1.
Midtown Manhattan
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Midtown Manhattan, or Midtown, represents the central lengthwise portion of the borough and island of Manhattan in New York City. Along Manhattans north-south long axis, Midtown Manhattan separates Lower Manhattan from Upper Manhattan, the majority of New York Citys skyscrapers, including its tallest hotels and apartment towers, lie within Midtown. Midtown spans the island of Manhattan along an east-west axis, being bounded by the East River on its east. The Encyclopedia of New York City defines Midtown as being from 34th Street to 59th Street and it is sometimes broken into Midtown East and Midtown West, or north and south as in the New York City Police Departments Midtown North and Midtown South precincts. Midtown South can refer to the part of Midtown between 23rd Street and around 42nd Street, Midtown West can refer to the area between 34th and 59th Streets, and between 5th and 12th Avenues. Midtown East can refer to the area between 42nd and 59th Streets, and between 5th Avenue and the East River, in other sources these districts are referred to as separate central business districts. Midtown Manhattan, along with Lower Manhattan, is one of the leading financial centers. Midtown Manhattan is the countrys largest central business district and it has the headquarters of major companies, including 4Kids Entertainment, Barnes & Noble, Bloomberg L. P. The New York Institute of Finance is located in Midtown Manhattan, Haier operates its United States offices in the Haier Building at 1356 Broadway, the building used to be a building of the Greenwich Savings Bank. Haier held the ceremony on March 4,2002. Sumitomo Corporation operates its New York Office, the headquarters of the corporations United States operations, el Als North American headquarters are in Midtown. The Air France USA regional headquarters are in 125 West 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan, hachette Book Group USA has its headquarters in 237 Park Avenue. In 1994 Alitalia considered moving its USA headquarters from Midtown to Lower Manhattan, global Infrastructure Partners has an office in Midtown Manhattan. Biotechnology is emerging in Midtown Manhattan, bolstered by the strength in academic scientific research and public. Aer Lingus had its United States offices in Midtown, in 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it was moving its North American headquarters to Melville, New York, in Suffolk County. New York City Department of Education public schools in Midtown Manhattan include Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School, private schools include The Beekman School, Rebecca School, and a number of private language and music centers. The La Scuola dItalia Guglielmo Marconi Italian international school will move to West Midtown in 2016, in addition to its well-known Main Branch research library—now known as the Stephen A. Pennsylvania Station and Grand Central Terminal are major railroad stations located in Midtown Manhattan, the Port Authority Bus Terminal is also in Midtown
2.
Retail
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
3.
Lexington Avenue
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Along its 5. 5-mile, 110-block route, Lexington Avenue runs through Harlem, Carnegie Hill, the Upper East Side, Midtown, and Murray Hill to a point of origin that is centered on Gramercy Park. South of Gramercy Park, the axis continues as Irving Place from 20th Street to East 14th Street, the portion of Lexington Avenue between 14th and 20th Streets is known as Irving Place. Ruggles had purchased land in the area, and was developing it as a community of townhouses around a private park. He was also developing property around the planned Union Square, the legislation approved, and, as the owner of most of the land along the route of the new street, Ruggles was assessed for the majority of its cost. Ruggles named the section, below 20th Street, which opened in 1833. The northern section, which opened three years later, in 1836, was named after the Battle of Lexington in the Revolutionary War. Lexington saw the first arrest in New York for speeding, in 1899, when a bicycle patrolman overtook cabdriver Jacob German, the portion of Lexington Avenue above East 42nd Street was reconstructed at the same time as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. The widened street and the line both opened on July 17,1918. Parallel to Lexington Avenue lies Park Avenue to its west and Third Avenue to its east, the avenue is largely commercial at ground level, with offices above. There are clusters of hotels in the 30s and 40s, roughly from the intersection with 30th Street through to its intersection with 49th Street. Portions of the avenue were widened in 1955, which required eminent domain takings of the facades of some structures along Lexington, Lexington Avenue has carried one-way traffic since July 17,1960. The July 18,2007 New York City steam explosion sent a geyser of hot steam up from beneath the avenue at 41st Street resulting in one death and more than 40 injuries. In contrast to Lexington Avenue, the stretch of Irving Place. Irving Plaza, on East 15th Street and Irving, hosts concerts for both well-known and indie bands and draws a crowd almost every night. Another component of the avenue are the apartment buildings which line the street from Gramercy Park to 17th Street. Also at 17th, a small bed-and-breakfast, the Inn at Irving Place, offices located on Irving Place include those of The Nation magazine, the New York branch of the Rosicrucian Order and the Seafarers and International House mission. There are also a number of clinics and official city buildings along the street, including Washington Irving High School, the bottom of the street is anchored by the rear of the Zeckendorf Towers condominium apartment complex on the west side, and the Consolidated Edison Building on the east. M101 and M103 run to 125th Street, M102 runs to 116th Street, Lexington Avenue became part of a classic American cinematic moment, in the 1955 movie The Seven Year Itch, the scene in which Marilyn Monroe shot what would become her most famous scene
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
8.
Macy's, Inc.
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Macys, Inc. originally Federated Department Stores, Inc. is an American holding company headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. As of 2016, the company operated approximately 888 stores in the United States, Guam and its namesake locations and related operations account for 90 percent of its revenue. According to Deloitte, Macys, Inc. is the worlds largest fashion goods retailer, Lazarus also convinced President Franklin D. After this date Black Friday became a sensation and the most profitable day for Federated. Various Lazarus family members also held key positions on Federateds board and within its various divisions—namely, Foleys, Filenes, Lazarus, Federateds corporate offices were relocated to Cincinnati in 1945. Harris, both of Dallas, Texas, Boston Store of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, MainStreet of Chicago, Illinois, Bullocks, of Los Angeles, magnin, of San Francisco, California, Gold Circle, and Richway Discount Department Stores of Worthington, Ohio. In 1982, Federated acquired the Twin Fair, Inc. discount store chain based in Buffalo, New York, in 1983, it sold most of its infrastructure to JMB Realty. H. Macy & Company sold their credit portfolio in an attempt to prevent filing for bankruptcy, Federated then took over Macys in 1994 while that company was still emerging from its own bankruptcy in 1992. Federated entered e-commerce late, in 1998, FDS Bank was one of the last credit card banks to begin to allow its cardholders to access account information online. The department store chain Sterns, a division of Federated, ceased operations in 2001, in 2003, Federated changed the nameplates of all their non-Macys stores, except Bloomingdales, to include the Macys name. The rebranding process was referred internally to as Project Hyphen, under the plan, Seattle-based The Bon Marché became Bon-Macys, Goldsmiths in Tennessee became Goldsmiths-Macys, Lazarus, Burdines, and Richs also added -Macys to their name. A year later, the hyphenated names were dropped in favor of just Macys. Federated settled an SEC investigation for $14.46 million in 1998 due to unethical debt-collection practices, Federated failed to file reaffirmation agreements with bankruptcy courts. As a result, the changes in the agreements were not legally binding, on July 18,2005, Federated Department Stores announced that it would acquire May Department Stores company for $11 billion in cash and stock. Also part of the buyout was the bridal and formal unit of May, consisting of Davids Bridal, Federated would also assume $6 billion of Mays debt, bringing total consideration to $17 billion. The deal would create the nations largest department store chain with over 1,000 stores, to help finance the deal, Federated agreed to sell its combined proprietary credit card business to Citigroup. The merger was completed on August 30,2005, after an agreement was reached with the State Attorneys General of New York, California, Massachusetts, Maryland. This number could fluctuate pursuant to Federateds negotiations with various mall landlords, on June 22,2006, Macys announced that NRDC Equity Partners, LLC would purchase Lord & Taylor for US$1.2 billion, and completed the sale in October 2006
9.
Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
10.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
11.
Macy's
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Macys, originally R. H. Macy & Co. is a department store owned by Macys, Inc. It is one of two owned by the company, with the other being Bloomingdales. Macys has conducted the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City since 1924 and has sponsored the citys annual Fourth of July fireworks display since 1976, Macys Herald Square is one of the largest department stores in the world. The value of Herald Square has been estimated at around $3 billion, in 2015 Macys was the largest U. S. department store company by retail sales. Macys was the 15th-largest retailer in the United States for 2014 by revenue and they all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. On the companys first day of business on October 28,1858 sales totaled US$11.08, equal to $306.15 today. From the beginning, Macys logo has included a star, which comes from a tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship and it also offered a money back guarantee, although it accepted only cash into the 1950s. The store also produced its own clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine, a nephew, and Abiel T, la Forge of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died in 1877 from inflammatory kidney disease, la Forge died the following year, and Valentine died in 1879. This latter 5-story building was purchased by Robert H. Macys ignored the tactic, and simply built around the building, in 1912, Isidor Straus died in the sinking of the Titanic at the age of 67 with his wife, Ida. The original Broadway store was designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes, was built in 1901–02 by the Fuller Company and has a Palladian facade, but has been updated in many details. There were further additions to the west in 1924 and 1928, and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931, all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn, the newer buildings were increasingly Art Deco in style. In 2012, Macys began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of US$400,000,000, STUDIO V Architecture, a New York-based firm, was the overall Master Plan architect of the project. STUDIO Vs fresh design of the department store raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The store has several wooden escalators still in operation, the problem of pre-existing buildings also presented itself when Macys built a store on Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst, in the New York City borough of Queens. This resulted in a unique round department store on 90 percent of the lot, Macys no longer fully occupies this building, which now contains the Queens Place Mall, with Macys Furniture Gallery as a tenant, instead it moved its full outlet to the nearby Queens Center. This relocation was the result of Macys merger with Federated Department Stores, the parent company of Abraham & Straus, in 1994, more distant acquisitions included Lasalle & Koch, Davison-Paxon-Stokes, L. Bamberger & Co
12.
Outlet store
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An outlet store or factory outlet is a brick and mortar or online store in which manufacturers sell their stock directly to the public, cutting out the middle-men. Traditionally, a factory outlet was an attached to a factory or warehouse. In modern usage, outlet stores are typically manufacturer-branded stores such as Gap or Bon Worth grouped together in outlet malls, the invention of the factory outlet store is often credited to Harold Alfond, founder of the Dexter Shoe Company. Outlets first appeared in the Eastern United States in the 1930s, factory stores started to offer damaged or excess goods to employees at a low price. After some time, the audience expanded to include non-employees, in 1936, Anderson-Little opened an outlet store independent of its existing factories. Until the 1970s, the purpose of outlet stores was to dispose of excess or damaged goods. In 1974, Vanity Fair opened up the first multi-store outlet center in Reading, throughout the 1980s and 1990s, outlet malls grew rapidly in the USA. A typical outlet mall in the USA is opened with between 100,000 to 200,000 square feet of retail space and this can gradually increase to 500,000 to 600,000 feet. The average outlet mall has an area of 216,000 feet, in 2003, outlet malls in the USA generated $15 billion in revenue from 260 stores. The number of US malls increased from 113 in 1988 to 276 in 1991, outlet malls are not an exclusively American phenomenon. In Europe, retailer BAA McArthurGlen has opened 13 malls with over 1,200 stores and 3 million square feet of retail space, stores have also been emerging in Japan since the mid to late 1990s. At factory outlets, the products sold are from one brand only, manufacturers who sell only their own products at a reduced price run factory outlets. On the other hand, retailers run outlet stores, and various brands are sold there, factory outlets have been around longer than outlet stores and were typically built next to the factories where the products were manufactured
13.
Flagship
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A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
14.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
15.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
16.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
17.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
18.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
19.
SoHo, Manhattan
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The areas history is an archetypal example of inner-city regeneration and gentrification, encompassing socioeconomic, cultural, political, and architectural developments. The name SoHo refers to the area being South of Houston Street, and was also a reference to Soho and it was coined by Chester Rapkin, an urban planner and author of The South Houston Industrial Area study, also known as the Rapkin Report. It consists of 26 blocks and approximately 500 buildings, many of them incorporating cast-iron architectural elements, many side streets in the district are paved with Belgian blocks. SoHo is bounded by Houston Street on the side, Canal Street on the south, Crosby Street on the east. The AIA Guide to New York City gives the western boundary of SoHo north of Broome Street as West Broadway. The AIA Guide calls that neighborhood An intersection of brick and glass, searching for an identity, the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District is contained within the zoned SoHo neighborhood. The boundary lines are not straight, and some block-fronts on West Broadway and this land was acquired in the 1660s by Augustine Hermann, and then passed to his brother-in-law, Nicholas Bayard. The estate was confiscated by the state as a result of Bayards part in Leislers Rebellion, in the 18th century natural barriers – streams and hills – impeded the growth of the city northward into the Bayard estate, and the area maintained its rural character. During the American Revolution, the area was the location of fortifications, redoubts. A canal was built to drain the pond into the Hudson, once Broadway was paved and sidewalks were built there and along Canal Street, more people began to make their homes there, joining earlier arrivals such as James Fennimore Cooper. This dramatic shift in the nature of the continued to drive out residents. This phase came to an end by the close of the 19th century, and as the center of the city continued to move uptown, after World War II, the textile industry largely moved to the South, leaving many large buildings in the district unoccupied. In some buildings they were replaced by warehouses and printing plants, by the 1950s, the area had become known as Hells Hundred Acres, an industrial wasteland, full of sweatshops and small factories in the daytime, but empty at night. SoHo boasts the greatest collection of architecture in the world. Approximately 250 cast-iron buildings stand in New York City and the majority of them are in SoHo, cast iron was initially used as a decorative front over a pre-existing building. With the addition of modern, decorative facades, older buildings were able to attract new commercial clients. Most of these facades were constructed during the period from 1840 to 1880, in addition to revitalizing older structures, buildings in SoHo were later designed to feature the cast iron. An American architectural innovation, cast iron was cheaper to use for facades than materials such as stone or brick, molds of ornamentation, prefabricated in foundries, were used interchangeably for many buildings, and a broken piece could be easily recast
20.
Georgetown Park
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Georgetown Park was a shopping mall and condominium complex in the Georgetown historic district of Washington, D. C. The Shops at Georgetown Park are located at 3222 M Street, the first phase of the complex opened in 1981. Parts of the structure predate 1838 when it was used as a warehouse that opened up directly onto the Chesapeake. In the 1850s, the building was purchased by John E. Reeside and Gilbert Vanderwerken, the building continued to be used as stables for the first horsecar line, the Washington and Georgetown Railroad. It was later converted into a shop for streetcars. The parts of the building face the canal and the facade of the M Street entrance remain from those earlier periods. After the demise of Washingtons streetcars in 1962, the served as the United States Defense Communications Annex E before being converted to its current use. In 1975, Donohue Construction Co. in partnership with Western Development Corp. acquired the site to develop as a combined shopping and housing complex. One engineering magazine called it the most complicated construction job on the East Coast, upscale features of the building included wood-floored hallways, a block-long skylight with cast-iron braces, brass and glass elevators, and hand-built oak kiosks. Construction costs came to $50 million for the center, $25 million for the condominiums. The Canal House opened as the first phase of the project in 1980, at opening of the second phase on September 27,1981, the shopping park had 100 stores and 128 condominiums. Original stores included the first East Coast branch of Abercrombie & Fitch, a 16, 000-square-foot branch of Garfinckels, Ann Taylor, the shopping park was deliberately designed not to have a major anchor store. In 1998, Western sold the property to a controlled by AEW Capital Management. Anthony Lanier of EastBanc, Inc. another developer, claims Miller sold that right to EastBanc in 1998 in exchange for a 7.5 percent stake in the mall, Miller claimed the right had expired in May 2002. EastBanc sued Western in 2006, and Western moved to repurchase the property on its own in 2007, suing EastBanc, on September 10,2008, Bloomingdales announced plans to open a three-level,82, 000-square-foot anchor store at The Shops by August 2011. The store was to be modeled after the concept store in New Yorks SoHo neighborhood to carry select contemporary mens and womens apparel. In the autumn of that year, Western defaulted on a loan worth at least $70 million, the vacancy rate had risen to 56 percent by April 2010. In 2010, the property was purchased out of foreclosure by Vornado Realty Trust and investment firm Angelo, the new owners embarked on a major renovation for a grand re-opening in the spring of 2013, adding discount retailers including DSW and T. J
21.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
22.
Westfield Valley Fair
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Westfield Valley Fair, formerly named and known as Valley Fair, is an upscale indoor shopping mall in San Jose, California, United States, owned by the Westfield Group. It is located in the heart of Silicon Valley, at the corner of Winchester and Stevens Creek Boulevards, straddling the border of San Jose, the eastern portion of the mall is located in San Jose, and the western portion is located in Santa Clara. Westfield Valley Fair is one of the largest malls in Northern California and it has the highest-sales volume in the state with $1,150 per square foot. The shopping center consists of 273 stores, a food court, nine restaurants. Macys -396,000 sq ft Macys Mens and Home -316,000 sq ft Nordstrom -220,000 sq ft Westfield Valley Fair is unique in that it replaced two separate 1950s-era shopping centers. The original Valley Fair Shopping Center, opened in 1956, was confined to the side of the property in San Jose. It was developed and anchored by Macys and included roughly 40 other stores including Joseph Magnin in an outdoor plaza, at the western side was another outdoor shopping center, Stevens Creek Plaza in Santa Clara. It was anchored by The Emporium and I, for that reason, the current mall contributes sales tax revenues to both the cities of San Jose and Santa Clara, and is regulated by both city governments. In 1986, both centers were acquired and merged into one two-level enclosed mall by The Hahn Company, creating one of the most successful shopping centers in the country, Nordstrom joined later in 1987, with I. Magnin closing its store in 1992. The former Emporium store became a second Macys location in 1996, the former I. Magnin housed a succession of tenants, its final one being Sports Authority, and its building sits vacant. It will be demolished, along with the former Old Navy building, in 1998, Westfield America, Inc. a predecessor of the Westfield Group and The Rouse Company acquired Valley Fair jointly from Hahn. Westfield bought out Rouse in 1999 and brought in an investment partner to share its investment risk in this high-profile property. In 1998 the property was renamed Westfield Shoppingtown Valley Fair, Nordstrom replaced its location in 2001 during the grand opening of a new $165,000,000, two-phase redevelopment. The former Nordstrom reopened as additional retail space in the second phase in 2002. Westfield discontinued the Shoppingtown moniker in 2005, a major remodel of the center commenced in 2013, bringing the mall a revamped Dining Terrace with local concepts alongside national chains, and a major reshuffling of tenants. Nordstrom was extensively remodeled, adding two new restaurant concepts and a completely revamped store design, Westfield was granted approval for the expansion by the city of San Jose in November 2007. The expansion was put on hold in 2008 due to the global recession, media related to Westfield Valley Fair at Wikimedia Commons Westfield Valley Fair Official Site History of Valley Fair Shopping Center Valley Fair Expansion Project at the Wayback Machine
23.
San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
24.
Santa Monica Place
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Santa Monica Place is a shopping mall in Santa Monica, California. The mall is located at the end of Santa Monicas Third Street Promenade shopping district. The mall spans three levels, and is anchored by Nordstrom, Bloomingdales, and an ArcLight Cinema, the malls tenant mix is predominantly upscale, featuring Tiffany & Co. Louis Vuitton, Burberry, Emporio Armani, and Diane Von Furstenberg. It underwent a massive, three-year renovation process beginning in January 2008 and was re-opened as an outdoor shopping mall on August 6,2010. Santa Monica Place originally opened in 1980 at the apex of Santa Monicas Third Street Promenade, developed jointly by The Rouse Company, originally anchored by J. W. Robinsons and The Broadway, it featured 120 shops & restaurants and a food court, spanning three levels. Notably, Santa Monica Place was one of the first works of architect Frank Gehry early in his career with Gruen Associates. Macerich purchased Santa Monica Place from Rouse in 1999, and rumors of major changes to the shopping center were reported. In 2004, the company proposed tearing down the mall and replacing it with a 10-acre complex of high-rise condos, shops, the plan met with strong opposition from local residents who felt the project did not meet the low-rise character of the neighborhood and would worsen traffic. In a second 2007 proposal, Macerich significantly scaled back its plans, which was received as positive by the public, the $250 million project removed the malls roof and gutted the interior, replacing it with two levels of retail shops and a third level food court. At the same time, Macys was converted into a Bloomingdales while the Steve and Barrys, dallas-based Omniplan served as the executive architects in association with The Jerde Partnership who served as the design architects. The grand reopening occurred on August 6,2010, the architect for the redesign was Jon Jerde. It was his last major work before he died
25.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
26.
Dubai
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Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the countrys legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the northern coastline. Dubai will host World Expo 2020, Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East. It is also a transport hub for passengers and cargo. By the 1960s, Dubais economy was based on revenues from trade and, to an extent, oil exploration concessions. Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969, Dubais oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low, today, less than 5% of the emirates revenue comes from oil. The emirates Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard. Dubai has recently attracted attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the worlds tallest building, Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the citys largely South Asian and Filipino workforce. As of 2012, Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world, in 2014, Dubais hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world, after Geneva. Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U. S. global consulting firm Mercer, Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word Dubai. One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq, another theory states that the name came from a word meaning money, as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading centre of the location. An Arabic proverb says Daba Dubai, meaning They came with a lot of money, according to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAEs history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word daba, referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, an inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian. Although stone tools have been found at archaeological sites, little is known about the UAEs early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found. Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds, the remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries
27.
Saks Fifth Avenue
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Saks Fifth Avenue is an American luxury department store owned by the oldest commercial corporation in North America, the Hudsons Bay Company. Its main flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, Saks Fifth Avenue is the successor of a business founded by Andrew Saks in 1867 and incorporated in New York in 1902 as Saks & Company. Saks died in 1912, and in 1923 Saks & Co. merged with Gimbel Brothers, Inc. which was owned by a cousin of Horace Saks, Bernard Gimbel, operating as a separate autonomous subsidiary. On September 15,1924, Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel opened Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City, with a full-block avenue frontage south of St Patricks Cathedral, facing Rockefeller Center. The architects were Starrett & van Vleck, who developed a reticent, the first full-line year-round Saks store opened in Chicago, in 1929, followed by another resort store in Miami Beach, Florida. In 1938, Saks expanded to the West Coast, opening in Beverly Hills, by the end of the 1930s, Saks Fifth Avenue had a total of 10 stores, including resort locations such as Sun Valley, Idaho, Mount Stowe, and Newport, Rhode Island. More full-line stores followed with Detroit, Michigan, in 1940 and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in Downtown Pittsburgh, the company moved to its own freestanding location approximately one block from its former home on the fourth floor in the downtown Gimbels flagship. The San Francisco location opened in 1952, competing locally with I, BATUS Inc. acquired Gimbel Bros. Inc. and its Saks Fifth Avenue subsidiary in 1973 as part of its diversification strategy. More expansion followed from the 1960s through the 1990s including the Midwest, in 1990, BATUS sold Saks to Investcorp S. A. which took Saks public in 1996 as Saks Holdings, Inc. In 1990, Saks Off 5th was launched, an outlet store offshoot of the main brand, in 1998, Proffitts, Inc. the parent company of Proffitts and other department stores, acquired Saks Holdings Inc. Upon completing the acquisition, Proffitts, Inc. changed its name to Saks, since 2000 Saks has opened international locations in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, and Mexico City. In August 2007, the United States Postal Service began an experimental program selling the plus zip code extension to businesses, the first company to do so was Saks Fifth Avenue, which received the zip code of 10022-SHOE for the eighth-floor shoe department in its flagship Fifth Avenue store. During the 2007-2009 recession, Saks Fifth Avenue had to some stores and to cut prices and profit margins. It took three years before it could start selling at closer to full price, on July 29,2013, the Hudsons Bay Company, owner of the competing chain Lord & Taylor, announced it would acquire Saks Fifth Avenues parent company for US$2.9 billion. Plans called for up to seven Saks Fifth Avenues to open in major Canadian markets, the store opened in February 2016 with a second Toronto area location in the Sherway Gardens shopping center opening in spring 2016. On January 6,2014, Marigay McKee, previously Chief Merchant at Harrods and she stepped down 15 months later on April 2,2015, and was replaced by Marc Metrick, a former executive at Saks’s parent company, Hudson’s Bay. Starting in 2015 Saks began a million, three-year restoration of its Fifth Avenue flagship store. In the summer of 2015, it was announced that Saks will debut a new location in Greenwich, in the fall of 2015, Saks was planning to replace its existing store at the Houston Galleria with a new store
28.
Glendale Galleria
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The Glendale Galleria is a large three-story regional shopping mall and office building located in downtown Glendale, California, USA. Developed by Glendale Associates, a partnership between J. S, griffiths Co, Broadway Hale Stores and M. J. Brock & Sons, the mall opened on October 14,1976. The architect was Jon Jerde, who credited his design to a Ray Bradbury essay on reviving retail districts. The mall began with four stores, Buffums and The Broadway, which opened in August 1976, Ohrbachs, which opened in October 1976, and JCPenney. The Gallerias first expansion, Galleria II, was completed in 1983 and it expanded a wing of the mall and added another anchor store, Nordstrom. The first Panda Express restaurant opened in Galleria II in the same year, the first Disney Store opened in the Glendale Galleria on March 28,1987. By 1990, the mall was 1,600,000 square feet in size, Glendale Galleria was selected by Apple Inc. as the location of one of the first two Apple Stores in the world, both officially opened on May 19,2001. This mall also includes the first three-story Target in the United States, originally, the Galleria was covered in a windowless, unadorned brick finish. This type of architecture reflected the style of shopping malls built across the country between the 1960s and 1970s. In 2012, various metal panels and meshes, most made out of white marble, the building for Bloomingdales is coated with various illuminated tiles that flash at night. The mall is anchored by six department stores and has over 200 specialty stores, JCPenney Macys Target Bloomingdales Dicks Sporting Goods Zara Store opening on the upper level of the former Ohrbachs building. All tenants formerly located in the wing have been relocated to parts of the Galleria. Ohrbachs was also an original anchor and its former location was demolished and the area was converted to another wing of the mall with smaller stores. Nordstrom originally opened in 1983 and was located in the Galleria before relocating next door to the Americana at Brand in 2013. Mall scenes in the 1984 film Cloak & Dagger were filmed in the Galleria, outdoor shots of the Gallerias office entrance are seen in a 1985 episode of Dynasty. The Galleria is also seen in a 1986 episode of The Twilight Zone, another movie to use scenes from the Galleria is the 1989 comedy film Big Man on Campus. The 2002 comedy film Repli-Kate, which is a part of the National Lampoon film series and it is also mentioned in various episodes of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory. In 2009, American rapper and electronic musician Flying Lotus released a song named after the Galleria, a 2012 episode of the late-night talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno also uses scenes from the Galleria
29.
Stanford Shopping Center
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Stanford Shopping Center is an upscale open air shopping mall located on Route 82 at Sand Hill Road in Palo Alto, California. It is on the campus of Stanford University although the university owns the land. The shopping center buildings are owned by Simon Property Group, which manages the property, the outdoor center is 1.4 million square feet and includes four major department stores, Bloomingdales, Macys, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom. Retailers at the center include Louis Vuitton, Tiffany & Co. Burberry, Ermenegildo Zegna, and Frette, as well as the first Victorias Secret retail store, in 1954, excavators broke ground on what was once Leland Stanfords vineyards. Nine buildings housing 45 businesses were built, the Roos Brothers clothing store opened as the first retailer in September 1955 and Blums restaurant opened on October 22,1956, marking the completion of the center. Board of trustees Chair Lloyd Dinkelspiel and university President J. E. Wallace Sterling presided at the opening, san Francisco department store The Emporium and luxury specialty department store I. Magnin & Co. were the original anchors. The center opened with success and became one of the largest sources of unrestricted income for the university. Macys California joined the center in 1961 and Saks Fifth Avenue opened a store in 1962, further expansion came again in 1972 with the addition Los Angeles-based Bullocks, owned by Bloomingdales parent company Federated Department Stores. Bullocks only lasted 11 years, closing its northern California stores in 1983 and selling its Stanford location to Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus became the sixth anchor in August 1985. A department store shuffle occurred in the mid-1990s, Saks Fifth Avenue closed in 1994, I. Magnin was rebranded as a Macys mens store in 1995. The Emporium store was shuttered and rebranded as Bloomingdales in November 1996, in 1997, the vacant Saks Fifth Avenue building was split into two tenants, Crate & Barrel and an Andronicos gourmet market. Andronicos closed in 2011, and was replaced by The Container Store in 2013, the universitys lease includes an annual rent equal to 25% percent of the centers net profits. In 2012, Bloomingdales announced plans to move into a new three-level 120,000 square foot store, the new Bloomingdales opened in 2014, and the original building was demolished to make way for a new wing of retailers. That new wing, anchored by a multi-level Anthropologie flagship store, Stanford Shopping Center at Palo Alto History. Com Map, 37°26′35″N 122°10′16″W
30.
Palo Alto, California
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Palo Alto is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States. The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Stanford, Portola Valley and it is named after a coast redwood tree called El Palo Alto. Palo Alto was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University, following the death of his son and it has also served as an incubator to several other high-technology companies such as Google, Facebook, Logitech, Intuit, Pinterest, and PayPal. As of the 2010 census, the total resident population is 64,403. Palo Alto is one of the most expensive cities in the United States, the recorded history of Palo Alto dates back to 1769, when Gaspar de Portolá noted an Ohlone settlement. This remains an area of known Indian mounds, a plaque at Middlefield Road and Embarcadero Road commemorates the area. The city got its name from a tall coast redwood tree, named El Palo Alto, a plaque there recounts the story of the Portolà expedition, a 63-man, 200-horse expedition from San Diego to Monterey from November 7–11,1769. The group overshot Monterey in the fog and when they reached modern-day Pacifica, they ascended Sweeney Ridge, thinking the bay was too wide to cross, the group retraced their journey to Monterey, never becoming aware of the Golden Gate entrance to the Bay. Located south of the San Francisquito Creek, west of todays I-280, in 1835, Rafael Soto and family settled near the San Francisquito Creek near Newell and Middlefield, selling goods to travelers. Rafael Soto died in 1839, but his wife, Maria Antonia Mesa, was granted Rancho Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito in 1841, in 1839, their daughter María Luisa Soto married John Coppinger, who was the grantee of Rancho Cañada de Raymundo. Rancho Cañada de Raymundo was West of San Francisquito Creek, and began at Alambique Creek, the border of Rancho Corte de Madera. Bear Gulch Creek flowed on his land in Portola Valley, the rancho also abutted Buelnas grant near Skyline Boulevard and Matadero Creek. Upon Coppingers death, Maria inherited it and later married a visiting boat captain, Greer owned a home on the site that is now Town & Country Village on Embarcadero and El Camino Real. Greer Avenue and Court are named for him, to the west of Rafael Soto, near El Camino and following the Creek, was Rancho San Francisquito granted in 1839 to Antonio Buelna and wife Maria Concepcion. To the south of the Sotos, the brothers Secundino and Teodoro Robles in 1849 bought Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito from José Peña, where the Joness house was, then east down Arastradero Rd. to the north property line of Alta Mesa Memorial Park and Terman Park. The property then went along the bay to the Embarcadero, a boundary in the day, then up to the Stanford University gates, up Galvez. The grant was bounded on the south by Mariano Castros Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas grant across San Antonio Road, thats the Robles Rancho, about 80% of Palo Alto and Stanford University. It was whittled down by 1863 through courts to 6,981 acres, stories say their grand hacienda was built on the former meager adobe of José Peña near Ferne off San Antonio Road, midway between Middlefield and Alma Street
31.
Ala Moana Center
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Ala Moana Center, commonly known simply as Ala Moana, is the largest shopping mall in Hawaii. It is also the seventh largest shopping mall in the United States, before the construction of the mall, the land was a swamp. Dredging projects nearby spearheaded by Walter F. Dillingham created excess coral which filled the swamp, land reclaimed, son and successor Lowell Dillingham initiated the Ala Moana Center project in 1948 and broke ground in 1957. The Ala Moana Center was developed and designed by Don Graham, critics viewed Grahams unusual design, which oriented the mall away from the Pacific Ocean and included two levels for retail and parking, as a potential failure. However, the Ala Moana Center proved a success after its opening, Graham worked as the centers first general manager after its opening. When it opened in 1959, Ala Moana Center became the largest shopping mall in the United States, General Growth Properties of Chicago currently owns and operates Ala Moana Center. Its original tenants included Sears, Roebuck and Company, F. W. Woolworth Company, Foodland, Longs Drugs, and Shirokiya, among other local shops. Ala Moana Centers second-phase expansion included the 1961 addition of the Ala Moana Office Building, in 1982, Ala Moana Center was purchased by a partnership of Japanese corporation, Daiei, and an insurance company. In 1995, Daiei became the sole owner, once a management vendor for Daiei, General Growth Properties purchased Ala Moana Center in 1999. The Makai Market food court was built in 1987, a 1999 expansion created a berth for Neiman Marcus and created more upper-level retail spaces. The report described the mall as a gold mine, with annual sales of more than $1 billion. In the early 2000s, the mall underwent extensive renovation and expansion, transforming it into the modern, during this period the mall added two new wings, a Makai wing to the south anchored by Neiman Marcus, and a Mauka wing to the north headlined by Nordstrom. On February 23,2012, Sears Holdings Corporation announced it would close its store at Ala Moana Center by early 2013, Sears held its original location and had a presence at the mall since its opening in 1959. The closing was part of a $270 million sale of 11 Sears properties nationwide to General Growth, the Wall Street Journal estimated that the Ala Moana Sears location was the largest portion of the deal, comprising between $200 million to $250 million of the overall sale price. The Ala Moana location closed permanently at 7 PM on June 2,2013, the expanded wing opened on November 12,2015, replacing the existing wing on the western end of the mall, including the space previously occupied by Sears. Costing US$25 million in 1959, Ala Moana Center had eighty-seven stores, Ala Moana Center was remodeled extensively in various phases. New designs reflected modern Hawaiian architectural principles, emphasizing the importance of the symbolism of natural phenomena found in Hawaiʻi. Asian Pacific Rim motifs have been adopted reflecting the large Asian population of residents in Hawaiʻi, for decades, a centerpiece of Ala Moana Center was its koi ponds
32.
Honolulu
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Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
33.
Mall of America
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Opened in 1992, it is the largest mall in the United States in terms of number of stores and total floor area. The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group,80 percent of visitors to the Mall of America are from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas, Illinois, Ohio, and Canada. The malls concept was designed by the Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers, who own the largest shopping mall in North America. Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, in 1986, the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14,1989, organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity, the Triple Five Group, and the office of architect Jon Jerde. In 1987, the Ghermezian brothers also met with Niagara Falls, discussions lasted for several months but a suitable economic package could not be put together by New York officials. Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11,1992, Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened. The Mall of Americas 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota, the mall employs over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons. During its run as an entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects. In early-2000 a Mardi Gras-themed bar, Fat Tuesday, shut its doors due to indecent exposure, the dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teachers Insurances 27. 5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, on November 3,2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US$1 billion. In 2007, there was a plan called Phase II. It will develop a large empty parcel of land north of the mall, the project will also include a dinner theatre, ice rink, three hotels, and a waterpark, similar in design to the West Edmonton Mall. The cost of expansion was $2.1 billion and will double the size with a 5,200. Mall of America has signed contracts to bring in Great Wolf Resorts as the operator, as well as Bass Pro Shops. The expansion section will connect to the mall on all four levels, there will be fine art exhibits and an NHL-size ice rink for public and private skating. A new parking structure will be included, adding 8,000 spaces to the complex, another considered plan would have seen fashion, architecture, and restaurants based on European styles. In early 2011, construction began on an expansion of the side of the mall near Killebrew Drive
34.
Bloomington, Minnesota
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Bloomington is the fourth largest city in the U. S. state of Minnesota. It is located in Hennepin County on the bank of the Minnesota River. Bloomington lies 10 miles south of downtown Minneapolis, the citys population is 86,435, according to the 2015 United States Census estimates. Large-scale commercial development is concentrated along the Interstate 494 corridor, Bloomington has more jobs per capita than either Minneapolis or Saint Paul, due to the United States largest enclosed shopping center, the Mall of America. The headquarters of Ceridian, Donaldson Company, HealthPartners and Toro, the city was named after Bloomington, Illinois. In 1843, Peter and Louisa Quinn, the first European settlers to live in Bloomington, the government had sent them to teach farming methods to the Native Americans. Gideon Hollister Pond, a missionary, who had been following and recording the Dakota language from Cloud Mans band, relocated later that year, establishing Oak Grove Mission, Pond and his family held church services and taught the local Dakota school subjects and farming. Passage across the Minnesota River in Bloomington came in 1849 when William Chambers, the ferry remained operational until 1889, when the Bloomington Ferry Bridge was built. Following the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851, the territory west of the Mississippi River, a group of pioneers settled Bloomington, including the Goodrich, Whalon, and Ames families. They named the area Bloomington after the city they were from, Bloomington, Illinois, most early jobs were in farming, blacksmithing, and flour milling. The Oxborough family, who came from Canada, built a center on Lyndale Avenue. Today, the Clover Shopping Center rests near the old trading center site, in 1855, the first public school for all children was opened in Miss Harrisons house with the first school, Gibson House, built in 1859. On May 11,1858, the day the state of Minnesota was admitted into the union, by 1880, the population had grown to 820. In 1892 the first town hall was built at Penn and Old Shakopee Road, by then, the closest Dakota to Minneapolis lived at the residence of Gideon Pond. After 1900, the population surpassed a thousand and Bloomington began to transform into a city, with rising population came conflict among citizens over social issues. Among the major issues during this period were parents unwillingness to dissolve the individual schools for a larger, consolidated school, by 1900, there were already six rural schools spread throughout the territory with over 200 students enrolled in grades first through eighth. By 1917, the school consolidation issue had been settled and that year voters approved the consolidation of the schools and a year later secondary education and school bus transportation began throughout the city. From 1940 to 1960, the population increased to nine times that of the population at the turn of the century
35.
Oak Brook, Illinois
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Oak Brook is an affluent village in DuPage County with a small portion in Cook County in Illinois. The population was 7,883 at the 2010 census. P, TreeHouse Foods, and Lions Clubs International. Oak Brook was originally known as Fullersburg, named after Ben Fuller and their current goal is to restore the Old Butler School, which will serve the community as the Oak Brook Heritage Center, operated by the Oak Brook Historical Society. The Heritage Center will provide multigenerational programming, exhibits of the heritage and history of Oak Brook, a research library, Oak Brook is located at 41°50′24″N 87°57′11″W. According to the 2010 census, Oak Brook has an area of 8.279 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,883 people,2,939 households, the population density was 991.6 people per square mile. There were 3,188 housing units, at a density of 401.0 per square mile. The racial makeup was 71. 8% White,2. 0% African American,23. 2% Asian,0. 1% Native American,0. 7% some other race, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 3% of the population. 18. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.63, and the average family size was 2.99. In the village, the population was out with 17. 8% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,13. 8% from 25 to 44,33. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 54.5 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males, for the period 2007-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $132,389, and the median income for a family was $152,209. Male full-time workers had an income of $104,981 versus $71,961 for females. The per capita income for the village was $79,711, about 1. 1% of families and 1. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 7% of those under age 18 and 2. 6% of those age 65 or over. In 2011,23. 2% of Oak Brooks residents were Asian, students that live within the district attend Hinsdale Central High School, District 86. However, some residents of the village are within other DuPage county school districts and attend schools in Elmhurst, the world headquarters of McDonalds Corporation is in Oak Brook. McDonalds moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971, other corporations include Ace Hardware, Blistex, Crowe Horwath, TreeHouse Foods, Federal Signal, Sanford, CenterPoint Properties, Dantech Information Technology, and Follett Higher Education Group. Global non-profit organizations such as Lions Clubs International, Zonta International and Institute in Basic Life Principles are also based in Oak Brook, the show filmed a funeral scene in Oak Brooks Bronswood cemetery in its 267th episode, Twenty-One Guns
36.
Perimeter Mall
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Perimeter Mall is an upscale super regional shopping mall in Dunwoody, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, near the highway interchange of Interstate 285 and Georgia 400. It is in Perimeter Center, a city on the DeKalb/Fulton county line. The mall has a leasable area of 1,554,288 square feet and is the second largest shopping mall in the state of Georgia. It can be accessed by MARTAs Dunwoody station, which opened at the southwest corner of its lot in 1996. Today, the mall has over 200 stores and 4 anchor stores including Dillards, Macys, Nordstrom, and Von Maur and is managed and owned by General Growth Properties. Perimeter Mall opened in 1971 and was the fourth mall to open in DeKalb County, after Columbia Mall in 1964, North DeKalb Mall in 1965 and its original anchor stores were Richs and JC Penney, which made it very similar in design and layout to Greenbriar Mall. Perimeter Mall was the first mall in metro Atlanta to be located outside of I-285, the mall was expanded in 1982 to add an additional wing that included a Davisons. This gave the mall a T shape, upgrades will include new ceramic flooring, new lighting, modern seating areas, updated restrooms and new signage. Some of what will be replaced is the malls original 70s decor, the direction we are headed is more modern and upscale, said Latesha Lynch, marketing manager for GGPs Atlanta and Macon properties. We really want to brighten up the mall this year, in 1998, Nordstroms first Georgia location was opened. JCPenney left the mall around 2002, and the store was demolished to make way for a new Dillards, urban Shopping Centers sold the mall to The Rouse Company in 2002. It was then sold to General Growth Properties in 2003, on January 4,2012, Bloomingdales announced that it would be closing its Perimeter location. Less than 24 hours later, Von Maur announced that it would be taking over the space, Dillards Macys Nordstrom Von Maur Bloomingdales JCPenney Richs Davisons Macys Official web site
37.
Dunwoody, Georgia
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Dunwoody is a city located in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is a suburb of Atlanta. Dunwoody became incorporated as a city on December 1,2008, as of 2015, the city has a population of 48,733, up from 46,267 in the 2010 Census. The Dunwoody area was established in the early 1830s and is named for Major Charles Dunwody, Charles Dunwody originally returned to Roswell after fighting in the Civil War, in which he fought for the secession of the Confederate states. One of Dunwoodys most historic buildings dates from 1829, the first public school, Dunwoody Elementary, first stood near the city center at the intersection of Chamblee-Dunwoody Road and Mount Vernon Road. It was in operation from 1911 to 1986. A fire destroyed the schools cafeteria in 1966, which was on the corner of Womack Road, on that site today, the Dunwoody branch of the Dekalb County Public Library now operates along with the North Dekalb Cultural Arts Center. In 1881, the Roswell Railroad opened and ran along what is now Chamblee-Dunwoody Road north to the Chatahoochee River and it operated for 40 years, and in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt made a campaign whistle stop in Dunwoody along the way to Roswell, Georgia. On account of the railroad, Dunwoody developed into a small crossroads community, the community continued to grow and prosper even after the railroad shut down in 1921. Dunwoody remained rural until suburban development was initiated in the 1960s. In 1971, the Spruill family sold a portion of their property for the construction of Perimeter Mall. In early 2006, a study was conducted by the Carl Vinson Institute of Government of the University of Georgia, citizens for Dunwoody, Inc. was the non-profit advocacy group begun by Senator Dan Weber to promote the effort. The bill for incorporation was withdrawn from the Georgia General Assembly for further study in 2006, in 2008, the bill of incorporation was re-introduced by Senator Weber, and due to increased pressure, it passed in the senate as well as the house. Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue signed the bill allowing the residents to vote for a city of Dunwoody on March 25, the referendum for cityhood, which took place on July 15, was approved by an overwhelming majority of voters. The Dunwoody City Charter was later ratified by the Georgia General Assembly, Dunwoodys geographic center is at 33°56′34″N 84°19′4″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, Dunwoody has an area of 13.2 square miles, of which 12.9 square miles is land and 0.23 square miles. Late on April 8,1998, a tornado tore through parts of Dunwoody, running east-northeast from Perimeter Center. Thousands of homes were damaged, hundreds seriously, and several dozen were condemned, in addition, tens of thousands of native forest trees were downed
38.
White Flint Mall
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White Flint Mall was a shopping mall located along Rockville Pike in Montgomery County, Maryland that closed in early 2015 and demolished thereafter. The mall opened in 1977 and was anchored by Lord & Taylor, I. Magnin. Borders Books and Music took over the I. Magnin location in 1992, I. Magnin was only on levels 2 &3 while Lord & Taylor was on levels 1 &2. Raleigh Haberdasher also had a branch at the center. Some shopping areas revolved around a motif, Georgetown on the floor and Via Rialto on the ground floor. The latter was a block of shops and restaurants stretching from the court to the main entrance facing Rockvile Pike where Bertuccis. Both Georgetown and Restaurant Row, home to Intermission Nightclub and Dining Disco in the late 1970s, the mall found creative ways to promote itself over the years. White Flint was the first mall to issue its own card to frequent shoppers. To celebrate its 25th anniversary, the mall released its own Monopoly game entitled White Flint-opoly, three decorative water features were located on the first level of the center. The largest was a fountain underneath and around the mirrored escalators, loosely based on the Rialto Bridge and Grand Canal in Venice and this fountain was low to the ground which made it prone to children falling in causing it to be removed when I. Magnin closed. Two identical fountains were in court, one in front of each Otis inground glass hydraulic elevator. One oddity about the closure of Borders on April 17,2011, was the sign remained in front of the escalator leading to its permanently shuttered entrance that read Temporarily Out of Service. Over the years major celebrities have appeared at the mall like Donna Karan and Elizabeth Taylor, as well as minor and local stars like the cast of MTVs The Real World, brigitte Burdine, Andrea Mitchell, Paula Marshall and Giuliana Rancic. The malls impact was felt throughout the area in places such as Prince Georges County which lacked any regional shopping centers as upscale as White Flint. This led to some spots like Landover Mall and Iverson Mall receiving the nickname Black Flint Mall, the mall was served by the White Flint station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro since 1984. The developers expected construction to two years following approval and take approximately 25 years to be fully completed. On January 5,2012, Macys Inc. announced that the malls Bloomingdales store would close in March 2012, Bloomingdales closed on March 14,2012, and the building it occupied was demolished in 2013 prior to the malls closure. Lerner Enterprises revived its plans for redevelopment in late 2013, by years end, the mall had lost more than three-fourths of its stores
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North Bethesda, Maryland
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North Bethesda is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It borders the city of Rockville, as an unincorporated area four miles northwest of Washington, D. C. North Bethesdas boundaries are not officially defined, according to the United States Census Bureau, the North Bethesda CDP has a total area of 8.9 square miles. Significant through-roads in North Bethesda include Interstates 270 and 495 and Maryland State Highways 187,355, the Twinbrook, White Flint, and Grosvenor-Strathmore Washington Metro stations all serve the area, as does the Ride On bus system. That region continues to bear the name, and is the location of the headquarters of the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, a government agency that oversees nuclear regulation, major shopping centers include Congressional Plaza, Pike & Rose, Montrose Crossing, Federal Plaza, and Wintergreen Plaza. White Flint Mall, demolished in 2016, was also a shopping center. Other landmarks in the area are Walter Johnson High School, the Georgetown Preparatory School, archaeological evidence suggests that Paleo, Archaic, and Woodland Native Americans lived nearby, along the banks of the Potomac River. These peoples traveled along an ancient route known as the Seneca Trail, like many ancient roads, the Seneca Trail followed a ridge line – in this case, the high ground between the Potomac River and Rock Creek. Much later, development would spring up along this route, the recorded history of the area commences with the colonial era. Settlements formed along Rock Creek and the Seneca Trail in the 17th Century, with recorded land grants in area known originally as “Dan” and “Leeke Forest. ”In the early 19th century, much of the area was part of a 3. One of the Rileys slaves, Josiah Henson, is thought by historians to be the inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, in 1806, the Washington Turnpike Company was chartered to improve the old Seneca route, by then known as the Georgetown-Frederick Road. The road was opened in 1828, but had washed away by 1848. The Riley plantation house was located on road, and the plantation houses kitchen still stands near the course of this road. By the late 19th century, the area was privileged with stops along a train route, during this time, development bloomed around train and trolley stops, and a number of wealthy families, including those of Captain James Frederick Oyster and Charles I. Corby, lived or summered in the area, nonetheless, the area remained sparsely populated through the 1920s. The arrival of the automobile eventually transformed the area into a suburb of Washington. By the 1950s, the area had sprouted a number of developer-conceived neighborhoods with tract houses for the middle-class, today, the area remains largely a commuter suburb, with most residents traveling an average of 29 minutes to their workplace
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Las Vegas
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The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
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Fashion Show Mall
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Fashion Show Mall is a shopping mall located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, and is owned by General Growth Properties Inc. The mall spans 1,888,151 sq ft of space, with more than 250 stores and seven anchors, the Fashion Show Mall opened on February 14,1981, anchored by Diamonds, Bullocks, Goldwaters, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Diamonds was converted to a Dillards store in 1986, Goldwaters became a May Company in 1989 and then a Robinsons-May in 1993, in 2003, a major expansion of the mall was completed. 200,000 square feet of space was built, extending out of the backside of the mall between Robinsons-May and Macys. Dillards and Saks Fifth Avenue moved to new, larger locations in this new wing, alongside a Bloomingdales Home store and Nordstrom. Neiman Marcus, Macys, and Robinsons-May expanded their stores, and the former Saks Fifth Avenue was razed and replaced by restaurants, a food court. The former Dillards store, previously meant to house Lord & Taylor, the malls parent company Rouse was purchased by General Growth Properties in 2004. On September 9,2006, following Federateds purchase of May Department Stores, the store was shuttered in 2008 and remained empty until 2013, when it was converted into a wing of shops and a separate Macys Men store. In January 2013, Macys announced it would close the Bloomingdales Home store and that building remained empty until 2015, when Dicks Sporting Goods announced it would take over the building. W. Robinsons Robinsons-May Fashion Show Official Site Macys Closing Bloomingdales at Fashion Show
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South Coast Plaza
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South Coast Plaza is an upscale-luxury goods shopping mall in Costa Mesa, California in Orange County. The largest mall on the West Coast of the United States, the national average is $411 per square foot. The mall is anchored by Macys, Sears, Dillards, Bloomingdales, originally anchored by a May Company that had opened in late 1966 and Sears, the initial phase of the center was designed by Victor Gruen. It was built the year as The Irvine Companys neighboring Fashion Island in Newport Beach. The success of the center brought rapid expansion, a wing with Bullocks in 1973, I. Magnin in 1977, Nordstrom in 1978. W. Robinsons, which opened in the Fall and these two stores were anchors at nearby Fashion Island, but were willing to cannibalize sales at that location due to the strong drawing power of South Coast Plaza. This signified South Coast Plazas elevation from regional shopping center to national shopping destination, the expansion continued in fall 1987 with an enlargement of Bullocks and the redevelopment of the former Nordstrom as additional center space, including a Tiffanys that opened in fall 1988. In 1991, the I. Magnin location was closed by I, magnins new owner, Federated Department Stores and reopened as the first standalone Bullocks Mens store, also owned by Federated. When Federated merged all the stores into its Macys West division in 1999, another $100,000,000 renovation and reconfiguring of the center came in 2000, with Robinsons-May closing its Crystal Court location and expanding the original May Co. store. The separate Crystal Court name was dropped and the free-standing wing, the west side was reoriented toward home furnishings, anchored by the former Broadway store, which was refurbished as Macys Home and Furniture. The former J. W. Robinsons store was redeveloped as center space at the time, housing primarily Crate & Barrel, Borders Books and Music, and Sport Chalet. In March 2006, the Robinsons-May store, historically the first store at South Coast Plaza as the May Company, was closed as part of its merger with Macys and re-opened as Bloomingdales in May 2007. South Coast Plaza is still held by the Segerstrom family. Sandra Segerstrom Daniels a Managing Partner of C. J. Segerstrom & Sons, the foundation hosts the annual Festival of Children at South Coast Plaza each September. Festival of Children coincides with the efforts to recognize September as National Child Awareness Month. South Coast Plaza has always had a design element in its building. One of the most striking additions to the mall was the angular 1973 Bullocks wing designed by Welton Becket, in 1982, Henry Segerstrom commissioned the sculptor, Isamu Noguchi, to design a small plaza at one end of the South-Coast facility. The result, California Scenario was an international prizewinner and is enjoyed by visitors and workers from the office buildings alike
