1.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
2.
Carambola
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Carambola or starfruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Seychelles. The fruit is popular throughout Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Micronesia, the tree is also cultivated throughout non-indigenous tropical areas, such as in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and the southern United States. The fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides, when cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, the entire fruit is edible and is usually eaten out of hand. They may also be used in cooking and can be made into relishes, preserves, the original range of Averrhoa carambola is unknown today. It is believed that it may have originated from Sri Lanka or Moluccas, Indonesia and they are cultivated commercially in India, Southeast Asia, southern China, Taiwan, and Florida. In other areas they are grown as ornamentals, rather than for consumption. The fruit is about 5 to 15 centimetres in length and is an oval shape and it usually has five prominent longitudinal ridges, but in rare instances it can have as few as four or as many as eight. In cross section, it resembles a star, the skin is thin, smooth, and waxy and turns a light to dark yellow when ripe. The flesh is translucent and light yellow to yellow in color, each fruit can have 10 to 12 flat light brown seeds about 6 to 13 mm in width and enclosed in gelatinous aril. Once removed from the fruit, they lose viability within a few days, like the closely related bilimbi, there are two main types of carambola, the small sour type and the larger sweet type. The sour varieties have an oxalic acid content than the sweet type. A number of cultivars have been developed in recent years, the most common cultivars grown commercially include the sweet types Arkin, Dah Pon, Ma fueng, Maha, and Demak and the sour types Golden Star, Newcomb, Star King, and Thayer. Some of the sour varieties like Golden Star can become sweet if allowed to ripen, the entire fruit is edible, including the slightly waxy skin. The flesh is crunchy, firm, and extremely juicy and it does not contain fibers and has a texture similar in consistency to that of grapes. Carambolas are best consumed shortly after they ripen, when they are yellow with a shade of green or just after all traces of green have disappeared. They will also have ridges at the edges and feel firm. Fruits picked while still slightly green will turn yellow in storage at room temperature, overripe carambola will be yellow with brown spots and can become blander in taste and soggier in consistency. Ripe sweet type carambolas are sweet without being overwhelming as they rarely have more than 4% sugar content and they have a tart, sour undertone, and an oxalic acid odor
3.
Spondias mombin
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Spondias mombin or Spondias purpurea var. lutea, is a tree, a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies, the tree has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the brazilian Northeast, the mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31. 5%, the fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, jellies, and sherbets. In Thailand this fruit is called makok and is used in som tam as a secondary ingredient, the young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of nam phrik. It is also served with chilli powder in Bangladesh where the fruit is known as amṛa, as a member of the Sumac family, exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the poison ivy plant. Those with a sensitivity to urushiol should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species. The fruit-juice is used as a febrifuge and diuretic, the roots are well-known febrifuge on the Ivory Coast, being sometimes used with leaves of Ximenia, Premna hispida, Ficus sp. and Alchornea. They are pulped, boiled in water, and drunk, or used as a lotion or for baths, the bark is used as a purgative and in local applications for leprosy. The bark decoction is used for cough, causing relief through vomiting. The dry pulverized bark is applied as a dressing to the circumcision wound, the bark contains a certain amount of tannin. A decoction of the leaves is used by the Ibos for washing a swollen face. The leaves, ground with sugar, are rubbed on the mouth, a leaf infusion is a common cough remedy or used as a laxative for fever with constipation. A leaf decoction is used for gonorrhea, the leaves with the leaves of Vitex quinata and Terminalia avicennoides, are used on the Ivory Coast for fresh wounds preventing inflammation. All these leaves are used for leprosy, crushed with lemon they are effective for worms in children. With Alchornea leaves and lemon a gargle is made from the leaves and they are crushed to obtain the juice. A decoction of pounded leaves is used as an eye lotion, the young leaves are used as an infusion taken internally or as a warm astringent lotion by women in confinement in Sierra Leone. In the Congo the young leaves pounded to a frothy pulp are used as a bed for paralytics, in Surinames traditional medicine, the infusion of the leaves is used as a treatment of eye inflammation, diarrhea and venereal diseases
4.
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
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The Bangladesh Nationalist Party, often abbreviated as BNP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties of Bangladesh. Since then, the BNP won the second, fifth, sixth and eighth national elections, the party also holds the record of being the largest opposition in the history of parliamentary elections of the country, with 116 seats in the seventh national election of 1996. It does not currently have representation in parliament after its boycott of the election of 2014. The party is often criticised for violent and consistent oppression of minorities, Hindus, Christians and Buddhists. Begum Khaleda Zia, who served as the chairperson from 1983, was elected as the first woman prime minister of Bangladesh. Begum Khaleda Zia is the Chairperson of the party, with Tarique Rahman as the Senior vice-chairman, Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal and Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal are its students wing and labour wing respectively. The BNP has nine other affiliated organisations, on 22 February 1978, a new party, Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal, was formed with Justice Abdus Sattar as the coordinator. Most of the prominent figures were from the council that was running the country at that time. Jagadal was the first attempt to create a platform for the nationalists of the country, Professor Syed Ali Ahsan, Shamsul Alam Chowdhury, A. Z. M. Enayetullah Khan, Moudud Ahmed, Jakaria Chowdhury, Professor Dr. M. R. Khan, JAGODAL was dissolved on 28 August 1978 to consolidate its membership under the newly formed Jatiyatabadi Front. On 1 May 1978 the Jatiyatabadi Front or Nationalist Front was formed with Ziaur Rahman as the chief of the front, a major portion of NAP joined the front as well with Mashiur Rahman. Shah Azizur Rahman with some of his colleagues from Muslim League, kazi Zafar Ahmed and a faction of United Peoples Party, Maolana Matin with his Labour Party, and minority leader Rashraj Mandal with Tafsili Jati Federation also joined. Ziaur Rahman was their candidate for the Presidential Election of 3 June 1978, Ziaur Rahman won the election, defeating M. A. G. Osmani of Ganatantrik Oikya Jote which was backed by the Bangladesh Awami League. After the Presidential election of 1978 the Bangladesh Nationalist Party was established on 1 September, the constitution of the party was drafted in 21 days of the formation with 76 members with Ziaur Rahman as the chief convener. Founding convening committee The BNP formed its first government after the Bangladeshi general election,1979, the first session of the parliament was 2 April 1979. It elected Shah Azizur Rahman as Prime Minister and leader of the parliament, Mirza Ghulam Hafiz was elected as the speaker of the parliament. Asaduzzaman Khan from the Awami League became the leader of the opposition, during this time it attracted a large pool of supporters and activists who joined the newly formed students wing and youth wing. After the formation of the government, the first executive committee of the party was declared, a national standing committee was formed as the highest decision making forum of the party with 12 members
5.
Bangladesh Awami League
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The Bangladesh Awami League, is one of the two major political parties of Bangladesh. It is the current governing party, after winning a majority in heavily criticized 2014 parliamentary elections where the majority of seats were uncontested. The Pakistan Awami Muslim League was established as the Bengali alternative to the domination of the Muslim League in Pakistan, after the emergence of independent Bangladesh, the Awami League won the first general elections in 1973 but was overthrown in 1975 after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The party was forced by subsequent military regimes onto the sidelines and many of its senior leaders. After the restoration of democracy in 1990, the Awami League emerged as one of the players of Bangladeshi politics. Amongst the leaders of the Awami League, five have become the President of Bangladesh, four have become the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the incumbent Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, has headed the party since 1981. The student wing of the party is the Bangladesh Chhatra League, on 14 August 1947, the partition of India saw the establishment of the Muslim state of Pakistan on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory. The new country comprised two wings, separated by 1000 miles of Indian territory, in the Indian Subcontinent, the western wing consisted of the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province and Balochistan, while the province of East Bengal constituted the eastern wing. From the onset of independence, Pakistan was led by its founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in 1948, there was rising agitation in East Bengal against the omission of Bengali script from coins, stamps and government exams. Thousands of students, mainly from the University of Dhaka, protested in Dhaka, in March, senior Bengali political leaders were attacked whilst leading protests demanding that Bengali be declared an official language in Pakistan. The leaders included the A. K. Fazlul Huq, the former Prime Minister of undivided Bengal, amidst the rising discontent in East Bengal, Jinnah visited Dhaka and announced that Urdu would be sole state language of Pakistan given its significance to Islamic nationalism in South Asia. The announcement caused uproar in East Bengal, where the native Bengali population resented Jinnah for his attempts to impose a language they hardly understood. The resentment was fuelled by rising discrimination against Bengalis in government, industry, bureaucracy and the armed forces. The Bengalis argued that they constituted the majority of Pakistans population and Urdu was remote to the land of Bengal. The only language in Pakistan not written in the Persian-Arabic script was Bengali, against this backdrop, Bengali nationalism began to take root within the Muslim League and the partys Bengali members began to rebel. On 23 June 1949, Bengali nationalists from East Bengal broke away from the Muslim League, Pakistans dominant political party, the party was founded at the Rose Garden mansion in the old part of Dhaka. K. Rafiqul Hussain were elected the partys first Joint Secretaries, the party was formed to champion the rights of masses in Pakistan against the powerful feudal establishment led by the Muslim League. However, due to its strength stemming from the discriminated Bengali population of Pakistans eastern wing, the alliance was termed the Jukta Front or United Front and formulated the Ekush Dafa, or 21-point Charter, to fight the Muslim League
6.
Bangladesh Liberation War
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It resulted in the independence of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971 and it pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate. The Pakistan Army, which had the backing of Islamists, created radical religious militias – the Razakars, Al-Badr, members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. The capital Dhaka was the scene of massacres, including the Dhaka University killings. An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced, sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. An academic consensus prevails that the committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from Chittagong by members of the Mukti Bahini – the national liberation army formed by Bengali military, paramilitary, the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders and they liberated numerous towns and cities in the initial months of the conflict. The Pakistan Army regained momentum in the monsoon, Bengali guerrillas carried out widespread sabotage, including Operation Jackpot against the Pakistan Navy. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases, by November, the Bangladesh forces restricted the Pakistani military to its barracks during the night. They secured control of most parts of the countryside, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile. Bengali members of the Pakistani civil, military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government, thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan, from where many escaped to Afghanistan. Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station, the plight of millions of war-ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm. The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic, economic, British, Indian and American musicians organised the worlds first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. India joined the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India, the subsequent Indo-Pakistani War witnessed engagements on two war fronts. With air supremacy achieved in the theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India. The war changed the landscape of South Asia, with the emergence of Bangladesh as the seventh-most populous country in the world
7.
Bandarban District
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Bandarban is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division. It is one of the three districts that make up the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the others being Rangamati District and Khagrachhari District, Bandarban is regarded as one of the most attractive travel destinations in Bangladesh. Bandarban, or in Marma or Arakanese language as Rwa-daw Mro is also known as Arvumi or the Bohmong Circle, Bandarban town is the home town of the Bohmong Chief who is the head of the Marma population. It also is the headquarters of Bandarban district, which has turned into one of the most exotic tourist attractions in Bangladesh. One of the three districts of Bangladesh and a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bandarban is not only the remotest district of the country. All of the highest peaks of Bangladesh are located at Bandarban district and their heights measured with Garmin GPSMAP60CSX GPS are as follows, Tahjindong, also known as bijoy Mowdok Mual Keokradong Raikhiang Lake, the highest lake in Bangladesh is also found in Bandarban. Chimbuk peak and Boga Lake are two more highly noted features of the district, the newly reported highest peak of Bangladesh – Saka Haphong is also here in Thanchi upazila. Bandarban Sadar, Thanchi, Lama, Naikhongchhari, Ali kadam, Rowangchhari, Chimbuk peak and Boga Lake are two more highly noted features of the district. Though most Bangladesh sources cite Keokradong as the highest peak in the country and they got the height of this peak as 3488 feet with gps accuracy of 3-metre. The unnamed summit is known as Saka Haphong to the local Tripura tribes, the following is a list of mountain ranges in the area and the tallest peaks of each range, The Sangu River, the only river born inside Bangladesh territory, runs through Bandarban. The other rivers in the district are Matamuhuri and Bakkhali, parts of Kaptai Lake, the biggest lake in, Bangladesh fall under the district. A nearly 52 km² hill-town housing about 32,000 people, there is a Tribal Cultural Institute here, which features a library and a museum. Apart from the numerous kyangs and mosques, there is a dedicated to Kali. There ia Christian Church named Fatima Rani Catholic Church, located at Jadi Para and it is led by the Congregation of Bangladesh Holy Cross Fathers. In the early days of 15th century, the Arakanese kingdom and that area was mostly populated by the Arakanese descendants and ruled by the Burmese noble descendants who started to call themselves in Arakanese language as Marma. Marma is an archaic Arakanese pronunciation for Myanmar, Bandarban Hill District was once called Bohmong Htaung since the Arakanese rule. Once Bohmong Htaung was ruled by Bohmong Rajas who were the subordinates to the Arakanese kings, ancestors of the present Bohmong dynasty were the successor of the Pegu King of Burma under Arakans rule in Chittagong. In 1614, King Mong Kha Maung, the king of Arakan appointed Maung Saw Pru as Governor of Chittagong who in 1620 repulsed the Portuguese invasion with great valour
8.
Thanchi Upazila
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Thanchi is an Upazila of Bandarban District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Thanchi is located at 21. 7861°N92. 4278°E /21.7861,92.4278 and it has 2,885 households and a total area of 1020.82 km². According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Thanchi has a population of 16104, males constituted 55. 61% of the population, and females 44. 39%. The population aged 18 or over was 8,639, Thanchi had an average literacy rate of 17. 4%, against the national average of 32. 4%. Thanchi has 4 Unions/Wards,12 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 82 villages, upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
9.
Akhaura Upazila
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Akhaura is an Upazila of Brahmanbaria District, a district of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Akhaura Upazila, with an area of 99.28 km2, the main river in the surrounding area is the Titas River. It played an important historical role during both World War II and Liberation War of Bangladesh, the administration of Akhaura thana, now an upazila, was established in 1976. The upazila includes one municipality, five union parishads,107 mouzas and 113 villages, according to the 2011 District Statistics Report for Brahmanbaria, Akhaura has a population of 145,215. Males constitute approximately 70,000 of the population, and females 75,000, the majority of the population are Muslim with a minority following Hinduism. This upazila has a rate of 52. 7%. Kharampur Mazar Sharif, the mausoleum of Hazrat Syed Ahmad Gechhudaraj, is a site for devotees. Plans are underway to have Akhaura will be connected to Agartala, in year 2013-14, Bangladesh exported TK2.26 billion through the Akhaura Land Port to India. According to Banglapedia, Bangladesh Railway Government High School, founded in 1920, is a secondary school. Upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
10.
Binod Bihari Chowdhury
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Binod Bihari Chowdhury was a Bengali Indian independence activist and a member of the armed resistance movement led by Surya Sen. He was influential in the Indian independence movement and a member of the civil society of Bangladesh. He is mostly known for his participation in the Chittagong Armoury Raid to uproot the British colonial rule from the British India in 1930. Born in 1911, in Chittagong, Binod Bihari was the last surviving revolutionary from the Chittagong armoury raid and was active in many significant events in the history of Bangladesh, in 2000, he received the Independence Day Award, the highest civilian award in Bangladesh. Binod Bihari Chowdhury was born in the village of Uttarvurshi under the Boalkhali Upazila in Chittagong district which was then a part of the East Bengal and he was the fifth child of his parents, Kamini Kumar Chowdhury and Roma Rani Chowdhury. His father, Kamini Kumar Chowdhury was a lawyer in Chittagong, Binod Bihari started his primary education from the Rangamatia Board School in Fatikchhari Upazila. He was granted a scholarship for his performance in the matriculation examinations in 1929 from Saroatoli High School. He received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts and he was married to Biva Das. In 1927, Binod Bihari joined the revolutionary group Jugantar through a friend in school. Soon he came into contact with Surya Sen and within few days one of his intimate associates. At that time Surya Sen was planning an uprising against the British Raj in Chittagong. Firearms retailers were also to be raided, while rail and communication lines were to be cut to sever Chittagong from rest of British India, the plan was accompanied by Binod Bihari and some others. The intrigue was finally executed at 10 p. m. on 18 April 1930, Chittagong was liberated from British India for four days. However, the British Raj then mobilised a large body of troops in, Binod Bihari along with some co-revolutionaries was taking shelter at the Jalalabad hills. On 22 April, they came under an attack from the British troops. Twelve revolutionaries and over eighty troops were killed in the battle, Binod Bihari was wounded at his neck in that battle. The revolutionaries came under a trial between January and March 1932, Binod Bihari was deported to the Duly Detention Camp in Rajputana. Binod Bihari was appointed as an Assistant General Secretary of the Chittagong district committee of Indian National Congress in 1939 and he was also a member of the executive committee of Bengal Provincial Congress from 1940 to 1946
11.
Ali Kadam Upazila
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Ali Kadam is an Upazila of Bandarban District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ali Kadam is located at 21. 6667°N92. 3056°E /21.6667,92.3056 and it has 4,923 households and a total area of 885.78 km². According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Ali Kadam had a population of 24,782, males constituted 55. 21% of the population, and females 44. 79%. The population aged 18 or over was 13,312, Ali Kadam had an average literacy rate of 20. 7%, compared to the national average of 32. 4%. The religions of Ali Kadam are Muslim 85. 32%, Buddhist 13. 68%, Hindu 0. 77%, the religious institutions consist of 680 mosques,65 pagodas,55 Buddhist temples and 8 Hindu temples. Alikadam is a hiking destination among tourists for the tunnels in the mountains known as Alir Guha or Alis Tunnels. Tourists are expected to face slippery and muddy terrains for the hike to the tunnels, winter is the safest season to travel because the mountain streams and rivers are dangerous during Monsoon. Alikadam has 2 Unions,6 Mauzas and 148 villages, there is a shortage of high schools. Now there is only a government high in Ali Kadam, upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
Bangladesh