victoria and New South Wales. After his return to the United Kingdom he was made a councillor, was appointed Paymaster-General in the Salisbury government from 1895 to 1898
17.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
18.
Squizzy Taylor
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Joseph Theodore Leslie Squizzy Taylor was an Australian gangster from Melbourne. Taylor enjoyed a reputation in 1920s Melbourne. A spiv, described as the Australian equivalent of the American bootleggers, his crimes ranged from pickpocketing, assault and shopbreaking to armed robbery and murder. He also derived income from selling, two-up schools, illegal bookmaking, extortion, prostitution and. Born in Williamstown, Victoria, on 29 June 1888, Taylor was the second youngest child of Benjamin Isaiah Taylor, coachmaker, the family struggled financially and, after the family coachmaking business was sold by creditors in 1893, they moved to the inner-Melbourne working-class suburb of Richmond. With the death of his father in 1901, Taylor began working in the stables of a horse trainer, Taylor soon started to get into trouble with the police and in May 1905 at the age of 16 was arrested for insulting behaviour. He was discharged without conviction by the magistrates, but this was the first of many court appearances. His first criminal conviction was recorded in March 1906 at the age of 17 when he was sentenced to 21 days imprisonment for the theft of a fly front grey Melton cloth overcoat. Although given the name Joseph Leslie Theodore by his parents, Taylor preferred to use the name Leslie, as a youth, Taylor became known by the nickname Squizzy which stayed with him for the rest of his life. Like many nicknames, its origin is not obvious, some people say it comes from the colloquial Australian word squiz and that Taylor squinted because of an ulcerated, droopy left eyelid. Other people attribute the nickname to way that Taylor ran, which they say was in a squizzy motion and his first prison sentence behind him, Taylor became part of a larrikin push that roamed the streets looking for trouble. His early convictions included theft, assault, inciting to resist arrest, offensive language, throwing missiles, under the alias Michael McGee, he was convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment for pickpocketing the watch and chain of an unsuspecting punter at the Ballarat races in January 1908. After his release from prison Taylor continued to pickpocket, regularly moving from one place to another to avoid detection by the police. He was convicted of pickpocketing in Kapunda, South Australia, in January 1911 and under the alias David Donoghue in Christchurch, New Zealand, Taylors first wife was Dolly Gray, although it is unclear whether they were ever legally married. Dolly was more than just a girlfriend and wife—she is believed to have played a role in some of Taylors crimes, such as his schemes to decoy. Arthur Trotter, a traveller from MacRobertsons confectioners, was robbed of £200 and murdered in front of his wife and five-year-old son at his home in Fitzroy, Victoria. Harold Bush Thompson, an associate of Taylors, was arrested and tried for the murder. The police believed that Taylor was Thompsons accomplice in the robbery and murder
19.
Chinatown, Melbourne
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Chinatown in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia is located within the Melbourne city centre, centred at the eastern end of Little Bourke Streeet. It extends between the corners of Swanston and Spring Streets, and consists of laneways, alleys and arcades and it is notable for being the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World and the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere. Chinatown is home to the Chinese Museum, Melbournes Chinatown has a long and illustrious history. It was established during the Victorian gold rush in 1851 when Chinese prospectors came to Australia for the rush in search of gold. In late 1854, the first Chinese lodging houses were created in Little Bourke Street and this particular location was considered convenient for the immigrants, as it was a staging post for new Chinese immigrants as well as supplies en route to the goldfields. The Chinese established themselves as storekeepers, importers, furniture-makers, herbalists and in the fruit and vegetable. Christian churches were built and Chinese political groups and newspapers were subsequently formed, other members of the Chinese community who lived and worked elsewhere used Chinatown to congregate with friends. The area also provided support to new Chinese immigrants. This boom was further enlarged by the re-development, at the request of Chinatown entrepreneur David Neng-Hsiang Wang, the Southern Chinese people were the first Chinese Australians to bring Chinese cuisine to Australia, although recently more Northern Chinese food has become common. Chinese food was the first international cuisine to become popular through the take away food market in Australia, in 2010, the ground floor of the Chinese Museum was remodeled as a visitor centre for Melbournes Chinatown. In 2011, a Memorial statue of Dr Sun Yat-sen was unveiled outside the Museums entrance in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China. The traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance has always ended at this spot, the Chinese New Year is primarily celebrated in Chinatown on the first Sunday of the new Lunar year. It is the original and primary location of Melbournes CNY festival, although the festival has expanded to multiple CBD sites in recent years, including Crown Casino. The Dai Loong Dragon Parade, as well as the main Lion Dances begin at roughly 10am on the Sunday following New Year, the Dragon parade begins and ends at Melbournes Chinese Museum. The Asian food festival is held in Spring and celebrates Asian cuisine with food tasting, stalls, cooking demonstrations. An older community, with back to the 1850s gold rush, is to be found in Bendigo. Chinese Museum, Melbourne Chinese Museum Museum of Chinese Australian History
20.
Docklands, Victoria
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Docklands is an inner-western suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,2 km from Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Melbourne, at the 2011 Census, Docklands had a population of 5,791. Docklands occupies an adjacent to the Melbourne central business district, consisting of land. Contemporary Docklands is the product of an urban renewal project to extend the area of the Melbourne CBD by over a third when completed around 2015. It is now home to several of Melbournes modern landmarks, including Etihad Stadium, from the 1880s, the former swamp west of Melbourne became heavily used as a dock, with an extensive network of wharfs, heavy rail infrastructure and light industry. Docklands Stadium was built in 1996 as a centrepiece to kick-start developer interest in Docklands as a renewal area. Urban renewal began in earnest 2000, with several independent privately developed areas overseen by VicUrban, VicUrban promotes its vision of Docklands as being a major tourist attraction and projected over 20 million visitors a year and a future residential population of over 20,000. A handful of significant buildings were retained, generally due to their association with the areas industrial, most of these heritage buildings are intended for adaptive reuse and integrated with new facilities. Docklands is also the home to a number of water sports, before the foundation of Melbourne, Docklands was a wetlands area consisting of a large salt lake and a giant swamp at the mouth of the Moonee Ponds Creek. It was one of the hunting grounds of the Wurundjeri people. At Melbournes foundation, John Batman set up his home on Batmans Hill at Docklands, however, the rest of the area remained largely unused for decades. The advent of rail infrastructure in the late 1860s saw the Citys industry gradually expand into the area, the plan proposed several gridlike blocks with an ornamental public garden and lake in the shape of the United Kingdom, occupying the site of the salt lake. However, expansion of the westward was abandoned in favour of a northward extension. The dock was lined with wharves and light industry grew around the western rail yards of Spencer Street railway station. During the wars, Victoria Dock was used as the port for naval vessels. By the 1920s, with shipping moved from the Yarra turning basin at Queensbridge, Victoria Dock, Docklands was seen as a large urban blight by the Cain State Government. Property consultants JLW Advisory carried out the first market demand assessment of the site, the size of the Melbourne Docklands area meant that political influences were inescapable. Nevertheless, the Docklands project stayed on the board
21.
Spring Street, Melbourne
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Spring Street is a major street in the central business district of Melbourne, Australia. It runs roughly north-south and is the easternmost street in the original 1837 Hoddle Grid, Spring Street is famous as the traditional seat of the Government of Victoria, as well as being central to many of the states major cultural institutions. The streets name is used as a metonym to refer to the states bureaucracy. Spring Street is also notable for its impressive Victorian architecture, including Melbourne Parliament House, the Old Treasury Building, the Windsor Hotel, the street is thought to be named for Baron Thomas Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Melbourne. An alternate theory is that the name is due to the wattle trees in full bloom during Richard Bourkes visit. The street runs from Flinders Street in the south to Victoria Street, nicholson Street begins as an offshoot of Spring Street slightly south to its intersection with Lonsdale Street. Spring Street has a number of notable buildings and important gardens. The buildings floor plates are in the shape of a shell as it was the Australian Head Office of Royal Dutch Shell, Spring Street forms the western border of the Treasury Gardens. Gordon Reserve, a triangle of parkland featuring heritage listed statues, is also located on Spring Street. Another small Chinese garden, known as the Tianjin Garden, is located at the northern end of Spring Street. It is a symbol of Melbournes close friendship with its city, Tianjin. A number of tram routes run along Spring Street for all or part of its length, including the City Circle Tram, route 48 and route 96. Parliament railway station, connecting to most suburban Melbourne train lines as part of the underground City Loop, lies directly beneath and parallel to Spring Street
22.
Greek Precinct, Melbourne
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The Greek Precinct, Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, is a Greek cultural area centred on the eastern end of Lonsdale Street in the Melbourne city centre. The area runs adjacent to Melbourne Chinatown on Little Bourke Street, according to the 2001 Australian census, Melbourne has the largest Greek Australian population in Australia, and the largest Greek population of any city in the World - outside of Greece. Economic bilateral relations between Australia and Greece are worth over A$140 million, Melbourne is also a sister city to Thessaloniki, Greece’s second-largest city. The Greek Precinct is located between Swanston Street and Russell Street, along Lonsdale Street, in the Melbourne city centre and it is home to many Greek restaurants and Greek cultural shops. Located nearby, on the corner of La Trobe Street and William Street, is the Hellenic Foundation for Cultures centre and the Hellenic Museum of Melbourne. Both the centre and museum are housed in the historic former Melbourne Mint, in March 2009, the Government of Victoria and the City of Melbourne announced that the Greek Precinct would receive a A$3.5 million rejuvenation. The annual Melbourne Antipodes Festival is held on Lonsdale Street over a week in March, the festival is renowned for its Lonsdale Street Glendi - a weekend-long event that is held to coincide with the Greek National Day. Antipodes brings a weekend of Greek culture, food and entertainment to Melbournes historic Greek Precinct, the festival features three stages of free entertainment, childrens rides and activities and over 60 food, drink and craft stalls. The annual Greek Film Festival is held in Melbourne over two weeks in September, and has held since 1990
23.
Little Italy, Melbourne
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Little Italy, Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, is the Little Italy cultural precinct centered of the Italian community of Melbourne, situated on Lygon Street in the inner-Melbourne suburb of Carlton. Lygon Street is home to a concentration of Italian restaurants. Melbourne is also a city to Milan, Italy. The precincts renowned Italian restaurant district occupies a number of blocks between Victoria Street in the South, along Lygon Street, to Elgin Street in the North. Restaurants can also be found along the streets intersecting Lygon Street, towards the Carlton Gardens in the East, the Lygon Street Festa is an annual celebration of Italian culture and cuisine which held in the district in November. Melbourne Lygon Street, Melbourne Carlton, Victoria Italian Australians Little Italy Milan List of restaurant districts and streets Lygon Street Festa
24.
RMIT Melbourne City campus
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The urban City campus of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology is located in the city centre of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. It is sometimes referred to as RMIT City and the RMIT Quarter of the city in the media, the City campus is RMITs original campus and was founded in 1887 as the Working Mens College. The college was established as a night school for the instruction of art, science. Ormond believed that the college was of importance and value to the fast-pace industrialisation of Melbourne during the late 19th century. Subsequently, he campaigned for it to be located in the city centre and his nominated site, on the corner of La Trobe Street and Bowen Street, was donated by the government from land reserved for the colonial Supreme Court. The site was chosen so that the college would benefit from a proximity to the Melbourne Public Library and Art Gallery on the corner of Swanston Street, due to its location in Melbournes former justice precinct, the college originally bordered the Melbourne Gaol, City Watch-House and Supreme Court. As the gaol was progressively decommissioned and demolished, the college expanded over the site –, as a result, the campus occupies an historically significant area of Melbournes city centre. The unprecedented success of the college, and its growth into what is today RMIT, was not considered in planning of the day. Subsequently, the campus developed in an unsystematic manner when land or buildings were able to be acquired – leading to the contiguity of the campus with the city during the 20th century. Today the City campus is the largest of RMITs five campuses – now located across the area of Melbourne. As of 2010, it has a floor area of 307,466 m2 over 68 buildings. It is situated over a six city block area of roughly 720,000 m2, to the north of the La Trobe Street-end of Melbournes Hoddle Grid, and is a convergent part of the city centres northern section. The scattered nature of the campus within the city has been likened to the campuses of New York University and the Sorbonne – as by Australian foreign minister Bob Carr for example. It is bounded by La Trobe Street to the south, Lygon Street and Russell Street to the east, Queensberry Street and Victoria Street to the north, Elizabeth Street and Swanston Street to the west. The densest area of the campus, around Swanston Street, is referred to as the RMIT Quarter of the City. The main thoroughfare of the campus is Bowen Street, Bowen Street is closed to public traffic, and encompasses Ellis Court at its southern end and Bowen Terrace at its northern end. It was designed as a pedestrian spine by architect Peter Elliot in 2000, there are no large open spaces on the dense urban campus. However, some pockets of open space exist around Bowen Street, the lawns of the State Library are also popular with students
25.
Southbank, Victoria
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Southbank is an inner urban neighbourhood of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,1 km south of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area are the Cities of Melbourne and Port Phillip, at the 2011 Census, Southbank had a population of 11,235. Its northernmost area is considered part of the Central Business District, Southbank is bordered to the north by the Yarra River, and to the east by St Kilda Road. Southbanks southern and western borders are bounded by Dorcas Street, Kings Way, Southbank was formerly an industrial area and part of South Melbourne. It was transformed into a populated district of high rise apartment and office buildings beginning in the early 1990s. With the exceptions of the precinct along St Kilda Road. Today, Southbank is dominated by high-rise development and it is also one of the most densely populated areas of Melbourne, with a large cluster of apartment towers, including Australias tallest tower measured to its highest floor, the Eureka Tower. Southbank Promenade and Southgate Restaurant and Shopping Precinct, on the bank of the Yarra River. Southgates landmark Ophelia sculpture by Deborah Halpern has been used to represent Melbourne in tourism campaigns, before European settlement, the area now called South Melbourne was a series of low lying swamps inhabited by Aboriginal tribes. The Arts Centre precinct opened in the 1980s on former parkland, the area was the subject of urban renewal in the 1980s and early 1990s. In part, this was aimed at stimulating development in a period when Melbourne was experiencing an economic downturn during the global recession on 1991–92. Denton Corker Marshall designed and oversaw the original Southbank Promenade in 1990, at the eastern end of the area is the Victorian Arts Centre. Since then, the pylon underneath the award winning Southbank Pedestrian Bridge has been utilised and is now home to Ponyfish Island, further buildings including the Esso headquarters were built between 1992 and 1995. Development expanded along the Yarra westward, with the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre in 1996 and Crown Casino in 1997, Clarendon Towers also attracted the owner occupiers. Beginning with Southbank Towers in 1997, Central Equity began a swathe of apartment towers, in 2002 the neighbouring Yarras Edge precinct of the new Melbourne Docklands began to kick off. The arts precinct was extended with the construction of the award winning buildings for the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art in 2002, at around the same time a new headquarters for the State Emergency Service was built. Central Equity apartments are aimed at both the owner occupier and rental market with management provided by Melbourne Inner City Management, an owned subsidiary of Central Equity. With a boom in apartment building and the success of the Melburnian, the 91 floor Eureka Tower was begun in 2002, aimed at being the tallest residential tower in the world and was completed in 2006
26.
South Wharf, Victoria
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South Wharf is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,2 km south-west of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government areas are the Cities of Melbourne and Port Phillip, at the 2011 Census, South Wharf had a population of 66. South Wharf is a inner suburb south west from Melbournes CBD. Gazetted in 2008 and formerly part of the industrial and shipping area of Southbank, South Wharf includes some of Melbournes landmarks, including the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre and the Melbourne Maritime Museum, with its heritage Polly Woodside. South Wharf is also home to apartments, shopping outlet Direct Factory Outlets. A five-storey Victorian warehouse, known as the Tea House, built in 1888, is one of the few buildings survived the redevelopment of the area. South Wharf website South Wharf Association
27.
Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct
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The Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct is a series of sports stadiums and venues, located in Melbourne, Victoria, in Australia. The precinct is situated around 3 km east of the Melbourne city centre, located in suburbs of Melbourne and Jolimont, near East Melbourne, the venues have also previously hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics and 2006 Commonwealth Games. For the 1956 Games, the hosted the track cycling, field hockey, soccer. The precinct comprises three areas, Olympic Park, Melbourne Park and Yarra Park, Olympic and Melbourne Parks are jointly managed, and Yarra Park is managed separately. The precinct is bordered to the north by Wellington Parade, to the east by Punt Road, to the south by the Yarra River, and to the west by Batman Avenue. This zone was known as Olympic Park long before the Olympics were awarded to Melbourne, AAMI Park, the premier purpose-built venue for rectangular field sports, and used for large outdoor stadium concerts. Holden Centre, a facility used by the Collingwood Football Club. Olympic Park Oval, a playing field & running track. Eastern Sportsground - Stadium that hosted the preliminary rounds of the field hockey competition of the 1956 Summer Olympics, afterwards was used for greyhound racing then demolished for the first Collingwood training ground in the precinct and at the end the site was used for the new rectangular stadium. Motordrome -a former speedway and Australian rules football ground, demolished 1951 and replaced by Olympic Park Stadium. Olympic Park Stadium, formerly the venue for track and field. The stadium was superseded for rectangular field sports by AAMI Park in 2011, also used in the past for basketball. Hisense Arena, the venue for basketball and netball, the second largest court for tennis in Melbourne Park. Can be converted to a velodrome for track cycling events. Margaret Court Arena, the third-largest tennis court in Melbourne Park, Melbourne Park Function Centre Melbourne Cricket Ground, the premier venue for cricket and Australian rules football, and occasionally for other high-drawing field sports events. Punt Road Oval, training facility for the Richmond Football Club, demolished 1922 to make way for the Jolimont railyards. The precinct is located adjacent to both the Richmond and Jolimont railway stations, every train servicing the eastern side of Melbourne passes through one of two stations. The precinct is also serviced by three routes from the city centre
28.
University of Melbourne
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The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus is located in Parkville, a suburb north of the Melbourne central business district. Melbourne is a university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university, there are 12 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic, sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty. Amongst Melbournes 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School, the Melbourne Law School, four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from Melbourne. Nine Nobel laureates have been students or faculty, the most of any Australian university, the university was established by Act of Incorporation on 22 January 1853, with power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, laws and music. The act provided for an endowment of £9,000. The original buildings were opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry, held the position until his death in 1880, the inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth resulting from Victorias gold rush. The institution was designed to be an influence at a time of rapid settlement. In 1881, the admission of women was a seen as victory over the conservative ruling council. The universitys 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003, as of May 2009 the university suspended the Bachelor of Music Theatre and Puppetry courses at the college and there were fears they may not return under the new curriculum. New dean Sharman Pretty outlined drastic changes under the plan for the college in early April 2009. As a result, it is now being called into question whether the university have upheld that agreement, staff at the college responded to the changes, claiming the university did not value vocational arts training, and voicing fears over the future of quality training at the VCA. Melbourne University has 12 residential colleges in total, seven of which are located in an arc around the oval at the northern edge of the campus. The other five are located outside of university grounds, the residential colleges aim to provide accommodation and holistic education experience to university students. Several of the earliest campus buildings, such as the Old Quadrangle and Baldwin Spencer buildings, the new Wilson Hall replaced the original building which was destroyed by fire
29.
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
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Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is a Southern Ocean and Antarctic aquarium in central Melbourne, Australia. It is located on the banks of the Yarra River beside and under the Flinders Street Viaduct, the attraction is a Sea Life Centre owned by Merlin Entertainments. The current building was built between February 1998 and December 1999, the building was designed by Peddle Thorp architects to resemble a ship moored to the river, and opened in January 2000. The depth of the building however was designed not to be imposing at street level, at its centre is a world first 2,200, 000-litre oceanarium in the round where the spectators become the spectacle to the marine life swimming around them. Soon after opening, the building had a disease outbreak that resulted in 2 deaths. Those affected had visited the aquarium between 11 and 27 April 2000, a damages action was brought in May 2000, ending in February 2004. On November 28,2008 Melbourne Aquarium officially opened after a significant expansion, also designed by Peddle Thorp, a new entrance was built on the corner of Flinders and King Streets. The expansion features exhibits with king penguins and gentoo penguins, as well as many Antarctic fish, the exhibits also feature real ice and snow to simulate Antarctic conditions, and take visitors on an expedition to Antarctica. The penguins were sourced from Kelly Tarltons Underwater World in New Zealand, in April 2013, Melbourne Aquariums owners, Merlin Entertainments, announced that they would be spending $8 million on the refurbishment of the facilities. As part of the process, the aquarium will be rebranded as a Sea Life Centre, the Aquarium currently has one grey nurse sharks and the program is looking at intra vitro fertilization as a method of breeding. Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is home to the first-ever in-vitro fertilised shark in existence, the brown-banded bamboo shark pup was born on March 3,2014, ending a process which began in September when aquarists collected a semen sample from a shark in Mooloolaba in northeastern Australia. The aquarium is also involved in the rehabilitation of turtles washed down to the cold Victorian waters where they cannot survive, the sea turtles are housed at the aquarium to gain strength, a which point they are taken north to Queensland to be released. Melbourne Aquarium is one of the few worldwide to have bred the locally-endemic weedy seadragon in captivity. Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium formerly had a giant squid exhibit, which has moved to UnderWater World in Queensland. The Aquarium was also home to fish, the Japanese spider crab, jellyfish, blood sucking leeches, horseshoe crabs, poisonous scorpions. Media related to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium at Wikimedia Commons Official website
30.
Arts Centre Melbourne
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It was designed by architect Sir Roy Grounds, the masterplan for the complex was approved in 1960 and construction began in 1973 following some delays. The complex opened in stages, with Hamer Hall opening in 1982, the Arts Centre is located by the Yarra River and along St Kilda Road, one of the citys main thoroughfares, and extends into the Melbourne Arts Precinct. The Arts Centre also hosts a number of Australian and international performances. The Arts Centre is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, the Arts Centre site has long been associated with arts and entertainment and has previously been home to circus, theatre, roller and ice skating, cinema and dance. Coincidentally, as noted in the big top shape, the site was known as Canvas Town during the early years of the Victorian gold rush. After World War II the Victorian government decided that Melbourne needed a cultural centre, after many years of discussion, a master plan was approved in 1960, with Sir Roy Grounds as the chosen architect. Responsibility for the project lay with the committee, established in 1956. For twenty five years the committee was a consistent force in the completion of the complex. Actor and film director George Fairfax, having joined the project in 1972, was appointed the first general manager of the committee and then the trust. As a result, Fairfax played a role in administration of the Arts Centre’s development. Work had begun on the site in 1973, with excavation work not completed until 1977/8. An Academy Award-winning expatriate set designer, John Truscott, was employed to decorate the interiors, during his tenure, Norman Lacy was constantly called on to defend the Victorian Arts Centre Trust and its construction program during some highly charged public debates in the parliament. The Victorian Arts Centre’s management and administration was set up under the Victorian Arts Centre Act 1979 introduced into the Victorian parliament by Norman Lacy, the trustees were appointed by the Governor in Council, on the recommendation of the minister. The result was the development of the Arts Centre management structure during 1981, the Concert Hall opened in November 1982, while substantial work remained to be done on the Theatres site. The rest of the Arts Centre was opened progressively in 1984 and this signified the completion of one of the largest public works projects in Victorian history, which had been undertaken over a period of almost twenty five years. The Arts Centre is unusual in that its theatres and concert hall are built largely underground. Hamer Hall, situated closest to the river, was planned to be almost entirely underground. However, construction problems with the foundations, including water seepage, similarly, budget constraints meant that Grounds design for the Theatres Building, which included a copper-clad spire, were shelved, and a shortened un-clad design was substituted
31.
Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre
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The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre is the name given to two adjacent buildings next to the Yarra River in South Wharf, an inner-city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The venues are owned and operated by the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust, the Melbourne Exhibition Centre Trust was created in August 1994 with the responsibility of overseeing the construction and development of the Melbourne Exhibition Centre. In August 1997, the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust became owner, the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust is also responsible for managing and promoting the use of the Royal Exhibition Building in the Carlton Gardens. As a government-owned trust, The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust is responsible to the Minister for Tourism, the Melbourne Exhibition Centre was opened on 14 February 1996 and is known colloquially as Jeffs Shed after the then Victorian Premier, Jeff Kennett. In 1998 a covered footbridge was erected between the Exhibition and Convention centres, parallel to the Spencer Street Bridge, the building resembles a long shed with separated operable walls. This allows the space to be split from a maximum of 30,000 square metres of 360 metres long by 84 metres wide into a minimum of 3,000 square metre spaces. The single volume with a proportion of length to width of approximately 2.5,1 was chosen, other than the exhibition space, the building also has a basement that is able to hold 1,000 cars. From the main entrance, visitors would be able to see the 450 metres southward vista of the concourse as well as the mezzanine balconies. On the first floor of the pavilion and extending along the mezzanine platform, there are meeting and function rooms which separates the double-height hall. Some have large windows overlooking the exhibition, the Melbourne Exhibition Centre was to be built larger than the Sydney Exhibition Building while still costing the same. The site for the Exhibition Centre was previously the site for Daryl Jackson’s Museum of Victoria, the brief required DCM to work with the partially built concrete structure. Another relation to the Russian Constructivist is the cantilevered structure supported by yellow steel props as well as the metal letters arranged over the top of the entrance. The building consists of two different roof designs which are angled at different directions and this was due to the intention to create two different successful spaces which is the exhibition space and the public space. By this method, the architects manage to create two different environments, one which is an exhibition space and another is the concourse which is open to the public. Due to the brief that required the building to be constructed in an amount of time and save cost. On top of that, the trusses have to be solid in order to provide isolation from one hall to the next. At the same time, in order to reduce the span, and to stiffen them laterally, the two rows of columns that are located in the verandah are intended to give a subtle separation of the interior and exterior of the building. The blades which are located along the concourse are coloured in a series of Francis-Bacon-inspired colours and this serves as a double purpose of punctuating the linear volume and labelling the halls
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Crown Melbourne
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Crown Melbourne is a casino and resort located on the south bank of the Yarra River, in Melbourne, Australia. Crown Casino is a unit of Crown Limited, and the first casino of the now–international Crown brand, initially having opened in 1994 on the north bank of the Yarra, Crown Melbourne relocated and re–opened on the south bank of the Yarra, in 1997. It remains one of the features of the Southbank precinct of the Melbourne central business district. The entire complex has a space of 510,000 m² —the equivalent to 2 city blocks— making it the largest casino complex in the Southern Hemisphere and one of the largest in the world. The complex also hosts four hotels, Crown Towers, Crown Promenade, Crowns casino complex opened in 1997, after moving from a temporary location that opened in 1994 on the north bank of the Yarra. It is one of the features of the Southbank area in the central business district. Children under 18 are permitted into the entertainment and shopping section of complex, the entire complex has a space of 510,000 m², making it the largest casino complex in the Southern Hemisphere and one of the largest in the world. Crown Casino opened in 1994 at the World Trade Centre on the bank of the Yarra River. This location was a temporary, and training, setup while construction of the complex occurred. The Casino complex opened in its planned location at Southbank in 1997. Actress Rachel Griffiths infamously ran through the casino topless on its opening night and it is open 24 hours a day,7 days a week except on Christmas Day, Good Friday and Anzac Day when it is closed from 4 am to midday. It was founded, owned and run by Lloyd Williams until the Packer takeover by PBL in 1999, Crown Casino is the largest casino in the southern hemisphere and has a licence for 500 table games and 2,500 poker machines. There is also Bigwheel, the electronic Vegas Star Roulette and Rapid Baccarat, all lower denomination Blackjack tables only offer a proprietary variant of the game called BlackJack Plus, which has been described as the worst game of Blackjack in Australia. This variation enormously increases the house advantage from around 0. 5% in the higher denomination tables, to around 5%, as well as Three card poker on the main gaming floor, Crown has also offers varieties of poker including Texas Holdem. The Crown Poker Room encompasses a large space in the Crown basement. The Crown is also one of the centres for competitive poker in the Asia-Pacific region. It annually hosts the Aussie Millions, currently the Southern Hemispheres richest poker event, starting in 2013, it became home to the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific, the latest expansion of the World Series of Poker. Crown Casino has 3,500 poker machines on the floor, with values ranging from one cent to one dollar
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Luna Park, Melbourne
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Melbournes Luna Park is a historic amusement park located on the foreshore of Port Phillip Bay in St Kilda, Melbourne, Victoria. It opened on 13 December 1912, with an opening an week later. This was the first of the five Luna Parks that were built in Australia, of which only Melbourne and it opened in 1912, on the 13th of December, and took 2 years to build. The St Kilda park was developed by American showman J D Williams, Williams returned to the US in 1913 to help found First National Films which subsequently became Warner Brothers. The Phillips brothers stayed on and ran the park until their deaths in the 1950s, mr. T. H. Elswick, designed Luna Park, in Melbourne. An artist named Churchill designed the big mouth at the entrance, between the wars, a number of new attractions were made, including Dodgem cars in 1926-7, and in 1934, a Ghost Train. In the 1950s, the park was refurbished, including the addition of The Rotor in 1951, the park remained popular throughout the 1950s, 1960s and into the late 1970s, when some of the earlier attractions began to be replaced by modern mechanical rides. A fire in 1981 destroyed the Giggle Palace, and in the year the River Caves were declared unsafe. In 1989, the Big Dipper was demolished in anticipation of a new roller coaster which never eventuated. The ride was demolished due to safety concerns with its age, following a major derailment, that injured 20 people, on the older rollercoaster. Other historic attractions include the Ghost Train, and the fairytale castle-style Dodgems Building constructed to house the newly patented ride in 1927, the park also includes many modern attractions such as the Crazy Coaster roller-coaster, the Spider, a Ferris wheel, and other mechanical thrill-rides. The park remains popular with children and their parents who have fond memories of the park from their youth. A consortium headed by Melbourne transport magnate Lindsay Fox bought Luna Park in early 2005, pledging to restore it to the glory he remembers from his 1940s youth, spent in nearby Windsor. The parks triangular beachfront site is on government land, bounded by the ODonnell Gardens on one side, across this street is a larger triangle of foreshore crown land known as the Triangle Site, occupied by the grand 1920s Palais Theatre, the 1970s Palace nightclub, and carparking. The City of Port Phillip in consultation with the Victorian State Government ran a tender process in 2007 to restore the Palais Theatre, Lindsay Fox was part of a consortium that submitted a proposal which was unsuccessful. Luna Park as a whole is listed by the Victorian Heritage Register, on 13 December 2012, the theme park celebrated its centenary. In August 2013, it was announced that a new permanent thrill ride will be installed in the coming months, the ride will replace the G-Force and possibly also the space previously occupied by the Metropolis ride. For these reasons, it is regarded as an ACE Coaster Classic, other rides Sky Rider ferris wheel built 1971 Twin Dragon – a Japanese-built Pirate ship type ride Red Baron built 2001 The Ghost Train - a ghost train which retains its 1936 tracks
34.
Colonial Tramcar Restaurant
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The Colonial Tramcar Restaurant is a restaurant which operates from a converted fleet of three vintage W class trams in Melbourne, Australia. Conversion work commenced in 1982 at Preston Workshops, with the drop centre floor raised to give a level floor throughout, two saloons were provided either side of a central kitchen and washroom, one saloon seating 12 while the other seats 24 patrons. It was based at the Metropolitan Transit Authoritys South Melbourne depot, the service started on 2 November 1982 with the single tram, as amendments were required to the Liquor Licence Act to allow for the service of alcohol on a mobile restaurant. The driver and conductor were provided by the MTA while onboard staff are Colonial Tramcar Restaurant employees, two 1948 SW6 class trams,937 and 939, were later added to the fleet in October 1992 and February 1995 respectively. With the closure of South Melbourne depot in February 1997, operation was transferred to Southbank depot, in 2006 the 442 was retired and replaced with a third SW6 class tram 938. In 2011 nos 937 and 939 were withdrawn from service and replaced with 935 and 964, all have distinctive burgundy livery, and can seat 36 passengers each. The restaurant, which has one lunch and two dinner sittings each day, advises booking well in advance, the trams are boarded from the Clarendon Street Junction stop near the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre. They then run on selected standard tram routes through the city and some inner suburbs. The ride in the restaurant tram is generally quite steady, food is precooked in a conventional restaurant with final heating and serving carried out on the tram. The menu provides a choice, as does the wine list. However, unlimited alcohol is included in the fixed, prepaid meal price, on 11 August 201230 diners and three staff had to be evacuated from one of the restaurant tramcars after it caught fire in East Melbourne
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Melbourne Visitor Shuttle
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The Melbourne Visitor Shuttle is a tourist-oriented bus service that operates in the city of Melbourne, Australia. It is operated by Driver Bus Lines on behalf of the City of Melbourne, the bus route encircles the heart of Melbourne City Centre and Carlton in an anti-clockwise direction and has 13 stops near key tourist destinations. The service runs daily at 30 minute intervals between 09,30 and 15,45 and provides a commentary on the city’s attractions. A similar service, on a different route, is provided by the City Circle Tram, by 2000, the idea had evolved to a free shuttle bus service and a fully detailed proposal was presented in November 2005 to the councils Planning & Development Committee. The service commenced operation in March 2006 to coincide with the staging of the 2006 Commonwealth Games under contract by Ventura Bus Lines, the concept and funding of the shuttle service has received some criticism. In mid-2007, the contract for operation of the service was re-tendered and these new units, Custom Coaches bodied Denning Manufacturing chassis, entered service on 20 October. Driver were awarded a five year contract in 2012. Initially the bus service was free, with the City of Melbourne covering the estimated $1.8 million a year to subsidise the service through, media related to Melbourne Visitor Shuttle at Wikimedia Commons
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Melbourne Zoo
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The Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, commonly known as the Melbourne Zoo, contains more than 320 animal species from Australia and around the world. The zoo is 4 kilometres north of the centre of Melbourne and it is accessible via Royal Park station on the Upfield railway line, and is also accessible via tram routes 55 and 19, as well as by bicycle on the Capital City Trail. Bicycles are not allowed inside the zoo itself, the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens is a full institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Melbourne Zoo is Australias oldest zoo and was modeled on London Zoo, the zoo was opened on 6 October 1862 at the Royal Park site of 55-acre on land donated by the City of Melbourne. Before this, animals were housed at the gardens in Melbourne. Initially the zoo was important for the acclimatisation of domestic animals recovering from their trip to Australia. It was only with the appointment of Albert Alexander Cochrane Le Souef in 1870 that more exotic animals were procured for public display, and these evenings allow the public to see some of the nocturnal animals at the zoo in evening guided tours by keepers. One of the most famous exhibits was Queenie the elephant, the zoo is set among flower gardens and picnic areas. Popular exhibits also include the Butterfly House, the great flight aviary, Melbourne Zoo recently obtained three new Asian elephants from Thailand amidst much controversy regarding their safety and well-being. The zoo includes a large section and caters to many school visitors annually. On 15 January 2010 Melbourne Zoo welcomed its first elephant calf and this is the second elephant calf born in Australia, the first being in Sydney in July 2009. Melbourne Zoo new seal enclosure has been completed and was opened in December 2009, Melbourne Zoo commemorated 150 years of operation in 2012 and this was celebrated in an Australian Zoos collectors edition of stamps released by Australia Post in September 2012. Trails of the Elephants, five Asian elephants — male Bong Su and females Mek Kapah, Dokkoon, Kulab, there are two baby elephants, Mali and her half brother Ongard. Butterfly House, a greenhouse-style walk-through exhibit for tropical butterflies, orangutan Sanctuary, Home for the Zoos families of orangutans. Australian Outback, features kangaroos, emus, wombats, koalas, echidnas, lace monitors, great Flight Aviary, a large free-flight aviary dating from the 1930s. Visitors walk along a boardwalk through three different bioregions representing an Australian rainforest, wetlands and bushland, significant species include southern cassowaries, brolga, royal spoonbills, eclectus parrots, and red-tailed black cockatoos. Lion Gorge, Melbourne Zoos male lions live in this exhibit. Adjoining the lion enclosure is an exhibit for African hunting dogs, wild Sea, This $20 million development will provide new exhibits for seals, little penguins, Australian pelicans and fiddler rays
37.
Collins Place
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Collins Place is a shopping and office complex in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Built in 1981, it comprises two buildings and a shopping mall in between. Also located at 35 Collins Street is Sofitel Melbourne on Collins, Collins Place was built in seven stages, taking approximately ten years to complete at a cost of A$270 million. The complex opened in May 1981,35 and 55 Collins Streets office buildings were built in the modern style of the 1980s offices. Both towers were built on a plan at 45 degree angles to the Hoddle Grid. At 35 Collins Street, Sofitel Melbourne on Collins occupies the top 15 floors, in the Collins Place shopping area theres a food court and cinemas. Collins Place, now Exhibition Street List of tallest buildings in Melbourne http, //skyscraperpage. com/diagrams/. cityID=18
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Direct Factory Outlets
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Direct Factory Outlets, abbreviated as DFO, is the name for a no-frills group of discount shopping centres in Australia. They are large-floor warehouse buildings containing partitioned stores where retail outlets sell excess or previous seasons stocks at reduced prices and its model is to find cheap land, build a cheap but air-conditioned shopping mall. The Direct Factory Outlet retail chain is owned by the privately owned Austexx Group, led by David Goldberger, former ACCC chief Graeme Samuel holds a $50 million interest in Austexx through a blind trust. Valued at A$1.5 billion, in early 2010 the business was put up for sale with a number of investment funds expressing interest. In addition the property developer is able to exploit the cost difference between retail and industrial rents, gives outlet centre operators a distinct advantage over traditional shopping centres. A survey by Melbourne newspaper The Age in 2007 found that in all three DFO-owned centres, most shops carried at least some full-price, current-season stock, available at normal shopping centres. By 2008 five legal challenges to DFO developments have made by competing retail developers. The South Wharf centre was under a A$500 million debt, with work on completing the centre stopped after workers placed bans over non-payment, the group of banks appointed insolvency specialists KordaMentha as advisers, with the entire group facing receivership. Negotiations continued until a deal was struck on Thursday 19 August, the ten DFO shopping complexes will then be sold off separately to repay the $1 billion owed to the banks. Originally Fairways Leisure Market, the centre was opened in 1992, in 1997, the centre was purchased by the Austexx Group and was the groups first of eleven DFO shopping centres in Australia. The centre had approximately 45 stores, on 8, 000m2 of land, since opening, the centre has been expanded to 24,715 metres. Tenants were relocated from 15 October 2009 to the new DFO at South Wharf, on 21 February 2017 just before 9am, a Beechcraft Super King Air on a passenger charter flight bound for King Island, Tasmania crashed shortly after takeoff from nearby Essendon Airport. All 5 people aboard the flight were killed, as the shopping centre had not opened yet, only staff were at the centre, all of whom were accounted for. The incident was the worst aviation accident in the State of Victoria in the last 30 years
39.
General Post Office, Melbourne
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General Post Office, Melbourne is a former Post office situated on the corner of Elizabeth and Bourke Streets in Melbournes Central Business District. Originally serving as the General Post Office for Victoria, the building was redeveloped into a Shopping centre in 2004 and is considered an example of adaptive reuse. The location of the post office is used as a point of reference for the measure of distances from the centre of Melbourne. The General Post Office is historically significant as one of the foremost public buildings in Victoria and it facilitated postal communications and letter sorting in the early development of the Colony of Victoria, helping to continue links with Britain and Europe. The stairs and clock tower are city landmarks and have featured in meetings, protests. The building occupies the corner of the Elizabeth and Bourke Street intersection. The design overall expresses classical architecture due to its use of Doric columns in the first level, Ionic columns in the second, the initial building was designed by architect A. E. In 1859 a design competition was held for a new General Post Office building, the competition was won by Crouch and Wilson, however the government of the time courted controversy by selecting the runner-up design to be constructed instead. Architect A. E Johnson designed the building became the General Post Office. The initial plan for the building consisted of two storeys and a modest tower, construction for this design was completed in 1867. The original plan called for the building to extend north to Little Bourke Street. Due to overcrowding of the building, Johnson designed a third storey. This work was supervised by Peter Kerr of the Public Works Department, a Mansard roof was also constructed, giving the building much of its Second French Empire grandeur. The building was the venue for postal and telegraphic conferences in 1892 and 1897 ahead of Federation, in the years that followed the neo-renaissance style building became a great success and a city landmark. There were several proposals for changes and additions to the building. In 1906-7 additions were made to the Elizabeth Street facade consisting of two storeys and a basement constructed by Swanson Bros, in September 2001 a fire severely damaged the interior of the building. Subsequently, the building was restored and remodelled in 2004, in part to the original look, the ceiling was repaired and a lighter shade of paint was chosen, imparting a feeling of light not present in the former design. The objective of the remodelling was to revitalise the precinct by linking its shops to public spaces and pathways, cafes currently populate the outer colonnade, while other boutique shops also feature alongside the main tenant H&M
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Melbourne Central Shopping Centre
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Melbourne Central is a large shopping centre, office, and public transport hub in the city of Melbourne, Australia. The centre features a gross area of 55,100 m2. It is owned by GPT Group, contained underneath the shopping centres massive glass cone sits the Coops Shot Tower which was built on the site in 1888. After last being used in 1961, the tower was retained to become a focal-point of the centre, Williams and the Shot Tower Museum now take up the inside of it. The tower was featured in the opening sequence of the 1997 Jackie Chan film Mr. Nice Guy.2 billion. The original anchor tenant was the Japanese department store Daimaru, who opened their first Australian store over six floors located between the tower and La Trobe Street. Early work on the site commenced in 1971 when land on the side of La Trobe Street was acquired, to enable the cut. By the time registrations closed in March 1984 a total of 28 submissions had been received from developers, the contract was signed soon after but without Essington Limited, who were removed by the State Government after a number of directors were linked to the Nugan Hand Bank. The project was scaled back, with the hotel removed. It was also at this time that Kisho Kurokawa was brought on board as architect, with Hassell and Bates, an anchor tenant was also found, Daimaru signed on due to the involvement of the Japanese Sumitomo Bank on the project. Kumugai abandoned this plan in 2001, selling their share to GPT for $17 million. Daimaru closed their department store in 2002, paying five years rent in return for abandoning their lease commitment which ended in 2016, with half the total retail space empty due to the loss of Daimaru, GPT announced a $195 million plan to renovate the centre in April 2002. The works also compromised access to the adjacent Melbourne Central railway station, removing access to Swanston Street. The renovation took the value of the complex to $1033 million in 2010. In 2010 plans for a second redevelopment were unveiled by GPT, the Melbourne Central Office Tower comprises 57 levels,46 of which are office floors. The tower is owned by GPT Wholesale Office Fund, the tower structure is approximately 210 metres above Elizabeth Street, however with it two 54 metre communications masts, the tower is 246 metres tall. ME Bank and Allianz have signed up to move into the building replacing space currently tenanted by BP and they have taken up building signage rights. The Shot Tower is the point of the shopping centre
41.
Myer
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Myer, is an up market Australian department store chain trading in all Australian states and one of Australias two self-governing territories. Myers primary department store rival is David Jones, Australian model, and Miss Universe 2004, Jennifer Hawkins, is the long-serving face of Myer. The department store also engages a number of personalities as fashion ambassadors. Myers has long been Australias largest department store by revenue and store count and they opened the first Myer store in Bendigo, Victoria in 1900. After prospering, the store opened in 1908. In 1911, Myer purchased the business of Wright and Neil, Drapers, in Bourke Street, Melbourne, near the General Post Office, and a new building was completed and opened in 1914. From this base in Melbourne, Myer built Australias largest chain of department stores, Myer expanded to Lonsdale Street in the 1920s. The Myer Emporium grew with the purchase of the old established businesses of Robertson & Moffat, in 1925, Myer Emporium Ltd was listed on the Melbourne Stock Exchange and the new building on the Lonsdale Street frontage was begun. By 1934, the company had a paid-up capital of nearly £2,500,000. The company was then employing 5300 people with medical and nursing aid for the staff, on the death of Sidney Myer in 1934, leadership of the company fell to Elcon Myer, and on the death of Elcon in 1938, leadership went to their nephew Norman Myer. Norman Myer led the company until his death in 1956, in 1983, Grace Bros. bought Myer NSW, and then in July of that year Myer acquired Grace Bros. Holdings Ltd. The Myer store on Market and Pitt Sts in Sydney became the main Grace Bros. store, in 1984, Myer acquired Boans Ltd, the dominant Western Australian department store chain and embarked on a major redevelopment of its Perth City Store. In 1985 the Myer Emporium merged with GJ Coles & Coy forming Coles Myer Limited, Myer remained a distinct entity within the new corporate structure until it was sold in 2006. In doing so, he ended up replicating the approach of another of Coles Myers chains, the resulting effect included reduced customer visits and reduced units sold per transaction. In 2001, Coles Myer set about to reposition the store to appeal to customers lost in the down market experiment, larger city-centre stores would rank at the top of the grid and smaller regional stores would rank at the bottom of the grid. The grid would affect the merchandise allocated to store, rather than selling the same range of product in downtown Melbourne as in regional Queensland. On 13 February 2004, Grace Bros. stores were rebranded as Myer, in April 2004, Myer re-opened its Bondi Junction, New South Wales, store which replaced a former Grace Bros. store closed in April 2002 to make way for the redevelopment of Westfield Bondi Junction. It was the first Myer store to open in several years and incorporated new features such as white glossy floor tiles, extensive use of glass, and greater use of mannequins
42.
Queen Victoria Market
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The Queen Victoria Market is a major landmark in Melbourne, Australia, and at around seven hectares is the largest open air market in the Southern Hemisphere. The Market is significant to Melbournes culture and heritage and has listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The Market is not named after Queen Victoria, but instead gets its name from its location on the corner of Queen and Victoria Streets, the Queen Victoria Market is the only surviving 19th century market in the Melbourne central business district. There were once three major markets in the Melbourne CBD, but two of them, the Eastern Market and Western Market, both opened before the Queen Victoria, closed in the 1960s. It also forms part of an important collection of surviving Victorian markets which includes the inner suburban Prahran Market, since its conception in 1878, Queen Victoria Market has had a colourful and varied history. The site has been a cemetery, a market and a wholesale fruit. Each of these operations has its own vibrant history, the Western Market was Melbourne’s first official fruit and vegetable market, established a mere 6 years after settlement began. The further development and expansion of Melbourne to the east led to the establishment of the Eastern Market, much more popular than the Western Market, the Eastern Market was heavily frequented by the general public. Its growth over time and public popularity led to the decline of the Western Market, the land on which the Market now exists was once part of the Old Melbourne Cemetery. Between 1837 and 1854, a portion of the land. When the Market was expanded upon the site of the cemetery in 1917,914 bodies were exhumed and re-buried in other cemeteries around Melbourne. Around 9,000 bodies still remain buried below the car park of the Market, the Lower Market was originally set aside in 1857 for a fruit and vegetable market due to over-crowding and congestion at the Eastern Market. However the location was contested due to its proximity to the Old Melbourne Cemetery and it was unpopular with market gardeners who refused to use the space. This resulted in the space becoming a livestock and hay market until 1867 when a brick building was erected on the corner of Elizabeth. Despite spending a time as a Wholesale Meat Market, this building eventually became a retail Meat and Fish Market. In the year of its founding, the Market expanded into wholesale and retail fruit. H & I Sheds still stand in their original positions however G Shed was removed to construct the loading bay for the Meat Hall and J Shed later burnt down only to be replaced with a public plaza. The Elizabeth Street shops were constructed in 1880 following the realignment of Elizabeth Street which also allowed the well-known Meat & Fish Hall façade to be constructed in 1884, the Upper Market - unlike the Lower Market - was not originally reserved as a marketplace
43.
Queen Victoria Village
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Queen Victoria Village, generally known as QV Melbourne or just QV, is a precinct in the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. QV takes its name from the Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne which formerly occupied the site, a womens hospital opened on the site in 1946. The hospital was closed in 1987, and the site was valued at A$63 million in 1987 and it was eventually sold for merely $15 million to property developer David Marriner in 1992. All but three of the pavilions were demolished in the following year. Several options were proposed for the site, including a site for the new Melbourne Museum. One such design post modern architects Edmund & Corrigan included giant Egyptian inspired pyramids to tie the pavilions together into a single piece, carlton Gardens was instead the chosen site for the museum. During the early 1990s, the site was home to a series of failed ventures, including a market, mini golf course. Two of the three buildings remained standing in 1994 were demolished after requests for heritage protection were rejected by then Planning Minister Rob Maclellan.3 million. As the site continued to remain unused and abandoned in the centre of Melbournes business district. After Nauru struggled to pay for the empty block, it was returned to the Melbourne City Council in 1999, grocon was awarded the tender to develop a $600 million urban village on the site. The urban village of QV is a high-density, mixed use precinct containing retail, business and its different components were designed by several architects, Denton Corker Marshall, Lyons, John Wardle, McBride Charles Ryan and KTA. The site is split into four main structures, named QV1 through QV4 and these new laneways are named for figures in medicine, Jane Bell Lane, Albert Coates Lane, Artemis Lane, and Red Cape Lane. At the centre of the site is a public square. QV began to open progressively from late 2003, and is now complete, the Queen Victoria Womens centre was officially opened in 1997 and refurbished in 2005. The Queen Victoria Women’s Centre offers four venue spaces in the setting in the heritage building. The venues hold celebratory events, seminars, workshops, exhibitions, board meetings, the building is also home to a range of not for profit women’s organisations that offer a range of support and information services to women. The skyscraper located on the corner of Lonsdale and Russell Streets houses offices of Telstra, GHD, Accenture, sensis also has its offices at QV, in the building at the corner of Lonsdale and Swanston Streets, and the building immediately north of this. These two buildings are linked by two bridges spanning Albert Coates Lane, there is a very diverse mix of retailers at QV
44.
Australian Centre for Contemporary Art
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The Australian Centre For Contemporary Art is a leading contemporary art gallery in Melbourne, Australia. The gallery is located on Sturt Street in the Melbourne Arts Precinct, designed by Wood Marsh Architects, the building was completed in 2002. The project incorporates Chunky Move, ACCA and the Playbox Theatre Company, in December 2015, Max Delany was announced as the new Artistic Director of ACCA, replacing the outgoing Artistic Director Juliana Engberg. The building also includes two rehearsal studios and a facilities for dance company Chunky Move as well as a large set construction facility for the Playbox Theatre Company. The design references the European model of the Kunsthalle, acting as a shell for the display of art. In its first decade, ACCA had already commissioned over 200 new works by both Australian and International Artists, every year ACCA commissions six or seven new Australian artists for exhibition. ACCA also presents many thematic exhibitions, as well as public art through such as the Big Wall project. Following the completion of construction, the infamous sculpture Vault by Ron Robertson-Swann was relocated to the buildings forecourt, • Institutional Architecture Award,2003 • National Awards 2003 ACCA website
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Australian Centre for the Moving Image
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The Australian Centre for the Moving Image is Australias only national museum of film, video games, digital culture and art – situated at the heart of Melbourne in Federation Square. During the 2013-14 financial year,1.3 million people visited ACMI, ACMI started life as the State Film Centre of Victoria in 1946. In the 1950s, the State Film Centre was involved in producing a number of projects for television and it also played a role as an archive of Australian films, such as The Sentimental Bloke and On Our Selection. During the 1960s, the State Film Centre provided advice on film treatments, production, scripts, in 1969, the centre assumed management of the newly constructed State Film Theatre, providing a facility for exhibiting material not screened in commercial cinemas. In 1988, the State Film Centre Education Program was set up, the program provided screenings for VCE students, based on core texts, and in-service days for their teachers. In 1993, a Victorian state government report reaffirmed the viability of a proposal for an Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Federation Square was to be a new civic space, built above the Jolimont railyards, to mark the celebration of Australias Centenary of Federation. On 1 January 2002, the Australian Centre for the Moving Image was officially established by the Film Act 2001, the first stage was opened in October, with two exhibitions, Deep Space, Sensation & Immersion and Ngarinyin Pathways Dulwan, running in ACMIs Screen Gallery. A few weeks later, ACMI Cinemas officially opened, in September 2009, the Australian Mediatheque and the Screen Worlds gallery opened. The Screen Worlds exhibition was opened by Cate Blanchett, who loaned her Oscar for best supporting actress for her part as Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator. Screen Worlds, The Story of Film, Television and Digital Culture is a free and permanent exhibition space constructed to educate the public about the moving image, a museum about moving pictures. From 1992, John J. Smithies was Director of the State Film Centre of Victoria, at Cinemedia, Smithies was Deputy Director, with prime responsibility for developing the Australian Centre for the Moving Image. He became the first director and CEO of ACMI in March 2002 and he was responsible for opening the new public facilities in October 2002. After a period of turmoil, with the organisation over budget, Smithies left ACMI in 2004, tony Sweeney was appointed director and CEO of ACMI in 2005. Before his move to Australia, he had been the Deputy Director of the National Museum of Photography, Film & Television and he directed the Museums Imaging Frontiers masterplan re-development, which generated record visitor numbers and international critical acclaim. The Museum is now seen as one of the leading centres for culture. At ACMI he oversaw record organisational growth, performance and visitation, having spent ten years in the role, Sweeney resigned in order to return to his family in Britain. Katrina Sedgwick took up the position in February 2015, ACMI has two main cinemas that are equipped to play every film, video and digital video format, with the most extensive projection facilities in the southern hemisphere. THX certified sound systems allow high quality attention to acoustics, Cinema 1 seats 168, and Cinema 2 seats 390
