1.
Upazilas of Bangladesh
–
Upazila, formerly called thana, is a geographical region in Bangladesh used for administrative or other purposes. They function as sub-units of districts and their functionality can be seen to be analogous to that of a county or a borough of Western countries. Bangladesh, at present, has 490 upazilas, the upazilas are the second lowest tier of regional administration in Bangladesh. The administrative structure consists in fact in Divisions, Districts, Upazila/Thana and this system of devolution was introduced by the former military ruler and President of Bangladesh, Lieutenant General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, in an attempt to strengthen local government. Below UPs, villages and para exist, but these have no administrative power, the Local Government Ordinance of 1982 was amended a year later, redesignating and upgrading the existing thanas as upazilas. Upazilas were formerly known as thana which literally means police station, despite the meaning, thanas functioned much as an administrative and geographic region, much as todays upazilas. In 1982 thanas were re-termed to as upazilas with provisions for local governance. This system was reverted to the system in 1992. Later in 1999 geographic regions under administrations of thanas were converted into upazilas, all administrative terms in this level were renamed from thana to upazila. For instance, Thana Nirbahi Officer was renamed to upazila Nirbahi Officer, the word thana is now used to solely refer to police stations. Generally, there is one station for each upazila. Upazila Nirbahi Officer is a non-elected Administrator in Upazila, uNOs are Senior Assistant Secretary of Bangladesh Civil Service. They act as executive officer of the upazila under the elected posts, each Upazila Parishad has a chairman, a vice-chairman and a woman vice-chairman. All three are elected through popular election. Union Parishad chairmen within the upazila are considered as the members of the porishod, the post of a woman vice-chairman was created to ensure at least one-third woman representation in the all elected posts of the local government. On 22 January 2010 the first election in 18 years of Upazila Porishod was held, Divisions of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Villages of Bangladesh Statoids Maps of Divisions, Districts & Upazilas of Bangladesh
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Country
–
A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
4.
Bangladesh
–
Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
5.
Divisions of Bangladesh
–
The administration of Bangladesh is divided into eight major regions called divisions. Each division is named after the city within its jurisdiction that also serves as the administrative headquarters of that division. Each division is split into several districts which are then further sub-divided into Upazilas. Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the country had four divisions, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Khulna Division, in 1983, the English spelling of the Dacca Division was changed into Dhaka to more closely match the Bengali pronunciation. In 1993, Barisal Division was split off from Khulna Division, in 1995, Sylhet Division was split off from Chittagong Division, in terms of area the newly formed Rangpur Division ranked fifth followed by Barisal and Sylhet division. On 14 September 2015 Mymensingh Division was added as eighth division, in 2015 there started process to create two more divisions, Comilla Division and Faridpur Division. The following table outlines some key statistics about the eight divisions of Bangladesh as found in the 2011 Population, Faridpur Division – proposed to consist five southern districts of the existing Dhaka Division. ISO3166 codes Districts of Bangladesh Upazilas of Bangladesh Villages of Bangladesh
6.
Chittagong Division
–
Chittagong Division is geographically the largest of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the south-easternmost areas of the country, with an area of 33,771.18 km2. Chittagong Division is home to Coxs Bazaar, one of the worlds longest natural beaches, as well as St. Martins Island, Chittagong division is subdivided into eleven districts and thence into 99 sub-districts. Before 1995, the six districts of Sylhet Division were also a part of Chittagong Division, Chittagong Hill Tracts Chittagong Tripura Division Sylhet Division Census figures for 1991,2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results
7.
Districts of Bangladesh
–
The divisions of Bangladesh are divided into 64 districts, or zila. The capital of a district is called a district seat, the districts are further subdivided into 493 sub-districts or upazila. District Council is a government body at the district level. The Bengali word parishad means council and zila parishad translates to district council, divisions of Bangladesh Upazilas of Bangladesh Villages of Bangladesh
8.
Chittagong District
–
Chittagong District is a district located in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division, the port city of Chittagong, second largest city in Bangladesh, is located in this district. Because of the harbour, Chittagong had been an important location for trade. The region fell under the rule of kings from Arakan in the 16th and 17th centuries, but later, during the 17th century, the region also faced a lot of attacks by Portuguese pirates. The Mughals established Chittagong as a district in 1666, the Chittagong Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong in 1860. After the liberation of Bangladesh, Coxs Bazar District was separated in 1984, administrator of Zila Porishod, M A Salam Deputy Commissioner, Mezbah Uddin There are 14 Upazilas and 16 Thanas within Chittagong District. Also Badar Awlia Dargah is a tomb in Chittagong
9.
Bangladesh Standard Time
–
Bangladesh Standard Time is the time zone of Bangladesh. It is offset six hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time, Bangladesh briefly observed daylight saving time in 2009 to cope with the ongoing electricity crisis, but in 2010 the decision was cancelled by the government of Bangladesh. In the IANA time zone database, it is represented by Asia/Dhaka, between 1858 and 1941, the Bengal region was under British Raj and used Calcutta time. For a brief period in the 1940s, amidst World War II, on 1 October 1941, the region switched to UTC+06,30. On 15 May 1942, the year, the region switched to UTC+05,30. On 1 September 1942, the year, the region was returned to UTC+06,30. Following the independence of India in 1947, British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan, the time zone of East Pakistan was not immediately affected by the partition. In 1951, the changed its time from UTC+06,30 to UTC+06,00. Most of the responses from the ministries were positive, June was selected instead of April or May, as the HSC examinations are run from 18 April through 28 May. The time was advanced by exactly 1 hour on the midnight of 19 June, and was planned to be set back two months later on the midnight of 30 September. The proposal primarily sought to reduce energy usage, as the crisis was the most severe in that period, with power demands of 4, 800–5,800 MW against a generation capability of 3. The time zone was advanced from UTC+6 to UTC+7, government officials in support of the scheme said that it was easier to save power than to generate more, but ultimately the scheme proved a failure. The change was criticised as early as days after the adoption of the scheme, people had not become accustomed to the change and businesses and shop owners had not followed the governments directives properly. Citizens also complained that the load-shedding situation hadnt improved, the country went back to its original time offset on the midnight of 31 December 2009, months later than the scheduled end and through the winter. Students and teachers were the first to be affected as many had to leave for their institutions before sunrise. In December, the problem worse, and the cabinet lifted the scheme. DST was due to be observed again from 31 March through to 31 October in 2010, however, on 22 March 2010, the cabinet cancelled the scheme permanently, citing public interest and decided to remain in the former UTC+06,00 offset. The BST website, maintained by the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
10.
Bengali language
–
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
11.
Carambola
–
Carambola or starfruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Seychelles. The fruit is popular throughout Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Micronesia, the tree is also cultivated throughout non-indigenous tropical areas, such as in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and the southern United States. The fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides, when cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, the entire fruit is edible and is usually eaten out of hand. They may also be used in cooking and can be made into relishes, preserves, the original range of Averrhoa carambola is unknown today. It is believed that it may have originated from Sri Lanka or Moluccas, Indonesia and they are cultivated commercially in India, Southeast Asia, southern China, Taiwan, and Florida. In other areas they are grown as ornamentals, rather than for consumption. The fruit is about 5 to 15 centimetres in length and is an oval shape and it usually has five prominent longitudinal ridges, but in rare instances it can have as few as four or as many as eight. In cross section, it resembles a star, the skin is thin, smooth, and waxy and turns a light to dark yellow when ripe. The flesh is translucent and light yellow to yellow in color, each fruit can have 10 to 12 flat light brown seeds about 6 to 13 mm in width and enclosed in gelatinous aril. Once removed from the fruit, they lose viability within a few days, like the closely related bilimbi, there are two main types of carambola, the small sour type and the larger sweet type. The sour varieties have an oxalic acid content than the sweet type. A number of cultivars have been developed in recent years, the most common cultivars grown commercially include the sweet types Arkin, Dah Pon, Ma fueng, Maha, and Demak and the sour types Golden Star, Newcomb, Star King, and Thayer. Some of the sour varieties like Golden Star can become sweet if allowed to ripen, the entire fruit is edible, including the slightly waxy skin. The flesh is crunchy, firm, and extremely juicy and it does not contain fibers and has a texture similar in consistency to that of grapes. Carambolas are best consumed shortly after they ripen, when they are yellow with a shade of green or just after all traces of green have disappeared. They will also have ridges at the edges and feel firm. Fruits picked while still slightly green will turn yellow in storage at room temperature, overripe carambola will be yellow with brown spots and can become blander in taste and soggier in consistency. Ripe sweet type carambolas are sweet without being overwhelming as they rarely have more than 4% sugar content and they have a tart, sour undertone, and an oxalic acid odor
12.
Spondias mombin
–
Spondias mombin or Spondias purpurea var. lutea, is a tree, a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies, the tree has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the brazilian Northeast, the mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31. 5%, the fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, jellies, and sherbets. In Thailand this fruit is called makok and is used in som tam as a secondary ingredient, the young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of nam phrik. It is also served with chilli powder in Bangladesh where the fruit is known as amṛa, as a member of the Sumac family, exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the poison ivy plant. Those with a sensitivity to urushiol should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species. The fruit-juice is used as a febrifuge and diuretic, the roots are well-known febrifuge on the Ivory Coast, being sometimes used with leaves of Ximenia, Premna hispida, Ficus sp. and Alchornea. They are pulped, boiled in water, and drunk, or used as a lotion or for baths, the bark is used as a purgative and in local applications for leprosy. The bark decoction is used for cough, causing relief through vomiting. The dry pulverized bark is applied as a dressing to the circumcision wound, the bark contains a certain amount of tannin. A decoction of the leaves is used by the Ibos for washing a swollen face. The leaves, ground with sugar, are rubbed on the mouth, a leaf infusion is a common cough remedy or used as a laxative for fever with constipation. A leaf decoction is used for gonorrhea, the leaves with the leaves of Vitex quinata and Terminalia avicennoides, are used on the Ivory Coast for fresh wounds preventing inflammation. All these leaves are used for leprosy, crushed with lemon they are effective for worms in children. With Alchornea leaves and lemon a gargle is made from the leaves and they are crushed to obtain the juice. A decoction of pounded leaves is used as an eye lotion, the young leaves are used as an infusion taken internally or as a warm astringent lotion by women in confinement in Sierra Leone. In the Congo the young leaves pounded to a frothy pulp are used as a bed for paralytics, in Surinames traditional medicine, the infusion of the leaves is used as a treatment of eye inflammation, diarrhea and venereal diseases
13.
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
–
The Bangladesh Nationalist Party, often abbreviated as BNP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties of Bangladesh. Since then, the BNP won the second, fifth, sixth and eighth national elections, the party also holds the record of being the largest opposition in the history of parliamentary elections of the country, with 116 seats in the seventh national election of 1996. It does not currently have representation in parliament after its boycott of the election of 2014. The party is often criticised for violent and consistent oppression of minorities, Hindus, Christians and Buddhists. Begum Khaleda Zia, who served as the chairperson from 1983, was elected as the first woman prime minister of Bangladesh. Begum Khaleda Zia is the Chairperson of the party, with Tarique Rahman as the Senior vice-chairman, Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal and Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal are its students wing and labour wing respectively. The BNP has nine other affiliated organisations, on 22 February 1978, a new party, Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal, was formed with Justice Abdus Sattar as the coordinator. Most of the prominent figures were from the council that was running the country at that time. Jagadal was the first attempt to create a platform for the nationalists of the country, Professor Syed Ali Ahsan, Shamsul Alam Chowdhury, A. Z. M. Enayetullah Khan, Moudud Ahmed, Jakaria Chowdhury, Professor Dr. M. R. Khan, JAGODAL was dissolved on 28 August 1978 to consolidate its membership under the newly formed Jatiyatabadi Front. On 1 May 1978 the Jatiyatabadi Front or Nationalist Front was formed with Ziaur Rahman as the chief of the front, a major portion of NAP joined the front as well with Mashiur Rahman. Shah Azizur Rahman with some of his colleagues from Muslim League, kazi Zafar Ahmed and a faction of United Peoples Party, Maolana Matin with his Labour Party, and minority leader Rashraj Mandal with Tafsili Jati Federation also joined. Ziaur Rahman was their candidate for the Presidential Election of 3 June 1978, Ziaur Rahman won the election, defeating M. A. G. Osmani of Ganatantrik Oikya Jote which was backed by the Bangladesh Awami League. After the Presidential election of 1978 the Bangladesh Nationalist Party was established on 1 September, the constitution of the party was drafted in 21 days of the formation with 76 members with Ziaur Rahman as the chief convener. Founding convening committee The BNP formed its first government after the Bangladeshi general election,1979, the first session of the parliament was 2 April 1979. It elected Shah Azizur Rahman as Prime Minister and leader of the parliament, Mirza Ghulam Hafiz was elected as the speaker of the parliament. Asaduzzaman Khan from the Awami League became the leader of the opposition, during this time it attracted a large pool of supporters and activists who joined the newly formed students wing and youth wing. After the formation of the government, the first executive committee of the party was declared, a national standing committee was formed as the highest decision making forum of the party with 12 members
14.
Bangladesh Awami League
–
The Bangladesh Awami League, is one of the two major political parties of Bangladesh. It is the current governing party, after winning a majority in heavily criticized 2014 parliamentary elections where the majority of seats were uncontested. The Pakistan Awami Muslim League was established as the Bengali alternative to the domination of the Muslim League in Pakistan, after the emergence of independent Bangladesh, the Awami League won the first general elections in 1973 but was overthrown in 1975 after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The party was forced by subsequent military regimes onto the sidelines and many of its senior leaders. After the restoration of democracy in 1990, the Awami League emerged as one of the players of Bangladeshi politics. Amongst the leaders of the Awami League, five have become the President of Bangladesh, four have become the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the incumbent Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, has headed the party since 1981. The student wing of the party is the Bangladesh Chhatra League, on 14 August 1947, the partition of India saw the establishment of the Muslim state of Pakistan on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory. The new country comprised two wings, separated by 1000 miles of Indian territory, in the Indian Subcontinent, the western wing consisted of the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province and Balochistan, while the province of East Bengal constituted the eastern wing. From the onset of independence, Pakistan was led by its founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in 1948, there was rising agitation in East Bengal against the omission of Bengali script from coins, stamps and government exams. Thousands of students, mainly from the University of Dhaka, protested in Dhaka, in March, senior Bengali political leaders were attacked whilst leading protests demanding that Bengali be declared an official language in Pakistan. The leaders included the A. K. Fazlul Huq, the former Prime Minister of undivided Bengal, amidst the rising discontent in East Bengal, Jinnah visited Dhaka and announced that Urdu would be sole state language of Pakistan given its significance to Islamic nationalism in South Asia. The announcement caused uproar in East Bengal, where the native Bengali population resented Jinnah for his attempts to impose a language they hardly understood. The resentment was fuelled by rising discrimination against Bengalis in government, industry, bureaucracy and the armed forces. The Bengalis argued that they constituted the majority of Pakistans population and Urdu was remote to the land of Bengal. The only language in Pakistan not written in the Persian-Arabic script was Bengali, against this backdrop, Bengali nationalism began to take root within the Muslim League and the partys Bengali members began to rebel. On 23 June 1949, Bengali nationalists from East Bengal broke away from the Muslim League, Pakistans dominant political party, the party was founded at the Rose Garden mansion in the old part of Dhaka. K. Rafiqul Hussain were elected the partys first Joint Secretaries, the party was formed to champion the rights of masses in Pakistan against the powerful feudal establishment led by the Muslim League. However, due to its strength stemming from the discriminated Bengali population of Pakistans eastern wing, the alliance was termed the Jukta Front or United Front and formulated the Ekush Dafa, or 21-point Charter, to fight the Muslim League
15.
Binod Bihari Chowdhury
–
Binod Bihari Chowdhury was a Bengali Indian independence activist and a member of the armed resistance movement led by Surya Sen. He was influential in the Indian independence movement and a member of the civil society of Bangladesh. He is mostly known for his participation in the Chittagong Armoury Raid to uproot the British colonial rule from the British India in 1930. Born in 1911, in Chittagong, Binod Bihari was the last surviving revolutionary from the Chittagong armoury raid and was active in many significant events in the history of Bangladesh, in 2000, he received the Independence Day Award, the highest civilian award in Bangladesh. Binod Bihari Chowdhury was born in the village of Uttarvurshi under the Boalkhali Upazila in Chittagong district which was then a part of the East Bengal and he was the fifth child of his parents, Kamini Kumar Chowdhury and Roma Rani Chowdhury. His father, Kamini Kumar Chowdhury was a lawyer in Chittagong, Binod Bihari started his primary education from the Rangamatia Board School in Fatikchhari Upazila. He was granted a scholarship for his performance in the matriculation examinations in 1929 from Saroatoli High School. He received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts and he was married to Biva Das. In 1927, Binod Bihari joined the revolutionary group Jugantar through a friend in school. Soon he came into contact with Surya Sen and within few days one of his intimate associates. At that time Surya Sen was planning an uprising against the British Raj in Chittagong. Firearms retailers were also to be raided, while rail and communication lines were to be cut to sever Chittagong from rest of British India, the plan was accompanied by Binod Bihari and some others. The intrigue was finally executed at 10 p. m. on 18 April 1930, Chittagong was liberated from British India for four days. However, the British Raj then mobilised a large body of troops in, Binod Bihari along with some co-revolutionaries was taking shelter at the Jalalabad hills. On 22 April, they came under an attack from the British troops. Twelve revolutionaries and over eighty troops were killed in the battle, Binod Bihari was wounded at his neck in that battle. The revolutionaries came under a trial between January and March 1932, Binod Bihari was deported to the Duly Detention Camp in Rajputana. Binod Bihari was appointed as an Assistant General Secretary of the Chittagong district committee of Indian National Congress in 1939 and he was also a member of the executive committee of Bengal Provincial Congress from 1940 to 1946
16.
Kalpana Datta
–
Kalpana Datta was an Indian independence movement activist and a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya Sen, which carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930. Later she joined the Communist Party of India and married Puran Chand Joshi, Kalpana Datta was born at Sripur, a village of Chittagong District in the Bengal Province of British India. After passing her matriculation examination in 1929 from Chittagong, she went to Calcutta, soon, she joined the Chhatri Sangha, a semi-revolutionary organisation in which Bina Das and Pritilata Waddedar were also active. The Chittagong armoury raid was carried out on 18 April 1930, Kalpana joined the Indian Republican Army, Chattagram branch, the armed resistance group led by Surya Sen in May 1931. In September,1931 Surya Sen entrusted her along with Pritilata Waddedar to attack the European Club in Chittagong, but a week before the attack, she was arrested while carrying out reconnaissance of the area. She went underground after her release on bail, on 17 February 1933 the police encircled their hiding place and Surya Sen was arrested but Kalpana was able to escape. She was finally arrested on 19 May 1933, in the second supplementary trial of the Chittagong armoury raid case, Kalpana was sentenced to transportation for life. Kalpana Datta graduated from the Calcutta University in 1940 and joined the Communist Party of India and she served as a relief worker during the 1943 Bengal famine and during the Partition of Bengal. She wrote a book, Chittagong Armoury Raiders, Reminiscences. In 1946, she contested in the elections for the Bengal Legislative Assembly as a Communist Party of India candidate from Chittagong, later, she joined the Indian Statistical Institute where she worked until her retirement. She died in Calcutta on 8 February 1995, in 1943, she married the then General Secretary of the Communist Party of India, Puran Chand Joshi. They had two sons, Chand and Suraj, Chand Joshi was a noted journalist, who worked for the Hindustan Times. He was also known for his work, Bhindranwale, Myth, chands wife Manini penned a book on the Chattagram armoury raid, titled, Do and Die, The Chattagram Uprising 1930-34. In 2010, Deepika Padukone starred as Kalpana Datta, in a Hindi movie, Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey, another movie, Chittagong, was released on 12 October 2012, based on the uprising. It was produced and directed by Bedabrata Pain, an ex-NASA scientist, women in India and Pakistan, The Struggle for Independence from British Rule
17.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
18.
Bandarban District
–
Bandarban is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division. It is one of the three districts that make up the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the others being Rangamati District and Khagrachhari District, Bandarban is regarded as one of the most attractive travel destinations in Bangladesh. Bandarban, or in Marma or Arakanese language as Rwa-daw Mro is also known as Arvumi or the Bohmong Circle, Bandarban town is the home town of the Bohmong Chief who is the head of the Marma population. It also is the headquarters of Bandarban district, which has turned into one of the most exotic tourist attractions in Bangladesh. One of the three districts of Bangladesh and a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bandarban is not only the remotest district of the country. All of the highest peaks of Bangladesh are located at Bandarban district and their heights measured with Garmin GPSMAP60CSX GPS are as follows, Tahjindong, also known as bijoy Mowdok Mual Keokradong Raikhiang Lake, the highest lake in Bangladesh is also found in Bandarban. Chimbuk peak and Boga Lake are two more highly noted features of the district, the newly reported highest peak of Bangladesh – Saka Haphong is also here in Thanchi upazila. Bandarban Sadar, Thanchi, Lama, Naikhongchhari, Ali kadam, Rowangchhari, Chimbuk peak and Boga Lake are two more highly noted features of the district. Though most Bangladesh sources cite Keokradong as the highest peak in the country and they got the height of this peak as 3488 feet with gps accuracy of 3-metre. The unnamed summit is known as Saka Haphong to the local Tripura tribes, the following is a list of mountain ranges in the area and the tallest peaks of each range, The Sangu River, the only river born inside Bangladesh territory, runs through Bandarban. The other rivers in the district are Matamuhuri and Bakkhali, parts of Kaptai Lake, the biggest lake in, Bangladesh fall under the district. A nearly 52 km² hill-town housing about 32,000 people, there is a Tribal Cultural Institute here, which features a library and a museum. Apart from the numerous kyangs and mosques, there is a dedicated to Kali. There ia Christian Church named Fatima Rani Catholic Church, located at Jadi Para and it is led by the Congregation of Bangladesh Holy Cross Fathers. In the early days of 15th century, the Arakanese kingdom and that area was mostly populated by the Arakanese descendants and ruled by the Burmese noble descendants who started to call themselves in Arakanese language as Marma. Marma is an archaic Arakanese pronunciation for Myanmar, Bandarban Hill District was once called Bohmong Htaung since the Arakanese rule. Once Bohmong Htaung was ruled by Bohmong Rajas who were the subordinates to the Arakanese kings, ancestors of the present Bohmong dynasty were the successor of the Pegu King of Burma under Arakans rule in Chittagong. In 1614, King Mong Kha Maung, the king of Arakan appointed Maung Saw Pru as Governor of Chittagong who in 1620 repulsed the Portuguese invasion with great valour
19.
Ali Kadam Upazila
–
Ali Kadam is an Upazila of Bandarban District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ali Kadam is located at 21. 6667°N92. 3056°E /21.6667,92.3056 and it has 4,923 households and a total area of 885.78 km². According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Ali Kadam had a population of 24,782, males constituted 55. 21% of the population, and females 44. 79%. The population aged 18 or over was 13,312, Ali Kadam had an average literacy rate of 20. 7%, compared to the national average of 32. 4%. The religions of Ali Kadam are Muslim 85. 32%, Buddhist 13. 68%, Hindu 0. 77%, the religious institutions consist of 680 mosques,65 pagodas,55 Buddhist temples and 8 Hindu temples. Alikadam is a hiking destination among tourists for the tunnels in the mountains known as Alir Guha or Alis Tunnels. Tourists are expected to face slippery and muddy terrains for the hike to the tunnels, winter is the safest season to travel because the mountain streams and rivers are dangerous during Monsoon. Alikadam has 2 Unions,6 Mauzas and 148 villages, there is a shortage of high schools. Now there is only a government high in Ali Kadam, upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
20.
Thanchi Upazila
–
Thanchi is an Upazila of Bandarban District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Thanchi is located at 21. 7861°N92. 4278°E /21.7861,92.4278 and it has 2,885 households and a total area of 1020.82 km². According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Thanchi has a population of 16104, males constituted 55. 61% of the population, and females 44. 39%. The population aged 18 or over was 8,639, Thanchi had an average literacy rate of 17. 4%, against the national average of 32. 4%. Thanchi has 4 Unions/Wards,12 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 82 villages, upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
21.
Brahmanbaria District
–
Brahmanbaria is a district in east-central Bangladesh. Brahmanbaria District, which was included in Comilla district was established in 1984, the district has 4 municipalities,39 wards,97 mahallas,9 upazilas,98 union parishads,1081 mouzas and 1329 villages. According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Brahmanbaria District had 538,937 households, Brahmanbaria is part of Comilla Board of Education. Brahmanbaria District has 6 colleges, one Engineering Institutes and one Medical colleges, the capital city of Brahmanbaria District is booming by new population of the southern Bangladesh. This city has the largest railway junction in the country which is Akhaura, but within the district many cities can be found. The capital and largest city is Brahmanbaria, Akhaura and Ashuganj ranks also in top three. Prime minister of Bangladesh gave permission to use Ashuganj Port, in addition, Akhaura Station will be connected to Agartala
22.
Akhaura Upazila
–
Akhaura is an Upazila of Brahmanbaria District, a district of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Akhaura Upazila, with an area of 99.28 km2, the main river in the surrounding area is the Titas River. It played an important historical role during both World War II and Liberation War of Bangladesh, the administration of Akhaura thana, now an upazila, was established in 1976. The upazila includes one municipality, five union parishads,107 mouzas and 113 villages, according to the 2011 District Statistics Report for Brahmanbaria, Akhaura has a population of 145,215. Males constitute approximately 70,000 of the population, and females 75,000, the majority of the population are Muslim with a minority following Hinduism. This upazila has a rate of 52. 7%. Kharampur Mazar Sharif, the mausoleum of Hazrat Syed Ahmad Gechhudaraj, is a site for devotees. Plans are underway to have Akhaura will be connected to Agartala, in year 2013-14, Bangladesh exported TK2.26 billion through the Akhaura Land Port to India. According to Banglapedia, Bangladesh Railway Government High School, founded in 1920, is a secondary school. Upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
23.
Ashuganj Upazila
–
Ashuganj is an Upazila of Brahmanbaria District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ashuganj is located at 24. 02°N91. 00°E /24.02,91.00 and has area of 67.59 km². The total population is 180,654, comprising 85,191 males and 89,074 females and 174,265 Muslims,6,290 Hindus,69 Buddhists and 117 people following other religions, Ashuganj Upazila has 8 Unions/Wards,30 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 38 villages. Ashuganj Upazila is known for its plant which generates much of the electricity for the country especially for the capital city. Ashuganj Fertilizer Ltd is on the side of Ashuganj. It produces chemical fertilizer for the country and it is especially known as commercial area. Almost 25% electricity supply from Ashugonj Power Station, in Ashugonj, there are more than 500 rice mills which means above 40% rice supply from Ashugonj. Ashugonj Fertilizer is a biggest chemical fertilizer company, there is a Transit in Ashugonj which communicate with India. Ashugonj City is also known as river port, there is also a gas transmission company. The area has experienced severe power shortages but a project is being planned and implemented under Japanese Debt Relief Grant Aid. Meghna Heli Bridge Country dates with acute power crisis 5th unit of Ashuganj power plant resumes production
24.
Chandpur District
–
Chandpur is a district of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division and it was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Chandpur is the first district in Bangladesh to implement the District Branding initiative, Chandpur is now known as ইলিশের বাড়ি চাঁদপুর -City of Hilsha. Its logo is designed by internationally recognized famous artist from Chandpur, the population of the district as of the 2011 census was 2,416,018
Bangladesh