1.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
2.
Censorship
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Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB
3.
Jodie Foster
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Alicia Christian Jodie Foster is an American actress and filmmaker who has worked in films and on television. She has often cited as one of the best actresses of her generation. Foster began her career at the age of three as a model in 1965, and two years later moved to acting in television series, with the sitcom Mayberry R. F. D. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she worked in several television series. Fosters breakthrough came in Martin Scorseses Taxi Driver, in which she played a teenage prostitute, the role garnered her a nomination for an Academy Award. She won her second Academy Award three years later for her role in the sleeper hit The Silence of the Lambs, where she played Clarice Starling, an FBI trainee investigating a serial murder case. Foster made her debut as a director the same year with the moderately successful Little Man Tate. The companys first production was Nell, in which she played the title role. Her other films in the 1990s included period drama Sommersby, Western comedy Maverick, science fiction film Contact, and period drama Anna and her second film direction, Home for the Holidays, was not well-received commercially, while critical reviews were mixed. She has focused on directing in the 2010s, directing the films The Beaver and Money Monster, as well as episodes for Netflix television series Orange is the New Black and she also starred in the film Elysium. In addition to her two Academy Awards, Foster has won three BAFTA Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and the Cecil B DeMille Award. Foster was born on November 19,1962 in Los Angeles, as the youngest child of Evelyn Ella Brandy and her father came from a wealthy Chicago family, whose forebears included John Alden, who had arrived in North America on the Mayflower in 1620. He was a Yale University graduate and a decorated U. S. Air Force lieutenant colonel and he had already been married once and had three sons from the union before marrying Brandy in Las Vegas in 1953. Brandy Foster was of German heritage and grew up in Rockford, Foster also has Irish roots, with ancestry that can be traced back to County Cork. Before Fosters birth, she and Lucius had three children, daughters Lucinda Cindy Foster and Constance Connie Foster, and son Lucius Fisher Buddy Foster. Their marriage ended before Foster was born, and she never established a relationship with her father, following the divorce, Brandy raised the children with her partner in Los Angeles. She worked as a publicist for film producer Arthur P. Jacobs, until focusing on managing the careers of Buddy. Although Foster was officially named Alicia, her siblings began calling her Jodie, Foster was a gifted child, and learned to read at the age of three
4.
Adam-12
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The show originally ran from September 21,1968, through May 20,1975, and helped introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States. Adam-12 featured the year-old LAPD Rampart Division station at 2710 West Temple Street as the setting for the series, however, according to the radio call sign of the unit 1-Adam-12, the patrol area was within the Central Division, which serves Downtown Los Angeles, rather than Rampart. The designation 1-Adam-12 is a combination of three elements, the first element indicates the units LAPD division. The second element indicates the type of unit, the third element identifies the patrol cars number. The one in 1-Adam-12 means the car operates in Division 1. LAPD assigns two-person units the letter A, in the LAPD phonetic alphabet, the letter A is spoken as Adam. The third element is the last two numbers of the cars full unit number. In the program, 1-Adam-12 typically operated in the Rampart Division, Division 2, not the Central Division, Division 1, there was never an actual patrol car with the call sign of 1-Adam-12. In the series first episode, Reed is less than a week out of the prestigious Los Angeles Police Academy, and is eager to begin his career. Three weeks before, Malloys patrol partner had been killed in an attempt to apprehend an armed suspect, Malloy is deeply saddened. On what is to be Malloys last shift, the watch commander Lieutenant Moore assigns Malloy to take the young, raw, Moore was Malloys first training officer seven years earlier. His comment to Reed at the end of their first watch together was, I couldnt turn you loose on the citizens of Los Angeles, reeds probationary period is played out during the first and second seasons, after which he is promoted to a full officer. Reed and Malloy remain beat partners, Malloy displays a Distinguished Expert shooting medal, Reed displays a Sharpshooter medal. Malloy and Reed reported to Shift Supervisor William Mac MacDonald, who took a black-and-white command cruiser with the call sign 1-L-20 into the field. Reed once questioned why Malloy had not taken the sergeants exam, Malloy related he preferred working patrol on the street to supervision. Malloy later showed he could supervise when Mac was ill, several of their fellow officers were recurring characters, the most frequent were Jerry Woods, Ed Wells, Detective Sgt Jerry Miller, and Officer Brinkman. Shaaron Claridge, a real-life LAPD dispatcher, was the dispatcher, over the course of the series, Sergeant Mac MacDonald was promoted to Sergeant 2. Lt Moore was promoted to Captain, and served as the officer of the division
5.
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice
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The cinematography for the film was by Charles Lang. The film received four Academy Award nominations, including ones for Gould, after a weekend of emotional honesty at an Esalen-style retreat, Los Angeles sophisticates Bob and Carol Sanders return to their life determined to embrace complete openness. They share their enthusiasm and excitement over their new-found philosophy with their conservative friends Ted and Alice Henderson. Soon after, Bob, a filmmaker, has an affair with a young and he admits this to Carol after arriving home, describing the event as a purely physical act, not an emotional one. To Bobs surprise, Carol is completely accepting of this, later, Carol gleefully reveals the affair to Ted and Alice as they are leaving a dinner party. Alice is particularly disturbed both by Bobs infidelity, as well as Carols candor, becoming ill on the drive home. She and Ted have a hard time coping with the news in bed later that evening, however, as time passes, they grow to accept that Bob and Carol really are fine with the affair. Later, Ted admits to Bob that he was tempted to have an affair once, during another visit to San Francisco, Bob decides to skip a second encounter with the blonde woman, and instead returns home a day earlier than expected. When he arrives, he finds that Carol is having an affair of her own, although initially outraged, Bob quickly realizes that, like his own affair, the encounter was purely physical. Bob settles down, and even shares a drink and conversation with the tennis instructor, when the two couples travel together to Las Vegas, Bob and Carol reveal Carols affair to Ted and Alice. Ted then admits to an affair on a recent business trip to Miami, an outraged Alice demands that this new ethos be taken to its obvious conclusion, a mate-sharing foursome. Ted is reluctant, explaining that he loves Carol like a sister, after discussing it, all four remove their clothes and climb into bed together. Swapping partners, Bob and Alice kiss fervently, as do Ted and Carol, however, after a few moments, the scene cuts to the couples walking to the elevator, riding it down, and walking out of the casino hand-in-hand with their original partners. Over this final scene, the theme song reminds the viewer that what the world needs now is love. As Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice look into each partners eyes, Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice became the signature film for Paul Mazursky and was a critical and commercial success. It was the fifth highest-grossing film of 1969, after this films release, it led to other movies dealing with wife swapping, infidelity, and other types of experimentation with interpersonal relationships inside American society. Mazursky himself would do a few stories set in California, including Alex in Wonderland and Down. Writing in The New Yorker the film critic Pauline Kael praised both the film and director Mazursky, calling it a slick, whorey movie, and the liveliest American comedy so far this year
6.
Robert Urich
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Robert Michael Urich was an American film, television and stage actor and television producer. Over the course of his 30-year career, he starred in a record 15 television series, Urich began his career in television in the early 1970s. After guest stints and roles in short-lived television series, he won a co starring role in the drama series S. W. A. T. in 1975. In 1976, he landed the role of Dan Tanna in the drama series Vega$. It aired on ABC from 1978 to 1981, and earned him two Golden Globe Award nominations, in addition to his work in television, he also starred in several feature films, including Magnum Force, The Ice Pirates, and Turk 182. From 1985 to 1988, he portrayed the role in the detective television series Spenser, For Hire. Parkers popular series of mystery novels, in 1988, he began hosting the documentary series National Geographic Explorer. He won a CableACE Award for his work on the series and he was also awarded a Golden Boot Award for his work in Western television series and films. In 1996, Urich starred in the The Lazarus Man and it was canceled shortly after he announced that he was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, a rare cancer, in July 1996. He sought treatment for his illness while continuing his career and also worked to raise money for cancer research and he was declared cancer free in 1998 and returned to television in the UPN series, Love Boat, The Next Wave. In 2000, he made his Broadway debut as Billy Flynn in the musical Chicago and his last role was in the NBC sitcom Emeril in 2001, but in fall that year, his cancer returned. He died of sarcoma in Thousand Oaks, California, in 2002 at the age of 55. Urich was born in Toronto, Ohio, the son of John Paul and he was of Rusyn and Slovak extraction and raised Byzantine Catholic and Roman Catholic. Urich attended Florida State University on a scholarship, and was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. In 1968, he earned a degree in Radio and Television Communications. He went on to Michigan State University after working in Ohio to earn a degree in Broadcast Research. He then worked as a salesman in Chicago at WGN-TV and he later worked as a weatherman. After appearing in a production of The Rainmaker with Burt Reynolds, Urich made his television debut in a guest starring role in The F. B. I. in 1972
7.
Paul Mazursky
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Irwin Lawrence Paul Mazursky was an American film director, screenwriter, and actor. Other films written and directed by Mazursky include Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice, Blume in Love, Harry and Tonto, Moscow on the Hudson, and Down and Out in Beverly Hills. He was born in to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jean, a player for dance classes, and David Mazursky. Mazurskys grandfather was an immigrant from Ukraine, although his surname implies Masurian ancestry, Mazursky graduated from Brooklyn College in 1951. Mazursky was married to Betsy Mazursky from 1953 until his death, Mazursky began his film career as an actor in Stanley Kubricks first feature, Fear and Desire. Kubrick asked for verification of his name for the credits and at that point he decided on a change to Paul. Two years later he appeared in a position as one of a classroom of teenagers with issues towards authority in The Blackboard Jungle. His acting career continued for decades, starting with parts in episodes of television series such as The Twilight Zone. Mazursky appeared in supporting roles or cameos in most of his own films and he also performed the voice of the Psychologist in Antz. In later years, Mazursky had a part as Sunshine the poker dealer in The Sopranos. He also appeared in five episodes of season 4 of Curb Your Enthusiasm as Mel Brooks associate Norm, soon after starting his acting career, Mazursky became a writer and worked on The Danny Kaye Show in 1963. In 1965, he collaborated with Larry Tucker in crafting the script of the pilot of The Monkees television series. Mazurskys debut as a screenplay writer was the Peter Sellers comedy I Love You. The following year he directed his first film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice, the film was the fifth highest grossing of the year and earned Mazursky his first Oscar nomination. His career behind the camera continued for the two decades as he wrote and directed a prolific string of quirky, dramatic and critically popular films. Film critic Roger Ebert was a fan of Mazurskys work. In 1986, Ebert stated that Mazursky has a way of making comedies that are intelligent and relevant than most of the serious films around. Mazursky experienced less success in the 1990s, beginning with Scenes from a Mall, starring Woody Allen and Bette Midler
8.
Anne Archer
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Anne Archer is an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1987 film Fatal Attraction and her other film appearances include Paradise Alley, Patriot Games, Short Cuts, Clear and Present Danger and Lullaby. On stage, she starred as Mrs. Robinson in the West End production of The Graduate in 2001, Archer was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of actors John Archer and Marjorie Lord. Archers first television appearance was in 1970 on the series Men at Law and she was named Miss Golden Globe in 1971. Her first feature film was The Honkers, which was followed by Lifeguard and she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Beth Gallagher in the film Fatal Attraction. Her other prominent film roles include Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger, in 2001, Archer portrayed Mrs. Robinson at the Gielgud Theatre in a West End production of The Graduate. She was a regular on the short-lived sitcom Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice in 1973, in 2014, she played Jane Fonda in the premier production of the play The Trial of Jane Fonda, at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Archer married William Davis in 1969, the couple divorced in 1977 and she married Terry Jastrow in 1979. Archer has two sons, one from each marriage and she was originally a Christian Scientist, but she and her husband have been members of the Church of Scientology since 1975. Between 1982 and 1986, she was a spokeswoman for Applied Scholastics and her son Tommy Davis was the head of the Church of Scientologys Celebrity Centre International in Los Angeles. Official website Anne Archer at the Internet Movie Database Artists for Human Rights website Anne Archer at AllMovie Anne Archer at the TCM Movie Database Anne Archer Biography at filmreference. com
9.
Sony Pictures Television
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Columbia TriStar Television was an American television studio that was active from 1994 to 2002. After the merger, Columbia Pictures Television Distribution was renamed as Columbia TriStar Television Distribution, expanding its television library in 1994, SPE acquired Stewart Television. Its global subsidiary, Columbia TriStar International Television, distributed Sonys programs across the globe and it was created in 1992 by merging Columbia Pictures International Television with TriStar Television. This was also the launch of the Columbia TriStar Television Group a year later, in 1996, CTT launched their own animation division, Columbia TriStar Childrens Television. The name was changed in 1997 to Adelaide Productions, within dismantling of Columbia Pictures Television in 2001 and TriStar Television in 1999, these studios were folded into Columbia TriStar Television. In 1998, it made a partnership with Global Maritime Group to create the company called Global Entertainment Productions GmbH & Co, medien KG used for copyright purposes. In 1999, they went back to the old way and ELP, on October 25,2001, CTT and CTTD merged to form Columbia TriStar Domestic Television. Some shows continued using the CTDT name, many stopped using it in November 2002, while Hollywood Squares continued using it until early 2003
10.
The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour
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The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour is an American variety show starring American pop-singer Cher and her husband Sonny Bono. The show ran on CBS in the United States, when it premiered in August 1971, the show was canceled May 1974, due to the couples divorce, though the duo would reunite in 1976 for the identically formatted The Sonny & Cher Show, which ran until 1977. In 1971, Sonny and Cher had stopped producing hit singles as a duet act, Chers first feature film, Chastity, was not a success, and the duo decided to sing and tell jokes in nightclubs across the country. CBS head of programming Fred Silverman saw them one evening and offered them their own show, the show was taped at CBS Television City in Hollywood. The show was a Top 20 hit in the ratings for its entire run, each episode would open with the shows theme song, which would segue into the first few notes of The Beat Goes On. Every episode, Sonny would exchange banter with Cher, allowing Cher to put down Sonny in a comic manner, Comedy skits would follow, mixed in with musical numbers. At the end of episode, Sonny and Cher would sing their hit I Got You Babe to the audience. There were many regular cast members who appeared in sketches, some notables include Teri Garr, Murray Langston, Jack Harrell, and Steve Martin. The show was scheduled to return for a season in October 1974. However, Sonny and Cher separated that fall, resulting in the cancellation of the show, in 2004, selected episodes from The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour were released in a three-disc set on Region 1 DVD. It ended with all the characters from each skit all converging to sing the chorus together. In later seasons, the Vamp sketch was replaced with Shady Miss Lady Luck, Sonnys Pizza, Sonny as the proprietor of a pizza restaurant whose food, according to almost everyone except Sonny himself, is not fit to be eaten. Mr. & Ms. Gender-bending sketch with Cher as the winner in the household, working as a business executive. She would come home to Sonny, a beleaguered house-husband who usually complained about how bad his day had been, the Fortune Teller, Cher inside a fortune-telling vending machine. At The Laundrette, Laundromat sketch with Cher as Laverne, a housewife with tacky fashion sense cracking jokes to straight-woman Olivia, in 1974, Sonny and Cher agreed to end the show as they were separating from each other. Their timeslot was given to Tony Orlando and Dawn the next fall and they both starred in separate variety shows over the next two years. Sonny Bonos 1974 variety series, The Sonny Comedy Revue, led off the ABC Sunday night lineup, but lasted just 13 episodes. While it retained the team behind The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, Bonos solo effort was largely a victim of the shows weak time slot
