1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
4.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
5.
Late Victorian architecture
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Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria, called the Victorian era, however, many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victorias reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east, the name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it follows Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture, during the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built. Paxton also continued to build houses as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular English Renaissance styles. In this era of prosperity new methods of construction were developed, other notable Scottish architects of this period are Archibald Simpson and Alexander Marshall Mackenzie whose stylistically varied work can be seen in the architecture of Aberdeen. Victorian architecture usually has many intricate window frames inspired by the famous architect Elliot Rae, some chose the United States, and others went to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Normally, they applied architectural styles that were fashionable when they left England, thus, the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including William Butterfield, the Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw a gold rush and population boom during the 1880s in the state of Victoria. There were fifteen styles that predominated, The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the Federation Period, during the British colonial period of British Ceylon, Sri Lanka Law College, Sri Lanka College of Technology and the Galle Face Hotel. In the United States, Victorian architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900, a list of these styles most commonly includes Second Empire, Stick-Eastlake, Folk Victorian, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Shingle. As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period, some historians classify the later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. Stick-Eastlake, a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick, on the other hand, terms such as Painted Ladies or gingerbread may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles varied between countries, many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another. San Francisco is well known for its extensive Victorian architecture, particularly in the Haight-Ashbury, Lower Haight, Alamo Square, Noe Valley, Castro, Nob Hill, the extent to which any one is the largest surviving example is debated, with numerous qualifications. The Distillery District in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America, cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex, Parkdale, and Rosedale, in the USA, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country. Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky also claims to be the nations largest Victorian neighborhood, richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan
6.
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
7.
Fairmount Water Works
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The Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was Philadelphias second municipal waterworks. Designed in 1812 by Frederick Graff and built between 1812 and 1872, it operated until 1909, winning praise for its design and becoming a popular tourist attraction and it now houses a restaurant and an interpretive center that explains the waterworks purpose and local watershed history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture and it was the nations first water supply to use paddle wheels to move water. Following a series of fever epidemics in the late 18th century city leaders appointed a Watering Committee. The initial water system was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and accepted by the committee in 1799 and his system utilized two steam engines to pump water from the Schuylkill River, into the city, then into two wooden tanks that held a total of just 57,000 US gallons. From the wooden tanks, the water was gravity fed into a series of water mains. The system was plagued with problems, if either of the steam engines failed, the water supply to the city was cut off. The Fairmount Water Works was initially constructed between 1812 and 1815 on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, the Water Works initially consisted of a 3 million US gallons earthen reservoir atop Faire Mount, and a pump house with two steam engines to pump water. Between 1819 and 1821, a 1, 600-foot-long dam was built across the Schuylkill to direct water to a Mill House with three wheels that replaced the steam engines in 1822. Later, Jonval turbines were used to lift the water in a New Mill House, the facility, the industrial nature of which was disguised by a Classical Revival exterior, became a tourist attraction for its beauty and its location on the riverside. Visitors included Charles Dickens, who praised it for its pleasant design, the Fairmount Water Works eventually closed in 1909, after years of service, when several newer and more technologically updated facilities were built. Completed in 1822, Fairmount Dam cut diagonally across the river, channeled water into the Waterworks, the Schuylkill is a tidal river, so it also prevented brackish water in the Delaware River from mixing with the fresh water. Above it, the dam created the Schuylkill Pond, several miles of water used for recreation. After the waterworks closed in 1909 the facility was used for several purposes, including the Philadelphia Aquarium, in more recent years attempts have been made to return the waterworks to its previous position as an engaging tourist attraction. Despite a severe fire which caused setbacks to the restoration, a center has now been added. Its position near Boathouse Row and the Philadelphia Museum of Art is hoped to aid in making it a regularly visited tourist site once more. The Fairmount Water Works buildings now house the Fairmount Water Works Interpretive Center, the FWWIC offers interactive exhibits, lectures, events, and school programs. In December 2004, Michael Karloutsos won a 25-year, $120, after a highly publicized renovation, Karloutsos opened Water Works Restaurant and Lounge within the Water Works on July 20,2006
8.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
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The Philadelphia Museum of Art is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway at Eakins Oval. The museum administers collections containing over 240,000 objects including major holdings of European, American and Asian origin, the various classes of artwork include sculpture, paintings, prints, drawings, photographs, armor and decorative arts. The attendance figure for the museum was 751,797 in 2015, the museum is also one of the largest art museums in the world based on gallery space. The museum also administers the historic houses of Mount Pleasant and Cedar Grove. The museum and its annexes are owned by the City of Philadelphia, as of 2017, the standard adult admission price is $20 which allows entrance to the main building and all annexes for two consecutive days. The museum is closed on Mondays except on some holidays, several special exhibitions are held in the museum every year, including touring exhibitions arranged with other museums in the United States and abroad. Special exhibitions may have a charge for entrance. Philadelphia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence with the 1876 Centennial Exposition and its art building, Memorial Hall, was intended to outlast the Exhibition and house a permanent museum. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art opened on May 10,1877 and its permanent collection began with objects from the Exhibition and gifts from the public impressed with the Exhibitions ideals of good design and craftsmanship. European and Japanese fine and decorative art objects and books for the Museums library were among the first donations, the location outside of Center City, however, was fairly distant from many of the citys inhabitants. Admission was charged until 1881, then was dropped until 1962, starting in 1882, Clara Jessup Moore donated a remarkable collection of antique furniture, enamels, carved ivory, jewelry, metalwork, glass, ceramics, books, textiles and paintings. The Countess de Brazzas lace collection was acquired in 1894 forming the nucleus of the lace collection, in 1893 Anna H. Wilstach bequeathed a large painting collection, including many American paintings, and an endowment of half a million dollars for additional purchases. Works by James Abbott McNeill Whistler and George Inness were purchased within a few years, in the early 1900s, the Museum started an education program for the general public, as well as a membership program. Fiske Kimball was the director during the rapid growth of the 1920s. After World War II the collections grew with gifts, such as the John D. McIlhenny, early modern art dominated the growth of the collections in the 1950s, with acquisitions of the Louise and Walter Arensberg and the A. E. Gallatin collections. The gift of Philadelphian Grace Kellys wedding dress is perhaps the best known gift of the 1950s, extensive renovation of the building lasted from the 1960s through 1976. Major acquisitions included the Carroll S. Tyson, Jr. and Samuel S. White III and Vera White collections,71 objects from designer Elsa Schiaparelli, in 1976 there were celebrations and special exhibitions for the centennial of the Museum and the bicentennial of the nation
9.
Boathouse
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A boathouse is a building especially designed for the storage of boats, normally smaller craft for sports or leisure use. These are typically located on water, such as on a river. Often the boats stored are rowing boats, other boats such as punts or small motor boats may also be stored. Sometimes, a boathouse may be the headquarters of a club or rowing club. It may also include a restaurant, bar, and other leisure facilities, boathouses are also sometimes modified to include living quarters for people, or the whole structure may be used as temporary or permanent housing. In Scandinavia, the boathouse is known as a naust, a word deriving from Old Norse naverstað and these were typically built with stone walls and timber roofs and would be either open to the sea or provided with sturdy doors. The floors would be a continuation of the beach sand or rock. Boatshed Houseboat, a used as a house
10.
Rowing (sport)
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
11.
Fairmount Park
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Fairmount Park is the largest municipal park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the historic name for a group of parks located throughout the city. Fairmount Park consists of two sections named East Park and West Park, divided by the Schuylkill River, with the two sections together totalling 2,052 acres. Fairmount Park, Philadelphias first park, occupies 2,052 acres adjacent to the banks of the Schuylkill River, since 2010, Philadelphia Parks & Recreation divides the original park into East and West Fairmount parks. The South Garden predated the establishment of the Park Commission in 1867, while Lemon Hill, after the Civil War, work progressed on acquiring and laying out West Park. In the 1870s, the Fairmount Park Commission expropriated properties along the Wissahickon Creek to extend Fairmount Park, the Schuylkill River Trail is a modern paved multi-use trail by Kelly Drive in the East Park. The park grew out of the Lemon Hill estate of Henry Pratt, whose land was owned by Robert Morris. Purchased by the city in 1844, the estate was dedicated to the public by city ordinance on September 15,1855. A series of state and local legislative acts over the three years increased the holdings of the city. In 1858, the city held a competition to re-landscape Lemon Hill. As the site of the 1876 Centennial Exposition and the first zoo in the United States, the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park, located to the immediate northwest, was also included in the Fairmount Park NRHP registration document. The Art Association continues to commission and care for a number of sculptures, in coordination with the park. In 2007, the Art Association installed Iroquois by Mark di Suvero near the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Mount Pleasant, built in 1761 in what was then the countryside outside of the city by a privateer, is administered by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Fairmount Park. The Art Museum also administers Cedar Grove, a house completed in 1750 in the Frankford neighborhood of the city, Sedgeley, a house built in 1799 on Lemon Hill, was abandoned and later demolished after being acquired through eminent domain by the city in 1857. The Sedgeley property also included a cottage constructed of stone which still exists. Philadelphia portal List of parks in Philadelphia Philadelphia Aquarium Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia Sedgley Woods Fletcher Street Urban Riding Club Fazio, Michael W
12.
Schuylkill Navy
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The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States, the member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row. By charter, the Schuylkill Navy’s object is to secure united action among the several Clubs, over the years, the group has had a role in certain ceremonial and state functions. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing, Josephs University and St. Josephs Prep. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times, many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors. The Schuylkill Navy was founded by nine Philadelphia rowing clubs seeking a governing body to prevent fixed races, once formed, the Navy enacted a code of conduct that prohibited wagering on races. These clubs were present at the founding of the society in October 1858, America, Camilla, Chebucto, Falcon, Independent, Keystone, Neptune, Pennsylvania, later that month, Amateurs, Nautilus, and Quaker City joined. While not at that first meeting, Undine and Bachelors joined the Navy soon after its founding, Bachelors absorbed member, Amateurs, in December 1858, and became a member in March 1859. While Undine was not initially listed as a founder, it is considered a founder of the Navy because one of Undines members was the Secretary Treasurer of the Navy at its inception, in March 1860, Union Boat Club and Atlantic Barge Club joined the Schuylkill Navy. In September 1860 the founding club, Camilla Boat Club, resigned, by June 1861, Falcon, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic had dissolved. Half of the remaining Schuylkill Navy clubs lapsed during the Civil War, as of August 1865 Chebutco, Excelsior, Union, Independent, and Keystone no longer existed. Rowing resumed at the end of the Civil War, but many of the fledgling post-war clubs did not last, on August 17,1865, Pennsylvania Barge Club and Philadelphia Barge Club were elected to the Navy. Five days later Malta Boat Club and Washington Boat Club joined, in 1867 the Navy admitted Iona, but Iona terminated its membership after it became part of Crescent Boat Club, which joined in 1868. In April 1868 rowers split from Neptune to form the second Atlantic Boat Club, Keystone joined the Navy in February 1870, but resigned by the end of the year. Washington Boat Club was renamed Vesper Boat Club in 1870, then resigned in 1871, Bachelors resigned in 1870 and did not rejoin until 1882. West Philadelphia Barge Club and College Boat Club joined in 1873 and 1875 respectively, on November 11,1872, the Navy composed the funeral solemnities of General George Meade. In 1876, it held a regatta in connection with the Centennial Exposition. On April 27,1878, crews from clubs of the Navy staged a demonstration to honor President Rutherford B
13.
Sedgeley Club
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The Lighthouse on Turtle Rock is a lighthouse built in 1887 to aid traffic on the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The lighthouse was constructed by Frank Thurwanger at a cost of $2,663 on an area of land just west of Boathouse Row, the lighthouse has a hexagonal lantern room with an octagonal walkway. Gas was first used to power the light, but in 1990, when the lighthouse was repainted and received a new balustrade and newel posts. In 1897, the club was founded as the Bicycle, Barge and Canoe Club, the Club initially occupied #14 Boathouse Row, until 1902, when the Fairmount Park Commission permitted the Club to build its own boathouse. The building, designed by Arthur H. Brockie, was adapted to encompass the lighthouse that predates it, Brockie designed a shingle, colonial revival house. After completing this design, Brockie joined the University Barge Club in 1902, world War II caused the Club to stop operating as an athletic facility. The Sedgeley Club still operates as a club and is available to rent for private parties. National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form, Lighthouse Friends Lighthouse Digest Stillner, Anna. The Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian, A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, U. S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation, A Historical Bibliography. United States Coast Guard Historians Office
14.
Turtle Rock Light
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The Lighthouse on Turtle Rock is a lighthouse built in 1887 to aid traffic on the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The lighthouse was constructed by Frank Thurwanger at a cost of $2,663 on an area of land just west of Boathouse Row, the lighthouse has a hexagonal lantern room with an octagonal walkway. Gas was first used to power the light, but in 1990, when the lighthouse was repainted and received a new balustrade and newel posts. In 1897, the club was founded as the Bicycle, Barge and Canoe Club, the Club initially occupied #14 Boathouse Row, until 1902, when the Fairmount Park Commission permitted the Club to build its own boathouse. The building, designed by Arthur H. Brockie, was adapted to encompass the lighthouse that predates it, Brockie designed a shingle, colonial revival house. After completing this design, Brockie joined the University Barge Club in 1902, world War II caused the Club to stop operating as an athletic facility. The Sedgeley Club still operates as a club and is available to rent for private parties. National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form, Lighthouse Friends Lighthouse Digest Stillner, Anna. The Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian, A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, U. S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation, A Historical Bibliography. United States Coast Guard Historians Office
15.
Regatta
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A regatta is a series of boat races. The term typically describes racing events of rowed or sailed water craft, although regattas are typically amateur competitions, they are usually formally structured events, with comprehensive rules describing the schedule and procedures of the event. Regattas may be organized as championships for an area or type of boat, but are often held just for the joy of competition, camaraderie. Sailing race events are held for a single class and usually last more than one day. Currently, The Three Bridge Fiasco, conducted by the Singlehanded Sailing Society of San Francisco Bay with more than 350 competitors is the largest sailboat race in the United States. One of the largest and most popular rowing regattas is the Henley Royal Regatta held on the River Thames, England. One of the largest and oldest yachting regattas in the world is Cowes Week, which is held annually by the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes, England, Cowes Week is predated by the Cumberland Cup, Port of Dartmouth Royal Regatta and Port of Plymouth Regatta. North Americas oldest regatta is the Royal St. Johns Regatta held on Quidi Vidi Lake in St. Johns, etymology, From Venetian regata, from regatare, possibly from recatare. 1775 - Cumberland Cup - organized by the Royal Thames Yacht Club, UK1777 - Lough Ree Regatta - organised by Athlone Yacht Club, Ireland. The Field magazine of 11 August 1883 refers to a print of Chester Regatta dated 1733, making it 100 years older than the Boat Race, Durham Regatta. It is a City regatta, run by volunteers drawn from all the Chester rowing clubs, held annually in June on the River Dee in Chester. The Athlone Yacht Club Regatta on Lough Ree, Ireland, in the notice of race of 1835 included,4 August, also, A prize will be pulled for in four oared cots. 5 August, A prize will be pulled for in 2 oared boats, a prize will be pulled for in four oared cots. 6 August, A silver cup value 15gns. for gentlemens four oared gigs - open to gigs from any part of Ireland, a prize for four oared cots. The event now takes place between the bridges in Athlone or at Killinure, Appledore & Instow Regatta - founded in 1885, tracing its origins back to 1831, is held annually on the River Torridge between the Villages of Appledore & Instow North Devon, UK. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, in the first week of August is one of the largest annual regattas in North America, attracting hundreds of clubs in 128 junior, senior, and masters events. Royal St. Johns Regatta, held every year on Quidi Vidi Lake in St. Johns, Newfoundland, summer Eights, along with Torpids, the two intercollegiate bumps races of Oxford University, held on the Isis in Oxford. The Boat Race is a race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club
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Dad Vail Regatta
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The Dad Vail Regatta is the largest regular intercollegiate rowing event in the United States, drawing over a hundred colleges and universities from North America. The regatta has been held annually on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and it was renamed the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta in 2010 for new sponsor Aberdeen Asset Management, a Scottish investment firm whose U. S. operations are headquartered in Center City Philadelphia. The regatta was named after Harry Emerson Dad Vail, for his years of coaching at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, callow originated the idea of promoting competition among colleges struggling to found rowing programs. These included schools too small to hope to compete in major races. In order to create competition, Rusty created a trophy as the prize, in 1934. Since then, the name Dad Vail has become one and the same with the race, vails passion for rowing helped form the modern-day Dad Vail Regatta and motivate the multitudes of colleges to come compete. The first race, before the formation of the Dad Vail Rowing Association, was held in 1934 with Rusty, Marietta College, coached by Ellis MacDonald won the first leg on the new trophy by finishing second to a Penn sub-varsity boat, which was an added entry. Rutgers, coached by Ned Ten Eyck, was third and Manhattan College, the race in 1935 was at Marietta. With the addition of Rollins College and Wisconsin, the order at the finish of the race was, Rutgers, Penn, Marietta, Wisconsin, Manhattan, there was no race held in 1937. In both 1936 and 1938, only Rutgers and Manhattan competed on the Harlem, in February 1939, a meeting was held and the Dad Vail Rowing Association was formed in order to help promote the race and encourage schools to compete. The growth of the regatta is pointed out by the statistics, in the first association regatta. At Philadelphia in 1961, twenty colleges sent forty crews to compete in varsity, JV, and freshman races. Women competed for the first time in 1976. As coxswain for Marietta Colleges JV heavyweight eight that year, briefly in late 2009, the Dad Vail Organizing Committee announced that the regatta would be held in Rumson, New Jersey in 2010, citing loss of local sponsors. However, this decision was rescinded due to pressure from the City and logistical problems with the Rumson location. The Dad Vail entered its 75th year in 2013, boathouse Row Sports in Philadelphia Official website History of the regatta
17.
Head of the Schuylkill
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The Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta is a rowing race held annually during the last weekend in October on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The HOSR is the race in the Fall Fury series, which includes the Head of the Ohio. Along with the Head of the Charles and the Head of the Connecticut, the HOSR was first held in 1874. The regatta, as it now, was founded in 1971 by members of the University Barge Club. “J” Pattison IV and Olympic Rower, Lyman S. A. Perry, until recently, the event was the largest one-day rowing competition in the world. The HOSR became an event in 2008. It is the largest regatta in Philadelphia, as of 2003, the HOSR was Americas second largest regatta. The HOSR is a race, which is a time-trial competition where boats race in close succession from a rolling start. The rower or crew completing the course in the shortest time in their age, ability, there is a dangerous waterfall less than 300 meters from the finish line across from Boathouse Row. The 13-foot Fairmount Water Works Dam stretches 400 meters across the Schuylkill, the dam is difficult for coxswains to see because it is so wide. A rowing shell caught broadside beyond the safety cable would easily be swept over the falls, the regatta draws competitors from across the United States and internationally. Competing teams regularly hail from countries including, The HOSR is a championship regatta for many regional schools. The regatta sets itself apart with a schedule of small boats. The Head of the Schuylkill is a self-described inclusive regatta, however, it also attracts top world-class athletes. The Gold Cup was originally created by a subscription of more than $2,500. The Gold Cup mysteriously disappeared, ending the competition in the 1960s, only to reemerge in 2011 after a 50-year hiatus, the race is held on a 750-meter course at the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. Tim Furlong, Matt Morano, Mitch Budman, Lyman Perry, max Kaplan, Christopher Blackwell, Bruce La Londe. Rowing 101, A Guide to Rowing in Phillys Schuylkill Regatta
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Gingerbread house
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A gingerbread house is a cake. The usual material is crisp ginger biscuit made of gingerbread – the ginger nut, another type of model-making with gingerbread uses a boiled dough that can be moulded like clay to form edible statuettes or other decorations. These houses, covered with a variety of candies and icing, are popular Christmas decorations, records of honey cakes can be traced to ancient Rome. Food historians ratify that ginger has been seasoning foodstuffs and drinks since antiquity and it is believed gingerbread was first baked in Europe at the end of the 11th century, when returning crusaders brought back the custom of spicy bread from the Middle East. Ginger was not only tasty, it had properties that helped preserve the bread, according to the French legend, gingerbread was brought to Europe in 992 by the Armenian monk, later saint, Gregory of Nicopolis. He lived for seven years in Bondaroy, France, near the town of Pithiviers, an early medieval Christian legend elaborates on the Gospel of Matthews account of the birth of Jesus. As he was lingering in his last days in a city in Syria, the magus gave his chest of ginger roots to the Rabbi who had kindly cared for him in his illness. The Rabbi told him of the prophesies of the great King who was to come to the Jews, one of which was that He would be born in Bethlehem, which, in Hebrew, meant House of Bread. The Rabbi was accustomed to having his students make houses of bread to eat over time to nourish the hope for their Messiah. The Magus suggested adding ground-up ginger to the bread for zest, Gingerbread, as we know it today, descends from Medieval European culinary traditions. Gingerbread was also shaped into different forms by monks in Franconia, Lebkuchen bakers are recorded as early as 1296 in Ulm and 1395 in Nuremberg, Germany. Nuremberg was recognized as the Gingerbread Capital of the World when in the 1600s the guild started to employ master bakers, Medieval bakers used carved boards to create elaborate designs. During the 13th century, the custom spread across Europe and it was taken to Sweden in the 13th century by German immigrants, there are references from Vadstena Abbey of Swedish nuns baking gingerbread to ease indigestion in 1444. The traditional sweetener is honey, used by the guild in Nuremberg, spices used are ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and cardamom. Gingerbread figurines date back to the 15th century, and figural biscuit-making was practised in the 16th century, the first documented instance of figure-shaped gingerbread biscuits is from the court of Elizabeth I of England, she had gingerbread figures made in the likeness of some of her important guests. The gingerbread bakers were gathered into professional baker guilds, in many European countries gingerbread bakers were a distinct component of the bakers guild. Gingerbread baking developed into an acknowledged profession, in the 17th century only professional gingerbread bakers were permitted to bake gingerbread except at Christmas and Easter, when anyone was allowed to bake it. In Europe gingerbreads were sold in shops and at seasonal markets that sold sweets and gingerbread shaped as hearts, stars, soldiers, babies, riders, trumpets, swords
19.
Light-emitting diode
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A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of 2017, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide, russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector
20.
Bachelors Barge Club
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Bachelors Barge Club is an amateur rowing club located at #6 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States and it went through renovations as part of the Light Boathouse Row initiative, in which new LED lights were fitted to each of the boathouses. Bachelors Barge Club is currently home to programs, including the Conestoga High School Crew Team. The founding fathers of Bachelors Barge Club were members of the Phoenix Engine Company, initially, membership was limited to bachelors, however the Club opened its doors to married men shortly after its founding. Membership at the club has risen considerably since the early 1980s when the Club counted only 10 members, now, the majority of Bachelors Barge Clubs 150 members are women. Israel W. Morris, a prominent iron merchant and philanthropist, is credited with founding the Club and he was also elected as its second president. Other prominent Old Philadelphian 19th century industrialist members include Charles F. Berwind, William Weightman, Maxwell Wyeth, Charles E. Mather, W. Atlee Burpee, Clarkson Clothier and J. B. Members of Bachelors Barge Club won Olympic medals for the single and the four in 1924, the single in 1928, more recently, Cody Lowry was named to the 2009 US National Team to row in the Lightweight Mens Single Sculls. Bachelors Barge Club occupied several boathouses in succession before 1860, when it built a stone building, in 1884, architects Edward Harlehurst and Samuel Huckel, Jr. designed the Clubs social up-river house in East Falls, the Bachelors Button. In 1893, the Fairmount Park Commission allowed the Club to replace its 1860 building, in 1894, construction was finished on the Mediterranean-style boathouse at #6 Boathouse Row, which was also designed by the Harlehurst and Huckel team. Huckel became a member of Bachelors after designing its boathouse, today, the building remains relatively unchanged. The several organizations that row out of Bachelors include the Wharton Crew Team, all other University of Pennsylvania crews row out of College Boat Club. Wharton Crew is one of the largest graduate and professional student athletic clubs at Penn, the program owns two Vespoli eight shells –– the Wharton Journal and the Russell Palmer. In 1997, team member and co-captain, John Hall, broke the record in the masters lightweight 2000 meter ergometer. Bachelors Barge Club on Boathouse Row
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University of Pennsylvania Rowing
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Its membership consists entirely of past and present rowers of the University of Pennsylvania. It hosts both heavyweight and lightweight varsity mens teams and a varsity womens team. The Wharton Crew Team, however, rows out of Bachelors Barge Club at #6 Boathouse Row, College Boat Club was founded in 1872 by the schools students, shortly after the schools campus was relocated from Center City to West Philadelphia. College Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 1875, the history of rowing at the University of Pennsylvania began in 1854 with the foundation of the University Barge Club. The Club later changed its name from College Barge Club to College Boat Club, in the clubs first year, it had only 20 members, mostly sophomores from the Universitys graduating Class of 1875. At first, the Club rowed out of the Quaker City Barge Club, however, College Boat Club grew quickly and was able to build its own boathouse in 1874. In 1877, sophomores from College Boat Club were victorious against seniors rowing out of University Barge Club, by 1879, the Club was the base for most Penn crews, and members were rowing in intercollegiate competitions. In 1893, College Boat Club opened membership to alumni as well as enrolled students, in 1904, the Club admitted alumni crews as far back as 1899. Currently, membership for alumni is limited to former varsity rowers, the crews of College Boat Club compete in several regattas throughout the rowing season. The three most competitive regattas are the Eastern Association of Rowing College Championship, the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship, as of 1997, the womens crews compete in the NCAA Division I Rowing Championship instead of the IRAs. The Penn heavyweight mens eight has won the Eastern Sprints six times,1955,1962,1986,1991,1996, the lightweight mens eight has won 4 times,1951,1952,1955, and 1976. In 2004, Penn finished fourth in the final for the Mens Freshman Four w/Cox. In 2005, Penn finished third in the Mens Varsity Lightweight Eight, in 2006, the Mens Freshman Eight finished third. In 2008, the Mens Open Four qualified for the grand final, the last time that the Penn won the Ivy League Championship at IRAs was 1992, when Penn tied Dartmouth. Penn has won the Ivy League Championship eight additional times in 1898,1899,1900,1967,1968,1969,1972, Penn Crew has competed at the prestigious Henley Royal Regatta. In 1994, College Boat Club won the Ladies Challenge Plate, in 1991, Penn won the Thames Challenge Cup. In 1955, Penn won the most prestigious of all prizes at Henley, Penn also won the Thames Challenge Cup in 1951 and 1952. The mens team won the National Collegiate Rowing Championship in 1991, the 1955 Mens Heavyweight 8, coached by Joe Burk, won at the Henley Regatta, and the crews speed drew attention and acclaim internationally
22.
Fairmount Rowing Association
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Fairmount Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #2 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places, Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region and has produced several world class rowers. Pacific Barge Club was founded in 1859, but was not a member of the Schuylkill Navy, in 1860, Pacific Barge Club built a stone cottage-style boathouse at the site of #2 Boathouse row. Half of the building was occupied by the Pacific Barge Club while the half was rented to the Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1881, the Fairmount Rowing Association purchased #2 Boathouse Row, in 1904, Fairmount Rowing demolished the stone building built by Pacific Barge Club. Smedley, specialized in colonial revival residences, and also designed the Northern National Bank, Camilla Boat Club was a founding member of the Schuylkill Navy. Camilla was a champion of the Schuylkill, but the Club disband as a result of disagreements between members, in 1858, the remnants of the defunct Camilla Boat Club reorganized to form Quaker City Barge Club. By 1866, Quaker City Barge Club had purchased #3 Boathouse Row from the Pacific Barge Club, among various rowing accomplishment, Quaker City raced the first four oared boat with coxswain. The Quaker City Barge Club began to decline in the 1880s, in 1932, the Quaker City Barge Club declared itself “inactive” in the Schuylkill Navy and became completely defunct in the 1940s. Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.69. Janssen, Frederick W. Quaker City Barge Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. The Pacific Barge Club and The Quaker City Barge Club, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
23.
Temple University
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Temple University is a state-related-public doctoral university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded in 1884 by Baptist Minister Russell Conwell, in 1882, Conwell came to Pennsylvania to lead the Grace Baptist Church while he began tutoring working class citizens late at night to accommodate their work schedules. These students, later dubbed night owls, were taught in the basement of Conwells Baptist Temple, hence the origin of the universitys name, by 1907, the institution revised its institutional status and incorporated as a university. In 2015, Temple received $227.5 million in funding, ranking it 93rd out of 905 institutions in the NSF’s Higher Education Research. Temple is among the nations largest providers of education, preparing the largest body of professional practitioners in Pennsylvania. Conwell came to Pennsylvania in 1882 to lead the Grace Baptist Church while he began tutoring working class citizens late at night to accommodate their work schedules. These students, later dubbed night owls, were taught in the basement of Conwells Baptist Temple, hence the origin of the universitys name, the Grace Baptist Church quickly grew popular within the North Philadelphia area. A temporary board of trustees was created to handle the rapidly growing formalities associated with the churchs programs, when the board conducted its first meeting they named Russell H. Conwell president of The Temple College. Within the following months, Grace Baptist Church appointed a new board of trustees, printed official admissions files, regardless of whether they had the resources to support the school, Conwell’s desire was “to give education to those who were unable to get it through the usual channels”. Philadelphia granted a charter in 1888 to establish “The Temple College of Philadelphia”, by 1888, the enrollment of the college was nearly 600. It was in 1907 that Temple College revised its institutional status, Legal recognition as a university enhanced Temple in noticeable ways including its reputation, professional and graduate programs, overall enrollment, and financial support. Over time, Temple expanded, Samaritan Hospital was founded, a Medical School was added, after the merger, Temple officially reincorporated as Temple University on December 12,1907. Today, Temple is a Pennsylvania state-related university, meaning the university receives state funds, subject to state appropriations, but is independently operated. In U. S. News & World Reports 2017 rankings, Temple is tied for 56th among U. S. public universities, tied for 118th among all national universities, Temple undergraduate college is among the top colleges profiled in The Princeton Reviews The Best 379 colleges. Temples Social Science faculty is also ranked 76-100 in the world in 2015 by ARWU, Temple is ranked 94th out of 643 US institutions in National Science Foundations 2013 Higher education Research and Development Survey. Tylers graduate programs are highly selective, maintaining their reputation for providing one of the finest programs in the nation, as of 2015, Tyler’s overall ranking is 13th in the nation. Tyler’s individual graduate programs, as of 2015, ranked highly in their fields, painting and drawing, sculpture, printmaking, ceramics. Temples Fox School of Business, founded in 1918, is one of the largest business schools in the country, the Fox School offers 13 undergraduate majors,10 professional masters programs, two PhD programs, and the school has a variety of international partnerships
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Saint Joseph's University Rowing
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Gillin Boat Club is the rowing program for St. Josephs University Rowing and St. Josephs Prep Rowing. It is situated at the 1, 000-meter mark of the Schuylkill River race course in Fairmount Park, Gillin Boat Club was admitted to the Schuylkill Navy in 2004, by a unanimous vote of the Navys members. The clubs state-of-the-art boathouse has the capacity for 42 eights,14 fours and it was the first new boathouse built on this stretch of the Schuylkill River in 98 years. In 1998, Philadelphia City Council approved construction of what is now known as the Robert M. Gillin Jr. Boathouse, the boathouse was dedicated in May 2002. The building was designed by Robert L. Owen - Architects and built by Nason and Cullen, while some have praised the structure as the Taj Mahal of Kelly Drive, others have levied criticism on the boathouses design, calling it a bloated hulk of a building. Work has been done to repair the floor, which began buckling shortly after construction was completed. The mens and womens teams of St. Josephs University regularly compete on a national level. St. Josephs University has been a contender at the Dad Vail Regatta. In 2010, St. Joes won gold in the Mens Frosh/Novice Heavyweight Eight, in 2008, St. Joes won a silver in the Womens Frosh/Novice Heavyweight Eight and a bronze in the Mens JV Heavyweight Eight. In 2007, the team finished 2nd in Overall Points and 3rd in Womens Points, in 2006, the team finished 1st in Overall Points, 1st in Mens Points, and 2nd in Womens Points. In 2005, the team finished 1st in Overall Points, 1st in Mens Points, in 2004, St. Josephs won 2nd in Overall Points, Mens Points, and Womens Points. Earlier in its history, St. Josephs University won a Gold medal at the 1970 Dad Vail Regatta and a Silver medal in 1959, in 2004, St. Joes Varsity Four finished fourth in the Grand Final at the IRAs. In recent years, St. Josephs has qualified boats for IRAs. The University Crew has competed at the prestigious Henley Royal Regatta, in 1999, a crew from St. Josephs pursued the Temple Challenge Cup at Henley. St. Josephs Preparatory School has amassed racing records unequaled by any other American high school, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta is the largest high school regatta in the United States and is considered the high school national championship. In addition, The Prep is the team to ever sweep all of the eights races at the regatta. This feat was first accomplished in 1997, in 2008, St. Joes Prep accomplished nearly the same result sweeping all five events in the eight-man category. As a result of the sweep, a poll by Row2k. com ranked The Prep as the crew of the week, vespoli, a manufacturer of racing shells highlighted the teams accomplishment among other national champions
25.
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
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Cautionary note, The name forms Lehigh Coal and Navigation vs. Lehigh Coal & Navigation both occur in the legal and historical records of both eras. Convention on Wikipedia is LC&N for company affairs before the 1967 collapse of railroad revenues took the company into bankruptcy. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company was an extremely impactful and important mining and it had two predecessors both incorporated and which began operations in mid-1818. It is widely cited in academia as a first case example of integration in manufacturing in the U. S. combining source industries, transport. Completing the vertical integration, the ropes were then marketed to other mining operations, cable railways. It was founded by industrialists Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, who sought to improve delivery of coal to markets, and a thickly accented German immigrant miner named Hauto. In 1792, hunter Philip Ginter discovered coal on Sharpe Mountain—a peak on Pisgah Ridge near ‹See Tfd›Summit Hill close to the border between Schuylkill and Carbon Counties, the mining camps were over 9 miles from the Lehigh at Mauch Chunk. Eventually, the owners sold some coal to Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, White and Hazard were delighted by the quality of the fuel, and subsequently bought the LCMCs final two barges to survive the trip down the Lehigh. The desired opportunity to ruin themselves, as one member of the Legislature put it, was granted by an act passed March 20,1818. The State kept its weather eye open in this matter, however, in 1817, they leased the Lehigh Coal Mine companys properties and took over operations, incorporating on October 21,1818, as the Lehigh Coal Company along with partner Hauto. They petitioned the legislature and propose acquiring rights to make improvements of the river, in 1820, White and Hazard bought out Hauto and dissolved the LCC on April 21,1820. Accordingly, three times the funds were raised to improve the river as were raised to put the mining U delivery of coal onto a regular paying basis. To move the coal to market, they entered negotiations to acquire rights to tame the turbulent. By 1817–18, they had organized the separate Lehigh Navigation Company and had written stock flyers announcing plans to deliver loads of coal regularly to Philadelphia by 1824. The LCMC had trouble delivering Anthracite to Philadelphia at costs cheaper than imported Bituminous Coal from Britain or Virginia, the desired opportunity to ruin themselves, as one member of the Legislature put it, was granted by an act passed March 20,1818. In this contingency, Josiah White, who was a man of great resourcefulness and mechanical ingenuity, in this manner the difficulty was overcome. The canal head end needed a location where barges could be built and timber, both towns are built into the flanks, the traverses, of the mountain, with flats along the river banks. The coal arrived at the end from the mines at Summit Hill or down along the steep mule trail from near the headwaters of Panther Creek
26.
East Falls, Philadelphia
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The East Falls community is located adjacent to Germantown, Roxborough, Allegheny West, and Nicetown-Tioga neighborhoods. East Falls is also adjacent to Wissahickon Valley Park, the neighborhood runs along a stretch of Ridge Avenue that is only a few miles long, along the banks of the Schuylkill River then extends northeast to Wissahickon Avenue. East Falls continues to develop, with new housing, retail space, recently, East Falls has been undergoing redevelopment to elevate its status relative to nearby Manayunk and other local shopping districts in the Philadelphia area. The Arthur Ashe Youth Tennis and Education Center, was recently completed and it offers instruction to Philadelphia youth in its new 9. 2-acre, sixteen-court facility and operates in cooperation with the City of Philadelphia, School District of Philadelphia, and others. It was built with funding in partnership with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. East Falls is best known as the home of Grace Kelly, actress and Princess of Monaco. Senator Arlen Specter, Jewish studies scholar Chaim Potok, Pennsylvania Governor and former Philadelphia Mayor Ed Rendell, ravenhill Academy, a Catholic girls school run by the Mothers of the Assumption from the Philippines, was attended by Grace Kelly and the former President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino. It was closed in 1977 and now is part of the Philadelphia University campus and it is a common misconception that Frank Sinatra exchanged nuptials with his second wife, Ava Gardner, in another campus building, a house on the corner of School House Lane and Henry Avenue. Before the founding of Washington, D. C, East Falls was seriously considered as the site for the permanent federal capital. East Falls was the site of the world-famous Schuylkill Falls Public Housing Project by the International Modern architect Oscar Stonorov, constructed in 1953, Schuylkill Falls was one of the most admired and studied high-rise public housing designs in the US. Despite its status as a National Historic Landmark, the building vacant for many years and was finally demolished in 1996. East Falls is also home to historic Laurel Hill Cemetery, burial place of numerous prominent Philadelphians, the Thomas Mifflin School, Wissahickon, and Womans Medical College of Pennsylvania are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Before the arrival of European settlers, the Lenni Lenape Indians considered the lower Schuylkill River their home, the Wissahickon Creek runs into the Schuylkill here and today is included as a part of Fairmount Park, providing walking and bike paths along its banks. Wissahickon is a merging of two Lenape words, Wisaucksickan meaning yellow-colored creek, and Wisamickan meaning catfish creek, East Falls, so named in the nineteenth century, had earlier been known as Falls of the Schuylkill or Falls Village. In the 19th century, the Dobson Mills textile factory thrived there and it was reprinted by the University of Michigan in 2010 as part of its Historical Reprint Series. As of the census of 2000, the makeup of East Falls is 72. 06% White,19. 98% African American,4. 79% Asian. 2. 58% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, in 2005, the median home sale price in the 19129 zip code, which contains East Falls, was $184,000. This was an increase of 8% over the sale price for 2004
27.
Ice skating
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Ice skating is the act of moving on ice by using ice skates. It can be done for a variety of reasons, including exercise, leisure, traveling, ice skating occurs both on specially prepared ice surfaces, both indoors and outdoors, as well as on naturally occurring bodies of frozen water, such as ponds, lakes and rivers. A study by Federico Formenti of the University of Oxford suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern Finland more than 3,000 years ago, originally, skates were merely sharpened, flattened bone strapped to the bottom of the foot. Skaters did not actually skate on the ice, but rather glided on top of it, true skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it, adding edges to ice skates was invented by the Dutch in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to aid movement, the construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then. In the Netherlands, ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, ice skating was also practised in China during the Song dynasty, and became popular among the ruling family of the Qing dynasty. Ice skating was brought to Britain from the Netherlands, where James II was briefly exiled in the 17th century, when he returned to England, this new sport was introduced to the British aristocracy, and was soon enjoyed by people from all walks of life. The first organised skating club was the Edinburgh Skating Club, formed in the 1740s, from this description and others, it is apparent that the form of skating practiced by club members was indeed an early form of figure skating rather than speed skating. On the Continent, participation in ice skating was limited to members of the upper classes, emperor Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed ice skating so much, he had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. King Louis XVI of France brought ice skating to Paris during his reign, madame de Pompadour, Napoleon I, Napoleon III and the House of Stuart were, among others, royal and upper class fans of ice skating. The next skating club to be established was in London and was not founded until 1830, as the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hogs lard and various salts. The area of ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful. Skating became popular as a recreation, a means of transport, racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the first skating matches were held, but by the nineteenth century racing was well established. Skating as a sport developed on the lakes of Scotland and the canals of the Netherlands, in the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured. When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns, in these local matches men would compete for prizes of money, clothing or food. The winners of matches were invited to take part in the grand or championship matches in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands
28.
9 Boathouse Row
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Malta Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #9 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1865, the Club joined the Schuylkill Navy when it relocated to the Schuylkill River from the Delaware River, while on the Delaware, the club occupied a house on Smith’s Island where the club stored its boat called the “Minnehaha”. The Club was founded by members of the Minnehaha Lodge of the Sons of Malta, the Sons of Malta, originally organized in the South, did not survive the Civil War. As four members of the US National Team row out of Malta, in 1873, Malta, in conjunction with Vesper Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1880, the house was expanded. In 1901, brothers George W. and William D. Hewitt designed more substantial additions including a story to make Malta the tallest boathouse on Boathouse Row. The Hewitt brothers had been Frank Furness’s partner until 1876, and they designed the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, the Bourse Building, 1970s Stan Depman Fred H. Duling Rick Stehlik 1980s 1990s Fred S. The Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.71, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
29.
10 Boathouse Row
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The Vesper Boat Club is an amateur rowing club located at #10 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1865 as the Washington Barge Club, the Club changed its name to Vesper Boat Club in 1870, Vespers stated goal is to produce Olympic champions. Five years later, on Jan 1,1870, it changed its name to Vesper Boat Club and quickly became one of the most celebrated rowing clubs in the United States, vesper’s eight-oared shell took the gold medal in Paris at the 1900 Summer Olympics. The Vesper eight repeated its victory at the 1904 games in St. Louis, and at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Vespers eight won again, making it the only rowing club in the United States to win the title three times. Kelly Sr. won Olympic Gold in the single scull in 1920 and he also won gold medals in the double scull in 1920 and in 1924, both times with his cousin Paul Costello. As a laborer Kelly was barred from entering the Diamond Sculls at the Royal Henley Regatta and it was two decades later that John B. Kelly Jr. would win that event, in 1947 and 1949. Kelly Jr. won the singles championship eight times. At the time of his death in 1985, he, was president of the United States Olympic Committee. The present clubhouse was constructed in combination with neighboring Malta, with the Vesper cornerstone dated 1865, the first building was completed in1865, and the second boat bay addition in 1898. The last addition was completed in the early 1960s, the boathouse was designed by noted Philadelphia architect G. H. The architecture – semi -attached ornamental Victorian Gothic is typical of that period, after a century of accomplishments for the men, Vesper in 1970 became the first men’s club to organize a women’s rowing team. Vesper women have won national championships and have regularly represented the United States in international competition. At the Montreal Olympics in 1976, six Vesper members were on the USA Olympic Rowing Team, in 1873, Vesper, in conjunction with Malta Boat Club, built a 1 1⁄2-story boat house. In 1898, a floor and addition were added to Vesper. Howard Egar designed the 1898 alterations and additions to the Vesper Boat Club, harry Parker -1960 US Olympic Team and US Olympic Coach 1964–1984 Allen Rosenberg - rower and US Olympic rowing coach Kenneth Dreyfuss -1972 US Olympic Team C. Hugh Stevenson –1972 US Olympic Team James E. Kelly Jr. - Bronze medal 1956, also competed in 1948,1952, and 1960. Bill Maher -1968 Mens Double Sculls bronze medal, John B. Kelly Sr. John Strotbeck, Jr. John Timoney Boathouse Row. Upper-Class Clubs and Associations in Philadelphia, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy
30.
7-8 Boathouse Row
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University Barge Club of Philadelphia is an amateur rowing club located at #7 in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark, the Clubs founding, in 1854, is considered the dawn of organized athletics in the University of Pennsylvania. Known as the rowing club, UBC is a founder, and the most senior member, of the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The Club was officially formed when the founders purchased its first boat, Club members wore sailor uniforms from clothier Jacob Reed that were monogrammed with “U. B. C. ” on their hats and belts. In 1855, members of the Club, in conjunction with the Philadelphia Barge Club, the Club purchased a second boat, named Lucifer. After 1860, both boats were moved to a space rented from the Philadelphia Skating Club, which is now the Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club, membership was later opened to Penn alumni and certain non-alumni. Although the Club was still affiliated with the University, it began to cater more to non-students. As the Club’s membership became dominated by Old Philadelphians from the upper-class aristocracy, in 1871, the Fairmount Park commission allowed the Club to build its own boathouse on Boathouse Row. In 1872, Penn students formed a club, the College Boat Club, to cater to students. In 1887, for functions, University Barge Club leased an additional upriver clubhouse on the west bank of the Schuylkill. Today, while many of the University Barge Clubs members are University of Pennsylvania graduates, University Barge Club is the sister club of Union Boat Club of Boston. For more than 60 years, the two clubs have held an annual interclub UBC regatta. The boathouse, at #7-8 Boathouse Row, dates from 1871, originally, University Barge Club only occupied #7, while Philadelphia Barge Club occupied #8. In 1932, University Barge Club acquired #8 when Philadelphia Barge Club ceased operations, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.81, janssen, Frederick W. University Barge Club. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, University Barge Club on Boathouse Row
31.
6 Boathouse Row
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Bachelors Barge Club is an amateur rowing club located at #6 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest continuously operating boathouse in the United States and it went through renovations as part of the Light Boathouse Row initiative, in which new LED lights were fitted to each of the boathouses. Bachelors Barge Club is currently home to programs, including the Conestoga High School Crew Team. The founding fathers of Bachelors Barge Club were members of the Phoenix Engine Company, initially, membership was limited to bachelors, however the Club opened its doors to married men shortly after its founding. Membership at the club has risen considerably since the early 1980s when the Club counted only 10 members, now, the majority of Bachelors Barge Clubs 150 members are women. Israel W. Morris, a prominent iron merchant and philanthropist, is credited with founding the Club and he was also elected as its second president. Other prominent Old Philadelphian 19th century industrialist members include Charles F. Berwind, William Weightman, Maxwell Wyeth, Charles E. Mather, W. Atlee Burpee, Clarkson Clothier and J. B. Members of Bachelors Barge Club won Olympic medals for the single and the four in 1924, the single in 1928, more recently, Cody Lowry was named to the 2009 US National Team to row in the Lightweight Mens Single Sculls. Bachelors Barge Club occupied several boathouses in succession before 1860, when it built a stone building, in 1884, architects Edward Harlehurst and Samuel Huckel, Jr. designed the Clubs social up-river house in East Falls, the Bachelors Button. In 1893, the Fairmount Park Commission allowed the Club to replace its 1860 building, in 1894, construction was finished on the Mediterranean-style boathouse at #6 Boathouse Row, which was also designed by the Harlehurst and Huckel team. Huckel became a member of Bachelors after designing its boathouse, today, the building remains relatively unchanged. The several organizations that row out of Bachelors include the Wharton Crew Team, all other University of Pennsylvania crews row out of College Boat Club. Wharton Crew is one of the largest graduate and professional student athletic clubs at Penn, the program owns two Vespoli eight shells –– the Wharton Journal and the Russell Palmer. In 1997, team member and co-captain, John Hall, broke the record in the masters lightweight 2000 meter ergometer. Bachelors Barge Club on Boathouse Row
32.
Lemon Hill Estate
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Lemon Hill is a Federal-style mansion in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, built by the merchant Henry Pratt. Originally part of Robert Morriss 300-acre estate, The Hills, Pratt purchased 43 acres at a sale for $14,654 in 1799. According to Pratts letterbooks, recently discovered by Philadelphia Museum of Art assistant curator Martha C, halpern, he designed the mansion himself and served as his own general contractor. Named for the lemon trees in Morriss greenhouse, which was part of his new property. To protect its water supply, the City of Philadelphia began purchasing properties along the Schuylkill River and this formed the basis for what is now Fairmount Park. Lemon Hill is located on a bluff overlooking the Schuylkill River, exceptional architectural features include its three oval parlors, stacked one on top of the other, with curved fireplace mantles and doors. The mansion was restored by the architectural historian Fiske Kimball, 1925–26 and he conjectured that Robert Morris had built the mansion, but this was disproven by Martha C. In the William L. Owned by the City of Philadelphia, it is operated as a museum by the Colonial Dames of America. Long hidden by trees on the sides of the hill. Historic Houses of Philadelphia, A Tour of the Regions Museum Homes, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press,1998
33.
Beer garden
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A beer garden is an outdoor area in which beer and local food are served, typically at shared tables. Common entertainment include music, song, and games, enjoyed in an atmosphere of Gemütlichkeit, Beer gardens originated in Munich, the capital of the German state of Bavaria, in the 19th century, and remain common in Southern Germany. Beer garden popularity is increasing worldwide in the 21st century and it is unknown which Munich brewery opened the first Bavarian Biergärten, but it was likely one of Munichs big six, Löwenbräu, Hofbräuhaus, Augustinerbräu, Paulaner, Hacker-Pschorr and Spaten. What is known is that developed in the then Kingdom of Bavaria in the 19th century. The cool seasons were chosen to minimize the risk of fire when boiling mashed grain into wort, numerous conflagrations had occurred, resulting in the prohibition of brewing during the summer months. In response, large breweries dug cellars in the banks of the River Isar to keep their beer cool during storage, Beer cellars for consuming beer on premises naturally followed. To further reduce the temperature during the warm seasons, 19th century brewers covered the river banks with gravel. Soon after that, serving beer in a pleasant shaded setting emerged. Simple tables and benches were set up among the trees, creating the beer garden we know today. Food service followed, aggrieving smaller breweries that found it difficult to compete and they petitioned Maximilian I to forbid it. In compromise, beer gardens allowed their patrons to bring their own food, as a rule of thumb, beer gardens offer clothed tablesets, whose guests must buy food from the house. If you bring your own food, you must use the bare table sets, with the advent of widespread lagering in the later 19th century, beer gardens grew more popular than ever. Maximilians decree is no longer in force, and many beer gardens serve food, usually common Bavarian fare such as Radi, Brezn, Obatzda, halbes Hendl, Haxn, and Steckerlfisch. Equally important to the garden is an atmosphere of Gemütlichkeit, conveying a feeling of warmth, friendliness. Reinforced by shared tables, it is accompanied by music, song. The term beer garden has become a term for open-air establishments where beer is served. The characteristics of a beer garden include trees, wooden benches, a gravel bed. Some modern beer gardens use plastic chairs, fast food, the largest traditional beer garden in the world is the Hirschgarten in Munich, which seats 8,000
34.
Framing (construction)
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Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape. Framing materials are wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. Light-frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction method in North America, use of minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area with minimal cost, while achieving a wide variety of architectural styles. Historically mankind fitted naturally shaped wooden poles together as framework and then began using joints to connect the timbers, the studs in a balloon frame extend two stories from sill to plate. Platform framing superseded balloon framing and is the wooden framing method today. The name comes from each level being framed as a separate unit or platform. Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels but until recently carpenters employed various forms of diagonal bracing to stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital part of many roof systems. Special framed shear walls are becoming common to help buildings meet the requirements of earthquake engineering. The alternative to framed construction is called mass wall construction which is made from horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe. Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions, the platforms may be the boxed structure of a ceiling and roof, or the ceiling and floor joists of the story above. The platform also provides the support against wind and holds the stick walls true. Any lower platform supports the weight of the platforms and walls above the level of its component headers, framing lumber should be grade-stamped, and have a moisture content not exceeding 19%. There are three common methods of framing a house. Post and beam, which is now used predominantly in barn construction, balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time, platform framing has become the predominant form of house construction. Platform framing often forms wall sections horizontally on the prior to erection, easing positioning of studs. The top and bottom plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails at least 3.25 in in length, studs are at least doubled at openings, the jack stud being cut to receive the lintels that are placed and end-nailed through the outer studs. Others, such as rigid glass-fiber, asphalt-coated fiberboard, polystyrene or polyurethane board, in this latter case, the wall should be reinforced with a diagonal wood or metal bracing inset into the studs
35.
Pacific Barge Club
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Fairmount Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #2 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places, Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region and has produced several world class rowers. Pacific Barge Club was founded in 1859, but was not a member of the Schuylkill Navy, in 1860, Pacific Barge Club built a stone cottage-style boathouse at the site of #2 Boathouse row. Half of the building was occupied by the Pacific Barge Club while the half was rented to the Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1881, the Fairmount Rowing Association purchased #2 Boathouse Row, in 1904, Fairmount Rowing demolished the stone building built by Pacific Barge Club. Smedley, specialized in colonial revival residences, and also designed the Northern National Bank, Camilla Boat Club was a founding member of the Schuylkill Navy. Camilla was a champion of the Schuylkill, but the Club disband as a result of disagreements between members, in 1858, the remnants of the defunct Camilla Boat Club reorganized to form Quaker City Barge Club. By 1866, Quaker City Barge Club had purchased #3 Boathouse Row from the Pacific Barge Club, among various rowing accomplishment, Quaker City raced the first four oared boat with coxswain. The Quaker City Barge Club began to decline in the 1880s, in 1932, the Quaker City Barge Club declared itself “inactive” in the Schuylkill Navy and became completely defunct in the 1940s. Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.69. Janssen, Frederick W. Quaker City Barge Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. The Pacific Barge Club and The Quaker City Barge Club, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
36.
14 Boathouse Row
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Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club located at #14 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest all-female rowing club in existence, built in 1860, the Clubs boathouse is the oldest structure on Boathouse Row, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark. PGRC was founded in 1938 by seventeen women who wanted to participate in the predominantly male sport of rowing. In 1860, Philadelphia City Council authorized construction of the structure that is now #14 Boathouse Row for the purpose of housing the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society. Architect, James C. Samuel Sloan, a well-known Philadelphia architect, likely influenced the design of #14 Boathouse Row with his rendering of “Italian Villa, ” Plate XXIV, the construction cost $4,900 and was completed in 1861. The Undine and University Barge Clubs housed their boats at the Philadelphia Skating Club building until the City permitted them to build their own structures in 1882 and 1871, respectively. From 1884 through 1895, the second Iona Boat Club occupied the space in the building left vacant by Undine Barge Club, with the advent of artificially frozen indoor skating rinks at the beginning of the 20th Century, skating on the Schuylkill River declined precipitously. In 1965, PGRC purchased the boathouse from the Philadelphia Skating Club, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report. National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form, NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Skating and the Philadelphia Skating Club, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs. Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club on Boathouse Row
37.
Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society
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The Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society is the oldest figure skating club in the United States. The predecessor organization, called The Skaters Club of the City and County of Philadelphia, was founded in 1849, Club regulations still require members to carry a reel of stout twine for lifesaving purposes while skating outdoors. In 1921, the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society was one of the seven clubs which formed the United States Figure Skating Association. It is one of the few clubs in the United States that owns its own rink, located in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, notable skaters who have represented the club over the years include Dick Button and Scott Hamilton
38.
2-3 Boathouse Row
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Fairmount Rowing Association is an amateur rowing club, founded in 1877. The facility, located at #2 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is on the National Register of Historic Places, Fairmount originally catered to blue-collar youths living in the Fairmount neighborhood. In 1916, after decades of being rejected, the club was allowed to join the Schuylkill Navy. The Club boasts being known as the club for Masters rowing in the mid-Atlantic region and has produced several world class rowers. Pacific Barge Club was founded in 1859, but was not a member of the Schuylkill Navy, in 1860, Pacific Barge Club built a stone cottage-style boathouse at the site of #2 Boathouse row. Half of the building was occupied by the Pacific Barge Club while the half was rented to the Philadelphia Boat Club. In 1881, the Fairmount Rowing Association purchased #2 Boathouse Row, in 1904, Fairmount Rowing demolished the stone building built by Pacific Barge Club. Smedley, specialized in colonial revival residences, and also designed the Northern National Bank, Camilla Boat Club was a founding member of the Schuylkill Navy. Camilla was a champion of the Schuylkill, but the Club disband as a result of disagreements between members, in 1858, the remnants of the defunct Camilla Boat Club reorganized to form Quaker City Barge Club. By 1866, Quaker City Barge Club had purchased #3 Boathouse Row from the Pacific Barge Club, among various rowing accomplishment, Quaker City raced the first four oared boat with coxswain. The Quaker City Barge Club began to decline in the 1880s, in 1932, the Quaker City Barge Club declared itself “inactive” in the Schuylkill Navy and became completely defunct in the 1940s. Thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta 2009 Program, thomas Eakins Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Perennial Philadelphians, the anatomy of an American aristocracy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.69. Janssen, Frederick W. Quaker City Barge Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. The Pacific Barge Club and The Quaker City Barge Club, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report, the History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs
39.
Pennsylvania Barge Club
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Pennsylvania Barge Club is an amateur rowing club, situated along the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1861 and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1865, the Clubs boathouse, at #4 Boathouse Row, is also known as the Hollenback House, named for William M. Hollenback, Jr. who served as President of USRowing from 1979 until 1985. Painter Thomas Eakins was most likely a member of Pennsylvania Barge Club. His friend, Max Schmitt, rowed for the club, in Schuylkill Navy races, Pennsylvania Barge had 359 entries and 106 victories. Its teams represented the United States in the 1920,1924,1928, as a result of World War II, the club suffered a drastic reduction in membership. In 1955, the Club turned its boathouse over to the Schuylkill Navy, thereafter, the Pennsylvania Barge Club served as an administrative center for rowing, including serving as Headquarters for the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which later became USRowing. The building also housed the Schuylkill Navy, the United States rowing Society, Philadelphia Scholastic Rowing Association, the Middle States Regatta Association, in 2009, the Club was reactivated and reinstated as a member of the Schuylkill Navy. In 1868, the Club received permission from the Fairmount Park Commission to build a replacement for its brick house, between 1869 and 1871, the Club erected a boathouse with Crescent Boat Club. In 1892, Pennsylvania Barge Club replaced their half of the double boathouse, architect, Luis Hickman, designed Pennsylvania Barge Clubs boathouse in the picturesque Victorian style. Hickman was a member of the T-Square Club and known for his renovation of Merchants Exchange Building, in 1912, the Club hired C. E. Schermerhorn to add second floor of timber and stucco. Max Schmitt in a Single Scull Heiland, Louis, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.73, janssen, Frederick W. Pennsylvania Boat House. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History
40.
Crescent Boat Club
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Crescent Boat Club is an American amateur rowing club located at #5 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1867 when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged, Crescent Boat Club joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1868. In 1871, Crescent competed in and won the event in the first regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Today, Crescent Boat Club continues to contribute to the rowing community, the club is available for rent to host events, meetings, parties, celebrations and gatherings. Between 1869 and 1871, Crescent erected a boathouse with Pennsylvania Barge Club, today, the Clubs boathouse exhibits the work of renowned Philadelphia architect Charles Balderston. From 1890 to 1891, Crescent made alterations and additions, designed by Balderston, the boathouse was initially two stories of stone, but Balderstons design added the upper stories of half-timbered brick and stucco, which cap the building today. As a result of World War II, the club suffered a reduction in membership. In 1951, Crescent turned the operation of its boathouse over to LaSalle Rowing Association, the Club was known as LaSalle Rowing Association until 1960. By 1974, the boathouse was vacant, under the leadership of John Wilkins, the house was later reoccupied by Crescent. In addition to hosting LaSalles team, Crescent also hosted the St. Josephs University womens team, Crescent has the smallest membership of the clubs in the Schuylkill Navy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.67. Janssen, Frederick W. Crescent Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report
41.
4 Boathouse Row
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Pennsylvania Barge Club is an amateur rowing club, situated along the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1861 and joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1865, the Clubs boathouse, at #4 Boathouse Row, is also known as the Hollenback House, named for William M. Hollenback, Jr. who served as President of USRowing from 1979 until 1985. Painter Thomas Eakins was most likely a member of Pennsylvania Barge Club. His friend, Max Schmitt, rowed for the club, in Schuylkill Navy races, Pennsylvania Barge had 359 entries and 106 victories. Its teams represented the United States in the 1920,1924,1928, as a result of World War II, the club suffered a drastic reduction in membership. In 1955, the Club turned its boathouse over to the Schuylkill Navy, thereafter, the Pennsylvania Barge Club served as an administrative center for rowing, including serving as Headquarters for the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which later became USRowing. The building also housed the Schuylkill Navy, the United States rowing Society, Philadelphia Scholastic Rowing Association, the Middle States Regatta Association, in 2009, the Club was reactivated and reinstated as a member of the Schuylkill Navy. In 1868, the Club received permission from the Fairmount Park Commission to build a replacement for its brick house, between 1869 and 1871, the Club erected a boathouse with Crescent Boat Club. In 1892, Pennsylvania Barge Club replaced their half of the double boathouse, architect, Luis Hickman, designed Pennsylvania Barge Clubs boathouse in the picturesque Victorian style. Hickman was a member of the T-Square Club and known for his renovation of Merchants Exchange Building, in 1912, the Club hired C. E. Schermerhorn to add second floor of timber and stucco. Max Schmitt in a Single Scull Heiland, Louis, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.73, janssen, Frederick W. Pennsylvania Boat House. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, American rowing, Its Background and Traditions. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History
42.
5 Boathouse Row
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Crescent Boat Club is an American amateur rowing club located at #5 Boathouse Row in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1867 when Pickwick Barge Club and Iona Barge Club merged, Crescent Boat Club joined the Schuylkill Navy in 1868. In 1871, Crescent competed in and won the event in the first regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen. Today, Crescent Boat Club continues to contribute to the rowing community, the club is available for rent to host events, meetings, parties, celebrations and gatherings. Between 1869 and 1871, Crescent erected a boathouse with Pennsylvania Barge Club, today, the Clubs boathouse exhibits the work of renowned Philadelphia architect Charles Balderston. From 1890 to 1891, Crescent made alterations and additions, designed by Balderston, the boathouse was initially two stories of stone, but Balderstons design added the upper stories of half-timbered brick and stucco, which cap the building today. As a result of World War II, the club suffered a reduction in membership. In 1951, Crescent turned the operation of its boathouse over to LaSalle Rowing Association, the Club was known as LaSalle Rowing Association until 1960. By 1974, the boathouse was vacant, under the leadership of John Wilkins, the house was later reoccupied by Crescent. In addition to hosting LaSalles team, Crescent also hosted the St. Josephs University womens team, Crescent has the smallest membership of the clubs in the Schuylkill Navy. The Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937, Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.67. Janssen, Frederick W. Crescent Boat Club, outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888. Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History, the Philadelphia Girls’ Rowing Club, An Incremental Historic Structure Report
43.
University Barge Club
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University Barge Club of Philadelphia is an amateur rowing club located at #7 in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark, the Clubs founding, in 1854, is considered the dawn of organized athletics in the University of Pennsylvania. Known as the rowing club, UBC is a founder, and the most senior member, of the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The Club was officially formed when the founders purchased its first boat, Club members wore sailor uniforms from clothier Jacob Reed that were monogrammed with “U. B. C. ” on their hats and belts. In 1855, members of the Club, in conjunction with the Philadelphia Barge Club, the Club purchased a second boat, named Lucifer. After 1860, both boats were moved to a space rented from the Philadelphia Skating Club, which is now the Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club, membership was later opened to Penn alumni and certain non-alumni. Although the Club was still affiliated with the University, it began to cater more to non-students. As the Club’s membership became dominated by Old Philadelphians from the upper-class aristocracy, in 1871, the Fairmount Park commission allowed the Club to build its own boathouse on Boathouse Row. In 1872, Penn students formed a club, the College Boat Club, to cater to students. In 1887, for functions, University Barge Club leased an additional upriver clubhouse on the west bank of the Schuylkill. Today, while many of the University Barge Clubs members are University of Pennsylvania graduates, University Barge Club is the sister club of Union Boat Club of Boston. For more than 60 years, the two clubs have held an annual interclub UBC regatta. The boathouse, at #7-8 Boathouse Row, dates from 1871, originally, University Barge Club only occupied #7, while Philadelphia Barge Club occupied #8. In 1932, University Barge Club acquired #8 when Philadelphia Barge Club ceased operations, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.81, janssen, Frederick W. University Barge Club. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, University Barge Club on Boathouse Row
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Philadelphia Barge Club
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University Barge Club of Philadelphia is an amateur rowing club located at #7 in the historic Boathouse Row of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark, the Clubs founding, in 1854, is considered the dawn of organized athletics in the University of Pennsylvania. Known as the rowing club, UBC is a founder, and the most senior member, of the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The Club was officially formed when the founders purchased its first boat, Club members wore sailor uniforms from clothier Jacob Reed that were monogrammed with “U. B. C. ” on their hats and belts. In 1855, members of the Club, in conjunction with the Philadelphia Barge Club, the Club purchased a second boat, named Lucifer. After 1860, both boats were moved to a space rented from the Philadelphia Skating Club, which is now the Philadelphia Girls Rowing Club, membership was later opened to Penn alumni and certain non-alumni. Although the Club was still affiliated with the University, it began to cater more to non-students. As the Club’s membership became dominated by Old Philadelphians from the upper-class aristocracy, in 1871, the Fairmount Park commission allowed the Club to build its own boathouse on Boathouse Row. In 1872, Penn students formed a club, the College Boat Club, to cater to students. In 1887, for functions, University Barge Club leased an additional upriver clubhouse on the west bank of the Schuylkill. Today, while many of the University Barge Clubs members are University of Pennsylvania graduates, University Barge Club is the sister club of Union Boat Club of Boston. For more than 60 years, the two clubs have held an annual interclub UBC regatta. The boathouse, at #7-8 Boathouse Row, dates from 1871, originally, University Barge Club only occupied #7, while Philadelphia Barge Club occupied #8. In 1932, University Barge Club acquired #8 when Philadelphia Barge Club ceased operations, National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia,1858 -1937. Philadelphia, The Drake Press, Inc. p.81, janssen, Frederick W. University Barge Club. Outing Library of Sports, American Amateur Athletic and Aquatic History 1829-1888, Fairmount Park, Sketches of its Scenery, Waters, and History. The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association, Part 2 - Beginning of the Clubs, University Barge Club on Boathouse Row
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