1.
Bobby Crosby
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Robert Edward Crosby is a former infielder in Major League Baseball. The son of major league infielder Ed Crosby, he batted. He was Rookie of the Year in 2004, Crosby first attended Pacifica High School, then later graduated from La Quinta High School in Westminster, California. In 1998, Bobby Crosby was selected by the Anaheim Angels in the round of the Major League Baseball Draft. Crosby chose not to sign with the Angels, however, opting instead to play baseball for California State University. In the 2001, Crosby was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the first round of the Major League Baseball Draft. In 2004, his first full MLB season, he took over the Athletics shortstop duties from 2002 American League Most Valuable Player Miguel Tejada and that year, Crosby hit.239 with 22 home runs and 64 RBIs. He also led American League rookies in hits, doubles and walks and these numbers earned Crosby Rookie of the Year honors, the sixth Athletics player to do so after Harry Byrd, José Canseco, Mark McGwire, Walt Weiss, and Ben Grieve. In addition to becoming the sixth Athletics player to be named Rookie of the Year, he was the second shortstop in a row to win the award. He was also the eighth shortstop in 22 seasons to earn top honors, the others being Cal Ripken, Jr. Ozzie Guillén, Walt Weiss, Pat Listach, Derek Jeter, Nomar Garciaparra. Crosby was just a vote shy of being a unanimous pick and he also struck out 141 times, fourth-most in the AL, and the teams most since Canseco had 152 in 1991. Crosby and the Oakland Athletics agreed to a five-year, $12.75 million contract on April 22,2005, due to the signing of free agent shortstop Orlando Cabrera prior to the 2009 season, Crosby was moved into a utility infielder role. Mark McGwire served as his coach in the 2009 offseason. The Pittsburgh Pirates signed Crosby as an agent on December 9,2009. He appeared in 61 games, with a average of.224. The Pirates traded Crosby, D. J. Carrasco and Ryan Church to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Chris Snyder, Crosby appeared in only nine games for the Diamondbacks, batting just.167, and was released on August 24,2010. His younger brother, Blake Crosby, played baseball at Sacramento State. Blake was drafted by the Athletics in the 42nd round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft and is serving as a Regional Crosschecker for the Toronto Blue Jays in Chandler
2.
Spokane, Washington
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Spokane is a city in the state of Washington, in the northwestern United States. It is the seat of Spokane County, and the economic and cultural center of the Spokane Metropolitan Area, the Greater Spokane Area, the city, along with the whole Inland Northwest, is served by Spokane International Airport,5 miles west of downtown Spokane. According to the 2010 Census, Spokane had a population of 208,916, making it the second largest city in Washington and the 102nd largest city in the United States. The first humans to live in the area, the Spokane people, known as the birthplace of Fathers Day, Spokane is officially nicknamed the Lilac City. David Thompson explored the area with the expansion and establishment of the North West Companys Spokane House in 1810. This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington, completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area, and that same year it was officially incorporated as a city with the name of Spokan Falls. In the late 19th century, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Northwest, the local economy depended on mining, timber, and agriculture until the 1980s. Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed Worlds Fair at Expo 74, many of the older Romanesque Revival-style buildings in the downtown area were designed by architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter after the Great Fire of 1889. The city also features Riverfront and Manito parks, the Smithsonian-affiliated Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, the Davenport Hotel, and the Fox and Bing Crosby theaters. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane, the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist represents the Anglican community. Gonzaga University was established in 1887 by the Jesuits, and the private Presbyterian Whitworth University opened three years later in north Spokane, in sports, the Gonzaga Bulldogs collegiate basketball team competes at the Division I level. Professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball, Spokane Empire in arena football, as of 2010, Spokanes only major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, has a daily circulation of over 76,000. The first humans to live in the Spokane area arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago and were hunter-gatherer societies that lived off plentiful game. The Spokane tribe, after which the city is named, are believed to be either their direct descendants, when asked by early white explorers, the Spokanes said their ancestors came from up North. Early in the 19th century, the Northwest Fur Company sent two white fur trappers west of the Rocky Mountains to search for fur. These were the first white men met by the Spokanes, who believed they were sacred, the explorer-geographer David Thompson, working as head of the North West Companys Columbia Department, became the first European to explore the Inland Empire. Crossing what is now the Canada–US border from British Columbia, Thompson wanted to expand the North West Company further south in search of furs, after establishing the Kullyspell House and Saleesh House trading posts in what are now Idaho and Montana, Thompson then attempted to expand further west. He sent out two trappers, Jacques Raphael Finlay and Finan McDonald, to construct a fur trading post on the Spokane River in Washington and trade with the local Indians
3.
La Jolla
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La Jolla is a hilly seaside community within the city of San Diego, California, United States occupying 7 miles of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean within the northern city limits. The population reported in the 2010 Census was 46,781, Local Native Americans, the Kumeyaay, called this location mat kulaaxuuy, lit. land of holes. The topographic feature that gave rise to the holes is uncertain, it probably refers to sea-level caves located on the north-facing bluffs. It is suggested that the Kumeyaay name for the area was transcribed by the Spanish settlers as La Jolla, an alternative, pseudo-etymological suggestion for the origin of the name is that it is an alternate spelling of the Spanish word la joya, which means the jewel. Despite being disputed by scholars, this derivation of the name has been cited in popular culture. That supposed origin gave rise to the nickname Jewel City, during the Mexican period of San Diegos history, La Jolla was mapped as pueblo land and contained about 60 lots. When California became a state in 1850, the La Jolla area was incorporated as part of the chartered City of San Diego, in 1870 Charles Dean acquired several of the pueblo lots and subdivided them into an area that became known as La Jolla Park. Dean was unable to develop the land and left San Diego in 1881, a real estate boom in the 1880s led speculators Frank T. Botsford and George W. Heald to further develop the sparsely settled area. In the 1890s the San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railway was built, La Jolla became known as a resort area. To attract visitors to the beach, the railway built facilities such as a bath house, visitors were housed in small cottages and bungalows above La Jolla Cove, as well as a temporary tent city, erected every summer. The La Jolla Park Hotel opened in 1893, the Hotel Cabrillo was built in 1908 by Squire James A. Wilson and was later incorporated into the La Valencia Hotel. By 1900, La Jolla comprised 100 buildings and 350 residents, the first reading room was built in 1898. A volunteer fire brigade was organized in 1907, the city of San Diego established a fire house in 1914. Livery stable owner Nathan Rannells served successively as La Jollas volunteer fire captain, first police officer, the Bishops School opened in 1909. La Jolla High School was established in 1922, the La Jolla Beach and Yacht Club was built in 1927. In 1896 journalist and publisher Ellen Browning Scripps settled in La Jolla and she was wealthy in her own right from her investments and writing, and she inherited a large sum from her brother George H. Scripps in 1900. Unmarried and childless, she devoted herself to philanthropic endeavors, particularly those benefiting her adopted home of La Jolla and she commissioned many of La Jollas most notable buildings, usually designed by Irving Gill or his nephew and partner Louis John Gill. Her donations also launched the Scripps Memorial Hospital in 1924, the Scripps Metabolic Clinic, Ellen Browning Scripps also founded Scripps College, a womens college, in 1926
4.
Swing music
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Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the swing feel where the emphasis is on the off–beat or weaker pulse in the music, Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, the verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Notable musicians of the era include Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman. Swing has roots in the late 1920s as larger ensembles began using written arrangements, a typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass. The most common style consisted of having a soloist take center stage, Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors. By the late 1940s, swing had morphed into traditional pop music, or evolved into new styles such as jump blues, Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Ella Fitzgerald. Swing blended with other genres to create new styles, in country music, artists such as Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and Bob Wills introduced many elements of swing along with blues to create a genre called western swing. Gypsy swing is an outgrowth of Venuti and Langs jazz violin swing, in the 1970s, and 1980s, fans of big band music attended swing music performances at supper clubs. In the late-1980s a trendier, more urban-styled swing-beat emerged called new jack swing, in the late 1990s and into the 2000s there was a swing revival, led by Squirrel Nut Zippers, Brian Setzer, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and Lavay Smith. In Canada, some of the early 2000s records by The JW-Jones Blues Band included swing revival elements, the 1920s saw parallel trends in jazz and popular music that would later converge into the swing style. New Orleans style jazz was based on a meter and contrapuntal improvisation led by a trumpet or cornet, typically followed by a clarinet. The rhythm section consisted of a tuba and drums, and sometimes a banjo, by the early 1920s guitars and pianos sometimes substituted for the banjo and a string bass sometimes substituted for the tuba. Further innovations in small ensemble playing led to development of the Chicago style identified with Louis Armstrong, a stint with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra familiarized him with arranged ensemble playing that differed from the New Orleans style, in which saxophones became the dominant sound among the reeds. Armstrong brought those back to his smaller ensembles, the soloist played over an ensemble relegated to a supporting role in the background. The string bass also lent itself to playing in a 4/4 rhythm rather than the 2/4 rhythm dictated by the tuba. The new format gave the soloist the opportunity to play with more rhythmic freedom, but playing with swing remained the province of the soloist, not the ensemble. The late 1920s saw increasingly sophisticated arrangements used by bigger ensembles, some arrangements used call-response between horn sections to build the melody
5.
Big band
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A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day, a big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra and this does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a big band specifically. The music is traditionally called charts, improvised solos may be played only when called for by the arranger. There are two periods in the history of popular bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then consisting of 10–25 pieces. At that time they played a form of jazz that involved very little improvisation, which included a string section with violins. A few bands also had violas and cellos, usually one or two along with them, the dance form of jazz was characterized by a sweet and romantic melody. Orchestras tended to stick to the melody as it was written and vocals would be sung, many of these artists changed styles or retired after the introduction of swing music. Although unashamedly commercial, these bands often featured front-rank jazz musicians - for example Paul Whiteman employed Bix Beiderbecke, there were also all-girl bands such as Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically jazz and this form of music never gained the popularity of the sweet dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with music, Johnny Mercer. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, some big ensembles, like the Joe King Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on head arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, there the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry Red Allen, J. C. Earl Hines became the star of Chicago with his Grand Terrace Cafe band, meanwhile, in Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Benny Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Radio was a factor in gaining notice and fame for Benny Goodman. Soon, others challenged him, and the battles of the bands became a staple at theater performances featuring many groups on one bill
6.
Dixieland
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Dixieland, sometimes referred to as hot jazz or traditional jazz, is a style of jazz based on the music that developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century. The first use of the term Dixieland with reference to music was in the name of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, at that time, there was no issue of subgenres of jazz, so Dixieland referred to the band and not the music. That reflected the fact that all of the recorded repertoire of New Orleans musicians was from the period when the format was already evolving beyond the traditional New Orleans format. Dixieland may in that sense be regarded as denoting the jazz movement of the 1940s and 1950s as much as any particular subgenre of jazz. The essential elements that were accepted as within the style were the front lines consisting of trumpets, trombones, and clarinets. The Jim Crow associations of the name Dixieland also did little to attract younger coloured musicians to the revival, well-known jazz standard tunes such as Basin Street Blues and When the Saints Go Marching In are known even to non-jazz fans thanks to the enduring popularity of traditional jazz. The Vietnam-era protest song Feel Like Im Fixin to Die Rag is based on tonal centers, Traditional jazz is a major tourist attraction for New Orleans to the present day. It has been an influence on the styles of modern players such as Charles Mingus. New Orleans music combined earlier brass band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, the Dixieland sound is created when one instrument plays the melody or a variation on it, and the other instruments improvise around that melody. This creates a more sound than the heavily arranged big band sound of the 1930s or the straight melodies of bebop in the 1940s. The West Coast revival began in the late 1930s in San Francisco which used banjo, the Dutch old-style jazz was played with trumpets, trombones and saxophones accompanied by a single clarinet, sousaphone and a section of Marching percussion usually including a washboard. Dixieland is the given to early jazz by traditional jazz revivalists. The name is a reference to the Old South, specifically anything south of the Mason-Dixon line, the term encompasses earlier brass band marches, French Quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. Louis Armstrongs All-Stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland during the 1940s and this creates a more polyphonic sound than the arranged ensemble playing of the big band sound or the straight head melodies of bebop. During the 1930s and 1940s, the earlier group-improvisation style fell out of favor with the majority of black players. Though younger musicians developed new forms, many beboppers revered Armstrong, many Dixieland groups of the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier. Other musicians continued to create innovative performances and new tunes, for example, in the 1950s a style called Progressive Dixieland sought to blend polyphonic improvisation with bebop-style rhythm. Spike Jones & His New Band and Steve Lacy played with such bands and this style is sometimes called Dixie-bop
7.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
8.
The Andrews Sisters
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The Andrews Sisters were an American close harmony singing group of the swing and boogie-woogie eras. The group consisted of three sisters, contralto LaVerne Sophia, soprano Maxene Angelyn, and mezzo-soprano Patricia Marie Patty, throughout their long career, the sisters sold well over 75 million records. Their 1941 hit Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy can be considered an example of rhythm. The Andrews Sisters harmonies and songs are still today, and have been covered by entertainers such as Bette Midler, Christina Aguilera, Pentatonix. The group was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1998, writing for Bloomberg, Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies, the sisters were born to Peter Andreos and Olga, their father was Greek and their mother Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Following the collapse of their fathers Minneapolis restaurant, the sisters went on the road to support the family and they started their career as imitators of an earlier successful singing group, the Boswell Sisters who were popular in the 1930s. They followed this success with a string of best-selling records over the two years and they became a household name by the 1940s. Instrumental to the success over the years were their parents, their orchestra leader and musical arranger, Vic Schoen, and Jack and David Kapp. During World War II they entertained the Allied forces extensively in America, Africa and Italy, visiting Army, Navy, Marine and Coast Guard bases, war zones, hospitals, and munitions factories. They encouraged U. S. citizens to war bonds with their rendition of Irving Berlins song Any Bonds Today. While touring, they often treated three random servicemen to dinner when they were dining out. I. An ad in the 1951 Radio Annual showed photos of the Andrews as children, as singers, and as old women in the then-future year of 1975, sadly. In the 1950s, Patty Andrews decided to break away from the act to be a soloist and she had married the trios pianist, Walter Weschler, who then became the groups manager and demanded more money for Patty. Patty attributed the breakup to the deaths of their parents, We had been nearly all our lives. Then in one year our dream world ended and our mother died and then our father. All three of us were upset, and we were at each others throats all the time, in 1951, they recorded The Windmill Song which is an adaptation of the French song Maître Pierre written in 1948 by Henri Betti and Jacques Plante. The English lyrics were written by Mitchell Parish, the Andrews Sisters formally broke up in 1953
9.
Doris Day
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Doris Day is a retired American actress and singer, and continuing animal welfare activist. After she began her career as a big band singer in 1939, her popularity increased with her first hit recording Sentimental Journey, in 1948, Day was given a key part in the film Romance on the High Seas, despite not having any acting experience. Its director, Michael Curtiz, gave her the part since she looked like the All-American Girl and it led to a 20-year career in film, including a string of musicals and romantic comedies beginning in the 1950s. She starred with leading men such as Clark Gable in Teachers Pet, Rock Hudson in Pillow Talk and Send Me No Flowers, Cary Grant in That Touch of Mink and she was usually one of the top 10 singers between 1951 and 1966. As an actress, she became the biggest female star in the early 1960s. In 2011 – well into her late 80s – she released her 29th studio album, My Heart, among her awards, Day has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a Legend Award from the Society of Singers. She has been Oscar nominated six times, and in 1989 was given the Cecil B, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures. In 2004, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom followed in 2011 by the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award. Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff was born on April 3,1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Alma Sophia, a housewife, and William Joseph Kappelhoff, All of her grandparents were German immigrants. The youngest of three siblings, she had two brothers, Richard and Paul, several years older. Due to her fathers alleged infidelity, her parents separated and she developed an early interest in dance, and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati. A car accident on October 13,1937, injured her legs, while recovering, Day started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had. But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, observing her daughter rekindled Almas interest in show business, and she decided to give Doris singing lessons. She engaged a teacher, Grace Raine, after three lessons, Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential, which led Alma to give her daughter three lessons a week for the price of one. Years later, Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style, during her radio performances, Day first caught the attention of Barney Rapp, who was looking for a girl vocalist and asked if Day would like to audition for the job. According to Rapp, he had auditioned about 200 singers when Day got the job, while working for Rapp in 1939, she adopted the stage surname Day, at Rapps suggestion. Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees, and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day, after working with Rapp, Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James, Bob Crosby, and Les Brown
10.
Jack Benny
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Jack Benny was an American comedian, vaudevillian, radio, television and film actor, and violinist. Recognized as a leading American entertainer of the 20th century, Benny portrayed his character as a miser, in character, he would claim to be 39 years of age, regardless of his actual age. Benny was known for comic timing and the ability to cause laughter with a pregnant pause or a single expression and his radio and television programs, popular from the 1930s to the 1970s, were a major influence on the sitcom genre. Benny was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in nearby Waukegan and he was the son of Meyer Kubelsky and Emma Sachs Kubelsky. Meyer was an owner and later a haberdasher who had immigrated to America from Poland. Benny began studying violin, an instrument that became his trademark, at the age of 6 and he loved the instrument, but hated practice. His music teacher was Otto Graham Sr. a neighbor and father of Otto Graham of NFL fame, at 14, Benny was playing in dance bands and his high school orchestra. He was a dreamer and poor at his studies, and was expelled from high school. He did poorly in business school later and at attempts to join his fathers business, at age 17, he began playing the violin in local vaudeville theaters for $7.50 a week. He was joined by Ned Miller, a composer and singer. In 1911, Benny was playing in the theater as the young Marx Brothers. Minnie, their mother, enjoyed Bennys violin playing and invited him to accompany her boys in their act, Bennys parents refused to let their son go on the road at 17, but it was the beginning of his long friendship with the Marx Brothers, especially Zeppo Marx. The next year, Benny formed a musical duo with pianist Cora Folsom Salisbury. This provoked famous violinist Jan Kubelik, who feared that the young vaudevillian with a name would damage his reputation. Under legal pressure, Benjamin Kubelsky agreed to change his name to Ben K. Benny, when Salisbury left the act, Benny found a new pianist, Lyman Woods, and renamed the act From Grand Opera to Ragtime. They worked together for five years and slowly integrated comedy elements into the show and they reached the Palace Theater, the Mecca of Vaudeville, and did not do well. Benny left show business briefly in 1917 to join the United States Navy during World War I, and often entertained the troops with his violin playing. One evening, his performance was booed by the troops, so with prompting from fellow sailor and actor Pat OBrien, he ad-libbed his way out of the jam
11.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
12.
The Jack Benny Program
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The Jack Benny Program, starring Jack Benny, is a radio-TV comedy series that ran for more than three decades and is generally regarded as a high-water mark in 20th-century American comedy. Protagonist of the show, Benny is a comic, vain, penny-pinching miser, insisting on remaining 39 years old on stage despite his actual age, Eddie Anderson - Rochester Van Jones, Jacks valet and chauffeur. Early in the run, he often talked of gambling or going out with women. Later on, he complained about his lack of salary. Don generally opened the show and also did the commercial and he was the target of Jacks jokes, mostly about his weight. Dennis was always in his early 20s no matter how old he actually was and he was sweet but not very bright. When called upon, he could use a variety of accents. He usually sang a song about 10 minutes into the program, if the episode was a flashback to a previous time, a ruse would be used such as Dennis singing his song for Jack so he could hear it before the show. Although Sadie Marks, in life, was Jack Bennys wife, Mary Livingstone was a very sarcastic. Sometimes she was presented as a date, sometimes as a love interest and her role changed from plot to plot and she was never a steady girlfriend for Jack. In one episode, Fred Allen summarized Marys role as a girl to insult, Marks later legally changed her name to Mary Livingstone in response to the characters popularity. Her role on the program was reduced in the 1950s, a skirt-chasing, arrogant, hip-talking bandleader who constantly put Jack down. He referred to Mary as Livvy or Liv, and Jack as Jackson, an on-air joke explains this by saying, Its as close to jackass as I can get without being fired or getting into trouble with a censor. Spun off into The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show with his wife, Harris left the radio show in 1952 and his character did not make the transition to television. Mel Blanc - Carmichael the Polar Bear, Professor Pierre LeBlanc, Sy the Mexican, Polly, The Maxwell, an occasional running gag went along the lines of how the various characters Mel portrayed all looked alike. He was also the effects of Jacks barely functional Maxwell automobile—a role he played again in the Warner Brothers cartoon The Mouse that Jack Built. Another participating voice actor was Bert Gordon and he was always the person who waits on Jack wherever he was, from the railroad station, to the clerk in the store, to the doorman, to the waiter. Frank always delighted in aggravating Jack, as apparently, he was constantly aggravated by Jacks presence, sheldon Leonard - A racetrack tout who frequently offered unsolicited advice to Benny on a variety of non-racing-related subjects
13.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
14.
English Americans
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In the 2014 American Community Survey, English Americans are of the total population. Eight out of the ten most common surnames in the United States are of English origin or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, scotch-Irish Americans are for the most part descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English settlers who colonized Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. The English were the top group, with 66% saying they were a good thing for the United States. Ben J. Wattenberg argues that this demonstrates an general American bias against Hispanics. English immigrants in the 19th century, as other groups. They began migrating in large numbers without state support, Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply American due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U. S. and their influence on the countrys population. While there may be reasons for this, after centuries of intermarriage and internal geographic mobility. For these reasons, no part of the pluralist American society is so difficult to describe as a separate entity as the English. The original 17th-century settlers were overwhelmingly English and it was conducted on August 2,1790. The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin. The estimate results indicate that people of English ancestry made up about 47. 5% of the population or 60. 9% of the European American population. Some 80. 7% of the total United States population was of European heritage, around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves. Of the remaining population, more than 75% was of British origin, in the 2000 census,24.5 million Americans reported English ancestry,8. 7% of the total U. S. population. This estimate is probably a serious undercount by over 30 million given that, in the 1980 census, as many as 80 million Americans may be wholly or partly of English ancestry. In 1980,23,748,772 Americans claimed wholly English ancestry, in 1860, an estimated 11 million or almost 35% of the population of the United States was wholly or primarily of English ancestry. The population has increased by almost ten times the numbers in 1860, in total, there are estimated to be around 678,000 British born expatriates in the United States with the majority of these being English. English Americans are found in numbers throughout America, particularly in the Northeast, South. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a percentage, highest in the east and west
15.
Irish Americans
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
16.
County Mayo
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County Mayo is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, it is part of the province of Connacht and is named after the village of Mayo, Mayo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 130,638 at the 2011 census, the boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time. It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by County Galway, the east by County Roscommon, Mayo is the third-largest of Irelands 32 counties in area and 15th largest in terms of population. It is the second-largest of Connacht’s five counties in size and population. There is a distinct difference between the west and the east of the county. The west consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with areas of extensive Atlantic blanket bog. Agricultural land is more productive in the east than in the west. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001, the County is divided into four municipal areas Castlebar, Ballina, Claremorris and West. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, the county town is at Áras an Contae in Castlebar the main population centre located in the centre of the county. For national elections half of the Claremorris Municipal District is in Galway West, murrisk south west containing Westport, Louisburgh, Croagh Patrick etc. These are followed by Westport, which has 5,543 residents and Claremorris, a survey of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Clare Island was made between 1990 and 2005 and published in 2007. A record of Gunnera tinctoria is also noted, consultants working for the Corrib gas project have carried out extensive surveys of wildlife flora and fauna in Kilcommon Parish, Erris between 2002 and 2009. This information is published in the Corrib Gas Proposal Environmental impact statements 2009 and 2010, County Mayo has a long history and prehistory. At Belderrig on the north Mayo coast, there is evidence for Mesolithic communities around 4500 cal, BC. while throughout the county there is a wealth of archaeological remains from the Neolithic period, particularly in terms of megalithic tombs and ritual stone circles. The first people who came to Ireland – mainly to areas as the interior was heavily forested – arrived during the Middle Stone Age. Artefacts of hunter/gatherers are sometimes found in middens, rubbish pits around hearths where people would have rested and cooked over open fires. Once cliffs erode, midden-remains become exposed as blackened areas containing charred stones, bones and they are usually found a metre below the surface
17.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
18.
Gonzaga University
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Gonzaga University /ɡɒnˈzeɪɡə, -ˈzæɡə/ is a private Roman Catholic university in Spokane, Washington, United States. Founded in 1887 by the Society of Jesus, it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities and it is named for the young Jesuit saint Aloysius Gonzaga. The campus houses 105 buildings on 152 acres of grassland along the Spokane River, the university was founded by Father Joseph Cataldo, SJ, an Italian-born priest and missionary. He established the Catholic school for local Native Americans whom he served, Gonzagas campus has 105 buildings on 152 acres. The university is home to two large libraries, foley Center Library is Gonzagas main graduate and undergraduate library, opened in 1992. Chastek Law Library primarily serves the Gonzaga University School of Law, the Rosauer School of Education building was completed in 1994. Gonzaga hosts many unique pieces of artwork, many devoted to religious figures. Among the most notable are statues of St. Ignatius, St. Joseph, St. Aloysius, the Jundt Art Center and Museum established in 1995 also features a variety of artwork from differing periods. The spires of St. Aloysius Church are a landmark of the Spokane area, due to an expanding student body, Gonzaga completed construction of a projected $60 million building that serves as the new center of campus. The John J. Hemmingson Center, the new Circulus Omnium Gonzagaorum, the three-story,167, 000-square-foot building features modern architecture and an all-glass exterior. The building was completed for the Fall 2015 semester, the university is also building the Myrtle Woldson Performing Arts Center, including a 750-seat theater. In addition to the campus in Spokane, Washington, Gonzagas virtual campus offers a wide range of higher education degree programs. The 2014–15 operating budget is $246.7 million, with a payroll of $75 million. Gonzaga offers studies in 92 fields and 26 graduate programs, in addition, Gonzaga offers programs in preparation for professional schools in business, education, engineering, dentistry, divinity/theology, law, medicine, nursing and veterinary medicine. Gonzaga also sponsors an Army ROTC program which students to become commissioned officers upon graduation. Additionally, Gonzaga partners with Bishop White Seminary, located next to the campus, the average class size is 23 students, and there are 427 employed faculty, the student/faculty ratio is 11.5,1. Gonzagas admission standards are considered more selective by U. S. News & World Report, for the Class of 2018, Gonzaga received 7,162 applications, accepted 4,835, and enrolled 1,048. For the freshmen who enrolled, the middle 50% range of SAT scores was 540-640 for critical reading and 560-650 for math, the average high school GPA was 3.70
19.
Judy Garland
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Judy Garland was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two films with MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis, The Harvey Girls and Easter Parade. After 15 years, she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, a recording career. Film appearances became fewer in her years, but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born and Judgment at Nuremberg. Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry. She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema, from an early age Garland struggled in her personal life. The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age eighteen and her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce and she also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47. Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10,1922, in Grand Rapids and she was the youngest child of Ethel Marion and Francis Avent Frank Gumm. Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, baby shared her familys flair for song and dance. The Gumm Sisters performed there for the few years, accompanied by their mother on piano. The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926, Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures
20.
Presenting Lily Mars
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Presenting Lily Mars is a 1943 American musical film directed by Norman Taurog, produced by Joe Pasternak, starring Judy Garland and Van Heflin, and based on the novel by Booth Tarkington. The film is cited as Garlands first film playing an adult type role. Tommy Dorsey and Bob Crosby appear with their orchestras in this Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production, Lily Mars is a small-town girl with big-city ambitions. She heads to Broadway hoping for stardom, but after a series of disappointments, the soundtrack includes, Every Little Movement When I Look At You Tom, Tom The Pipers Son Three OClock in the Morning and Broadway Rhythm featuring Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra. The finale, Where Theres Music, originally included parts of St. Louis Blues, In The Shade of the Old Apple Tree, and Its a Long Way to Tipperary, which were deleted from the final version. According to MGM records the film earned USD$2,216,000 in the US and Canada and $1,039,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $1,211,000
21.
Ben Pollack
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Ben Pollack was an American drummer and bandleader from the mid-1920s through the swing era. His eye for talent led him to musicians such as Benny Goodman, Jack Teagarden, Glenn Miller, Jimmy McPartland. This ability earned him the nickname the Father of Swing, Ben Pollack was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1903. He played drums in school and formed groups on the side and he joined the Harry Bastin Band and then the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in the 1920s. In 1924 he played for bands, including some on the west coast, which ultimately led to his forming a band. In 1926, he had a band named the Ten Californians, Pollack formed his own band in 1926. Over time the band included Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Jack Teagarden, one of the earliest members of his band was Gil Rodin, a saxophonist whose business acumen served him well later as an executive for the Music Corporation of America. Combining Pollacks regular recordings with these groups made Pollacks one of the more prolific bands of the 1920s and 1930s. Pollacks band played in Chicago and moved to New York City around the fall of 1928, having obtained McPartland and this outfit enjoyed immense success, playing for Broadway shows and winning an exclusive engagement at the Park Central Hotel. Pollacks band was involved in extensive recording activity at that time, the orchestra also made a Vitaphone short subject sound film. Pollack, in the meantime, had fancied himself as more of a bandleader-singer type instead of a drummer, to this end, he signed Ray Bauduc to handle the drumming chores. Benny Goodman and Jimmy McPartland left the band in the summer of 1929 and they were replaced by Matty Matlock on clarinet and Jack Teagardens brother, Charlie, on trumpet. Eddie Miller was also signed as a tenor saxophonist in 1930, the band broke up in 1934. Many of its members formed a group led by Bob Crosby. Pollack reformed his band with Harry James and Irving Fazola, with James he wrote the hit Peckin. In the early 1940s, he orgainzed a band led by comedian Chico Marx and he started Jewel Records, opened restaurants in Hollywood and Palm Springs, appeared as himself in the movie The Benny Goodman Story, and made a cameo in The Glenn Miller Story. Pollack and Doris Robbins, who had no children, were divorced in 1957, in later years, after suffering a series of financial losses, Pollack grew despondent and committed suicide by hanging in his home in Palm Springs in 1971. He was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, in 1992, Pollack was inducted into the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame
22.
Toni Tennille
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Tennille has also done musical work independently of her husband, including solo albums and session work. Tennille has a vocal range, spanning over 2 and a half octaves. Tennille was born and raised in Montgomery, Alabama, and has three younger sisters and her father Frank owned a furniture store and also served in the Alabama Legislature from 1951 to 1954. He had been a singer with Bob Crosbys Bob-Cats and her mother Cathryn hosted a local television show. In 1959, Tennilles family moved from Montgomery to Balboa, California, while living in Corona del Mar in Newport Beach, California, during the late 1960s, Tennille was a member of the South Coast Repertory. Ron Thronsen, one of the directors of the repertory, asked Tennille in 1969 to write the music for a new musical he was working on called Mother Earth. The musical was a locally, went on the road to San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1971. Although Tennille was no longer associated with the musical by the time it reached Broadway, in 1971 Tennille met her future husband Dragon during auditions in San Francisco for band members for the musical. Dragon had previously toured with The Beach Boys and had appeared on a couple of their albums as a back up musician, after Mother Earth ended, Dragon returned to The Beach Boys and introduced Tennille to the band. Tennille played electric piano with the band during their 1972 tour, in 1973, Tennille and Dragon left to form Captain & Tennille and began performing at local clubs. The two released their debut single The Way I Want to Touch You in September 1973. The duo recorded a version of the Neil Sedaka song Love Will Keep Us Together in 1975 that became a huge success. In 1974, Tennile sang background vocals on Elton Johns Caribou album and she also sang background vocals on Pink Floyds The Wall in 1979. On July 8,1980, Tennille sang the anthem at the Major League Baseball All-Star game at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. From September 1980 to January 1981, Tennille hosted her own syndicated talk show. From September 1998 to June 1999, Tennille performed as Victoria Grant/Count Victor Grazinski in the tour of the play Victor Victoria. In April 2016, Tennille released her memoir and went on a tour to promote it later that summer. An audiobook of the memoir was released on the audiobook service Audible
23.
Glenn Miller
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Alton Glenn Miller was an American big band musician, arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. He was the recording artist from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known big bands. While he was traveling to entertain U. S. troops in France during World War II, Miller was born in Clarinda, Iowa, the son of Mattie Lou and Lewis Elmer Miller. He attended grade school in North Platte in western Nebraska, in 1915, Millers family moved to Grant City, Missouri. Around this time, Miller had finally made enough money from milking cows to buy his first trombone, originally, Miller played cornet and mandolin, but he switched to trombone by 1916. In 1918, the Miller family moved again, this time to Fort Morgan, Colorado, in the fall of 1919, he joined the high school football team, Maroons, which won the Northern Colorado Football Conference in 1920. He was named the Best Left End in Colorado, during his senior year, Miller became very interested in a new style of music called dance band music. He was so taken with it that he formed his own band with some classmates, by the time Miller graduated from high school in 1921, he had decided to become a professional musician. He dropped out of school after failing three out of five classes one semester, and decided to concentrate on making a career as a professional musician and he later studied the Schillinger technique with Joseph Schillinger, under whose tutelage he composed what became his signature theme, Moonlight Serenade. In 1926, Miller toured with groups, eventually landing a good spot in Ben Pollacks group in Los Angeles. He also played for Victor Young, allowing him to be mentored by other professional musicians, in the beginning, he was the main trombone soloist of the band. But when Jack Teagarden joined Pollacks band in 1928, Miller found that his solos were cut drastically, from then, he realized that, rather than being a trombonist, his future lay in arranging or writing music. He also had a songbook published in Chicago in 1928 entitled Glenn Millers 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone by the Melrose Brothers copyrighted in 1927, during his stint with Pollack, Miller wrote several musical arrangements of his own. He also co-wrote his first composition, Room 1411, written with Benny Goodman and released as a Brunswick 78,4013, in 1928, when the band arrived in New York City, he sent for and married his college sweetheart, Helen Burger. He was a member of Red Nicholss orchestra in 1930, and because of Nichols, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Miller managed to earn a living working as a freelance trombonist in several bands. On a March 21,1928, Victor session, Miller played alongside Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, and Joe Venuti in the All-Star Orchestra, directed by Nat Shilkret. On November 14,1929, an original vocalist named Red McKenzie hired Miller to play on two records that are now considered to be classics, Hello, Lola and If I Could Be With You One Hour Tonight. Beside Miller were clarinetist Pee Wee Russell, guitarist Eddie Condon, drummer Gene Krupa, Miller composed the songs Annies Cousin Fanny, Dese Dem Dose, Harlem Chapel Chimes, and Tomorrows Another Day for the Dorsey Brothers Band in 1934 and 1935
24.
When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ
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When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ is a 1935 big band and jazz song written by Glenn Miller. The song was released as a 78 single by Clark Randall, when Icky Morgan Plays the Organ was released as a Brunswick 10 inch 78 single in 1935 as Brunswick 7415 backed with Troublesome Trumpet. The unique title of the song comes from the slang expression that Dick Morgan. Dick Morgan was the banjo and guitar player in the Ben Pollack band, George Simon recalled how the song came about, Glenn composed one of the songs, When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ, Look Out. — dedicated to his good friend Dick Morgan, who had played guitar in Pollacks band, Miller recorded ten songs with the Clark Randall orchestra in March,1935. The recording is also on Bob Crosby & His Orchestra,41, a vinyl LP album, catalogue number 41, which was released on Rarities Records, Copenhagen, Denmark, appearing as When Icky Morgan Plays His Organ. The song was recorded in New York City on March 15,1935, the matrix number is B17048. The matrix number for Troublesome Trumpet is B17047 so When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ was the B side, the song is listed as Novelty Fox Trot with Vocal Interludes with the songwriting credit by Glenn Miller. Moonlight Serenade, A Bio-discography of the Glenn Miller Civilian Band, New Rochelle, NY, Arlington House,1972. The American Dance Band Discography, 1917-1942, New Rochelle, NY, Arlington House Publishers,1975 Simon, George Thomas. Simon Says, The Sights and Sounds of the Swing Era, smith, Jay D. Jack Teagarden, The Story of a Jazz Maverick. When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ by the Clark Randall Band, a Glenn Miller Arrangement, track 29. When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ,1935
25.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
26.
Trad jazz
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A Dixieland revival began in the United States on the West Coast in the late 1930s as a backlash to the Chicago style, which was close to swing. Lu Watters and the Yerba Buena Jazz Band, and trombonist Turk Murphy, adopted the repertoire of Joe King Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, handy, bands included banjo and tuba in the rhythm sections. Early King Oliver pieces exemplify this style of hot jazz, however, as individual performers began stepping to the front as soloists, other influential stylists who are still revered in traditional jazz circles today include Sidney Bechet, Bix Beiderbecke, Wingy Manone and Muggsy Spanier. Many artists of the big band era, including Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, by 1958 his band included three saxophones. During the 1950s and well into the 1960s the Three Bs Chris Barber, Acker Bilk, more light-hearted versions were offered by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, the Temperance Seven and the New Vaudeville Band. Dixieland stylings can be here and there on records by the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, the Small Faces. During the 1950s a number of amateur bands had strong local followings. These bands included the Merseysippi Jazz Band, still active, which toured overseas, Second City Jazzband, Steel City Stompers, Clyde Valley Stompers, and the Saints Jazzband
27.
Matty Matlock
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Julian Clifton Matty Matlock was an American Dixieland jazz clarinettist, saxophonist and arranger. Matlock was born in Paducah, Kentucky, April 27,1907 and he began playing clarinet when he was 12. From 1929 to 1934, Matlock replaced Benny Goodman in the Ben Pollack band doing arrangements, Matlock was one of the main arrangers for Bob Crosbys band. He stayed with Crosby until the band broke up in 1942, after the dissolution of Crosbys group, Matlock worked in Los Angeles, playing for recordings made by a variety of Dixieland groups. In 1955, he appeared in the film Pete Kellys Blues, Matlock died June 14,1978, in Los Angeles, California. 1,2 &3 With Beverly Jenkins Gordon Jenkins Presents My Wife The Blues Singer
28.
Joe Sullivan
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Michael Joseph Joe OSullivan was an American jazz pianist. Sullivan was the child of Irish immigrant parents. He studied classical piano for 12 years and at age 17 and he graduated from the Chicago Conservatory and was an important contributor to the Chicago jazz scene of the 1920s. Sullivans recording career began towards the end of 1927 when he joined McKenzie, other musicians in his circle included Jimmy McPartland, Frank Teschemacher, Bud Freeman, Jim Lanigan and Gene Krupa. In 1933, he joined Bing Crosby as his accompanist, recording and making radio broadcasts. After suffering for two years with tuberculosis, he briefly rejoined Bing Crosby in 1938 and the Bob Crosby Orchestra in 1939, by the 1950s, Sullivan was largely forgotten, playing solo in San Francisco. Marital difficulties and excessive drinking caused Sullivan to become unreliable and unable to keep a steady job. The British poet Roy Fisher celebrated Sullivans playing with a poem, The Thing About Joe Sullivan, Fisher also used that title for a book of his selected poems, because he felt Sullivan was a neglected master who deserved to have his name on the cover of a book
29.
Billy Butterfield
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Charles William Billy Butterfield was an American jazz bandleader, trumpeter, flugelhornist and cornetist. Butterfield was born Charles William Butterfield in Middletown, Ohio and attended school in Wyoming. Although he studied medicine at Transylvania College, he preferred playing in bands and he discontinued his studies after finding success as a trumpeter. Early in his career he played in the band of Austin Wylie and he gained attention working with Bob Crosby, and later performed with Artie Shaw, Les Brown, and Benny Goodman. While with Bob Crosby, he played third trumpet behind the legendary Charlie Spivak. When those two left Crosby to join Tommy Dorseys band in 1938, Butterfield was given the opportunity to solo on a written by Crosby bassist Bob Haggart. When lyrics were added, it became the well-known standard Whats New, crosbys version, featuring Butterfields brilliant performance, is regarded as one of the great recordings of the Big Band era. On October 7,1940, during his stay with Artie Shaws orchestra. Between 1943 and 1947, taking a break to serve in the United States armed forces, on September 20,1944, Capitol recorded the jazz standard Moonlight In Vermont, which featured a vocal by Margaret Whiting and trumpet solos by Butterfield. Butterfield recorded two albums with arranger-conductor Ray Conniff, Conniff Meets Butterfield and Just Kiddin Around, later in the 1960s he recorded two albums with his own orchestra for Columbia Records. The trumpeter He was a member of the Worlds Greatest Jazz Band, led by former Crosby bandmates Yank Lawson and Bob Haggart, from the late 1960s until his death in 1988. He also freelanced as a guest star with many bands all over the world, Butterfield was seen in the film Second Chorus as a member of an orchestra led by Artie Shaw. Butterfield was married to singer Dotty Dare Smith, Butterfield died March 18,1988, in North Palm Beach, Florida
30.
Charlie Spivak
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Charlie Spivak was an American trumpeter and bandleader, best known for his big band in the 1940s. The details of Spivaks birth are unclear, some sources place it in Ukraine in 1907, and that his family emigrated to settle in New Haven, Connecticut while he was a child. Others place his birth in New Haven two years earlier, in 1905 and he learned to play trumpet when he was ten years old and played in his high school band, going on to work with local groups before joining Johnny Cavallaros orchestra. He played with Paul Spechts band for most of 1924 to 1930, then spent time with Ben Pollack, the brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey and he played on Solo Hop in 1935 by Glenn Miller and the Glenn Miller Orchestra. Finally, with the encouragement and financial backing of Glenn Miller, though it failed within a year, he tried again shortly afterwards, this time taking over the existing band of Bill Downer and making a success of it. Spivaks band was one of the most successful in the 1940s and he scouted top trumpeter Paul Fredricks just as Fredricks left the service at the end of World War II, in 1946. Fredricks was instrumental in the success in the coming years as it reached its peak. Spivaks experience playing with jazz musicians had little effect on his own bands style, Spivak himself had been noted for his trumpets sweet tone and his strength for playing lead parts, rather than for any improvisational ability. Riddle was also responsible for many of the arrangements, together with Sonny Burke. The late Manny Albam also arranged for the Spivak band, when the Spivak orchestra broke up, he went to live in Florida, where he continued to lead a band until illness led to his temporary retirement in 1963. On his recovery, he continued to lead large and small bands, first in Las Vegas, in Greenville, South Carolina in 1967, he led a small group featuring his wife as vocalist. She died in 1971 after an illness with cancer. During this time, Spivak was also resident band leader for a restaurant-nightclub, Ye Olde Fireplace, in Greenville and he played trumpet in the dance band that included a drummer, saxophonist, bass player and pianist. The band played standards from the big band era, but also requests from the audience. Spivak continued to play and record until his death, Spivaks eldest son, the late Joel A. Spivak, was a television and radio broadcaster primarily in the Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Washington, D. C. areas. Spivaks youngest son, Steven Glenn Spivak, is a public relations manager in northern California, charlie Spivak at Find a Grave
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Muggsy Spanier
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Francis Joseph Muggsy Spanier was a prominent jazz cornet player based in Chicago. At 13, he began cornet and played with Elmer Schoebel in 1921 and he borrowed the sobriquet of Muggsy from John Muggsy McGraw, the manager of the New York Giants baseball team. In the early 1920s, he played with The Bucktown Five, in 1929 he became a member of a band led by Ted Lewis, then spent two years with Ben Pollack. After an illness, he assembled the eight-man group Muggsy Spanier, in 1939 the band recorded several sessions of Dixieland standards for Bluebird Records that were later called The Great Sixteen and influenced a Dixieland revival. The bands members included George Brunies, Rod Cless, George Zack or Joe Bushkin, Ray McKinstry, Nick Ciazza or Bernie Billings and his other most important ventures were the quartet he co-led with Sidney Bechet in 1940. From 1940–1941 he played with Bob Crosby, in the 1950s, he moved to the West Coast and joined Earl Hiness band from 1957–1959. After touring Europe, he retired in 1964, the Ragtime Bands theme tune was Relaxin at the Touro, named for Touro Infirmary, the New Orleans hospital where Spanier had been treated for a perforated ulcer early in 1938. At the point of death, he was saved by Dr. Alton Ochsner who drained the fluid, one of Spaniers Dixieland numbers is entitled, Oh Doctor Ochsner. Relaxin at the Touro is a fairly straightforward 12-bar blues with a piano introduction, the pianist recalled, many years later, When I finally joined Muggsy in Chicago we met to talk it over at the Three Deuces, where Art Tatum was appearing. Muggsy was now playing opposite Fats Waller at the Sherman hotel, Muggsy was a man of great integrity. We played a blues in C and I made up a little intro, after that I was listed as the co-composer of Relaxin at the Touro. In 1950, in Chicago, Spanier’s second marriage was to Ruth Gries O’Connell, when Spanier was performing at a concert in Chicago in 1956, Buddy Charles was performing at the nearby Black Orchid nightclub. Spanier was heard to exclaim “that’s my boy. ”Bert Whyatt, Muggsy Spanier, The Lonesome Road
32.
Jess Stacy
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Jesse Alexandria Stacy was an American jazz pianist who gained prominence during the swing era. He is perhaps best known for his years with the Benny Goodman band during the late 1930s, Stacy was born in Birds Point, Missouri, a small town across the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois. His first piano teacher was Mabel Irene Bailey who played piano for the silent movies, in 1918 Stacy moved to Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Originally labeled by schoolmates as The Agony Four, that took them out of Cape Girardeau where, according to Stacy. By 1921 the ensemble was known as Peg Meyers Melody Kings and started touring the Mississippi River on The Majestic, Stacy cites his main influences at the time as Louis Armstrong and, especially, pianist Earl Hines, pianist for both Armstrong and the Carroll Dickerson band. Stacys big break came in 1935 when Benny Goodman asked Stacy to join his band, Stacy left Floyd Towne, moved to New York, and spent the four years from 1935-1939 with the Benny Goodman Orchestra. He reached a peak when he performed with Goodman band at its famous 1938 Carnegie Hall jazz concert on 16 January 1938. The Carnegie Hall performance has gained legendary status, elevated in part by Stacys unplanned piano solo during Sing, Sing, Sing, following a Goodman/Krupa duet, Stacy received a nod from Goodman to take a solo. At the Carnegie Hall concert, after the usual theatrics, Jess Stacy was allowed to solo and, given the venue, what followed was appropriate, wrote David Rickert. It was the best thing he ever did, and its ironic that such a layered, nuanced performance came at the end of such a chaotic, bombastic tune. Some believe that Stacy did not gain the recognition he rightly deserved because Teddy Wilson was the regular pianist for the Goodman quartet, the most acclaimed of Goodmans bands. Stacy did though play with players as Bix Beiderbecke, Eddie Condon, Bud Freeman, George Gershwin, Lionel Hampton, Billie Holiday, Gene Krupa, Jack Teagarden and, later. A1939 review of Jess Stacy stated, These two five-minute blues are probably the finest solos ever recorded by Jess Stacy and the best coupling ever issued by Milt Gabler on his Commodore label. EcStacy is quiet, and the ring out like chimes, in The Sell Out, Stacys foot acts as bass drum. Instead of the sterility which afflicts so many of the advanced players, there is the sincere, personal emotion. Much intellect went into music, and in places you can almost hear Jess rapid thinking. After leaving the Goodman Orchestra, Stacy joined the Bob Crosby Orchestra, during his period with the latter band Stacy received yet wider acclaim. He won the national Down Beat piano polls in 1940,1941,1942, Stacy would later be credited with revitalizing the dying band
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Ray Bauduc
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Ray Bauduc was a jazz drummer best known for his work with the Bob Crosby Orchestra and their band-within-a-band, the Bobcats, between 1935 and 1942. Bauduc was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and he was the son of the cornetist Jules Bauduc and his elder brother Jules was also a professional musician, a banjoist-bandleader. Ray Bauducs youthful work in New Orleans included stints in the band of Johnny Bayersdorffer and his New Orleans origins instilled in him a love for two-beat drumming, which he retained even when he played with Bob Crosbys swing era big band. In 1926 he moved to New York City to join Joe Venutis band and his other work in the 1920s include recording sessions with the Original Memphis Five and a stint in the Scranton Sirens which also included Tommy Dorsey and Jimmy Dorsey. His stint with the Bob Crosby Orchestra brought him national fame and he co-composed, together with bassist Bob Haggart, the two big hits that the Bob Crosby orchestra achieved, South Rampart Street Parade, and Big Noise from Winnetka. Ray Bauduc was a trend setter in traditional jazz circles and his precise, disciplined, yet fiery patterns and syncopated fills helped New Orleans drummers make the transition into swing from the rigid, clipped progressions that had defined the previous era. The son of the great cornetist Jules Bauduc, his brother Jules Jr. taught Bauduc drums and his sister was also a musician, a pianist. Bauducs first professional job came with a band that accompanied films, Bauduc served in the U. S. Army Artillery Band until November 1944. Upon his discharge he and former Crosby group leader Gil Rodin formed a big band. Bauduc toured with a septet in 1946 and also worked in Tommy Dorseys orchestra from August to October of the year, in early 1947 he joined Bob Crosbys new group, leaving in 1948 to play with Jimmy Dorsey, where he stayed for the next two years. He freelanced on the West Coast for a couple of years before joining Jack Teagarden in 1952, in 1955 he formed a band with fellow Crosby alumnus Nappy Lamare. The new outfit found considerable success, touring nationally and recording several albums and he retired to Bellaire, Texas, in the early 1960s. From 1960, Bauduc lived in Bellaire, Texas in semi-retirement and he also appeared occasionally at Crosby Orchestra reunions and worked with Pud Brown on several recordings His best known student from his teaching days in Bellaire, Texas is Charlie Harrington. He died in Houston, Texas on January 8,1988, Big Band Dixieland Dixieland Drumming 150 Progressive Drum Rhythms New Orleans Jazz, A Family Album. Al Rose and Edmond Souchon, third edition, Louisiana State University Press 1984 Solid, - Ray Bauduc Biography Ray Bauduc at the Internet Movie Database
